South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy : towards a diplomacy of trade
- Authors: Dullabh, Nitesh Amratlal
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Foreign trade regulation -- South Africa , South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2774 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002984 , Foreign trade regulation -- South Africa , South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Description: This thesis attempts to argue that a post-apartheid foreign policy will no longer be based on seeking legitimacy for the South African Government. Instead, it argues that if South Africa wants to grow, both domestically and nternationally, it will be imperative for it (South Africa) to move from an import substitution trade policy to an export-oriented trade policy. It is further suggested that the export-led strategy will be an important component for the promotion of South African international trade in the post-Cold War era. South Africa cannot improve the status of its trade regime by its own doing. It will require the support and assistance of international organizations and hence, the international community. Following the principles, rules and procedures of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); it is argued, will help South Africa reconstruct its trade policies on the basis that they are free, fair and above all competitive. Furthermore, maintaining a constantly favourable relationship with the international community will allow easy access to international markets for South African goods and services, and eventually the smooth integration of the South African economy in the international political economy. This study, noting the importance of trade with a dedicated commitment to exports, concludes that although exports would flourish, there will be an immediate need for diplomats to be conversant with contemporary international trade developments. This would require diplomats to be innovative, steadfast and disciplined in their day-to-day negotiations. In the final instance, the role of trade in South Africa's future will ultimately be determined by its trade postures and the type of diplomacy to be used by its diplomats.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Dullabh, Nitesh Amratlal
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Foreign trade regulation -- South Africa , South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2774 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002984 , Foreign trade regulation -- South Africa , South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Description: This thesis attempts to argue that a post-apartheid foreign policy will no longer be based on seeking legitimacy for the South African Government. Instead, it argues that if South Africa wants to grow, both domestically and nternationally, it will be imperative for it (South Africa) to move from an import substitution trade policy to an export-oriented trade policy. It is further suggested that the export-led strategy will be an important component for the promotion of South African international trade in the post-Cold War era. South Africa cannot improve the status of its trade regime by its own doing. It will require the support and assistance of international organizations and hence, the international community. Following the principles, rules and procedures of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); it is argued, will help South Africa reconstruct its trade policies on the basis that they are free, fair and above all competitive. Furthermore, maintaining a constantly favourable relationship with the international community will allow easy access to international markets for South African goods and services, and eventually the smooth integration of the South African economy in the international political economy. This study, noting the importance of trade with a dedicated commitment to exports, concludes that although exports would flourish, there will be an immediate need for diplomats to be conversant with contemporary international trade developments. This would require diplomats to be innovative, steadfast and disciplined in their day-to-day negotiations. In the final instance, the role of trade in South Africa's future will ultimately be determined by its trade postures and the type of diplomacy to be used by its diplomats.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Southern African Journal of Gerontology, volume 3, number 1, April 1994
- Ferreira, Monica (editor), Møller, Valerie (editor), HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
- Authors: Ferreira, Monica (editor) , Møller, Valerie (editor) , HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Gerontology -- South Africa , Older people -- Care -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:8068 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012860
- Description: A typical case, culled from the author's own experience in the Third World, points towards a major crisis in ageing in the near future for many developing countries. Whilst the increase in numbers of elderly, both gross and proportionate, is well-known, it is not so widely realised that the increase in developing countries will far outstrip that in industrialized nations. Although the elderly were historically cared for within the traditional extended family structure, that system is now breaking down before the advance of migration and easy divorce. Many elderly persons are left alone in depopulated communities. Others fail to adapt in the rural-to-urban transition. Most developing countries have no firmly established services for the elderly. However, as awareness of the impending crisis increases, community groups assist the elderly in developing their own initiatives to avoid the local effects of the crisis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Ferreira, Monica (editor) , Møller, Valerie (editor) , HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Gerontology -- South Africa , Older people -- Care -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:8068 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012860
- Description: A typical case, culled from the author's own experience in the Third World, points towards a major crisis in ageing in the near future for many developing countries. Whilst the increase in numbers of elderly, both gross and proportionate, is well-known, it is not so widely realised that the increase in developing countries will far outstrip that in industrialized nations. Although the elderly were historically cared for within the traditional extended family structure, that system is now breaking down before the advance of migration and easy divorce. Many elderly persons are left alone in depopulated communities. Others fail to adapt in the rural-to-urban transition. Most developing countries have no firmly established services for the elderly. However, as awareness of the impending crisis increases, community groups assist the elderly in developing their own initiatives to avoid the local effects of the crisis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Southern African Journal of Gerontology, volume 3, number 2, October 1994
- Ferreira, Monica (editor), Møller, Valerie (editor), HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
- Authors: Ferreira, Monica (editor) , Møller, Valerie (editor) , HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Gerontology -- South Africa , Older people -- Care -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:8069 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012861
- Description: Intergenerational relations is not a new focus area of study in Southern Africa. Trends in changing relationships between age cohorts have been traced in family, migration and urbanization studies. This special issue of the Southern African Journal of Gerontology presents a case for studying intergenerational relations from a gerontological perspective. The issue includes work from leading international gerontologists and experts in the field of intergenerational relations writing on the United States. Two further contributions come from other parts of Africa - Ghana and Kenya. The articles on intergenerational relations in South Africa, tellingly, come from outside the field of gerontology, a point to be picked up below.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Ferreira, Monica (editor) , Møller, Valerie (editor) , HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Gerontology -- South Africa , Older people -- Care -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:8069 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012861
- Description: Intergenerational relations is not a new focus area of study in Southern Africa. Trends in changing relationships between age cohorts have been traced in family, migration and urbanization studies. This special issue of the Southern African Journal of Gerontology presents a case for studying intergenerational relations from a gerontological perspective. The issue includes work from leading international gerontologists and experts in the field of intergenerational relations writing on the United States. Two further contributions come from other parts of Africa - Ghana and Kenya. The articles on intergenerational relations in South Africa, tellingly, come from outside the field of gerontology, a point to be picked up below.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Static analysis of functional languages
