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Language as a ‘resource’ in South Africa: the economic life of language in a globalising society

- Wright, Laurence

Authors: Wright, Laurence
Date: 2002
Language: English
Type: text , article
Identifier: vital:7035 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007370 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10131750285310031
Description: preprint , We need to develop a much more refined and specific understanding of what is meant when people refer to language is a ‘resource’. If something can accurately be described as a resource, then by its very nature it carries with it or attracts, at least in potential, the social motivation associated with the utilization, development or exploitation of that resource. This is strikingly true where language is the resource in question, because language is so intimately bound up with human activity. Where it exists, such social motivation can be augmented and supported so as to realize the ends of language policy. Contrastingly, where it is seen that social motivation informing a particular language situation is at odds with the intent of language policy, then either implementation must retreat and move to other arenas, other points of influence, where intervention can be more effective, or those charged with implementation must resign themselves to costly and messy efforts to force unwanted change through legal authority.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Leaders' and participants' perceptions of the management of the Life Science Project in Namibia

- Kirkegaard, Niels Hugo

Authors: Kirkegaard, Niels Hugo
Date: 2002
Subjects: Life Science Project (Namibia) Educational leadership Educational leadership -- Namibia School management and organization School management and organization -- Namibia
Language: English
Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
Identifier: vital:1662 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003545
Description: After Independence in 1991, Namibia embarked on implementing a new and different educational system. This system was seen as a radical departure from the old apartheid system. The Namibian government approached Ibis, a Danish NGO, to support the change process by establishing and developing a new subject, life science, in Junior Secondary schools in Namibia through the Life Science Project (LSP). In a project of this nature, where a foreign (Danish) educational intervention in a relatively young and new democracy is the issue, cross-cultural aspects are likely to emerge, and these are the focus of this study. This half-thesis is an attempt to illuminate, not to evaluate, managerial as well as cross-cultural features of the project based on perceptions of selected Danish managers and Namibian advisory teachers from the former LSP expressed in the goal of the research: - To explore selected leaders’ and participants’ perception of the management of the Life Science Project. In line with this goal, I elected to conduct the research in the interpretive paradigm, using unstructured interviews as my chief source of data. The findings illuminate what would appear to be an inconsistency in the management of the project. The project seemed to be able to accommodate regional and even personal differences and to be flexible to internal changes. At the same time it appears that in its relationship to the external or task environment it did not show the same openness and flexibility to accommodate diversity. It is suggested that this could be a result of the apparent failure on the part of the project to clarify its own underlying values. The study also reveals interesting and unexpected perceptions of leadership, which may also be interpreted in terms of cultural values and beliefs. These two features of managerial issues could lead one to reflect upon the importance of recognising values in organisations which work across cultures.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Magma flow inferred from AMS fabrics in a layered mafic sill, Insizwa, South Africa

- Ferré, Eric C, Bordarier, Cecile, Marsh, Julian S

Authors: Ferré, Eric C , Bordarier, Cecile , Marsh, Julian S
Date: 2002
Language: English
Type: Article
Identifier: vital:6733 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007543
Description: The Insizwa sill, is a 25-km-diameter, >1000-m-thick layered mafic intrusion, part of the Karoo Igneous Province in South Africa. The peridotitic and gabbronoritic rocks are undeformed and mineral fabrics demonstrably result from magma flow. A horizontal, centimeter-scale model layering is visible in numerous outcrops. Plagioclase crystals are both tabular and elongated. Their preferred orientation, parallel to the layering, forms a foliation and a NW–SE lineation, respectively interpreted as the magma flow plane and flow direction. Throughout the 78 stations of this study (699 specimens), magnetic susceptibilities (K[subscript m]) range from 750 to 10,000×10[superscript (−6)] SI. The magnetic anisotropy (P[subscript j]) ranges from 1.03 to 1.08. Magnetic ellipsoids are both prolate and oblate (average T[subscript j]≈0). Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics are dominated by multidomain to pseudo-single domain magnetite. High-field magnetic experiments indicate that the paramagnetic contribution from the mafic silicates is less than 50 percentage for low susceptibility rock types. The anisotropy results from magnetite grain shape solely as shown by no significant increase in P[subscript j] with increasing K[subscript m]. The magnetic lineation (305°, 05°) is consistent throughout the sill at various scales and coincides with the mineral lineation in average. In contrast, the magnetic foliation (125° NE 10°) is generally perpendicular to the mineral foliation and to the layering. Several explanations for this odd configuration are discussed. The variations of magnetic parameters across the layering and field observations point to a multiple injection. The magnetic lineation is consistent with the presence of a single feeder dike situated to the SE of the sill.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Mandendende

