A new model of the IO-Controlled Jovian decametric radiation
- Authors: Goertz, Christoph K
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Jupiter (Planet) Radiation Magnetosphere Ionosphere
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5521 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012043
- Description: Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is not only an emitter of thermal radiation like any other planet. Jupiter also emits relatively high-intensity non-thermal radiation in two bands, the decimetre wavelength range and the decametre wavelength range (5 MHz< f < 40 MHz). The decimetric radiation is believed to be due to synchrotron radiation of electrons trapped in a kind of Jovian "Van Allen belt". This thesis deals almost exclusively with the decametric radiation. Although the decametric radiation has been observed for 15 years since its discovery by Burke and Franklin in 1955, there is no generally accepted theoretical model of its generation to be found in the literature as yet. This is not surprising, as there are many complex and confusing aspects of the radiation. And since our knowledge of the Jovian ionosphere, magnetosphere and magnetic field is very limited indeed, every theoretical model must be based on some more or less well justified assumptions. It is, however, possible to draw some conclusions from the observed properties of the decimetric and decametric radiation. The radiation in both bands is polarized. It has been shown that at least part of the polarization is an intrinsic property of the radiation source at Jupiter, This indicates the existence of a Jovian magnetic field. The magnitude and shape of the magnetic field, however, is open to discussion, although a dipole field does seem to be a good approximation at least for large distances from Jupiter. Intro. p. 1-2.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Goertz, Christoph K
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Jupiter (Planet) Radiation Magnetosphere Ionosphere
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5521 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012043
- Description: Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is not only an emitter of thermal radiation like any other planet. Jupiter also emits relatively high-intensity non-thermal radiation in two bands, the decimetre wavelength range and the decametre wavelength range (5 MHz< f < 40 MHz). The decimetric radiation is believed to be due to synchrotron radiation of electrons trapped in a kind of Jovian "Van Allen belt". This thesis deals almost exclusively with the decametric radiation. Although the decametric radiation has been observed for 15 years since its discovery by Burke and Franklin in 1955, there is no generally accepted theoretical model of its generation to be found in the literature as yet. This is not surprising, as there are many complex and confusing aspects of the radiation. And since our knowledge of the Jovian ionosphere, magnetosphere and magnetic field is very limited indeed, every theoretical model must be based on some more or less well justified assumptions. It is, however, possible to draw some conclusions from the observed properties of the decimetric and decametric radiation. The radiation in both bands is polarized. It has been shown that at least part of the polarization is an intrinsic property of the radiation source at Jupiter, This indicates the existence of a Jovian magnetic field. The magnitude and shape of the magnetic field, however, is open to discussion, although a dipole field does seem to be a good approximation at least for large distances from Jupiter. Intro. p. 1-2.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
A petrological and mineralogical study of peridotite and eclogite xenoliths from certain kimberlite pipes
- Authors: Whitfield, Gavin
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Petrology Peridotite Mineralogy Kimberlite Igneous rocks -- Inclusions Eclogite
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5044 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007690
- Description: Kimberlite, an ultrabasic diamond-bearing hypabyssal rock-type which has its origin in the Earth's upper mantle, characteristically contains rare, well-rounded xenoliths of peridotite and eclogite. These xenoliths, which undoubtedly originate from some considerable depth below the Earth's surface, possibly represent samples of upper mantle material. They have received much attention from earth scientists and numerous theories as to their origin have been proposed. Forty-two selected peridotite xenoliths from the Bultfontein, Wesselton, Dutoitspan and Roberts Victor kimberlite pipes of the Kimberley area, South Africa, and 24 eclogite xenoliths from the Roberts Victor pipe have been examined in detail using a variety of petrological and mineralogical