- Authors: Mountjoy, Jon-Dean
- Date: 1994 , 2012-10-10
- Subjects: Functional programming languages
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4669 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006690 , Functional programming languages
- Description: Static analysis is the name given to a number of compile time analysis techniques used to automatically generate information which can lead to improvements in the execution performance of function languages. This thesis provides an introduction to these techniques and their implementation. The abstract interpretation framework is an example of a technique used to extract information from a program by providing the program with an alternate semantics and evaluating this program over a non-standard domain. The elements of this domain represent certain properties of interest. This framework is examined in detail, as well as various extensions and variants of it. The use of binary logical relations and program logics as alternative formulations of the framework , and partial equivalence relations as an extension to it, are also looked at. The projection analysis framework determines how much of a sub-expression can be evaluated by examining the context in which the expression is to be evaluated, and provides an elegant method for finding particular types of information from data structures. This is also examined. The most costly operation in implementing an analysis is the computation of fixed points. Methods developed to make this process more efficient are looked at. This leads to the final chapter which highlights the dependencies and relationships between the different frameworks and their mathematical disciplines. , KMBT_223
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Mountjoy, Jon-Dean
- Date: 1994 , 2012-10-10
- Subjects: Functional programming languages
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4669 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006690 , Functional programming languages
- Description: Static analysis is the name given to a number of compile time analysis techniques used to automatically generate information which can lead to improvements in the execution performance of function languages. This thesis provides an introduction to these techniques and their implementation. The abstract interpretation framework is an example of a technique used to extract information from a program by providing the program with an alternate semantics and evaluating this program over a non-standard domain. The elements of this domain represent certain properties of interest. This framework is examined in detail, as well as various extensions and variants of it. The use of binary logical relations and program logics as alternative formulations of the framework , and partial equivalence relations as an extension to it, are also looked at. The projection analysis framework determines how much of a sub-expression can be evaluated by examining the context in which the expression is to be evaluated, and provides an elegant method for finding particular types of information from data structures. This is also examined. The most costly operation in implementing an analysis is the computation of fixed points. Methods developed to make this process more efficient are looked at. This leads to the final chapter which highlights the dependencies and relationships between the different frameworks and their mathematical disciplines. , KMBT_223
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Stress manipulation in Dunaliella salina and dual-stage [beta]-carotene production
- Authors: Phillips, Trevor David
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Dunaliella Carotenes Plants -- Effect of stress on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4037 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004097
- Description: The alga Dunaliella salina accumulates large quantities of β-carotene in response to certain environmental and physiological stresses. This hyper-accumulation process has been commercially exploited. However, the currently employed averaging or single-stage process produces β-carotene yields well below the genetic potential of the organism due to the inverse relationship between growth and secondary metabolite production. A dual-stage process, which separates the distinctive growth and secondary metabolite production stages of the alga, has been proposed. The broad aim of the research programme was to evaluate the practicality, scale-up and economic viability of a dual-stage β-carotene production process from D. salina. Preliminary laboratory studies showed that although stress factors such as high salinity and a range of nutrient limitations enhance β-carotene accumulation in D. salina, high light intensity is the single most important factor inducing β-carotene hyper-accumulation in the alga. Furthermore, the preliminary studies indicated that 6-carotene production could be successfully manipulated by the imposition of stress. The stress response of D. salina to high light stress was examined at a fundamental level. The relative partitioning of β-carotene between thylakoid membrane and interthylakoid globular β-carotene has revealed two responses to high light stress. The first is a response in which the alga adapts to the photoinhibitory effects of high light stress by the rapid accumulation and the peripheral localisation of Jl-carotene to the outer extremities of the chloroplast. This is followed by a maintenance response which is characterised by the recovery of the photosynthetic rate and cell growth. A possible interrelationship between the extent of the photo inhibitory response and the amount of β-carotene hyper-accumulation has been noted. An outdoor evaluation of the growth stage of the dual-stage system has demonstrated that D. salina can be grown in a relatively low salinity, nutrient sufficient medium for extended periods without overgrowth by small non-carotenogenic Dunaliella species. In addition, biomass productivities of three times greater than those obtained in the currently employed averaging system were achieved. The role of high light intensity in β-carotene hyper-accumulation was confirmed in outdoor scale-up stress pond studies. The studies demonstrated the feasibility of stress induced ll-carotene production in outdoor cultures of D. salina and β-carotene yields three times greater than those obtained in the currently employed averaging process were achieved. The dual-stage process imposes the specific requirement of viable cell separation on the harvesting system employed. A flocculation-flotation process and an air-displacement crossflow ultrafiltration system were developed and successfully evaluated for the separation of D. salina from the brine solution in a viable form. The extraction of β-carotene from D. salina was evaluated. Supercritical fluid extraction studies showed that the use of a co-solvent mixture of carbon dioxide and propane could effectively reduce the high extraction pressures associated with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. In addition, a novel hydrophobic membrane assisted hot oil extraction process was developed which separates the complex oil-water emulsions produced during hot oil extraction of 6-carotene from wet D. salina biomass. Process design and economic evaluation studies were undertaken and showed that the economics of the dual-stage process offer significant advantages over the currently employed averaging process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Phillips, Trevor David
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Dunaliella Carotenes Plants -- Effect of stress on
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4037 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004097
- Description: The alga Dunaliella salina accumulates large quantities of β-carotene in response to certain environmental and physiological stresses. This hyper-accumulation process has been commercially exploited. However, the currently employed averaging or single-stage process produces β-carotene yields well below the genetic potential of the organism due to the inverse relationship between growth and secondary metabolite production. A dual-stage process, which separates the distinctive growth and secondary metabolite production stages of the alga, has been proposed. The broad aim of the research programme was to evaluate the practicality, scale-up and economic viability of a dual-stage β-carotene production process from D. salina. Preliminary laboratory studies showed that although stress factors such as high salinity and a range of nutrient limitations enhance β-carotene accumulation in D. salina, high light intensity is the single most important factor inducing β-carotene hyper-accumulation in the alga. Furthermore, the preliminary studies indicated that 6-carotene production could be successfully manipulated by the imposition of stress. The stress response of D. salina to high light stress was examined at a fundamental level. The relative partitioning of β-carotene between thylakoid membrane and interthylakoid globular β-carotene has revealed two responses to high light stress. The first is a response in which the alga adapts to the photoinhibitory effects of high light stress by the rapid accumulation and the peripheral localisation of Jl-carotene to the outer