An empirical phenomenological investigations of the experience of being unemployed : a critical study in the South African context
- Authors: Jaffray, Timothy William
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Unemployment -- Psychological aspects , Unemployment -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2904 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002068
- Description: Unemploynent is a problem that confronts many western countries. The aim of this dissertation is to understand, on the basis of a phenomenological investigation, what it means to be an unemployed, white, South African citizen. These meanings are then seen and discussed against the background of the problems associated with the ideological structure within the country. How the latter relates to white employment and psychological life is also explored. The results demonstrate the negative impact unemploynent has upon the psychological functioning of the individual. The results further show the despair such individuals face, having been 'denied' an accepted role within society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Jaffray, Timothy William
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Unemployment -- Psychological aspects , Unemployment -- South Africa -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2904 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002068
- Description: Unemploynent is a problem that confronts many western countries. The aim of this dissertation is to understand, on the basis of a phenomenological investigation, what it means to be an unemployed, white, South African citizen. These meanings are then seen and discussed against the background of the problems associated with the ideological structure within the country. How the latter relates to white employment and psychological life is also explored. The results demonstrate the negative impact unemploynent has upon the psychological functioning of the individual. The results further show the despair such individuals face, having been 'denied' an accepted role within society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
An examination of the achievement of the Jesuit Order in South Africa, 1879-1934
- Authors: Ryan, Judy Anne
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Jesuits -- South Africa -- History Jesuits -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2522 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001851
- Description: The Society of Jesus, founded in 1540 by St Ignatius of Loyola, dispatched the first group of five priests and three brothers to the Cape in 1875. Their destination was St Aidan's College (1875-1973) in Grahamstown which they would staff. Two of the priests went to Graaff-Reinet where the Society established a mission house and noviciate (1875-1889). On 1 July 1878 the Zambesi Mission was founded with Henry Depelchin as its appointed leader. The Mission was placed under the direct control of the Jesuit General. St Aidan's became the headquarters of the Zambesi Mission and it was hoped that trainees for the Mission would emerge from the College. The first group of missionaries bound for the Zambesi regions left Grahamstown in 1879. Negotiations followed with the Ndebele chiefdom in Bulawayo and stations were established at Tati, Empandeni and Pandamatenga. Unsuccessful probes into Barotseland and Gazaland followed and a decade later the mission to Zambesia was abandoned and the Jesuits returned to the south where there had been further expansion of the Order's activities. Dunbrody (1882-1934), situated on the Sundays River, had been set up as a base for the Zambesi Mission, as an educational centre for Blacks and as a farm. Keilands (1886-1908) was an attempt to establish a missionary base for the extension of activities into the Transkei. Vleischfontein (1884-1894) in the Western Transvaal, was developed as a staging post between Zambesia and the Cape. In 1924 the Order attempted to develop parish work in Claremont, but initially nowhere else. By 1890 the Jesuits were ready to return to Matabeleland and in the post colonial years a string of stations were founded. Partly to conserve its manpower for the Zambesi enterprise and for financial and economic reasons, Graaff-Reinet was abandoned in 1889, followed by Vleischfontein, Keilands, the parish at Claremont, and Dunbrody. By 1934, the terminal point of the thesis, the only Jesuit presence in South Africa was at St Aidan's which was saved from closure by Papal intervention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Ryan, Judy Anne
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Jesuits -- South Africa -- History Jesuits -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2522 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001851
- Description: The Society of Jesus, founded in 1540 by St Ignatius of Loyola, dispatched the first group of five priests and three brothers to the Cape in 1875. Their destination was St Aidan's College (1875-1973) in Grahamstown which they would staff. Two of the priests went to Graaff-Reinet where the Society established a mission house and noviciate (1875-1889). On 1 July 1878 the Zambesi Mission was founded with Henry Depelchin as its appointed leader. The Mission was placed under the direct control of the Jesuit General. St Aidan's became the headquarters of the Zambesi Mission and it was hoped that trainees for the Mission would emerge from the College. The first group of missionaries bound for the Zambesi regions left Grahamstown in 1879. Negotiations followed with the Ndebele chiefdom in Bulawayo and stations were established at Tati, Empandeni and Pandamatenga. Unsuccessful probes into Barotseland and Gazaland followed and a decade later the mission to Zambesia was abandoned and the Jesuits returned to the south where there had been further expansion of the Order's activities. Dunbrody (1882-1934), situated on the Sundays River, had been set up as a base for the Zambesi Mission, as an educational centre for Blacks and as a farm. Keilands (1886-1908) was an attempt to establish a missionary base for the extension of activities into the Transkei. Vleischfontein (1884-1894) in the Western Transvaal, was developed as a staging post between Zambesia and the Cape. In 1924 the Order attempted to develop parish work in Claremont, but initially nowhere else. By 1890 the Jesuits were ready to return to Matabeleland and in the post colonial years a string of stations were founded. Partly to conserve its manpower for the Zambesi enterprise and for financial and economic reasons, Graaff-Reinet was abandoned in 1889, followed by Vleischfontein, Keilands, the parish at Claremont, and Dunbrody. By 1934, the terminal point of the thesis, the only Jesuit presence in South Africa was at St Aidan's which was saved from closure by Papal intervention.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
An investigation into some learning and teaching problems of biology in Transkei senior secondary schools
- Authors: Matoti, Sheila Nokuthula
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Education, Secondary Biology -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1349 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001415