techniques. The petrologic research comprises conventional petrographic studies, the determination of accurate modal compositions and the presentation of 22 new whole-rock chemical analyses, nine of which are of garnet peridotite, four of spinel peridotite and nine of eclogite, one being a diamondiferous specimen. Detailed mineralogical studies of the constituent minerals of the xenoliths comprises descriptive mineralogy, in most cases an estimation of the compositions of these minerals from the measurement of physical properties, X-ray powder diffraction data and the presentation of 21 new chemical analyses of pure mineral separates. This includes five analyses of clivine, five of orthopyroxene, eight of garnet, one of chrome diopside and two of omphacite. The results of the investigation have shown that the peridotites consist essentially of forsterite and enstatite with minor or trace amounts of one or more of pyrope-rich garnet, chrome diopside, chrome spinel, phlogopite and rarely graphite, and often exhibit features consistent with plastic movement and tectonic deformation. The peridotites are believed to be derived from an ultrabasic upper mantle, which is both chemioally and physically zoned. The eclogite xenoliths, which are composed mainly of pyrope-almandine garnet and omphacitic clinopyroxene and occasionally contain kyanite, corundum and diamond, are not samples of a primary eclogitic upper mantle nor the products of an eclogite fractionation related to kimberlite genesis. Chemically they are not typical of extrusive basalts and probably either represent pockets of partially fractionated basic magma trapped at mantle-level in an eclogite-stable environment or samples of high-grade crustal metamorphic eclogite accidentally incorporated into the Roberts Victor kimberlite.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Whitfield, Gavin
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Petrology Peridotite Mineralogy Kimberlite Igneous rocks -- Inclusions Eclogite
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5044 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007690
- Description: Kimberlite, an ultrabasic diamond-bearing hypabyssal rock-type which has its origin in the Earth's upper mantle, characteristically contains rare, well-rounded xenoliths of peridotite and eclogite. These xenoliths, which undoubtedly originate from some considerable depth below the Earth's surface, possibly represent samples of upper mantle material. They have received much attention from earth scientists and numerous theories as to their origin have been proposed. Forty-two selected peridotite xenoliths from the Bultfontein, Wesselton, Dutoitspan and Roberts Victor kimberlite pipes of the Kimberley area, South Africa, and 24 eclogite xenoliths from the Roberts Victor pipe have been examined in detail using a variety of petrological and mineralogical techniques. The petrologic research comprises conventional petrographic studies, the determination of accurate modal compositions and the presentation of 22 new whole-rock chemical analyses, nine of which are of garnet peridotite, four of spinel peridotite and nine of eclogite, one being a diamondiferous specimen. Detailed mineralogical studies of the constituent minerals of the xenoliths comprises descriptive mineralogy, in most cases an estimation of the compositions of these minerals from the measurement of physical properties, X-ray powder diffraction data and the presentation of 21 new chemical analyses of pure mineral separates. This includes five analyses of clivine, five of orthopyroxene, eight of garnet, one of chrome diopside and two of omphacite. The results of the investigation have shown that the peridotites consist essentially of forsterite and enstatite with minor or trace amounts of one or more of pyrope-rich garnet, chrome diopside, chrome spinel, phlogopite and rarely graphite, and often exhibit features consistent with plastic movement and tectonic deformation. The peridotites are believed to be derived from an ultrabasic upper mantle, which is both chemioally and physically zoned. The eclogite xenoliths, which are composed mainly of pyrope-almandine garnet and omphacitic clinopyroxene and occasionally contain kyanite, corundum and diamond, are not samples of a primary eclogitic upper mantle nor the products of an eclogite fractionation related to kimberlite genesis. Chemically they are not typical of extrusive basalts and probably either represent pockets of partially fractionated basic magma trapped at mantle-level in an eclogite-stable environment or samples of high-grade crustal metamorphic eclogite accidentally incorporated into the Roberts Victor kimberlite.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
A structural investigation of the sulphated polysaccharide of Anathaca dentata (suhr) papenf. and the xylan of Chaetangium erinaceum (turn.) papenf.