extremities of the chloroplast. This is followed by a maintenance response which is characterised by the recovery of the photosynthetic rate and cell growth. A possible interrelationship between the extent of the photo inhibitory response and the amount of β-carotene hyper-accumulation has been noted. An outdoor evaluation of the growth stage of the dual-stage system has demonstrated that D. salina can be grown in a relatively low salinity, nutrient sufficient medium for extended periods without overgrowth by small non-carotenogenic Dunaliella species. In addition, biomass productivities of three times greater than those obtained in the currently employed averaging system were achieved. The role of high light intensity in β-carotene hyper-accumulation was confirmed in outdoor scale-up stress pond studies. The studies demonstrated the feasibility of stress induced ll-carotene production in outdoor cultures of D. salina and β-carotene yields three times greater than those obtained in the currently employed averaging process were achieved. The dual-stage process imposes the specific requirement of viable cell separation on the harvesting system employed. A flocculation-flotation process and an air-displacement crossflow ultrafiltration system were developed and successfully evaluated for the separation of D. salina from the brine solution in a viable form. The extraction of β-carotene from D. salina was evaluated. Supercritical fluid extraction studies showed that the use of a co-solvent mixture of carbon dioxide and propane could effectively reduce the high extraction pressures associated with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. In addition, a novel hydrophobic membrane assisted hot oil extraction process was developed which separates the complex oil-water emulsions produced during hot oil extraction of 6-carotene from wet D. salina biomass. Process design and economic evaluation studies were undertaken and showed that the economics of the dual-stage process offer significant advantages over the currently employed averaging process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Structural studies on some enterobacterial capsular antigens
- Authors: Whittaker, Darryl Vanstone
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Bacterial antigens -- Analysis Antigens Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli Klebsiella
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3803 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003281
- Description: The investigations presented in this thesis form part of a systematic international effort to establish the structures of the capsules produced by the bacterial genera, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella (family enterobacteriaceae). These bacteria are of medical interest as they are opportunistic pathogens and are frequently responsible for serious infections in animals and man. Invasive strains are invariably surrounded by a structurally complex polysaccharide capsule which contributes to the organism's ability to attenuate non-specific host defence mechanisms or, in some instances, to completely prevent an immune response. A knowledge of the chemical composition and structure of the capsule is, therefore, of great value as it provides insight into the mechanisms involved in this process. The E. coli, in particular, have generated considerable interest as their capsules are more structurally diverse and cross-reactivity with other, more pathogenic bacteria has also been demonstrated. Accordingly, the structures of three previously unstudied E. coli K-antigens viz. those produced by serotypes 020:K83:H26, 020:K84:H26, and 09:K48:H9 have been established by chemical and spectroscopic means and are presented in this thesis. In addition, a reinvestigation of the structure of the capsule produced by Klebsiella K15 using a novel enzymatic approach was also undertaken and a revised structure is proposed . The E. coli K48 polysaccharide is of special interest as it was found to contain a new diacetamido trideoxy hexose hitherto unrecorded. A synthesis for this saccharide is also presented. Finally, the application of lithium dissolved in ethylenediamine for the degradation of amino sugar-containing polysaccharides was also investigated using the capsular polysaccharides produced by E. coli serotypes K38 and K84 as model compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Whittaker, Darryl Vanstone
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Bacterial antigens -- Analysis Antigens Enterobacteriaceae Escherichia coli Klebsiella
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3803 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003281
- Description: The investigations presented in this thesis form part of a systematic international effort to establish the structures of the capsules produced by the bacterial genera, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella (family enterobacteriaceae). These bacteria are of medical interest as they are opportunistic pathogens and are frequently responsible for serious infections in animals and man. Invasive strains are invariably surrounded by a structurally complex polysaccharide capsule which contributes to the organism's ability to attenuate non-specific host defence mechanisms or, in some instances, to completely prevent an immune response. A knowledge of the chemical composition and structure of the capsule is, therefore, of great value as it provides insight into the mechanisms involved in this process. The E. coli, in particular, have generated considerable interest as their capsules are more structurally diverse and cross-reactivity with other, more pathogenic bacteria has also been demonstrated. Accordingly, the structures of three previously unstudied E. coli K-antigens viz. those produced by serotypes 020:K83:H26, 020:K84:H26, and 09:K48:H9 have been established by chemical and spectroscopic means and are presented in this thesis. In addition, a reinvestigation of the structure of the capsule produced by Klebsiella K15 using a novel enzymatic approach was also undertaken and a revised structure is proposed . The E. coli K48 polysaccharide is of special interest as it was found to contain a new diacetamido trideoxy hexose hitherto unrecorded. A synthesis for this saccharide is also presented. Finally, the application of lithium dissolved in ethylenediamine for the degradation of amino sugar-containing polysaccharides was also investigated using the capsular polysaccharides produced by E. coli serotypes K38 and K84 as model compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Studies in asymmetric synthesis
- Authors: Ravindran, Swarnam Shanthi
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Asymmetric synthesis Chirality Organic compounds -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4352 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005017
- Description: The stereoselectivity of TiCI₄-catalysed Mukaiyama reactions of a camphor acetal-derived chiral silyl enol ether with a range of substituted aromatic aldehydes has been examined. The enantiomeric excess in each of the resulting ß-hydroxy ketones, determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy using the lanthanide chiral shift reagent Pr(Etcf₃), ranged between 9 and 13%. The stereo-directing potential of the camphor acetal as a chiral auxiliary in the α-benzylation of carboxylate esters has been studied; the acids were chosen to illustrate substituent effects on asymmetric induction. The observed diastereoselectivity increased with increasing steric bulk of the ester group and α-benzylation of the tert-butylacetate derivative proceeded with 48% diastereoselectivity. It is proposed that the enolate adopts an endo-s-trans conformation in the transition state and preferential attack by the electrophile at the somewhat less hindered Si-face is supported by both the optical rotation data and computer modelling studies. Reductive cleavage and hydrolysis of one of the benzylated esters furnished known products from whose optical rotation the configuration of the major diastereomer was established. In order to improve the steric advantage of Si-facial attack, methods of increasing the steric bulk of the blocking group were explored. A novel 2,2-propylenedioxy hydroxycamphor acetal and its 3,3-propylenedioxy analogue were prepared. Selected carboxylate esters of these propylenedioxy acetals were subjected to α-benzylation and the 2,2-(propylenedioxy)-3-exo-tert-butylacetate derivative showed a diastereoselectivity of 57% during a-benzylation. Hydrolysis of the abenzylated phenylacetate analogue offered the known 2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid whose optical rotation indicated the preferred configuration at the new chiral centre to be (R), a result which is consistent with the proposed approach of the electrophile to the less hindered Re-face of theendo-s-trans enolate moiety and reflects an inversion of the configurational bias observed with 2-v exo-carboxylate analogues. Attempts to prepare the monocatechol acetal of the hydroxy camphor derivative although unsuccessful, led to the isolation of two novel dibornyl ethers whose structures were established by 1- and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. A study of novel applications of camphor-derived auxiliaries in the asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids has been initiated. The several approaches tried led to the preparation of three novel dural glycine derivatives in good yield