- Description: The aim of this study was to investigate some learning and teaching problems of biology in Transkei Senior Secondary schools. The research focussed mainly on Biochemistry. Biochemistry was treated in the context of biology as a whole to show its relevance to other sections of the syllabus. Questionnaires were administered to standard 10 pupils in 15 senior secondary schools selected randomly from the Central Region of Transkei. Further information on pupils' understanding of concepts taught in Biochemistry , was gained through use of concept tests and concept maps. Interviews were conducted with standard 9 and 10 biology teachers, Subject committee members, Examiners, Subject advisers, Lecturers from the University of Transkei and the Transkei Teachers' In-service College and pupils. Data obtained through the use of those research methods was analysed and discussed. Concept mapping as a teaching strategy was introduced to some standard 9 and 10 teachers who attended courses (biology) at The Transkei Teachers ' In-service College. Some suggestions and recommendations for the learning and teaching of biology were then made
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Matoti, Sheila Nokuthula
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Education, Secondary Biology -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1349 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001415
- Description: The aim of this study was to investigate some learning and teaching problems of biology in Transkei Senior Secondary schools. The research focussed mainly on Biochemistry. Biochemistry was treated in the context of biology as a whole to show its relevance to other sections of the syllabus. Questionnaires were administered to standard 10 pupils in 15 senior secondary schools selected randomly from the Central Region of Transkei. Further information on pupils' understanding of concepts taught in Biochemistry , was gained through use of concept tests and concept maps. Interviews were conducted with standard 9 and 10 biology teachers, Subject committee members, Examiners, Subject advisers, Lecturers from the University of Transkei and the Transkei Teachers' In-service College and pupils. Data obtained through the use of those research methods was analysed and discussed. Concept mapping as a teaching strategy was introduced to some standard 9 and 10 teachers who attended courses (biology) at The Transkei Teachers ' In-service College. Some suggestions and recommendations for the learning and teaching of biology were then made
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
An investigation into some of the problems affecting the teaching and learning of biochemistry in Transkei Colleges of Education
- Authors: Qokweni, Patiswa
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Biochemistry -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1350 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001416
- Description: The study investigated some of the problems experienced in the teaching and learning of biochemistry - a section in the Senior Certificate biology syllabus - in the Transkei Colleges of Education. Biochemistry is often labelled a difficult area, therefore, the study was an attempt to identify the problems encountered by biology teachers and lecturers in teaching biochemistry and by student-teachers in learning it. Questionnaires were admlninistered to final-year biology major student-teachers in the colleges, and to the biology teachers and college lecturers. Examiners and subject advisers for biology were interviewed. The questionnaires required the respondents to identify the following: 1. Areas of biochemistry they find difficult. 2. Areas of biochemistry they find easy to understand. 3. Possible reasons for the students' poor performance in biochemistry. 4. Possible suggestions for improvement. The student-teachers were further given a concept test to test their understanding of the concept 'photosynthesis'. After analysing the data, the findings were used to make some recommendations, in an attempt to improve the teaching of biochemistry by the teachers and lecturers and of the learning of biochemistry by the students
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Qokweni, Patiswa
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Biochemistry -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Transkei
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1350 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001416
- Description: The study investigated some of the problems experienced in the teaching and learning of biochemistry - a section in the Senior Certificate biology syllabus - in the Transkei Colleges of Education. Biochemistry is often labelled a difficult area, therefore, the study was an attempt to identify the problems encountered by biology teachers and lecturers in teaching biochemistry and by student-teachers in learning it. Questionnaires were admlninistered to final-year biology major student-teachers in the colleges, and to the biology teachers and college lecturers. Examiners and subject advisers for biology were interviewed. The questionnaires required the respondents to identify the following: 1. Areas of biochemistry they find difficult. 2. Areas of biochemistry they find easy to understand. 3. Possible reasons for the students' poor performance in biochemistry. 4. Possible suggestions for improvement. The student-teachers were further given a concept test to test their understanding of the concept 'photosynthesis'. After analysing the data, the findings were used to make some recommendations, in an attempt to improve the teaching of biochemistry by the teachers and lecturers and of the learning of biochemistry by the students
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
An investigation into the nature and extent of erosion and sedimentation in the Maqalika Dam catchment, Maseru
- Authors: Ntsaba, 'Mankone 'Mabataung
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Erosion -- Lesotho Sedimentation and deposition -- Lesotho Land use -- Lesotho -- History River sediments -- Lesotho
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4799 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001899
- Description: The study investigates the nature and extent of erosion and deposition in the Maqalika catchment, Maseru. Components of the study include (i) the re-construction of erosion and land use history in the catchment from 1961 to 1985, (li) determination of dominant factors or combinations of factors responsible for the observed erosion distribution at each date, (iii) the identification and evaluation of erosion and deposition features, and their spatial and temporal variations, and (iv) identification of socia-economic problems associated with observed erosion and deposition. Methods employed for the re-construction of erosion and land use history include the use of sequential aerial photography of 1961, 1979 and 1985, orthophoto maps and review of literature from past studies. It has been possible to map erosion and land use for the three time periods pinpointing areas of major change. Results are presented in map form showing the spatial distribution of each erosion class and each land use category. It was however not possible to derive any meaningful relationship between erosion distribution and land use, on the aforementioned maps. The only observation made from the comparison of the maps is that erosion degree and distribution sometimes changes with land use, while land use sometimes changes in response to erosion. Major land use changes are the conversion of agricultural land to urban land use, and grazing land. Due to the mnlti-dimensional nature of soil erosion, hand 'actor analysis was employed to determine which factors or combinations of factors were dominant at each date. Despite the extensive research on the various factors affecting erosion such as those used for the USLE and SLEMSA