- Authors: Russell, Irina
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Polysaccharides , Marine algae -- Composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4494 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013103
- Description: Hot-water extraction of Anatheca dentata, a red seaweed belonging to the family Solieriaceae, yielded a mixture of polysaccharides. Fractionation of this mixture with Cetavlon gave a glucomannan as minor component and a highly sulphated major component, which gave D- and L-galactose, D-xylose and small amounts of 3-0 (underscore)-methylgalactose, pyruvic acid and uronic acid on hydrolysis. All subsequent investigations were carried out on the sulphated major component. The sulphate was not labile to alkali, but was removed with methanolic hydrogen chloride. Periodate oxidation of the polysaccharide before and after desulphation indicated that new a-glycol groups were formed during desulphation. All the xylose units in the polymer were cleaved by periodate and this, together with the fact that the major xylose product from methylation analysis of the desulphated polymer was the 2,3, 4-tri-0 (underscore)-methyl derivative, indicated that the xylose occurs as a non-reducing end-group. Methylation of the desulphated polysaccharide revealed the presence of 1,4- and 1,3- linked D- galactose and 1,4- linked L-galactose units in the polymer. D-Glucuronic acid occurred as non-reducing end-groups. Summary, p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Russell, Irina
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Polysaccharides , Marine algae -- Composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4494 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013103
- Description: Hot-water extraction of Anatheca dentata, a red seaweed belonging to the family Solieriaceae, yielded a mixture of polysaccharides. Fractionation of this mixture with Cetavlon gave a glucomannan as minor component and a highly sulphated major component, which gave D- and L-galactose, D-xylose and small amounts of 3-0 (underscore)-methylgalactose, pyruvic acid and uronic acid on hydrolysis. All subsequent investigations were carried out on the sulphated major component. The sulphate was not labile to alkali, but was removed with methanolic hydrogen chloride. Periodate oxidation of the polysaccharide before and after desulphation indicated that new a-glycol groups were formed during desulphation. All the xylose units in the polymer were cleaved by periodate and this, together with the fact that the major xylose product from methylation analysis of the desulphated polymer was the 2,3, 4-tri-0 (underscore)-methyl derivative, indicated that the xylose occurs as a non-reducing end-group. Methylation of the desulphated polysaccharide revealed the presence of 1,4- and 1,3- linked D- galactose and 1,4- linked L-galactose units in the polymer. D-Glucuronic acid occurred as non-reducing end-groups. Summary, p. 1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
A structural investigation of the sulphated polysaccharide pachymenia carnos (J. Ag.) J. Ag.
- Authors: Farrant, Annette J
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Polysaccharides Red algae -- Composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4470 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011785
- Description: The highly sulphated, methylated polysaccharide isolated from Pachymenia Carnosa, a red seaweed, was shown to contain D- galactose, 2-o (underscore) methyl-D- galactose, 6-o (underscore) -methyl- D- galactose and 4-o (underscore)-methylgalactose. The polysaccharide was desulphated with methanolic hydrogen chloride. Methylation of the desulphated polysaccharide revealed that it was composed entirely of (1→73) and (1→4) links in approximately equal amounts. Treatment of the polysaccharide with alkali showed that the majority of the ester sulphate groups were alkali-stable. Partial hydrolysis and acetolysis studies indicated that the polysaccharide was extremely complex, and contained alternate (1→3) and β (1→4) glycosidic linkages. There is evidence for the presence of D-galactose-6-sulphate.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Farrant, Annette J
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Polysaccharides Red algae -- Composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4470 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011785
- Description: The highly sulphated, methylated polysaccharide isolated from Pachymenia Carnosa, a red seaweed, was shown to contain D- galactose, 2-o (underscore) methyl-D- galactose, 6-o (underscore) -methyl- D- galactose and 4-o (underscore)-methylgalactose. The polysaccharide was desulphated with methanolic hydrogen chloride. Methylation of the desulphated polysaccharide revealed that it was composed entirely of (1→73) and (1→4) links in approximately equal amounts. Treatment of the polysaccharide with alkali showed that the majority of the ester sulphate groups were alkali-stable. Partial hydrolysis and acetolysis studies indicated that the polysaccharide was extremely complex, and contained alternate (1→3) and β (1→4) glycosidic linkages. There is evidence for the presence of D-galactose-6-sulphate.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