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Ravindran, Swarnam Shanthi
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Asymmetric synthesis Chirality Organic compounds -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4352 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005017
- Description: The stereoselectivity of TiCI₄-catalysed Mukaiyama reactions of a camphor acetal-derived chiral silyl enol ether with a range of substituted aromatic aldehydes has been examined. The enantiomeric excess in each of the resulting ß-hydroxy ketones, determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy using the lanthanide chiral shift reagent Pr(Etcf₃), ranged between 9 and 13%. The stereo-directing potential of the camphor acetal as a chiral auxiliary in the α-benzylation of carboxylate esters has been studied; the acids were chosen to illustrate substituent effects on asymmetric induction. The observed diastereoselectivity increased with increasing steric bulk of the ester group and α-benzylation of the tert-butylacetate derivative proceeded with 48% diastereoselectivity. It is proposed that the enolate adopts an endo-s-trans conformation in the transition state and preferential attack by the electrophile at the somewhat less hindered Si-face is supported by both the optical rotation data and computer modelling studies. Reductive cleavage and hydrolysis of one of the benzylated esters furnished known products from whose optical rotation the configuration of the major diastereomer was established. In order to improve the steric advantage of Si-facial attack, methods of increasing the steric bulk of the blocking group were explored. A novel 2,2-propylenedioxy hydroxycamphor acetal and its 3,3-propylenedioxy analogue were prepared. Selected carboxylate esters of these propylenedioxy acetals were subjected to α-benzylation and the 2,2-(propylenedioxy)-3-exo-tert-butylacetate derivative showed a diastereoselectivity of 57% during a-benzylation. Hydrolysis of the abenzylated phenylacetate analogue offered the known 2,3-diphenylpropanoic acid whose optical rotation indicated the preferred configuration at the new chiral centre to be (R), a result which is consistent with the proposed approach of the electrophile to the less hindered Re-face of theendo-s-trans enolate moiety and reflects an inversion of the configurational bias observed with 2-v exo-carboxylate analogues. Attempts to prepare the monocatechol acetal of the hydroxy camphor derivative although unsuccessful, led to the isolation of two novel dibornyl ethers whose structures were established by 1- and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. A study of novel applications of camphor-derived auxiliaries in the asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids has been initiated. The several approaches tried led to the preparation of three novel dural glycine derivatives in good yield
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Studies on the bioactivities of selected Eastern Cape seaweeds
- Authors: Carter, Anne Margaret
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Marine algae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Marine algae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4033 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004093 , Marine algae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Marine algae
- Description: In studies on the bioactivities of selected eastern Cape seaweeds, a suitable extraction solvent, namely methanol was used. The antimicrobial, antineoplastic and antiviral activities were investigated, and a seasonal comparison of antimicrobial activities as well as a scanning electron microscopic study were included. A number of algae were found to display significantly high antibacterial activities, of these, the two red algae Plocamium corallorhiza and Laurencia glomerata and the two brown algae Zonaria subarticulata and Ecklonia biruncinata showed the most potent broad spectrum antibacterial activity. L.glomerata and E.biruncinata were active against all five test bacteria, but were inactive against the yeast Candida albicans. C.albicans was the most resistant organism tested,~with only Peyssonelia capensis, f-corallorhiza and Ulva rigida inhibiting its growth. Of the 17 seaweeds tested, none showed any clear seasonal changes in antimicrobial activity. The microorganisms however did vary in their susceptibility to treatment. Staphylococcus aureus and the Micrococcus species were the most susceptible to treatment by the algal extracts, with the Gram positive endospore former, Bacillus subtilis and the two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showing more resistance to treatment. C.albicans however was the most resistant organism. In the antineoplastic studies, the brown algae Z.subarticulata, E.biruncinata and Sargassum heterophyllum showed potent activity against both the normal, LLCMK, and cancerous, mouse melanoma-3S0 cells, reducing cell growth in each case. The green algae showed potent activity against the cancerous cells, lowering growth to 30% that of the normal cells. Normal cell growth was unaffected or was stimulated by the presence of these algal extracts. The red algae showed no antineoplastic activity. Representatives of each of the red, brown and green algae were used in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity study. None of the algae showed any toxicity towards the brine shrimp. In the antiviral studies against Polio Type 1, strain L-Sa, a reduction in virus infectivity was used as an indication of the presence of antiviral properties in the seaweeds tested. This was done by comparing the virus titres of algal-treated cells with those of untreated cells. Six of the algae tested displayed antiviral activity, these were the two Rhodophyceae Hypnea spicifera and L.glomerata, the two Phaeophyceae Dictyopteris macrocarpa and Dictyota naevosa, and the two Chlorophyceae U.rigida and Halimeda cuneata. Of these, D.naevosa showed particularly strong activity, recording a log reduction in virus titre of 4.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Carter, Anne Margaret
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Marine algae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Marine algae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4033 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004093 , Marine algae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Marine algae
- Description: In studies on the bioactivities of selected eastern Cape seaweeds, a suitable extraction solvent, namely methanol was used. The antimicrobial, antineoplastic and antiviral activities were investigated, and a seasonal comparison of antimicrobial activities as well as a scanning electron microscopic study were included. A number of algae were found to display significantly high antibacterial activities, of these, the two red algae Plocamium corallorhiza and Laurencia glomerata and the two brown algae Zonaria subarticulata and Ecklonia biruncinata showed the most potent broad spectrum antibacterial activity. L.glomerata and E.biruncinata were active against all five test bacteria, but were inactive against the yeast Candida albicans. C.albicans was the most resistant organism tested,~with only Peyssonelia capensis, f-corallorhiza and Ulva rigida inhibiting its growth. Of the 17 seaweeds tested, none showed any clear seasonal changes in antimicrobial activity. The microorganisms however did vary in their susceptibility to treatment. Staphylococcus aureus and the Micrococcus species were the most susceptible to treatment by the algal extracts, with the Gram positive endospore former, Bacillus subtilis and the two Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showing more resistance to treatment. C.albicans however was the most resistant organism. In the antineoplastic studies, the brown algae Z.subarticulata, E.biruncinata and Sargassum heterophyllum showed potent activity against both the normal, LLCMK, and cancerous, mouse melanoma-3S0 cells, reducing cell growth in each case. The green algae showed potent activity against the cancerous cells, lowering growth to 30% that of the normal cells. Normal cell growth was unaffected or was stimulated by the presence of these algal extracts. The red algae showed no antineoplastic activity. Representatives of each of the red, brown and green algae were used in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) cytotoxicity study. None of the algae showed any toxicity towards the brine shrimp. In the antiviral studies against Polio Type 1, strain L-Sa, a reduction in virus infectivity was used as an indication of the presence of antiviral properties in the seaweeds tested. This was done by comparing the virus titres of algal-treated cells with those of untreated cells. Six of the algae tested displayed antiviral activity, these were the two Rhodophyceae Hypnea spicifera and L.glomerata, the two Phaeophyceae Dictyopteris macrocarpa and Dictyota naevosa, and the two Chlorophyceae U.rigida and Halimeda cuneata. Of these, D.naevosa showed particularly strong activity, recording a log reduction in virus titre of 4.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Studies related to the process of program development
- Authors: Williams, Morgan Howard
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Computer programming
