Resilience in children experiencing voluntary parental absence
- Authors: Kana, Gudveig Kartveit
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Children of working parents -- South Africa , Latchkey children -- South Africa , Children -- Family relationships , Work and family , Public welfare -- South Africa , Social service -- Government policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9998 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1167 , Children of working parents -- South Africa , Latchkey children -- South Africa , Children -- Family relationships , Work and family , Public welfare -- South Africa , Social service -- Government policy -- South Africa
- Description: The South African White Paper for Social Welfare (1997:58) acknowledges the importance to children of living in a secure and nurturing family. Nevertheless, many families are unable to fulfil their parenting roles as a result of the increasing pressures in society. One of these pressures concerns the employment of parents. There is an increasing tendency for people to relocate to bigger cities where there are more job opportunities. This then results in many children being left in the care of grandparents or other relatives while the biological parents pursue job opportunities in other cities. The aim of this study was to enhance an understanding of children’s experiences of these voluntary parental absences and the factors that contribute to their resilience during this process. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was employed and seven primary school children (10-12 years) from Port Elizabeth participated in semi-structured interviews including drawings. Trustworthiness was ensured and data analysis was conducted by using Tesch’s model (in Creswell, 1998). Four themes were derived from the study: Children’s perception of a family, where the participants defined family according to characteristics of (amongst others) care and love; Children’s experiences of living with a substitute family, where there was a process of detachment from biological parents, attachment to the substitute family and present experiences in the new family; Resilience in children, where the participants revealed their ways of coping; and, lastly, Suggestions from the participants on how other children in the same situation could cope.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Kana, Gudveig Kartveit
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Children of working parents -- South Africa , Latchkey children -- South Africa , Children -- Family relationships , Work and family , Public welfare -- South Africa , Social service -- Government policy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9998 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1167 , Children of working parents -- South Africa , Latchkey children -- South Africa , Children -- Family relationships , Work and family , Public welfare -- South Africa , Social service -- Government policy -- South Africa
- Description: The South African White Paper for Social Welfare (1997:58) acknowledges the importance to children of living in a secure and nurturing family. Nevertheless, many families are unable to fulfil their parenting roles as a result of the increasing pressures in society. One of these pressures concerns the employment of parents. There is an increasing tendency for people to relocate to bigger cities where there are more job opportunities. This then results in many children being left in the care of grandparents or other relatives while the biological parents pursue job opportunities in other cities. The aim of this study was to enhance an understanding of children’s experiences of these voluntary parental absences and the factors that contribute to their resilience during this process. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was employed and seven primary school children (10-12 years) from Port Elizabeth participated in semi-structured interviews including drawings. Trustworthiness was ensured and data analysis was conducted by using Tesch’s model (in Creswell, 1998). Four themes were derived from the study: Children’s perception of a family, where the participants defined family according to characteristics of (amongst others) care and love; Children’s experiences of living with a substitute family, where there was a process of detachment from biological parents, attachment to the substitute family and present experiences in the new family; Resilience in children, where the participants revealed their ways of coping; and, lastly, Suggestions from the participants on how other children in the same situation could cope.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Resilience in families where a parent misuses alcohol
- Authors: Fisher, Ruth
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Alcoholics -- South Africa -- Family relationships , Alcoholism -- South Africa -- Prevention , Family psychotherapy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9909 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/953 , Alcoholics -- South Africa -- Family relationships , Alcoholism -- South Africa -- Prevention , Family psychotherapy -- South Africa