- Venda men and boys, Tracey, Andrew T N

Authors: Venda men and boys , Tracey, Andrew T N
Date: 2002
Subjects: Venda, (African people) , Folk dancing, Venda , Reed pipes (Organ pipes) , Drum , Instrumental music , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Venda f-sa
Language: Venda
Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/112125 , vital:33550 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC126a-05
Description: Instrumental Venda Tshikona reed pipe dance music.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Mandendende vanachiambela

- Venda boys, Tracey, Andrew T N

Authors: Venda boys , Tracey, Andrew T N
Date: 2002
Subjects: Venda --(African people) , Folk dancing, Venda , Folk dance music , Sub-Saharan African music , Africa South Africa Venda f-sa
Language: Venda
Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/112134 , vital:33551 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa , ATC126a-06
Description: Unaccompanied traditional Venda Tshikona dance song.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Melatonin protects against copper‐mediated free radical damage

- Parmar, Paresh, Limson, Janice, Nyokong, Tebello, Daya, Santy

Authors: Parmar, Paresh , Limson, Janice , Nyokong, Tebello , Daya, Santy
Date: 2002
Subjects: To be catalogued
Language: English
Type: text , article
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/289617 , vital:56654 , xlink:href=" https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-079X.2002.01859.x"
Description: Copper is an essential trace element which forms an integral component of many enzymes. While trace amounts of copper are needed to sustain life, excess copper is extremely toxic. Copper has been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, such as Wilson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Previous studies showed that melatonin, the principle secretory product of the pineal gland, binds Cupric chloride (Cu2+) and that this may have implications in copper-induced neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, in vitro copper-mediated lipid peroxidation was induced. Melatonin (5 mM) protected against copper-mediated lipid peroxidation in liver homogenates. Electron micrographs of in vivo administered Cu2+ and melatonin show that melatonin affords some protection to rat hepatocytes in the presence of copper. Electrochemical studies performed show that melatonin, in addition to binding Cu2+, may provide protection against copper-mediated free radical damage by binding Cu1+. The findings of these studies provide further evidence for the neuroprotective role of melatonin.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Metabolic responses to various combinations of gradient, load and marching speed

- Todd, Andrew I, Scott, Patricia A

Authors: Todd, Andrew I , Scott, Patricia A
Date: 2002
Language: English
Type: Article
Identifier: vital:6751 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009331
Description: This study examined the metabolic cost of South African soldiers carrying loads under various conditions of gradient and marching speed. Thirty-two male soldiers participated in the study. Three speed and load combinations, 4, 5 and 6 km.h[superscript (-1)] carrying of 50, 35 and 20 kg respectively, were imposed, on each of three gradients: -10%, 0% and +10%; a total of nine experimental conditions. Subjects wore standardized military uniforms and breathed into a portable ergospirometer (Metamax) for the duration of each condition. Subjects were required to march for six minutes under each condition, and metabolic responses were monitored during the third and sixth minute of each condition. The metabolic responses to the three level marching conditions showed no significant differences. Marching uphill resulted in a significant increase in metabolic demands under all three speed and load onditions. Downhill marching elicited significant decreases only under the two lighter load conditions. Downhill marching with heavy loads appears to show no reduction in metabolic demands placed on soldiers.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Minding the gaps – an investigation into language policy and practice in four Eastern Cape districts