there is a growing uncertainty as to which factors are more important to erosion. Soil erodibility has been found to be a component of the major controlling factor combinations in all three periods under study. At each date erodibility combined with a number of other factors determined the observed erosion distribution. As suggested by Mosley (1980), Cambell (1985) and Coleman and Scatena (1986) sediment from a catchment is derived principally from spatially limited portions of the catchment. Likewise eroded sediment becomes deposited in spatially limited areas with special characteristics which encourage deposition. Aerial photographic survey aided by ground survey and oblique photographs were employed to identify sediment sources and sinks within the catchment. Some sediment sources are fIxed such as gully floors and sides, while some change location from time to time such as construction sites. An evaluation of portions of the catchment for their ability to supply and deliver sediment has shown that the most eroded areas are not the most active sediment sources. Sediment yield is limited by either supply or transport. Sediment yield was estimated using reservoir survey data which indicate that there is a high rate of soil loss from the catchment. One flaw of this method as a measure of soil loss is that it treats the measured sediment yield as if it were contributed uniformly from the basin. This method however affords the researcher to estimate minimum erosion rates, taking into account that large amounts of sediment are stored at various places within the catchment. The possible socio-economic consequences of erosion and deposition have been identified. These include loss of cropland, destruction of roads and building sites which require methods of reclamation, sedimentation of small reservoirs and ponds, and the formation of gully bottom fills which are potential sediment sources. Conservation measures presently applied in the catchment are assessed and found to be irrelavant to the present erosion problem. Data from the reservoir survey revealed that the estimated rate of soil loss is more important to on-site erosion damage than to off-site damage in the form of the sedimentation of Maqalika reservoir. Appropriate conservation measures such as those suggested by Amimoto (1981) would be relevant to the study area, however the main constraint in their implementation would be lack of legislation and the absence of a sound land use policy. It is therefore concluded that the present land use situation which does not take into consideration the physical constraints of the catchment is partly responsible for accelarated erosion in the catchment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Ntsaba, 'Mankone 'Mabataung
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Erosion -- Lesotho Sedimentation and deposition -- Lesotho Land use -- Lesotho -- History River sediments -- Lesotho
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4799 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001899
- Description: The study investigates the nature and extent of erosion and deposition in the Maqalika catchment, Maseru. Components of the study include (i) the re-construction of erosion and land use history in the catchment from 1961 to 1985, (li) determination of dominant factors or combinations of factors responsible for the observed erosion distribution at each date, (iii) the identification and evaluation of erosion and deposition features, and their spatial and temporal variations, and (iv) identification of socia-economic problems associated with observed erosion and deposition. Methods employed for the re-construction of erosion and land use history include the use of sequential aerial photography of 1961, 1979 and 1985, orthophoto maps and review of literature from past studies. It has been possible to map erosion and land use for the three time periods pinpointing areas of major change. Results are presented in map form showing the spatial distribution of each erosion class and each land use category. It was however not possible to derive any meaningful relationship between erosion distribution and land use, on the aforementioned maps. The only observation made from the comparison of the maps is that erosion degree and distribution sometimes changes with land use, while land use sometimes changes in response to erosion. Major land use changes are the conversion of agricultural land to urban land use, and grazing land. Due to the mnlti-dimensional nature of soil erosion, hand 'actor analysis was employed to determine which factors or combinations of factors were dominant at each date. Despite the extensive research on the various factors affecting erosion such as those used for the USLE and SLEMSA there is a growing uncertainty as to which factors are more important to erosion. Soil erodibility has been found to be a component of the major controlling factor combinations in all three periods under study. At each date erodibility combined with a number of other factors determined the observed erosion distribution. As suggested by Mosley (1980), Cambell (1985) and Coleman and Scatena (1986) sediment from a catchment is derived principally from spatially limited portions of the catchment. Likewise eroded sediment becomes deposited in spatially limited areas with special characteristics which encourage deposition. Aerial photographic survey aided by ground survey and oblique photographs were employed to identify sediment sources and sinks within the catchment. Some sediment sources are fIxed such as gully floors and sides, while some change location from time to time such as construction sites. An evaluation of portions of the catchment for their ability to supply and deliver sediment has shown that the most eroded areas are not the most active sediment sources. Sediment yield is limited by either supply or transport. Sediment yield was estimated using reservoir survey data which indicate that there is a high rate of soil loss from the catchment. One flaw of this method as a measure of soil loss is that it treats the measured sediment yield as if it were contributed uniformly from the basin. This method however affords the researcher to estimate minimum erosion rates, taking into account that large amounts of sediment are stored at various places within the catchment. The possible socio-economic consequences of erosion and deposition have been identified. These include loss of cropland, destruction of roads and building sites which require methods of reclamation, sedimentation of small reservoirs and ponds, and the formation of gully bottom fills which are potential sediment sources. Conservation measures presently applied in the catchment are assessed and found to be irrelavant to the present erosion problem. Data from the reservoir survey revealed that the estimated rate of soil loss is more important to on-site erosion damage than to off-site damage in the form of the sedimentation of Maqalika reservoir. Appropriate conservation measures such as those suggested by Amimoto (1981) would be relevant to the study area, however the main constraint in their implementation would be lack of legislation and the absence of a sound land use policy. It is therefore concluded that the present land use situation which does not take into consideration the physical constraints of the catchment is partly responsible for accelarated erosion in the catchment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
APDUSA Views
- Date: 1990-07
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33147 , vital:32541 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-07