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DSc
- Identifier: vital:4680 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007235
- Description: The submitted work consists of a collection of publications arising from research carried out at Rhodes University (1970-1980) and at Heriot-Watt University (1980-1992). The theme of this research is the process of program development, i.e. the process of creating a computer program to solve some particular problem. The papers presented cover a number of different topics which relate to this process, viz. (a) Programming methodology programming. (b) Properties of programming languages. aspects of structured. (c) Formal specification of programming languages. (d) Compiler techniques. (e) Declarative programming languages. (f) Program development aids. (g) Automatic program generation. (h) Databases. (i) Algorithms and applications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Williams, Morgan Howard
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Computer programming
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DSc
- Identifier: vital:4680 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007235
- Description: The submitted work consists of a collection of publications arising from research carried out at Rhodes University (1970-1980) and at Heriot-Watt University (1980-1992). The theme of this research is the process of program development, i.e. the process of creating a computer program to solve some particular problem. The papers presented cover a number of different topics which relate to this process, viz. (a) Programming methodology programming. (b) Properties of programming languages. aspects of structured. (c) Formal specification of programming languages. (d) Compiler techniques. (e) Declarative programming languages. (f) Program development aids. (g) Automatic program generation. (h) Databases. (i) Algorithms and applications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Sunu Rew
- Tidiane Gaye (lead vocal), Assane Diop (solo guitar), Niankou Sembene (keyboards), Ousseynou Diop (drums), Moussa Sene, Mor Sourang, Thio Mbaye (percussion), Mada Ba (chorus), Galissa (kora), Mamane Thiam (tama), Studio 2000, Samassa Records
- Authors: Tidiane Gaye (lead vocal) , Assane Diop (solo guitar) , Niankou Sembene (keyboards) , Ousseynou Diop (drums) , Moussa Sene, Mor Sourang, Thio Mbaye (percussion) , Mada Ba (chorus) , Galissa (kora) , Mamane Thiam (tama) , Studio 2000 , Samassa Records
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/130051 , vital:36370 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC37-01
- Description: Popular Senegalese music incorporating pop, funk, Congolese ndombolo, cut-shifted Ivorian or Afro-dance
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Tidiane Gaye (lead vocal) , Assane Diop (solo guitar) , Niankou Sembene (keyboards) , Ousseynou Diop (drums) , Moussa Sene, Mor Sourang, Thio Mbaye (percussion) , Mada Ba (chorus) , Galissa (kora) , Mamane Thiam (tama) , Studio 2000 , Samassa Records
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Popular music--Africa, West , Africa Senegal Dakar f-sg
- Language: Wolof
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/130051 , vital:36370 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , SDC37-01
- Description: Popular Senegalese music incorporating pop, funk, Congolese ndombolo, cut-shifted Ivorian or Afro-dance
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1994
Surficial placer gold deposits
- Authors: Mann, P L
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Gold mines and mining , Gold ores -- Geology , Placer deposits
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018245
- Description: This review summarises the factors which control the formation and distribution of surficial gold placer deposits. Regional tectonic and climatic conditions as well as gold source are considered. The characteristics of eluvial, alluvial, marine, glacial and fluvioglacial gold placer deposits are described. Particular attention is paid to the gold grains within these placers. These gold grains have a distinctive morphology and chemical composition which reflect the manner in which they were transported, deposited and concentrated within the placers. The knowledge of the processes which lead to the formation and location of surficial gold placers is then used to guide exploration and target potential deposits, which can then be evaluated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Mann, P L
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Gold mines and mining , Gold ores -- Geology , Placer deposits
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018245
- Description: This review summarises the factors which control the formation and distribution of surficial gold placer deposits. Regional tectonic and climatic conditions as well as gold source are considered. The characteristics of eluvial, alluvial, marine, glacial and fluvioglacial gold placer deposits are described. Particular attention is paid to the gold grains within these placers. These gold grains have a distinctive morphology and chemical composition which reflect the manner in which they were transported, deposited and concentrated within the placers. The knowledge of the processes which lead to the formation and location of surficial gold placers is then used to guide exploration and target potential deposits, which can then be evaluated.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Synthesis and conformational studies of indolizines
- Authors: George, Rosemary
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4367 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005032 , Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Description: The present investigation has involved a kinetic and mechanistic study of the thermal cyclization of 3-acetoxy-3-(2-pyridyl)-2-methylenepropanoate esters and related compounds to 2-substituted indolizines. Substrates for the kinetic study were prepared via the Baylis-Hillmann reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes with acrylate esters, acrylonitrile and methyl vinyl ketone. The resulting hydroxy compounds were then acetylated to afford the acetoxy derivatives, thermal cyclization of which gave the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines. The cyclization reactions was followed using 'H NMR spectroscopy and were shown to follow firstorder kinetics. The influence of the various substituents on the observed first-order rate constants has been examined and variable temperature studies have permitted evaluation of activation parameters for the formation of methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate and ethyl indolizine-2-carboxylate. An alternative route to 2-substituted indolizines via halogenated derivatives was explored and several halogenated 2-pyridyl derivatives were synthesised and their thermal cyclization to indolizines was attempted. Novel 5-methylindolizine-2-carboxamides were prepared as part of this investigation and dynamic NMR spectroscopy was used to study internal rotation about the amide N-CO bond in these compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: George, Rosemary
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4367 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005032 , Indole alkaloids -- Research , Organic compounds -- Synthesis , Chemistry, Organic
- Description: The present investigation has involved a kinetic and mechanistic study of the thermal cyclization of 3-acetoxy-3-(2-pyridyl)-2-methylenepropanoate esters and related compounds to 2-substituted indolizines. Substrates for the kinetic study were prepared via the Baylis-Hillmann reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes with acrylate esters, acrylonitrile and methyl vinyl ketone. The resulting hydroxy compounds were then acetylated to afford the acetoxy derivatives, thermal cyclization of which gave the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines. The cyclization reactions was followed using 'H NMR spectroscopy and were shown to follow firstorder kinetics. The influence of the various substituents on the observed first-order rate constants has been examined and variable temperature studies have permitted evaluation of activation parameters for the formation of methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate and ethyl indolizine-2-carboxylate. An alternative route to 2-substituted indolizines via halogenated derivatives was explored and several halogenated 2-pyridyl derivatives were synthesised and their thermal cyclization to indolizines was attempted. Novel 5-methylindolizine-2-carboxamides were prepared as part of this investigation and dynamic NMR spectroscopy was used to study internal rotation about the amide N-CO bond in these compounds.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Synthetic and spectroscopic studies of 1,4-benzodiazepine analogues
- Authors: Mphahlele, Malose Jack
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Benzodiazepines Tranquilizing drugs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4384 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005049