Diurnal and seasonal variations of the F2 region of the Antarctic ionosphere
- Authors: Williams, Morgan Howard
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Harmonic analysis , Ionosphere -- Antarctic Ocean
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5548 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013459
- Description: [From Introduction, p. 2] The first chapter of this thesis deals with an analysis of F2 critical frequency data first for SANAE and then for eleven other Antarctic and sub-Antarctic stations covering the period 1957 to 1969. This shows certain aspects of the F2 behaviour. Some of the results of this chapter have been reported in a paper by Gledhill and Williams. The two most important mechanisms thought to be responsible for the Antarctic f₀F2 behaviour are incoming corpuscular radiation and horizontal neutral winds. These two mechanisms together with two others (the temperature theory of Torr and Torr and the semi-annual variation of neutral atmospheric density) are discussed in detail in part 2 (Chapters 2 to 4) with a view to discovering which aspects of the f₀F2 behaviour over Antarctica can be explained by each theory. An attempt is made in Part 3 (Chapters 5 and 6) to explain the observed behaviour by solving the continuity equation of the ionosphere for high-latitude stations. Finally, besides the critical frequency, another parameter of importance in explaining the behaviour in the F2 region is the height at which the F2 maximum occurs. This quantity cannot be read directly from an ionogram and it is not an easy quantity to determine. In fact the way in which it is usually obtained is by "scaling" the ionogram in question and converting the virtual heights obtained into real heights. In Part 4 (Chapter 7 and 8) an outline is given of the two computer programs which were written to perform this conversion.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Williams, Morgan Howard
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Harmonic analysis , Ionosphere -- Antarctic Ocean
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5548 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013459
- Description: [From Introduction, p. 2] The first chapter of this thesis deals with an analysis of F2 critical frequency data first for SANAE and then for eleven other Antarctic and sub-Antarctic stations covering the period 1957 to 1969. This shows certain aspects of the F2 behaviour. Some of the results of this chapter have been reported in a paper by Gledhill and Williams. The two most important mechanisms thought to be responsible for the Antarctic f₀F2 behaviour are incoming corpuscular radiation and horizontal neutral winds. These two mechanisms together with two others (the temperature theory of Torr and Torr and the semi-annual variation of neutral atmospheric density) are discussed in detail in part 2 (Chapters 2 to 4) with a view to discovering which aspects of the f₀F2 behaviour over Antarctica can be explained by each theory. An attempt is made in Part 3 (Chapters 5 and 6) to explain the observed behaviour by solving the continuity equation of the ionosphere for high-latitude stations. Finally, besides the critical frequency, another parameter of importance in explaining the behaviour in the F2 region is the height at which the F2 maximum occurs. This quantity cannot be read directly from an ionogram and it is not an easy quantity to determine. In fact the way in which it is usually obtained is by "scaling" the ionogram in question and converting the virtual heights obtained into real heights. In Part 4 (Chapter 7 and 8) an outline is given of the two computer programs which were written to perform this conversion.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
Human resources in the Cape midlands
- Authors: Truu, Mihkel Lemmit
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Human capital -- South Africa Personnel management -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope.
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007288
- Description: From Preface: Although Alfred Marshall's definition of economics has been criticised for its allegedly narrow conception of the subject, it is sometimes overlooked that he considered the study of wealth but one side of the matter. To Marshall, the other and "more important" side of economics was that it also forms "a part of the study of man". The basic thought which underlies the present study is a similar one, namely, that economics is not only concerned with goods and service, but also with men and human action. It is spatially confined to an analysis of the human resources in a region consisting of 21 magisterial districts in the Eastern Cape Province, which cover an area of 72, 462 square kilometres, collectively described here as the Cape Midlands.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Truu, Mihkel Lemmit
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Human capital -- South Africa Personnel management -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope.