- Description: Surveys have shown that alcohol misuse is the biggest substance misuse problem in the world today, affecting millions of people. With the disease being part of a family, all members of the family experience the distress of parental alcohol misuse. While the challenges that these families have to face are many, they seem to have the ability to “bounce back”, in other words, have resilience. There has been limited research to date on family relations and alcohol misuse in South Africa, especially in terms of the parental member as the alcohol misuser. The proposed research aimed to explore and describe the factors that facilitate adjustment and adaptation in families where a member misuses alcohol. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation was used to analyze the factors that enable a family to adapt to the alcohol misuse, as outlined in the broader study at the University of Stellenbosch. An exploratory descriptive research design was employed in the proposed study. For the purposes of this study, the researcher combined qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to use their complementary strengths to enrich the data obtained from the proposed study. Sixty three families were surveyed using a biographical questionnaire and seven pencil-and-paper questionnaires. These families were accessed via drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities throughout South Africa. The data from the biographical questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while the qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The quantitative data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. The findings of the proposed research allow for better management of the alcohol misuser’s condition through the understanding of what resiliency areas the family may improve upon. Furthermore, the study can be used as a stepping stone for future research of resilience in families living with a parental member who misuses alcohol, and ultimately contributes to the broader context of family resilience research in South Africa. Key words: alcohol misuse, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, family, resilience, adjustment, adaptability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Fisher, Ruth
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Alcoholics -- South Africa -- Family relationships , Alcoholism -- South Africa -- Prevention , Family psychotherapy -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9909 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/953 , Alcoholics -- South Africa -- Family relationships , Alcoholism -- South Africa -- Prevention , Family psychotherapy -- South Africa
- Description: Surveys have shown that alcohol misuse is the biggest substance misuse problem in the world today, affecting millions of people. With the disease being part of a family, all members of the family experience the distress of parental alcohol misuse. While the challenges that these families have to face are many, they seem to have the ability to “bounce back”, in other words, have resilience. There has been limited research to date on family relations and alcohol misuse in South Africa, especially in terms of the parental member as the alcohol misuser. The proposed research aimed to explore and describe the factors that facilitate adjustment and adaptation in families where a member misuses alcohol. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation was used to analyze the factors that enable a family to adapt to the alcohol misuse, as outlined in the broader study at the University of Stellenbosch. An exploratory descriptive research design was employed in the proposed study. For the purposes of this study, the researcher combined qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to use their complementary strengths to enrich the data obtained from the proposed study. Sixty three families were surveyed using a biographical questionnaire and seven pencil-and-paper questionnaires. These families were accessed via drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities throughout South Africa. The data from the biographical questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while the qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The quantitative data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. The findings of the proposed research allow for better management of the alcohol misuser’s condition through the understanding of what resiliency areas the family may improve upon. Furthermore, the study can be used as a stepping stone for future research of resilience in families living with a parental member who misuses alcohol, and ultimately contributes to the broader context of family resilience research in South Africa. Key words: alcohol misuse, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, family, resilience, adjustment, adaptability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Restoration of degraded subtropical thickets in the Baviaanskloof Megareserve, South Africa: the role of carbon stocks and Portulacaria afra survivorship
- Authors: Powell, Michael John
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Portulacaria afra -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Portulacaceae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Shrubs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Succulent plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Baviaanskloof (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4764 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007164 , Portulacaria afra -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Portulacaceae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Shrubs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Succulent plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Baviaanskloof (South Africa)