- Description: In this project, an extensive range of benzodiazepine analogues have been synthesised via Schmidt reaction of specially prepared flavanone, 4-quinolone and l-thioflavanone precursors; nitrogen insertion being effected by use of trimethylsilyl azide in trifluoroacetic acid. In some cases, several of the benzodiazepine analogues have also been prepared by alternative cyclisation routes. A detailed kinetic-mechanistic study of the Schmidt reaction of flavanones has been carried out using 'H NMR spectroscopy to explain the observed regiochemistry of nitrogen insertion. The reaction rates, for the formation of both amide and tetrazolo derivatives have been found to be influenced by the electronic effects of the A- and B-ring substituents. A series of benzodiazepine analogues have been shown to undergo regioselective A-ring chlorination with t-butylhypochlorite; the products being characterised by 'H NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of series of 2-aryl-4-quinolones, and 2-aryl-l ,4-benzodiazepinones and their tetrazolo[l ,5-dl analogues have been elucidated using a combination of low-resolution, high-resolution and metastable-peak analyses. The binding affinities of various benzodiazepine analogues for rat brain benzodiazepine receptors have been evaluated using a radioreceptor assay technique. Structure-activity relationships were investigated to establish the effects of various A-, B- and Coring substituents on binding affinity. The conformational preferences of selected systems have been studied using a combination of multi-pulse 'H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and computer modelling techniques with a view to establishing the influence of conformation on binding affinity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Mphahlele, Malose Jack
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Benzodiazepines Tranquilizing drugs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4384 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005049
- Description: In this project, an extensive range of benzodiazepine analogues have been synthesised via Schmidt reaction of specially prepared flavanone, 4-quinolone and l-thioflavanone precursors; nitrogen insertion being effected by use of trimethylsilyl azide in trifluoroacetic acid. In some cases, several of the benzodiazepine analogues have also been prepared by alternative cyclisation routes. A detailed kinetic-mechanistic study of the Schmidt reaction of flavanones has been carried out using 'H NMR spectroscopy to explain the observed regiochemistry of nitrogen insertion. The reaction rates, for the formation of both amide and tetrazolo derivatives have been found to be influenced by the electronic effects of the A- and B-ring substituents. A series of benzodiazepine analogues have been shown to undergo regioselective A-ring chlorination with t-butylhypochlorite; the products being characterised by 'H NMR, IR and mass spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of series of 2-aryl-4-quinolones, and 2-aryl-l ,4-benzodiazepinones and their tetrazolo[l ,5-dl analogues have been elucidated using a combination of low-resolution, high-resolution and metastable-peak analyses. The binding affinities of various benzodiazepine analogues for rat brain benzodiazepine receptors have been evaluated using a radioreceptor assay technique. Structure-activity relationships were investigated to establish the effects of various A-, B- and Coring substituents on binding affinity. The conformational preferences of selected systems have been studied using a combination of multi-pulse 'H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and computer modelling techniques with a view to establishing the influence of conformation on binding affinity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Synthetic and spectroscopic studies of indolizine derivatives
- Authors: Bode, Moira Leanne
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Derivatives Spectrum analysis Chemistry, Organic DNA -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4385 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005050
- Description: The crystalline compound resulting from thermal cyclization of the Baylis-Hillman product, methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylene-3-(2-pyridyl)propanoate, has been identified as the indolizine derivative, methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate, and this approach involving the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes and acrylate analogues has been established as a general route to 2-substituted indolizines. The ease of cyclization the Baylis-Hillman products to indolizines has been shown to increase by converting the hydroxy group to an acetoxy group, and a range of acetylated Baylis-Hillman products were prepared and cyc1ized to the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines, generally in good overall yield. In the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone, the intermediate cyclized readily and directly to the corresponding indolizine. One- and two-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis of the 2-substituted indolizine products has permitted complete assignment of all ¹H and ¹³C NMR signals, as well as the measurement of all coupling constants for these compounds. A kinetic and mechanistic study has been conducted on the Baylis-Hillman reaction using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A range of substrates has been examined and the reaction has been found to be third-order overall. A mechanism involving an addition - elimination sequence is proposed, which fits the kinetic data and accounts for observed substituent effects. Reaction of N,N-dimethylacrylamide with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde in the presence of the tertiary amine catalyst, DABCO, in chloroform, yielded an unexpected product which has been identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as 1-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)pyridine. Attempted extension of the general indolizine route to the preparation of chromene systems by reacting salicylaldehyde with methyl acrylate in the presence of DABCO, also led to an unexpected, crystalline material, identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as the coumarin derivative, 3-[(2-formylphenoxy)methyl]coumarin.A series of chloroquine analogues have been prepared from indolizine-2-carboxylic acid, pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and imidazo[I,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid by reaction with suitable amines in the presence of the coupling reagent 1, I' -carbonyldiimidazole. This route has been shown to be a vast improvement on earlier procedures and has provided access to both secondary and tertiary indolizine-2-carboxamides. A range of N,N-dialkylindolizine-2-carboxamides have been prepared by this route, and the influence of substituents on their N-CO rotational energy barriers has been determined using variable temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR techniques. Intercalation with natural DNA by both chloroquine and the synthesized chloroquine analogues has been examined using UV spectrophotometry, and ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinolines have been shown to be DNA intercalators with binding affinities similar to that of the known antimalarial intercalator, chloroquine. In a preliminary study the synthesis of a short oligonucleotide has been undertaken and changes have been observed in the ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectra of the oligonucleotide on addition of the intercalator, chloroquine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Bode, Moira Leanne
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Indole alkaloids -- Derivatives Spectrum analysis Chemistry, Organic DNA -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4385 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005050
- Description: The crystalline compound resulting from thermal cyclization of the Baylis-Hillman product, methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylene-3-(2-pyridyl)propanoate, has been identified as the indolizine derivative, methyl indolizine-2-carboxylate, and this approach involving the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehydes and acrylate analogues has been established as a general route to 2-substituted indolizines. The ease of cyclization the Baylis-Hillman products to indolizines has been shown to increase by converting the hydroxy group to an acetoxy group, and a range of acetylated Baylis-Hillman products were prepared and cyc1ized to the corresponding 2-substituted indolizines, generally in good overall yield. In the reaction of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde and methyl vinyl ketone, the intermediate cyclized readily and directly to the corresponding indolizine. One- and two-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR analysis of the 2-substituted indolizine products has permitted complete assignment of all ¹H and ¹³C NMR signals, as well as the measurement of all coupling constants for these compounds. A kinetic and mechanistic study has been conducted on the Baylis-Hillman reaction using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A range of substrates has been examined and the reaction has been found to be third-order overall. A mechanism involving an addition - elimination sequence is proposed, which fits the kinetic data and accounts for observed substituent effects. Reaction of N,N-dimethylacrylamide with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde in the presence