- Probyn, Margie, Murray, Sarah, Botha, Liz, Botya, Paula, Brookes, Margie, Westphal, Vivian

Authors: Probyn, Margie , Murray, Sarah , Botha, Liz , Botya, Paula , Brookes, Margie , Westphal, Vivian
Date: 2002
Language: English
Type: Article
Identifier: vital:6109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009739
Description: South Africa's new Language in Education Policy (LiEP) has been described as one of the most progressive in the world but few schools have implemented it. This article describes research that investigates the gap between the policy goals and what is actually happening in schools in four districts in the Eastern Cape. The research attempts to make explicit community and school language practices and the factors that support or frustrate the formation and enactment of a school language policy in these four linguistically diverse sites. It appears that school governing bodies are not well equipped to make decisions about school language policy which meet the requirements of the national LiEP and economic imperatives to acquire English override considerations of multilingualism and additive bilingualism as expressed in the policy.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Minding the gaps – an investigation into language policy and practice in four Eastern Cape districts

- Probyn, Margie J, Murray, Sarah R, Botha, Liz, Botya, Paula, Brookes, Margie, Westphal, Vivian

Authors: Probyn, Margie J , Murray, Sarah R , Botha, Liz , Botya, Paula , Brookes, Margie , Westphal, Vivian
Date: 2002
Language: English
Type: Article
Identifier: vital:7024 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007206
Description: South Africa's new Language in Education Policy (LiEP) has been described as one of the most progressive in the world but few schools have implemented it. This article describes research that investigates the gap between the policy goals and what is actually happening in schools in four districts in the Eastern Cape. The research attempts to make explicit community and school language practices and the factors that support or frustrate the formation and enactment of a school language policy in these four linguistically diverse sites. It appears that school governing bodies are not well equipped to make decisions about school language policy which meet the requirements of the national LiEP and economic imperatives to acquire English override considerations of multilingualism and additive bilingualism as expressed in the policy.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Modelling the broiler performance under small-scales and semi commercial management condition