- Description: The semi-arid forms of subtropical thicket in the Eastern and Western Cape have been heavily degraded through unsustainable pastoralism over the last century or more. The degraded areas exhibit a significant loss of above-ground and belowground carbon stocks, and consequently provide an opportunity for restoration through the formal and informal carbon markets. A prerequisite for the attainment of carbon credits is to ensure sound carbon stock baselines prior to effecting restoration. I report on the carbon stocks (including sub-pools) for a number of intact subtropical thicket types, as well as the differentials between the intact and degraded states (including the sub-pools). Total carbon stocks (TCS in t C ha⁻¹) for intact vegetation (to a soil depth 0–25 cm), ranged from 87.73±6.51 to 70.64±17.24. For degraded vegetation (including old lands), TCS (t C ha⁻¹) ranged from 34.05±3.61 to 21.03±2.70. For all vegetation types, the differentials in TCS along the degradation gradient (0–25 cm) are highly significant and strengthen the possibility for carbon credit financing to catalyse the restoration of the degraded semi-arid subtropical thickets. This study has shown a mean loss of 57.23 t C ha⁻¹ in Baviaanskloof spekboom thickets, when measured to a soil depth of 25 cm. Portulacaria afra is a key species within the semi-arid subtropical thickets, being a canopy dominant and a driver of soil nutrient status, but has been largely lost from the degraded landscapes. Degraded semi-arid subtropical thicket vegetation lacks regeneration via seedling recruitment; restoration therefore requires the manual replanting of P. afra using cut truncheons. Survivorship trials were undertaken infield in 2005 to establish restoration protocols for P. afra, with survivorship being recorded in 2006 and 2008. Overall survivorship for all treatments was found to be 43.2±2.8% in 2006, dropping to 35.8±2.7% in 2008. Planting posture (flat or upright) showed the most significant results of all the factors tested in 2006 and 2008. Micro-damming also influenced survivorship in that micro-damming was associated with marginally higher survivorship (47.4 ±2.0% with damming vs. 39.1±1.5% without damming in 2006, and 39.3±1.9% vs. 32.3±1.5% in 2008). Higher planting density only showed a significant positive impact on survivorship in 2008. Neither stem diameter nor clumping significantly affected degree of survival. A key finding in the study has been the non-static nature of P. afra truncheon survivorship, even after being well established (three years since planting). The results from the study will guide the restoration protocols for the restoration of degraded subtropical thickets, where P. afra requires replanting.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Powell, Michael John
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Portulacaria afra -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Portulacaceae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Shrubs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Succulent plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Baviaanskloof (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4764 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007164 , Portulacaria afra -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Portulacaceae -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Plant conservation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Shrubs -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Succulent plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Baviaanskloof (South Africa)
- Description: The semi-arid forms of subtropical thicket in the Eastern and Western Cape have been heavily degraded through unsustainable pastoralism over the last century or more. The degraded areas exhibit a significant loss of above-ground and belowground carbon stocks, and consequently provide an opportunity for restoration through the formal and informal carbon markets. A prerequisite for the attainment of carbon credits is to ensure sound carbon stock baselines prior to effecting restoration. I report on the carbon stocks (including sub-pools) for a number of intact subtropical thicket types, as well as the differentials between the intact and degraded states (including the sub-pools). Total carbon stocks (TCS in t C ha⁻¹) for intact vegetation (to a soil depth 0–25 cm), ranged from 87.73±6.51 to 70.64±17.24. For degraded vegetation (including old lands), TCS (t C ha⁻¹) ranged from 34.05±3.61 to 21.03±2.70. For all vegetation types, the differentials in TCS along the degradation gradient (0–25 cm) are highly significant and strengthen the possibility for carbon credit financing to catalyse the restoration of the degraded semi-arid subtropical thickets. This study has shown a mean loss of 57.23 t C ha⁻¹ in Baviaanskloof spekboom thickets, when measured to a soil depth of 25 cm. Portulacaria afra is a key species within the semi-arid subtropical thickets, being a canopy dominant and a driver of soil nutrient status, but has been largely lost from the degraded landscapes. Degraded semi-arid subtropical thicket vegetation lacks regeneration via seedling recruitment; restoration therefore requires the manual replanting of P. afra using cut truncheons. Survivorship trials were undertaken infield in 2005 to establish restoration protocols for P. afra, with survivorship being recorded in 2006 and 2008. Overall survivorship for all treatments was found to be 43.2±2.8% in 2006, dropping to 35.8±2.7% in 2008. Planting posture (flat or upright) showed the most significant results of all the factors tested in 2006 and 2008. Micro-damming also influenced survivorship in that micro-damming was associated with marginally higher survivorship (47.4 ±2.0% with damming vs. 39.1±1.5% without damming in 2006, and 39.3±1.9% vs. 32.3±1.5% in 2008). Higher planting density only showed a significant positive impact on survivorship in 2008. Neither stem diameter nor clumping significantly affected degree of survival. A key finding in the study has been the non-static nature of P. afra truncheon survivorship, even after being well established (three years since planting). The results from the study will guide the restoration protocols for the restoration of degraded subtropical thickets, where P. afra requires replanting.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Restructuring of the Port Elizabeth Hospital Complex: a perspective from the planned change management approach