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007288
- Description: From Preface: Although Alfred Marshall's definition of economics has been criticised for its allegedly narrow conception of the subject, it is sometimes overlooked that he considered the study of wealth but one side of the matter. To Marshall, the other and "more important" side of economics was that it also forms "a part of the study of man". The basic thought which underlies the present study is a similar one, namely, that economics is not only concerned with goods and service, but also with men and human action. It is spatially confined to an analysis of the human resources in a region consisting of 21 magisterial districts in the Eastern Cape Province, which cover an area of 72, 462 square kilometres, collectively described here as the Cape Midlands.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
Monochord to moog : a study of the development of stringed keyboard instruments with special reference to popularity trends
- Authors: Shuttleworth, Betty
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Keyboard instruments -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2676 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007441
- Description: The object of the present work has been to trace the evolution of stringed keyboard instruments from the monochord to the present day piano forte. So many inventions have occurred that a chronology of these would be both tedious and of little added value to the existing literature. In the present work the emphasis has been on those innovations which achieved some measure of popularity and can be regarded as essential steps in arriving at the products and methods of modern piano manufacturers. In order to bring this work up to date, visits have been paid to John Broadwood & Sons and the British Piano Museum in London; to the Essex Institute and Pingree House in Salem, Massachusetts; the Smithsonian Institute (Division of Musical Instruments) in Washington; the various Yamaha Factories in Hamamatsu, Japan; and the Piano Manufacturing Company in Wellington, South Africa. Special attention has also been paid to the development and popularity trends of mechanical, pneumatic and electric pianos. In the last Chapter of this study, the information gained is applied to the identification and dating of stringed keyboard instruments found in South Africa or referred to in newspapers or Africana.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Shuttleworth, Betty
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Keyboard instruments -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2676 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007441
- Description: The object of the present work has been to trace the evolution of stringed keyboard instruments from the monochord to the present day piano forte. So many inventions have occurred that a chronology of these would be both tedious and of little added value to the existing literature. In the present work the emphasis has been on those innovations which achieved some measure of popularity and can be regarded as essential steps in arriving at the products and methods of modern piano manufacturers. In order to bring this work up to date, visits have been paid to John Broadwood & Sons and the British Piano Museum in London; to the Essex Institute and Pingree House in Salem, Massachusetts; the Smithsonian Institute (Division of Musical Instruments) in Washington; the various Yamaha Factories in Hamamatsu, Japan; and the Piano Manufacturing Company in Wellington, South Africa. Special attention has also been paid to the development and popularity trends of mechanical, pneumatic and electric pianos. In the last Chapter of this study, the information gained is applied to the identification and dating of stringed keyboard instruments found in South Africa or referred to in newspapers or Africana.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
The great bonds : nature, law and grace in "King Lear", "Antony and Cleopatra" and "Macbeth"
- Authors: Simpson, Mary-Helen Dawn
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Macbeth , Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Antony and Cleopatra , Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. King Lear
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2315 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013229
- Description: By looking at the world inhabited by those characters who partake of the dramatic action in King Lear, Antony and Cleopatra and Macbeth, and the relationship of these characters to their world, or universe, it is hoped to establish how certain factors affect the genesis, development and resolution of the tragedies in which they play their roles. This will be done by an examination of what Shakespeare sometimes called the "Bonds," which, as we shall see, derive from the mediaeval concepts of Nature, Law and Grace that were current in his time. This thesis does not claim to offer a complete or exclusive solution to the problem of the critical interpretation of these three tragedies: one of the dangers of Literary criticism has always appeared to the writer to be that of maintaining that the approach adopted is the only one and of attempting to demonstrate that the theory coincides at every point with the work - admitting of no inconsistencies or alternatives, and thereby making nonsense of a theory that does have considerable validiity. Similarly, it is with considerable hesitation that names have been given to the various Bonds discussed. Once one names them and applies a certain range of definitions to these names, it is difficult to stress that the names and definitions are not static or rigid. The Bond of Nature, for example, although it has a central core of meaning common to all three tragedies, is not treated from the same viewpoint in King Lear as it is in Antony and Cleopatra or Macbeth. Three considerations have prompted the writer to select this subject for the theme of a thesis. Firstly , the hypothesis that some failure, violation, misunderstanding or inadequacy of the Bonds