of the tertiary amine catalyst, DABCO, in chloroform, yielded an unexpected product which has been identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as 1-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)pyridine. Attempted extension of the general indolizine route to the preparation of chromene systems by reacting salicylaldehyde with methyl acrylate in the presence of DABCO, also led to an unexpected, crystalline material, identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis as the coumarin derivative, 3-[(2-formylphenoxy)methyl]coumarin.A series of chloroquine analogues have been prepared from indolizine-2-carboxylic acid, pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and imidazo[I,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid by reaction with suitable amines in the presence of the coupling reagent 1, I' -carbonyldiimidazole. This route has been shown to be a vast improvement on earlier procedures and has provided access to both secondary and tertiary indolizine-2-carboxamides. A range of N,N-dialkylindolizine-2-carboxamides have been prepared by this route, and the influence of substituents on their N-CO rotational energy barriers has been determined using variable temperature ¹H and ¹³C NMR techniques. Intercalation with natural DNA by both chloroquine and the synthesized chloroquine analogues has been examined using UV spectrophotometry, and ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The pyrrolo[I,2-a]quinolines have been shown to be DNA intercalators with binding affinities similar to that of the known antimalarial intercalator, chloroquine. In a preliminary study the synthesis of a short oligonucleotide has been undertaken and changes have been observed in the ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectra of the oligonucleotide on addition of the intercalator, chloroquine.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Systematics and Osteology of the Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes)
- Authors: Anderson, M Eric
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:15033 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019910 , ISSN 0073-4381 , Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 60
- Description: The eelpouts, Zoarcidae, are a group of perciform fishes, most species of which inhabit continental shelves and slopes of boreal seas. There are about 220 valid species of eelpouts; most are rare, deep-sea forms and the systematics and biology of the group has been neglected by most workers. This work is a contribution to the improvement of that state. The anatomy of the Zoarcidae was studied in an attempt to reconstruct phylogeny and establish generic limits. From an analysis of a matrix of 76 characters, the 45 genera recognised here form 4 subfamilies. The Lycozoarcinae contains only the primitive Lycozoarces hubbsi. The others, Zoarcinae, Gymnelinae, and Lycodinae, for the most part, include genera recognised in previous classifications (Gill, 1862, 1864; Andriashev, 1939). The more primitive zoarcids are characterised by having 4-6 suborbital bones arranged in a circular pattern close to the orbit, and “complete” cephalic lateralis pore patterns, except some of the few deep-sea forms. The more derived zoarcids are characterized by having 6-11 suborbital bones arranged in an angled, or “L”-shaped" pattern away from the orbit (except a few which have lost some bones) and the loss of the interorbital pores (except for some reversals in Lycenchelys and Lycodapus). Zoarcids are considered to have originated in the North Pacific Ocean, perhaps as early as the Eocene, when a pre-percoid radiation occurred. The suborder Zoarcoidei (today some 8-9 families) spread across the Pacific rim. Among Zoarcidae, a pre-Miocene radiation took place along the western coasts of the Americas, with areas of endemism forming in the Magellan Province of South America and Antarctica. Subsequent spreading back into northern waters occurred in Melanostigma and Pachycara. , Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Anderson, M Eric
- Date: 1994
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:15033 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019910 , ISSN 0073-4381 , Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 60
- Description: The eelpouts, Zoarcidae, are a group of perciform fishes, most species of which inhabit continental shelves and slopes of boreal seas. There are about 220 valid species of eelpouts; most are rare, deep-sea forms and the systematics and biology of the group has been neglected by most workers. This work is a contribution to the improvement of that state. The anatomy of the Zoarcidae was studied in an attempt to reconstruct phylogeny and establish generic limits. From an analysis of a matrix of 76 characters, the 45 genera recognised here form 4 subfamilies. The Lycozoarcinae contains only the primitive Lycozoarces hubbsi. The others, Zoarcinae, Gymnelinae, and Lycodinae, for the most part, include genera recognised in previous classifications (Gill, 1862, 1864; Andriashev, 1939). The more primitive zoarcids are characterised by having 4-6 suborbital bones arranged in a circular pattern close to the orbit, and “complete” cephalic lateralis pore patterns, except some of the few deep-sea forms. The more derived zoarcids are characterized by having 6-11 suborbital bones arranged in an angled, or “L”-shaped" pattern away from the orbit (except a few which have lost some bones) and the loss of the interorbital pores (except for some reversals in Lycenchelys and Lycodapus). Zoarcids are considered to have originated in the North Pacific Ocean, perhaps as early as the Eocene, when a pre-percoid radiation occurred. The suborder Zoarcoidei (today some 8-9 families) spread across the Pacific rim. Among Zoarcidae, a pre-Miocene radiation took place along the western coasts of the Americas, with areas of endemism forming in the Magellan Province of South America and Antarctica. Subsequent spreading back into northern waters occurred in Melanostigma and Pachycara. , Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
Tangentially symplectic foliations
- Authors: Remsing, Claudiu Cristian
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Geometry Problems, exercises, etc Geometry, Differential Symplectic manifolds Poisson manifolds Foliations (Mathematics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5419 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005233
- Description: This thesis is concerned principally with tangential geometry and the applications of these concepts to tangentially symplectic foliations. The subject of tangential geometry is still at an elementary stage. The author here systematises current concepts and results and extends them, leading to the definition of vertical connections and vertical G-structures. Tangentially symplectic foliations are then characterised in terms of vertical symplectic forms. Some significant particular cases are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Remsing, Claudiu Cristian
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Geometry Problems, exercises, etc Geometry, Differential Symplectic manifolds Poisson manifolds Foliations (Mathematics)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5419 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005233
- Description: This thesis is concerned principally with tangential geometry and the applications of these concepts to tangentially symplectic foliations. The subject of tangential geometry is still at an elementary stage. The author here systematises current concepts and results and extends them, leading to the definition of vertical connections and vertical G-structures. Tangentially symplectic foliations are then characterised in terms of vertical symplectic forms. Some significant particular cases are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The challenge of local government transition
- NUMSA
- Authors: NUMSA
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: NUMSA
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/173594 , vital:42387
- Description: This pamphlet provides an outline of those features of the Local Government transition process, with which workers will have to deal.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: NUMSA
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: NUMSA
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/173594 , vital:42387
- Description: This pamphlet provides an outline of those features of the Local Government transition process, with which workers will have to deal.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The challenge of trade union rights in Africa
- ICFTU
- Authors: ICFTU
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/153951 , vital:39540
- Description: A purely academic observer would probably find significant cause for optimism about the evolution of the trade union rights situation in Africa in the 1990’s, and about the observance of human rights more generally. The continent has lived under the sign of democratization since the beginning of the decade, and the extent of political transformation has been unprecedented and astonishing. Since 1989, at least 25 African nations have adopted entirely new constitutions or major constitutional reforms. To them may be added those countries - for so long an isolated minority - which already operated pluralist democratic systems and those, more numerous, which are still engaged in processes of transition and reform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: ICFTU