- Date: 1990-07
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33147 , vital:32541 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-07
APDUSA Views
- Date: 1990-11
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33333 , vital:32637 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-11
- Date: 1990-11
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33333 , vital:32637 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-11
APDUSA Views
- Date: 1990-09
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33620 , vital:32908 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-09
- Date: 1990-09
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33620 , vital:32908 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-09
APDUSA Views
- Date: 1990-07
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33117 , vital:32531 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-07
- Date: 1990-07
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33117 , vital:32531 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-07
APDUSA Views
- Date: 1990-08
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/32678 , vital:32308 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-08
- Date: 1990-08
- Subjects: Government, Resistance to -- South Africa , South Africa -- History -- 20th century , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/32678 , vital:32308 , Bulk File 7
- Description: APDUSA Views was published by the African People’s Democratic Union of Southern Africa (Natal), an affiliate of the New Unity Movement.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-08
Arikumadzi Maruiza
- Mangatyo, November, Tracey, Andrew T N
- Authors: Mangatyo, November , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990-11-21
- Subjects: Nyanja (African people) -- Malawi , Folk music -- Malawi , Musical instruments -- Africa , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Malawi Singano village f-sx
- Language: Nya
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/74411 , vital:30299 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC014-05
- Description: Traditional song with njari and sansi mbira accompaniment.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-11-21
- Authors: Mangatyo, November , Tracey, Andrew T N
- Date: 1990-11-21
- Subjects: Nyanja (African people) -- Malawi , Folk music -- Malawi , Musical instruments -- Africa , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa Malawi Singano village f-sx
- Language: Nya
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/74411 , vital:30299 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC014-05
- Description: Traditional song with njari and sansi mbira accompaniment.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1990-11-21
Aspects of the biology of the infaunal bivalve Mollusc Solen cylindraceus (Hanley) in the Kariega estuary
- De Villiers, Casper Johannes
- Authors: De Villiers, Casper Johannes
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Mollusks -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Bivalves -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5639 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005321
- Description: Solen cylindraceus is an infaunal filter-feeding bivalve inhabiting the intertidal mud banks of many southern African estuaries. It is particularly abundant in the Kariega estuary (33°41'S; 26°42'E) where it reaches densities of 400m⁻² (192g shell-free dry wt. m⁻²). The Kariega is a permanently open, marine dominated estuary about 18km in length, and S. cylindraceus is most abundant in its middle and upper reaches. Some physical characteristics of the estuary (temperature, salinity, sediment and water turbidity) are described, and the possible role of these factors in determining the density and distribution of S. cylindraceus within the Kariega estuary, is discussed. The structure of the alimentary system, gills and labial palps of S. cylintfraceus is described, all of which showed no major variation from the "typical" eulamellibranchiate form. Solen cylintfraceus was found to be a euryhaline osmoconformer with a salinity tolerance range of 15-65%. When animals were removed from their burrows, osmotic equilibration of the haemolymph was rapid (1-2 hours). By contrast, in animals left undisturbed in their burrows, osmotic equilibration was retarded (72-204 hours). It is suggested that the observed decrease in the rate of change of haemolymph osmolarity for animals in their burrows is linked to the stability of the interstitial salinity. A temperature tolerance range of 5-44°C was determined for S. cylintfraceus (in situ), in which prolonged exposure to 5°C and 40-45°C (12-36 hours respectively) resulted in a decreased burrowing ability, coma and death. Animal burrowing responses were not affected by temperatures in the range 15-35°C. Field experiments were carried out over several tidal cycles, in which the measurement of crystalline style volume was used as a means of assessing extracellular digestive activity. No major variation in style volume was recorded and it appeared that S. cylindraceus did not exhibit any cyclical pattern of style dissolution and regeneration. It is suggested that S. cylindraceus feeds continuously from the water column during high tide and possibly within its burrow, at or below the water table, during low tide. At a suspensoid concentration of 5Omg l⁻¹, S. cylindraceus was found to filter water almost continuously (90-95% of the time). Time spent filtering dropped to 68% at 100mg l⁻¹ and 32% at 500mg l⁻¹. Filtration rates for summer collected animals (25°C) were 22.86 ± 4.36ml min.⁻¹, some 3ml min.⁻¹ greater than that recorded for winter (16°C) collected animals. Filtration rate may be expressed as a function of shell length by the equations: y=0.247x¹̇⁰⁶⁶ (winter) and y=0.758x⁰̇⁸²⁶ (summer). Solen cylindraceus was capable of acclimating its filtration rate to both high and low temperatures under laboratory conditions. Filtration rate exhibited a thermal optimum in the range 15-35°C, declining at higher and lower temperatures. Q₁₀ values of filtration decreased rapidly from greater than 4 to less than 2, when the thermal optimum was reached. Maximum rates generally occurred at approximately 5°C above the temperature to which the animal had been acclimated. Optimal filtration rates (19-23ml min.⁻¹) were recorded in the salinity range 15-45%. When subjected to abrupt changes in salinity, filtration rates were immediately depressed. The extent and duration of these decreased filtration rates were dependent upon the magnitude and direction of salinity change, and were always less in animals exposed to hyper- than hyposaline conditions. Animals exposed to increased temperature and simultaneous elevated or unchanged salinity, showed a slight increase in filtration rate followed by rapid acclimation. A decrease in both temperature and salinity resulted in an initial decrease in filtration rate and a longer acclimation period. The ability of S. cylindraceus to acclimate fully within a wide temperature and salinity range, and to filter maximally in hypersaline conditions may, in part, explain its unusually high abundance in the Kariega estuary, despite it being close to the southernmost limit of the animal's geographical distribution. No significant difference in flItration rate was recorded at suspensoid concentrations of 5-100mg 1⁻¹. However, at 250 and 500mg l⁻¹ filtration rates decreased significantly, and coincided with increased levels of pseudofaecal production. Solen cylindraceus retained particles down to 