lies at the heart of the tragic movement does appear to augment existing concepts of the nature of tragedy and help us better to understand the Why? How? and When? of the tragic process. Secondly, the concept of the principles of Nature, Law and Grace as determinants of the Bonds, which occurs so frequently in Elizabethan thinking, does seem to offer us a unified approach to their treatment of man and the world he inhabits at any particular point in history. By quoting from a wide range of sources dealing with this subject, the writer hopes to demonstrate that such a concept did exist, and that it was relatively consistent and generally accepted by Shakespeare and many of his contemporaries. It is, moreover, a system of thought that can embrace within its ambit such diverse materials as the great chain of being; the microcosm and the macrocosm; the nature of the soul; the structure of the family, the clan or the nation; the concepts of sin, damnation and life everlasting; the four elements; and the humours - and assign to these and many others a proper nature, place and function in the overall scheme. Thirdly, the writer was prompted to select this subject for a thesis because no critical writing to date appears to have dealt fully with the subject of the Bonds and their relationship to these principles of Nature, Law and Grace in Shakespearean tragedy . There have, it is true, been critics who have dealt with facets of these principles, and there have been critics who have commented on the violation, misunderstanding or inadequacy of various Bonds, but none of them seems to have dealt with the subject as a whole. Preface, p. iv-vi.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Simpson, Mary-Helen Dawn
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Macbeth , Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Antony and Cleopatra , Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. King Lear
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2315 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013229
- Description: By looking at the world inhabited by those characters who partake of the dramatic action in King Lear, Antony and Cleopatra and Macbeth, and the relationship of these characters to their world, or universe, it is hoped to establish how certain factors affect the genesis, development and resolution of the tragedies in which they play their roles. This will be done by an examination of what Shakespeare sometimes called the "Bonds," which, as we shall see, derive from the mediaeval concepts of Nature, Law and Grace that were current in his time. This thesis does not claim to offer a complete or exclusive solution to the problem of the critical interpretation of these three tragedies: one of the dangers of Literary criticism has always appeared to the writer to be that of maintaining that the approach adopted is the only one and of attempting to demonstrate that the theory coincides at every point with the work - admitting of no inconsistencies or alternatives, and thereby making nonsense of a theory that does have considerable validiity. Similarly, it is with considerable hesitation that names have been given to the various Bonds discussed. Once one names them and applies a certain range of definitions to these names, it is difficult to stress that the names and definitions are not static or rigid. The Bond of Nature, for example, although it has a central core of meaning common to all three tragedies, is not treated from the same viewpoint in King Lear as it is in Antony and Cleopatra or Macbeth. Three considerations have prompted the writer to select this subject for the theme of a thesis. Firstly , the hypothesis that some failure, violation, misunderstanding or inadequacy of the Bonds lies at the heart of the tragic movement does appear to augment existing concepts of the nature of tragedy and help us better to understand the Why? How? and When? of the tragic process. Secondly, the concept of the principles of Nature, Law and Grace as determinants of the Bonds, which occurs so frequently in Elizabethan thinking, does seem to offer us a unified approach to their treatment of man and the world he inhabits at any particular point in history. By quoting from a wide range of sources dealing with this subject, the writer hopes to demonstrate that such a concept did exist, and that it was relatively consistent and generally accepted by Shakespeare and many of his contemporaries. It is, moreover, a system of thought that can embrace within its ambit such diverse materials as the great chain of being; the microcosm and the macrocosm; the nature of the soul; the structure of the family, the clan or the nation; the concepts of sin, damnation and life everlasting; the four elements; and the humours - and assign to these and many others a proper nature, place and function in the overall scheme. Thirdly, the writer was prompted to select this subject for a thesis because no critical writing to date appears to have dealt fully with the subject of the Bonds and their relationship to these principles of Nature, Law and Grace in Shakespearean tragedy . There have, it is true, been critics who have dealt with facets of these principles, and there have been critics who have commented on the violation, misunderstanding or inadequacy of various Bonds, but none of them seems to have dealt with the subject as a whole. Preface, p. iv-vi.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
The novelistic documentary : a study of the non-fiction novel
- Authors: Visser, N W
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Nonfiction novel , Reportage literature -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2316 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013280
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Visser, N W
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Nonfiction novel , Reportage literature -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2316 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013280
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
Thermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate
- Authors: Stewart, Brian Victor
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Decomposition (Chemistry) , Solids -- Thermal properties , Ammonia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4503 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013274
- Description: The isothermal, endothermic, stepwise decomposition of ammonium metavanadate (AMV) in inert (argon or nitrogen), oxidising (air or oxygen) and reducing (ammonia) atmospheres as well as under high vacuum (pressure < IOn bar) conditions has been investigated. The reverse reaction, the isothermal recombination of V₂ 0₅ with ammonia and water vapour has also been investigated. The decomposition and recombination reactions were followed by continuously recording the mass loss of the sample with time using a Cahn R.G. Automatic Electrobalance. This enabled small samples ( ~ lOmg) to be used and consequently any self cooling of the sample during the decomposition was minimized. The intermediates and final products formed have been characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction studies, infrared spectroscopy and the mass loss involved in their formation. The changes in the physical properties of the samples during decomposition and recombination have been investigated by surface area measurements (using the BET method and krypton adsorption) and eIectron microscopy. Values for the enthalpy changes involved in the decomposition have been obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. The stoichiometry of the isothermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate, under the various conditions of surrounding atmosphere has been discussed. Except for the later stages of the decomposition in ammonia, the results correspond well to the gradual reduction of the ratio of "(NH₄)₂ 0" to "V₂0₅" units from the original 1:1 ratio in ammonium metavanadate to pure "V₂0₅" with ammonia and water being evolved throughout the decomposition in the mole ratio of 2:1. The final product of the decomposition in vacuum, argon and air is "V₂0₅" and in ammonia, below 360°, V0₂. The kinetic parameters for each of the stages of the decomposition of AMV in each of the atmospheres studied have been determined. The mechanism of the first stage of the decomposition under the different conditions of surrounding atmosphere has been discussed from both the kinetic and the thermodynamic points of view. The absolute reaction rate theory has been applied to the decomposition in inert atmospheres enabling the formulae of the activated complexes formed during each stage to be calculated. It has also been shown that the detailed atomic movements occurring during the first stage of the decomposition in ammonia can be predicted from a knowledge of the stoichiometry of the reaction and of the detailed crystal structures of the starting and product materials. The kinetics and mechanism of the recombination of "V₂0₅" with ammonia and water vapour to form AMV have also been discussed in detail.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
- Authors: Stewart, Brian Victor
- Date: 1972
- Subjects: Decomposition (Chemistry) , Solids -- Thermal properties , Ammonia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4503 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013274
- Description: The isothermal, endothermic, stepwise decomposition of ammonium metavanadate (AMV) in inert (argon or nitrogen), oxidising (air or oxygen) and reducing (ammonia) atmospheres as well as under high vacuum (pressure < IOn bar) conditions has been investigated. The reverse reaction, the isothermal recombination of V₂ 0₅ with ammonia and water vapour has also been investigated. The decomposition and recombination reactions were followed by continuously recording the mass loss of the sample with time using a Cahn R.G. Automatic Electrobalance. This enabled small samples ( ~ lOmg) to be used and consequently any self cooling of the sample during the decomposition was minimized. The intermediates and final products formed have been characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray powder diffraction studies, infrared spectroscopy and the mass loss involved in their formation. The changes in the physical properties of the samples during decomposition and recombination have been investigated by surface area measurements (using the BET method and krypton adsorption) and eIectron microscopy. Values for the enthalpy changes involved in the decomposition have been obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. The stoichiometry of the isothermal decomposition of ammonium metavanadate, under the various conditions of surrounding atmosphere has been discussed. Except for the later stages of the decomposition in ammonia, the results correspond well to the gradual reduction of the ratio of "(NH₄)₂ 0" to "V₂0₅" units from the original 1:1 ratio in ammonium metavanadate to pure "V₂0₅" with ammonia and water being evolved throughout the decomposition in the mole ratio of 2:1. The final product of the decomposition in vacuum, argon and air is "V₂0₅" and in ammonia, below 360°, V0₂. The kinetic parameters for each of the stages of the decomposition of AMV in each of the atmospheres studied have been determined. The mechanism of the first stage of the decomposition under the different conditions of surrounding atmosphere has been discussed from both the kinetic and the thermodynamic points of view. The absolute reaction rate theory has been applied to the decomposition in inert atmospheres enabling the formulae of the activated complexes formed during each stage to be calculated. It has also been shown that the detailed atomic movements occurring during the first stage of the decomposition in ammonia can be predicted from a knowledge of the stoichiometry of the reaction and of the detailed crystal structures of the starting and product materials. The kinetics and mechanism of the recombination of "V₂0₅" with ammonia and water vapour to form AMV have also been discussed in detail.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1972
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