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/153951 , vital:39540
- Description: A purely academic observer would probably find significant cause for optimism about the evolution of the trade union rights situation in Africa in the 1990’s, and about the observance of human rights more generally. The continent has lived under the sign of democratization since the beginning of the decade, and the extent of political transformation has been unprecedented and astonishing. Since 1989, at least 25 African nations have adopted entirely new constitutions or major constitutional reforms. To them may be added those countries - for so long an isolated minority - which already operated pluralist democratic systems and those, more numerous, which are still engaged in processes of transition and reform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The comprehension of figurative language in English literary texts by students for whom English is not a mother tongue
- Authors: Winberg, Christine
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2366 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002649 , English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Description: This study applies Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory to the comprehension of figurative language in poetry. Students' understanding of metaphor as a linguistic category and comprehension of metaphorical texts are analysed in terms of the principle of relevance. Patterns of comprehension in English first language (Ll) and English second language (ESL) students' analyses of metaphorical texts are discussed and through an analysis of similarities and differences in these patterns of comprehension an attempt is made to develop a pedagogy around relevance theory. Relevance theory's particular emphasis on the role played by "context" in cognition is seen to have significance for the teaching of literature in South African universities. Relevance theory's account of cognition generates a range of educational principles which could be specifically applied to the teaching of metaphor. An appraisal of the strengths and difficulties students experience in expressing their understanding of metaphor in an academic context is included. This was done to further develop relevance theory into a pedagogical approach which takes into account the academic context in which writing occurs. The investigation of the particular difficulties that English metaphor poses for ESL students entailed acquiring a working knowledge of the ways in which metaphor is taught and assessed in DET schools. The interpretations of students of different linguistic, social and educational backgrounds reveal unifying elements that could be incorporated into a pedagogy based on relevance theory. Such a pedagogy would be appropriate to the multilingual/multicultural/multiracial nature of classes in South African universities and would be a more empowering approach to the teaching of English metaphor.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Winberg, Christine
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2366 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002649 , English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers , English literature -- Study and teaching (Higher) , Context (Linguistics) , Metaphor , Figures of speech
- Description: This study applies Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory to the comprehension of figurative language in poetry. Students' understanding of metaphor as a linguistic category and comprehension of metaphorical texts are analysed in terms of the principle of relevance. Patterns of comprehension in English first language (Ll) and English second language (ESL) students' analyses of metaphorical texts are discussed and through an analysis of similarities and differences in these patterns of comprehension an attempt is made to develop a pedagogy around relevance theory. Relevance theory's particular emphasis on the role played by "context" in cognition is seen to have significance for the teaching of literature in South African universities. Relevance theory's account of cognition generates a range of educational principles which could be specifically applied to the teaching of metaphor. An appraisal of the strengths and difficulties students experience in expressing their understanding of metaphor in an academic context is included. This was done to further develop relevance theory into a pedagogical approach which takes into account the academic context in which writing occurs. The investigation of the particular difficulties that English metaphor poses for ESL students entailed acquiring a working knowledge of the ways in which metaphor is taught and assessed in DET schools. The interpretations of students of different linguistic, social and educational backgrounds reveal unifying elements that could be incorporated into a pedagogy based on relevance theory. Such a pedagogy would be appropriate to the multilingual/multicultural/multiracial nature of classes in South African universities and would be a more empowering approach to the teaching of English metaphor.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
The concept of "the people" in liberation theology
- Authors: Menatsi, Richard
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Liberation theology , Poor -- Religious aspects , Poverty -- Religious aspects -- Christianity , Government, Resistance to -- Religious aspects -- Christianity
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTh
- Identifier: vital:1297 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015654
- Description: The concept of "the people" has become a key concept within the work of several Latin American theologians, Korean Minjung theologians and South African theologians. When liberation theologians use the concept of "the people" in their literature they do so with a lack of clarity, to the extent that the exact meaning of the term is obscure. In their usage of the concept "the people" liberation theologians come up with differing and at times contradictory meanings, particularly as regards the concrete and symbolic meanings of the concept. This thesis sets out to investigate the use of the concept "the people" by liberation theologians by consulting a selection from Latin American theology, Korean Minjung theology, South African liberation theology and Marxism, to detect its influence on the use of this notion. A general overview of the thesis indicates the following. The first chapter provides a detailed analysis of the concept of "the people" in the work of different liberation theologians. Chapter two considers "the people" in relation to poverty and oppression. The third chapter deals with "the people" as subjects of history. In the fourth chapter "the people" as a concept is developed in relation to belief within the Christian church. The final chapter is an evaluation. The thesis reveals that the following characteristics are central to "the people", they are poor and oppressed but are also inclusive of all those persons who identify and actively support the struggle against poverty and oppression. "The people" are subjects of their own history, finally they are Christian believers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994
- Authors: Menatsi, Richard
- Date: 1994
- Subjects: Liberation theology , Poor -- Religious aspects , Poverty -- Religious aspects -- Christianity , Government, Resistance to -- Religious aspects -- Christianity
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTh
- Identifier: vital:1297 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015654
- Description: The concept of "the people" has become a key concept within the work of several Latin American theologians, Korean Minjung theologians and South African theologians. When liberation theologians use the concept of "the people" in their literature they do so with a lack of clarity, to the extent that the exact meaning of the term is obscure. In their usage of the concept "the people" liberation theologians come up with differing and at times contradictory meanings, particularly as regards the concrete and symbolic meanings of the concept. This thesis sets out to investigate the use of the concept "the people" by liberation theologians by consulting a selection from Latin American theology, Korean Minjung theology, South African liberation theology and Marxism, to detect its influence on the use of this notion. A general overview of the thesis indicates the following. The first chapter provides a detailed analysis of the concept of "the people" in the work of different liberation theologians. Chapter two considers "the people" in relation to poverty and oppression. The third chapter deals with "the people" as subjects of history. In the fourth chapter "the people" as a concept is developed in relation to belief within the Christian church. The final chapter is an evaluation. The thesis reveals that the following characteristics are central to "the people", they are poor and oppressed but are also inclusive of all those persons who identify and actively support the struggle against poverty and oppression. "The people" are subjects of their own history, finally they are Christian believers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1994