2.5-3.0µm with great efficiency (ca. 60-90% efficiency). Below this particle size, retention efficiency decreased rapidly and a net production of particles was recorded below 1.51µm. Particle retention was independent of temperature (15 and 25°C) and salinity (15 and 35%). Use was made of stable carbon isotope analyses (¹³C/¹²C ratios) in an attempt to determine the important food sources of S. cylindraceus within the Kariega estuary. The results obtained demonstrated an enrichment in δ¹³ values for S. cylindraceus from the upper (-27.9%) to the middle (-25%c) and lower (-21.6%o ) reaches of the estuary, with no seasonal variation apparent. The bivalve was substantially more depleted in ¹³C relative to the dominant aquatic macrophytes Zostera capensis (-9.1 to -15.6%o) and Spartina maritima (-12.5%o). The use of δ¹³ alone, however, to unequivocally "pin point" specific food sources of a filter feeder in a predominantly detritus based food web, is limited. It is suggested that in the Kariega estuary, riparian litter and other terrestrially derived vegetation contribute to the carbon pool. A possible contribution of ¹³C depleted food sources via chemoautotrophic and/or anaerobic pathways, to the diet of S. cylindraceus, is suggested.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: De Villiers, Casper Johannes
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Mollusks -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Bivalves -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5639 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005321
- Description: Solen cylindraceus is an infaunal filter-feeding bivalve inhabiting the intertidal mud banks of many southern African estuaries. It is particularly abundant in the Kariega estuary (33°41'S; 26°42'E) where it reaches densities of 400m⁻² (192g shell-free dry wt. m⁻²). The Kariega is a permanently open, marine dominated estuary about 18km in length, and S. cylindraceus is most abundant in its middle and upper reaches. Some physical characteristics of the estuary (temperature, salinity, sediment and water turbidity) are described, and the possible role of these factors in determining the density and distribution of S. cylindraceus within the Kariega estuary, is discussed. The structure of the alimentary system, gills and labial palps of S. cylintfraceus is described, all of which showed no major variation from the "typical" eulamellibranchiate form. Solen cylintfraceus was found to be a euryhaline osmoconformer with a salinity tolerance range of 15-65%. When animals were removed from their burrows, osmotic equilibration of the haemolymph was rapid (1-2 hours). By contrast, in animals left undisturbed in their burrows, osmotic equilibration was retarded (72-204 hours). It is suggested that the observed decrease in the rate of change of haemolymph osmolarity for animals in their burrows is linked to the stability of the interstitial salinity. A temperature tolerance range of 5-44°C was determined for S. cylintfraceus (in situ), in which prolonged exposure to 5°C and 40-45°C (12-36 hours respectively) resulted in a decreased burrowing ability, coma and death. Animal burrowing responses were not affected by temperatures in the range 15-35°C. Field experiments were carried out over several tidal cycles, in which the measurement of crystalline style volume was used as a means of assessing extracellular digestive activity. No major variation in style volume was recorded and it appeared that S. cylindraceus did not exhibit any cyclical pattern of style dissolution and regeneration. It is suggested that S. cylindraceus feeds continuously from the water column during high tide and possibly within its burrow, at or below the water table, during low tide. At a suspensoid concentration of 5Omg l⁻¹, S. cylindraceus was found to filter water almost continuously (90-95% of the time). Time spent filtering dropped to 68% at 100mg l⁻¹ and 32% at 500mg l⁻¹. Filtration rates for summer collected animals (25°C) were 22.86 ± 4.36ml min.⁻¹, some 3ml min.⁻¹ greater than that recorded for winter (16°C) collected animals. Filtration rate may be expressed as a function of shell length by the equations: y=0.247x¹̇⁰⁶⁶ (winter) and y=0.758x⁰̇⁸²⁶ (summer). Solen cylindraceus was capable of acclimating its filtration rate to both high and low temperatures under laboratory conditions. Filtration rate exhibited a thermal optimum in the range 15-35°C, declining at higher and lower temperatures. Q₁₀ values of filtration decreased rapidly from greater than 4 to less than 2, when the thermal optimum was reached. Maximum rates generally occurred at approximately 5°C above the temperature to which the animal had been acclimated. Optimal filtration rates (19-23ml min.⁻¹) were recorded in the salinity range 15-45%. When subjected to abrupt changes in salinity, filtration rates were immediately depressed. The extent and duration of these decreased filtration rates were dependent upon the magnitude and direction of salinity change, and were always less in animals exposed to hyper- than hyposaline conditions. Animals exposed to increased temperature and simultaneous elevated or unchanged salinity, showed a slight increase in filtration rate followed by rapid acclimation. A decrease in both temperature and salinity resulted in an initial decrease in filtration rate and a longer acclimation period. The ability of S. cylindraceus to acclimate fully within a wide temperature and salinity range, and to filter maximally in hypersaline conditions may, in part, explain its unusually high abundance in the Kariega estuary, despite it being close to the southernmost limit of the animal's geographical distribution. No significant difference in flItration rate was recorded at suspensoid concentrations of 5-100mg 1⁻¹. However, at 250 and 500mg l⁻¹ filtration rates decreased significantly, and coincided with increased levels of pseudofaecal production. Solen cylindraceus retained particles down to 2.5-3.0µm with great efficiency (ca. 60-90% efficiency). Below this particle size, retention efficiency decreased rapidly and a net production of particles was recorded below 1.51µm. Particle retention was independent of temperature (15 and 25°C) and salinity (15 and 35%). Use was made of stable carbon isotope analyses (¹³C/¹²C ratios) in an attempt to determine the important food sources of S. cylindraceus within the Kariega estuary. The results obtained demonstrated an enrichment in δ¹³ values for S. cylindraceus from the upper (-27.9%) to the middle (-25%c) and lower (-21.6%o ) reaches of the estuary, with no seasonal variation apparent. The bivalve was substantially more depleted in ¹³C relative to the dominant aquatic macrophytes Zostera capensis (-9.1 to -15.6%o) and Spartina maritima (-12.5%o). The use of δ¹³ alone, however, to unequivocally "pin point" specific food sources of a filter feeder in a predominantly detritus based food web, is limited. It is suggested that in the Kariega estuary, riparian litter and other terrestrially derived vegetation contribute to the carbon pool. A possible contribution of ¹³C depleted food sources via chemoautotrophic and/or anaerobic pathways, to the diet of S. cylindraceus, is suggested.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
Aspects of the nutritional physiology and dietary requirements of juvenile and adult sharptooth catfish, Clarias Gariepinus (Pisces : clariidae)
- Authors: Uys, Wynand
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Clariidae Catfishes Catfishes -- Nutrition-requirements Clarias
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5225 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005068