- Prince, Siliga Hulisani

Authors: Prince, Siliga Hulisani
Date: 2002
Subjects: Broilers (Chickens)
Language: English
Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech (Agricultural Management)
Identifier: vital:10963 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/110 , Broilers (Chickens)
Description: Introduction : World poultry meat consumption consists of three major segments: broilers, turkeys, and other poultry which includes spent egg layers, spent breeder hens/males, ducks, geese, guinea-fowl, pheasants, quail, ratites, ostriches and emus. Broilers clearly dominate the world poultry consumption contributing about 70 percent to the world poultry market. Turkeys account for about eight percent while other poultry provides the balance of 22 percent (Roenick, 1998). The world broiler industry has been, and continues to be a very dynamic industry. It has been typified with unprecedented growth in terms of production. In 1961, the world produced 6.5 billion broilers. By 1990, the total annual production was a little over 27 billion broilers and by 1996, total world production had grown to 35.3 billion (Van der Sluis., 1999). This represents a fivefold increase in 35 years, and it has not stopped growing since, with world production surpassed 38 billion in 1998 (Van der Sluis., 1999). In Africa the human population was estimated to be 819.9 million, while the total poultry population of the continent was estimated as 1.133 million chickens, 15 million ducks and seven million turkeys in 1998. Production scale being 1.781701 metric tones (MT) of hen eggs, 2.269000 MT of chickens’ meat, 32.824MT of turkey meat and 52.989MT of duck meat (Gueye, 2000). Commercial poultry products are also imported and exported. For example, 12.000 metric tons of poultry meat was estimated to have been exported from South Africa in 1999, whereas 87.000 and 10.000 metric tons of poultry meat was imported into South Africa and Egypt, respectively (Gueye, 2000). In South Africa poultry production is moving toward the 21st century with the potential for increased development being greater than any other sector of the agricultural industry. The small-scale to medium-scale or semi-commercial farmer is becoming a role-player that needs to be serviced by the poultry industry (Fourie, 2000). The industry will have to take up the challenges that are facing an entrepreneur starting with a poultry venture. The poultry industry has developed from a humble beginning at the turn of the century into a multi-million Rand enterprise where protein is provided through the commercial and small marketing sector (Fourie, 2000). Some of the larger commercial companies market three million birds per week. It is estimated that the commercial company sector is responsible for 75 to 85 percent of production and marketing of white meat in this country whereas the small-scale and medium-scale or semi commercial poultry production enterprises provide 20 to 25 percent of the white meat through the sales of slaughtered and live poultry sale to rural, peri-urban and urban settlements (Fourie., 2000). Small-scale and semi-commercial broiler production is developed by entrepreneurs who buy day-old chicks from the big commercial hatcheries, rear them to the age of five to eight weeks and sell them through a marketing network or small outlets. The small-scale consist of farmers who reared 100 t0 1000 chickens per batch and semi-commercial consist of farmers who reared 1000 to 5000 chickens per batch. These types of farmers acquire very little technical backup in terms of a training and services center where assistance is available every day of the week. The broiler industry requires birds that are of commercial crosses selected for their ability to grow very fast and produce a good quality carcass in the shortest time frame. The small farmers purchase broiler stock, as the day-old chicks from commercial hatcheries and reared them up to six to eight weeks before slaughtered or sold as live chickens. The selling of live chickens through a network outlets system is becoming an industry that is growing at a steady pace, as household food security is becoming important to communities (Fourie, 2000). The price of feed is the single most expensive item on the list of expenses of a farmer because of their financial constraints. The small-scale and semicommercial broiler farmer is faced with the problem of buying small quantities of feed at an inflated price. The problem can be alleviated by groups of small farmers joining co-operative and buying feeds in bulk from suppliers and redistributing to small farmers. The community co-operative can once again play a major role in the distribution of small amounts of feed to its member. The biggest challenge is to provide training with a “hands on” approach. It will be ideal to have a training center where small farmers can be trained in all aspects of poultry production. The training facility will have to operate as a fully operational poultry unit with no risks to bio-security of a commercial enterprise. Training will have to be provided in aspects like hatchery, housing, broilers and record management depending on the farmer’s needs. There is also a need for the research on broiler performance under small-scale and semi commercial farming. Research in this sector of poultry production should look in appropriate feeds, feeding, technology, genotype and performance of genotypes under the system. Emphasis in this study will be on growth patterns and performance of the Ross hybrids as a modern broiler under small-scale and semi commercial management condition. Aspect of the environment such as age, type of feeds and feeding methods, housing, seasons, lighting and genotype will be taken into consideration. The result of the study will provide a realistic database for mathematical modeling of production response and guideline for management planning in small-scale and semi-commercial management condition. Also this result will be important to broiler breeders, to determine the suitability of the modern broiler to small-scale and semi commercial management conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the mathematical model that could describe the performance of broilers under the small-scale and semi-commercial management conditions.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Modelling the distribution and abundance of several demersal fish species on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa

- Sampson, Mark Robert

Authors: Sampson, Mark Robert
Date: 2002
Subjects: Fishes -- South Africa -- Geographical distribution , Fishes -- South Africa -- Geographical distribution -- Mathematical models
Language: English
Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
Identifier: vital:5343 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006207 , Fishes -- South Africa -- Geographical distribution , Fishes -- South Africa -- Geographical distribution -- Mathematical models
Description: The Agulhas Bank supports a speciose fish community, many of which are commercially important. Despite substantial research being conducted on aspects of their biology spatial aspects of their distribution and abundance in relation to environment parameters has been ignored. This study, therefore, addressed aspects related to the distribution and abundance of representative species on the Agulhas Bank within a Geographic Information System (GIS). Four candidate species were chosen due to their importance either in numbers or unit mass to the South African demersal trawl fishery. The species also shared morphological and taxonomic similarities. The candidate species chosen were the two Cape hake species, shallow-water hake Meluccius capensis, and deep-water hake Merluccius paradoxus, and the two pleuronectiform species being Agulhas sole Austroglossus pectoralis and redspotted tonguesole Cynoglossus zanzibarensis. The use of a GIS was appropriate and allowed for hidden spatial patterns be exposed and illustrated visually, while also facilitating the quantification of the relationships between distribution/abundance and certain environmental predictors using statistical methods The Department of Marine and Coastal Management, Cape Town, supplied biological data in the form of length frequency and biomass information from spring (AprillMay) and autumn (September/October) cruises conducted between 1986 and 1993 on the R. V. Africana. The Council for National Geoscience, Cape Town, supplied sediment data for the entire southern African coastline. Initial exploratory data analysis highlighted potential relationships between environmental variables and abundance for each specie's life-history stanzas. Variations in spatial distribution were found to be significantly different between each life-history stanzas within species. Fish density as a function of the additive effects of the various environmental parameters, including temperature, depth and sediment type, was assessed using a Poisson Generalized Additive Model (GAM), while distribution was analysed with a logistic GAM. A predictive logistic model was then created, taking into consideration the importance of the predictor variables for each species, allowing for predictive estimates to be made for each species by inputting environmental information within the study area. The importance of certain environmental variables influencing distribution and abundance were noted. General patterns indicated that sediment was the most important to both the distribution and abundance of the two pleuronectiform species and juvenile life-history stanzas, while the adult gadoids' distribution and abundance appeared to be depth dependent.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Naming students problems: an analysis of language-related discourses at a South African university

- Boughey, Chrissie

Authors: Boughey, Chrissie
Date: 2002
Language: English
Type: Article
Identifier: vital:6086 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008484 , http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13562510220144798
Description: This article examines a number of discourses that construct students 'problems' as they engage with tertiary study at a historically black South African university. These dominant discourses are then linked to Street's 'autonomous' model of literacy and Rampton's 'autonomous' model of applied linguistics in order to interrogate their ideological biases. Implications of the discourses for the provision of epistemological access to tertiary study are then explored. The article ends by indicating how a 'literacy across the curriculum' approach to working with students' difficulties could provide an alternative to current 'remedial' programmes.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Narratiewe strategieë by die ondersoek van die verlede in twee romans, naamlik Lijken op liefde (1997) deur Astrid H. Roemer en Duiwelskloof (1998) deur André P. Brink

- Potgieter, Maretha

Authors: Potgieter, Maretha
Date: 2002
Subjects: Roemer, Astrid. Lijken op liefde , Brink, André Philippus, 1935- Duiwelskloof
Language: Afrikaans
Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
Identifier: vital:3578 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002151 , Roemer, Astrid. Lijken op liefde , Brink, André Philippus, 1935- Duiwelskloof
Description: This study investigates some of the narrative strategies used by two novels, namely Lijken op Liefde (1997) by the Surinam born author Astrid H. Roemer and Duiwelskloof (1998) by the South African André P. Brink, in their exploration of and dialogue with traumatic pasts. Both texts are written within so-called postcolonial time frames, delve into the personal and collective past and attempt to provide a corrective on knowledges that used to be deemed not useful, unimportant or have been forgotten by official historiography. The theoretical base of the study is an eclectic mixture of both postcolonial and postmodern theories, throwing light on the strategies employed by these novels in order to understand, problematise and creatively exploit the past. , Hierdie studie kyk na sommige van die narratiewe strategieë binne twee romans, naamlik Lijken op Liefde (1997) deur die Surinaams-gebore outeur Astrid H. Roemer en Duiwelskloof (1998) deur die Suid-Afrikaner André P. Brink, in hulle ondersoek na en dialoog met die traumatiese verlede. Beide tekste is geskryf binne sogenaamde postkoloniale tydvakke, delf in die persoonlike en kollektiewe verlede, en verskaf ’n korrektief op die dinge wat as onbruikbaar of onbelangrik beskou is, of vergete geraak het binne die offisiële historiografie. Die teoretiese basis van die studie is ’n eklektiese mengsel van beide postkoloniale en postmoderne teorieë wat lig werp op die strategieë wat hierdie tekste gebruik om die verlede te verstaan, te problematiseer en kreatief te ontgin.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Nearest-neighbour analysis and the prevelance of woody plant competition in South African savannas