- Description: Past and current research on the biology and culture of the sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) has stimulated the development of its commercial production. At the inception of this project in 1985, it was decided that the development of an optimal dry feed was the most important step in developing a more complete culture technology for the species. The objectives of the project were, therefore, to investigate aspects of the nutritional physiology and dietary requirements of the species to provide the necessary information for the formulation of optimum economical feeds. A review of the natural feeding biology of the species provided valuable information with regard to its food preferences. From this information, and by estimating the nutritional composition of its preferred natural diet, it could be concluded that the animal requires a relatively high dietary protein content. This conclusion was substantiated by studies of the functional morphology of the digestive system (gross and fine structure). The characteristics of the digestive system and external anatomy were found to be typical of an opportunistic, omnivorous predator. The ontogenetic development of the digestive system is relatively fast, and enables the utilization of a variety of diets efficiently from an early stage. Since the ability of an animal to digest a given substance is predominantly dependent on the presence of appropriate enzymes the quantification and characterization of C. gariepinus digestive enzyme activities were investigated on an experimental basis. This work revealed that the animal has relatively high levels of digestive enzyme activities, and that its proteolytic enzyme activities correspond with those of other carnivorous fishes, while its starch digesting abilities correspond with those of specialized herbivores. Also, the high levels of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase indicate an adaptation to detritivory, making this fish a truly opportunistic omnivore. Evidence was found to suggest that sharptooth catfish are able to re-absorb secreted digestive enzymes in the posterior section of its intestinal tract. It was shown that digestive enzyme activities were induced by food intake, and that no inherent rhythmicity in digestive activities seemed to occur. The development of digestive enzyme systems in the early life history of this animal was found to be also extremely rapid (complete within 10-16 days after hatching). It was also shown that artificial dry feed stimulates higher levels of digestive enzyme activities in larvae and juveniles than natural food. Although increased cellulase activity was found in larvae and juveniles that were fed on live zooplankton, the relative contribution of exogenous prey enzymes to protein digestion could not be ascertained. Specific nutritional requirements were investigated by means of feeding trials. The results of these trials confirmed the above indications regarding the dietary requirements of sharptooth catfish. It was concluded that for optimal growth and production performance, this animal requires a dietary protein content of 40-42%, a dietary lipid content of 10-12% and that diets should contain 14-16 kJ/g digestible energy. The optimum protein-to-energy ratio was found to be 26-29mg protein per kJ of digestible energy. Dietary requirements are evidently the same for juveniles and adults, except that younger fish require higher relative feeding levels. Finally, practical feed formulations were evaluated in terms of their economic feasibility. The results of these trials are presented along with recommendations on the formulation of commercial feeds for C. gariepinus. A computer program with which to implement least cost feed formulation by means of linear programming is provided.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Uys, Wynand
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Clariidae Catfishes Catfishes -- Nutrition-requirements Clarias
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5225 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005068
- Description: Past and current research on the biology and culture of the sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) has stimulated the development of its commercial production. At the inception of this project in 1985, it was decided that the development of an optimal dry feed was the most important step in developing a more complete culture technology for the species. The objectives of the project were, therefore, to investigate aspects of the nutritional physiology and dietary requirements of the species to provide the necessary information for the formulation of optimum economical feeds. A review of the natural feeding biology of the species provided valuable information with regard to its food preferences. From this information, and by estimating the nutritional composition of its preferred natural diet, it could be concluded that the animal requires a relatively high dietary protein content. This conclusion was substantiated by studies of the functional morphology of the digestive system (gross and fine structure). The characteristics of the digestive system and external anatomy were found to be typical of an opportunistic, omnivorous predator. The ontogenetic development of the digestive system is relatively fast, and enables the utilization of a variety of diets efficiently from an early stage. Since the ability of an animal to digest a given substance is predominantly dependent on the presence of appropriate enzymes the quantification and characterization of C. gariepinus digestive enzyme activities were investigated on an experimental basis. This work revealed that the animal has relatively high levels of digestive enzyme activities, and that its proteolytic enzyme activities correspond with those of other carnivorous fishes, while its starch digesting abilities correspond with those of specialized herbivores. Also, the high levels of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase indicate an adaptation to detritivory, making this fish a truly opportunistic omnivore. Evidence was found to suggest that sharptooth catfish are able to re-absorb secreted digestive enzymes in the posterior section of its intestinal tract. It was shown that digestive enzyme activities were induced by food intake, and that no inherent rhythmicity in digestive activities seemed to occur. The development of digestive enzyme systems in the early life history of this animal was found to be also extremely rapid (complete within 10-16 days after hatching). It was also shown that artificial dry feed stimulates higher levels of digestive enzyme activities in larvae and juveniles than natural food. Although increased cellulase activity was found in larvae and juveniles that were fed on live zooplankton, the relative contribution of exogenous prey enzymes to protein digestion could not be ascertained. Specific nutritional requirements were investigated by means of feeding trials. The results of these trials confirmed the above indications regarding the dietary requirements of sharptooth catfish. It was concluded that for optimal growth and production performance, this animal requires a dietary protein content of 40-42%, a dietary lipid content of 10-12% and that diets should contain 14-16 kJ/g digestible energy. The optimum protein-to-energy ratio was found to be 26-29mg protein per kJ of digestible energy. Dietary requirements are evidently the same for juveniles and adults, except that younger fish require higher relative feeding levels. Finally, practical feed formulations were evaluated in terms of their economic feasibility. The results of these trials are presented along with recommendations on the formulation of commercial feeds for C. gariepinus. A computer program with which to implement least cost feed formulation by means of linear programming is provided.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