- Shackleton, Charlie M

Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M
Date: 2002
Subjects: To be catalogued
Language: English
Type: text , article
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181640 , vital:43754 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014795505362"
Description: Inter- and intra-specific competition has long been regarded as a significant determinant of the structure and function of woody plant communities in African savannas. The most widely used approach to detect the presence or absence of competition has been the use of nearest-neighbour methods. Although several studies have been published reporting the presence of competition in Acacia dominated communities, less than 20 plots have been sampled across all these studies. Results from broad-leaved communities are variable, and also based on a small sample number. Consequently, this study sought to assess the prevalence of competition from a large number of savanna sites (45), and to identify abiotic and biotic factors characterising sites with competition relative to those without. Using the nearest-neighbour method only four sites (9.3%) indicated the presence of inter-specific competition; two were Acacia dominated communities (18.2% of Acacia sites) and two were broad-leaved communities (7.7%). These four sites had a significantly higher mean annual rainfall and fewer woody species than sites without inter-specific competition. There were also significant relationships between the inter-specific competition index and the dominance index and the number of species at a site. In terms of intra-specific competition only ten of the 31 sites tested revealed a significant correlation between nearest-neighbour distance and summed canopy volume of the two neighbours. Seven were for Acacia species (55.6% of the Acacia species comparisons) and three were for broad-leaved species (21.4% of the broad-leaved species comparisons). Sites lacking evidence of intra-specific competition were at a significantly lower slope position and had a smaller proportion of small stems. The lower prevalence of competition in South African savannas detected in this study using the same method as previous studies is discussed, and the appropriateness of nearest-neighbour analysis is examined.
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Date Issued: 2002

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New views on the Jurassic Clarens Formation: volcano-sedimentary interaction

- Holzforster, Frank, Holzforster, Heike W, Marsh, Julian S

Authors: Holzforster, Frank , Holzforster, Heike W , Marsh, Julian S
Date: 2002
Language: English
Type: text , abstract
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/132716 , vital:36874
Description: The Lower Jurassic Clarens Formation of the Great Karoo Basin is usually viewed in the literature as a aeolian and, in places, fluvio-aeolian deposit of tremendous thickness variation form 0-250 m thickness. Interaction with the overlying Karoo Flood Basalts, particularly in the Eastern Cape area and in Lesotho, has been noted but was never a major topic. Relatively widespread pyroclastic deposits sandwiched between the Clarens Formation and the Karoo Flood Basalts have been interpreted as flood-lahars.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Non-governmental organizations, the state and the politics of rural development in Kenya with particular reference to Western Province

- Matanga, Frank Khachina

Authors: Matanga, Frank Khachina
Date: 2002
Subjects: Non-governmental organizations -- Kenya , Rural development -- Kenya
Language: English
Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
Identifier: vital:2803 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003013 , Non-governmental organizations -- Kenya , Rural development -- Kenya
Description: In recent decades, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have increasingly taken on development and political roles in Africa. This has partly been attributed to the New Policy Agenda (NPA) mounted by the international donors. The NPA is predicated on neo-liberal thinking advocating for an enlarged development role for the private sector and a minimalist state. This relatively new shift in development thought has been motivated by the declining capacity of the African state to deliver development and guarantee a liberal political system. This study, therefore, set out to empirically examine whether NGOs are capable of effectively playing their new-found development and political roles. The study was based on Kenya with the Western Province constituting the core research area. The fact that the Kenyan state has been gradually disengaging from the development process has created a vacuum of which the NGOs have attempted to fill. Equally important has been the observation that, for the greater part of the post-colonial period, the state has been largely authoritarian and therefore prompting a segment of civil society to take on political roles in an effort to force it to liberalize and democratize. Urban NGOs in particular, have been the most confrontational to the state with some remarkable success. Unlike their urban counterparts, rural-based NGOs have tended to be more developmental and play a politics of collaboration with the state. Many of the latter NGOs, although playing a significant role in rural development, have been co-opted into patron-client networks. Factors that influence NGOs= posture towards the state include the nature of their leadership, the extent of their nternational connections, and the level of resources at their disposal. The study=s principal conclusion, is that, in as much as NGOs and overall civil society have provided a basis for development and opposition to the state, there is an urgent and growing need for them to shift from a position of dependency, whether domestic or international, to relative autonomy. Only then, will their contributions be sustainable in society.
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Date Issued: 2002

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Nutrient digestibility in South African abalone (Haliotis Midae L.)

- Sales, James

Authors: Sales, James
Date: 2002
Subjects: Abalones -- Digestion Abalones -- Nutrition
Language: English
Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
Identifier: vital:5305 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005150
Description: The evaluation of potential alternative protein sources for the formulation of least-cost optimal diets to satisfy the nutrient requirements of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) has been hampered by the absence of a suitable, practical, replicable and reliable digestibility technique. A suitable lowcost faeces collection technique was developed in this study to obtain suitable quantities of excreta for analysis from this species. Acid-insoluble ash was identified as a reliable, replicable and safe internal marker in comparison to chromic oxide and crude fibre for use in nutrient digestibility studies with H. midae. This was validated by the consistency and repeatability of the results and by comparison to total collection of faeces. The traditional substitution method used in digestibility studies with fish to evaluate protein digestibility of feed ingredients was found to be unsuitable for H. midae. Apparent protein digestibility values exceeding 100 % derived through this method could be attributed to associative effects between feed ingredients, differential diet and faecal nutrient leaching, and mathematical artifacts in calculations when using substitution versus single protein diets. An ingredient particle size of less than 450 μm in comparison to particle size classes of above 450 μm was shown to enhance nutrient (dry matter, organic matter, protein, fat) digestibility and minimise dry matter leaching from diets. The dietary inclusion level of both pre-gelatinised maize starch and a-cellulose did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent nutrient (protein, fat, fiber, starch) digestibility. Using the above digestibility protocol amino acid availability of all plants ingredients currently used in the South African animal industry was evaluated for H. midae. Soybean meal (96.86 %) and lupins (96.51 %) presented the highest apparent mean amino acid availability of all plant protein ingredients evaluated with H. midae. Canola meal (94.21 %), faba beans (92.87 %) sunflower meal (92.77 %), peanut meal (87.39 %) and cottonseed meal (85.15 %) presented higher apparent mean amino acid availability values than fish meal (82.75 %). Apparent protein digestibility was highly correlated (r = 0.99) with mean apparent amino acid availability, while true amino acid availability was 1.88 % units higher than apparent amino acid availability for all ingredients tested. Predicted apparent protein digestibility in compound diets was within 1.1-6.5 % of determined values. Calcium phosphate mono dibasic presented the lowest (P < 0.05) dietary phosphorus leaching (51.51 % maximum) and highest apparent phosphorus digestibility (66.27 %) in comparison to other inorganic phosphorus sources. Based on the method of direct experimentation to determine the optimal dietary protein level using graded levels of dietary protein 28.1-35.9 % dietary protein from good quality sources is recommended for maximum growth of juvenile H. midae. This study provides a scientifically sound research tool including a faecal collection technique, suitable marker and assay technique that could be use in further studies to improve least-cost diet formulation for H. midae. Future nutritional studies in H. midae should primarily concentrate on reducing dietary nutrient leaching and improving the intake of nutrients in order to properly evaluate responses of this species to different dietary regimes.
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Date Issued: 2002

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