Assegaaibosch Hotel nestling in Assegaaibosch River Valley 3 km east of Kareedouw in the Langkloof Valley, Humansdorp
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Assegaaibosch River Valley (South Africa)
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12698 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014399
- Description: Blouberg peak on the Kareedouwberg range behind.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Assegaaibosch River Valley (South Africa)
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12698 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014399
- Description: Blouberg peak on the Kareedouwberg range behind.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
Between Coega and Addo
- Authors: Vanderplank, Helen J
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Aloe -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12592 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013999
- Description: Nature of southern reaches and of much of Grassridge flats. Open grassveld with occasional bushclumps. Aloe flowering in foreground.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
- Authors: Vanderplank, Helen J
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Aloe -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12592 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013999
- Description: Nature of southern reaches and of much of Grassridge flats. Open grassveld with occasional bushclumps. Aloe flowering in foreground.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
Between freedom and givenness: (a study of the hermeneutical consequences of the concept of canon for the authority of scripture)
- Authors: Latham, Jonathan Cyril
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Bible -- Evidences, authority, etc. , Authority -- Religious aspects , Canon (Literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1216 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001546
- Description: The aim of this thesis is to arrive at an understanding of the authority of scripture that is able to accommodate both a faith perspective and the fruits of the historical-critical approach to the New Testament. Put differently, the aim of this thesis is the pursuit of a specifically christian, faith-promoting, reading of the New Testament whilst still enjoying the benefit, in an as uncompromised a form as possible, of the historical- critical approach. In a sense it may be said that this task, given that the roots of both the historical-critical approach and modern Western culture are deeply imbedded in Rationalism, is equivalent to the basic hermeneutical question of whether it is possible to interpret scripture relevantly from within a cultural web of meaning that does not readily accommodate that embodied in the New Testament. In section one of this dissertation we present a characteristic depiction, based on the historical-critical theory of literature, of the authority of the New Testament. This is followed by a brief assessment that makes explicit why the historical- critical approach is not conducive to the adoption of a faith perspective on these writings. In section two, still and inevitably based on critical foundations, we adopt a perspective that is more sympathetic to faith and that seeks to discover in the concerns evidenced in the canonical process, when traditions about Jesus gradually took on more complex and stable forms, culminating in the canon of the New Testament, guidelines in helping us to deal with the problem with which this study is concerned . In the specific example of the rather ordinary concerns underlying the unusual history of the pericope de adultera (John 7:53-8:11), examined against the background of the interests underlying the canonical process, it becomes clear that christians from the very beginning faced a dilemma not unlike that with which the historical-critical approach confronts us. They had to interpret afresh, and faithfully, the traditions in order to meet the demands of situations that had never been foreseen by earlier tradents. In this respect, therefore, the history of the pericope de adultera presents us with an ongoing struggle to hold in tension the demands of new contexts with the imperative of strict continuity with Jesus. In section three, on the basis of the foundation of the authority of scripture in strict continuity with Jesus combined with the contextual reinterpretation of the tradition, the social sciences are employed. Using the social sciences, it is discovered that the two contradictory approaches that we wish to reconcile form part of two different models for interpreting reality. It is on this basis, and made possible by the common culture underlying these opposing models and by the common contact with an unspecified common core of concrete reality, that a solution is proposed in terms of a complex 'fusion of horizons', promoted by a 'precipitative environment'. In the conclusion our solution is decisively aligned with the concerns evidenced in the canonical process
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Latham, Jonathan Cyril
- Date: 1990
- Subjects: Bible -- Evidences, authority, etc. , Authority -- Religious aspects , Canon (Literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1216 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001546
- Description: The aim of this thesis is to arrive at an understanding of the authority of scripture that is able to accommodate both a faith perspective and the fruits of the historical-critical approach to the New Testament. Put differently, the aim of this thesis is the pursuit of a specifically christian, faith-promoting, reading of the New Testament whilst still enjoying the benefit, in an as uncompromised a form as possible, of the historical- critical approach. In a sense it may be said that this task, given that the roots of both the historical-critical approach and modern Western culture are deeply imbedded in Rationalism, is equivalent to the basic hermeneutical question of whether it is possible to interpret scripture relevantly from within a cultural web of meaning that does not readily accommodate that embodied in the New Testament. In section one of this dissertation we present a characteristic depiction, based on the historical-critical theory of literature, of the authority of the New Testament. This is followed by a brief assessment that makes explicit why the historical- critical approach is not conducive to the adoption of a faith perspective on these writings. In section two, still and inevitably based on critical foundations, we adopt a perspective that is more sympathetic to faith and that seeks to discover in the concerns evidenced in the canonical process, when traditions about Jesus gradually took on more complex and stable forms, culminating in the canon of the New Testament, guidelines in helping us to deal with the problem with which this study is concerned . In the specific example of the rather ordinary concerns underlying the unusual history of the pericope de adultera (John 7:53-8:11), examined against the background of the interests underlying the canonical process, it becomes clear that christians from the very beginning faced a dilemma not unlike that with which the historical-critical approach confronts us. They had to interpret afresh, and faithfully, the traditions in order to meet the demands of situations that had never been foreseen by earlier tradents. In this respect, therefore, the history of the pericope de adultera presents us with an ongoing struggle to hold in tension the demands of new contexts with the imperative of strict continuity with Jesus. In section three, on the basis of the foundation of the authority of scripture in strict continuity with Jesus combined with the contextual reinterpretation of the tradition, the social sciences are employed. Using the social sciences, it is discovered that the two contradictory approaches that we wish to reconcile form part of two different models for interpreting reality. It is on this basis, and made possible by the common culture underlying these opposing models and by the common contact with an unspecified common core of concrete reality, that a solution is proposed in terms of a complex 'fusion of horizons', promoted by a 'precipitative environment'. In the conclusion our solution is decisively aligned with the concerns evidenced in the canonical process
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
Between Greenbushes and Kraggakamma Lake
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Carpobrotus deliciosus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12669 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014371
- Description: Roadside Carpobrotus deliciosus, one of many now flowering after winter rains with a few yellow flowering examples nearby.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Carpobrotus deliciosus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12669 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014371
- Description: Roadside Carpobrotus deliciosus, one of many now flowering after winter rains with a few yellow flowering examples nearby.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
Biggest strike in T&G history
- Authors: COSATU, TGWU
- Date: July 1990
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/115514 , vital:34151
- Description: Cleaners in T&G Natal are angry and want to see change now! So cleaners from 11 different companies came together and decided to make demands to the bosses. On 25 May about 3000 cleaners came out on strike, but by the middle of the strike about 7000 cleaners were on strike. Most of the strikers were women. The most important demand was for a living wage. In the Durban area the wage determination gives cleaners R379 a month. But many bosses pay less than R379 and these bosses know it is against the law. On top of the low wage the bosses make cleaners buy their own uniforms, but the wage determination says the bosses must buy these uniforms. All of the strikers come from contract cleaning companies like Sneller, Supercare, Pritchards, Regent, Mrs Mop, Clean-It, Keep Clean, North Coast Cleaners, Floline, and Durban Property Services. These companies send cleaners out to clean in other companies and get money in return. But cleaners see little of the money their bosses make from their hard work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: July 1990
- Authors: COSATU, TGWU
- Date: July 1990
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/115514 , vital:34151
- Description: Cleaners in T&G Natal are angry and want to see change now! So cleaners from 11 different companies came together and decided to make demands to the bosses. On 25 May about 3000 cleaners came out on strike, but by the middle of the strike about 7000 cleaners were on strike. Most of the strikers were women. The most important demand was for a living wage. In the Durban area the wage determination gives cleaners R379 a month. But many bosses pay less than R379 and these bosses know it is against the law. On top of the low wage the bosses make cleaners buy their own uniforms, but the wage determination says the bosses must buy these uniforms. All of the strikers come from contract cleaning companies like Sneller, Supercare, Pritchards, Regent, Mrs Mop, Clean-It, Keep Clean, North Coast Cleaners, Floline, and Durban Property Services. These companies send cleaners out to clean in other companies and get money in return. But cleaners see little of the money their bosses make from their hard work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: July 1990
Blanching activities of betamethasone 17-valerate formulations: effect of the dosage form on topical drug availability
- Smith, Eric W, Meyer, Eric, Haigh, John M
- Authors: Smith, Eric W , Meyer, Eric , Haigh, John M
- Date: 1990
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6432 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006602
- Description: The blanching activities of Betnovate© cream, lotion, ointment and scalp application (each containing 0.1 % betamethasone (as the 17-valerate)) were determined using healthy human subjects over a 32 h period in both the occludedand unoccluded modes. Considering that allfour formulation types contained the same label concentration of corticosteroid,it may bepresumed that theformulations would show similar topical drug availability: this was, however, not found to be the case. The scalp application demonstrated the highest topical availability in both the occluded and unoccluded modes. The lotion formulation showed the greatest increase in topical availability on occlusion and the ointment formulation was the least sensitive to the effects of occlusion. These differences, due solely to the effects of the vehicle, may have important clinical implications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
- Authors: Smith, Eric W , Meyer, Eric , Haigh, John M
- Date: 1990
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6432 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006602
- Description: The blanching activities of Betnovate© cream, lotion, ointment and scalp application (each containing 0.1 % betamethasone (as the 17-valerate)) were determined using healthy human subjects over a 32 h period in both the occludedand unoccluded modes. Considering that allfour formulation types contained the same label concentration of corticosteroid,it may bepresumed that theformulations would show similar topical drug availability: this was, however, not found to be the case. The scalp application demonstrated the highest topical availability in both the occluded and unoccluded modes. The lotion formulation showed the greatest increase in topical availability on occlusion and the ointment formulation was the least sensitive to the effects of occlusion. These differences, due solely to the effects of the vehicle, may have important clinical implications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1990
Blue Water Bay, Swartkops, Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Vanderplank, Helen J
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Skead, C J -- Photographs , Urton, N -- Photographs
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12331 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013730
- Description: C.J. Skead and Dr. Noel Urton in Nature Reserve.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
- Authors: Vanderplank, Helen J
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Skead, C J -- Photographs , Urton, N -- Photographs
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12331 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013730
- Description: C.J. Skead and Dr. Noel Urton in Nature Reserve.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u