- Authors: Qwesha, Babalwa
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Hospitals -- Administration -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Organizational change -- Management -- South Africa Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:762 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003883
- Description: The research objectives which underpin this study were threefold. Firstly was to analyze the Port Elizabeth Hospital Complex (PEHC) restructuring process from a planned changed management perspective in particular the three stage model of Lewin (1951) which include unfreezing the current equilibrium, moving to a new position and refreezing in the new position. Secondly was to analyze how unforeseen circumstances were dealt with. Thirdly was to analyse the setting of objectives and measurements of targets to monitor progress. The study is based on the restructuring that took place in the PEHC which was called “Rationalization”. The research indicates that the development and implementation of the rationalization cannot be understood from the perspective of the three stage model of Lewin (1951). The conclusion was based on the manager’s perceptions of their analysis of the restructuring in the light of the theory of the three stage model of Lewin (1951). The study has shown that: · Rationalisation began by gathering information on the shortcomings of the structure of the three hospitals, but did not understand the degree of readiness to change. · The timescales for achieving rationalization were not clearly defined. · It was driven from the top with clear objectives and no timescales. · There was no structure that prepared the employees to go through the process of rationalisation. · There was lack of capacity of middle managers to respond to the workers in an encouraging way. · Rationalisation sub-committees had limited time to meet with employees at the sectional level. · External stakeholder involvement was not mobilized to its full potential. · Rationalisation was not an open process that involved both formal and informal employees. · Budget constraints and staff shortages were not informed by the restructuring needs. · Workers did not feel secure about the current and future work practises. · There was no feeling that the change will be beneficial to their wellbeing and to the organisation’s goals and mission · There was no monitoring and evaluation put in place to track progress. · There was centralisation of even the most basic administrative functions. The study seems to imply that the restructuring in the PEHC bears no resemblance to the Lewin (1951) planned change model and therefore cannot be understood from the perspective of this model. Given the initiative to rationalize, the PEHC management can learn from the model of Lewin (1951) planned change.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Qwesha, Babalwa
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Hospitals -- Administration -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth Organizational change -- Management -- South Africa Case studies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:762 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003883
- Description: The research objectives which underpin this study were threefold. Firstly was to analyze the Port Elizabeth Hospital Complex (PEHC) restructuring process from a planned changed management perspective in particular the three stage model of Lewin (1951) which include unfreezing the current equilibrium, moving to a new position and refreezing in the new position. Secondly was to analyze how unforeseen circumstances were dealt with. Thirdly was to analyse the setting of objectives and measurements of targets to monitor progress. The study is based on the restructuring that took place in the PEHC which was called “Rationalization”. The research indicates that the development and implementation of the rationalization cannot be understood from the perspective of the three stage model of Lewin (1951). The conclusion was based on the manager’s perceptions of their analysis of the restructuring in the light of the theory of the three stage model of Lewin (1951). The study has shown that: · Rationalisation began by gathering information on the shortcomings of the structure of the three hospitals, but did not understand the degree of readiness to change. · The timescales for achieving rationalization were not clearly defined. · It was driven from the top with clear objectives and no timescales. · There was no structure that prepared the employees to go through the process of rationalisation. · There was lack of capacity of middle managers to respond to the workers in an encouraging way. · Rationalisation sub-committees had limited time to meet with employees at the sectional level. · External stakeholder involvement was not mobilized to its full potential. · Rationalisation was not an open process that involved both formal and informal employees. · Budget constraints and staff shortages were not informed by the restructuring needs. · Workers did not feel secure about the current and future work practises. · There was no feeling that the change will be beneficial to their wellbeing and to the organisation’s goals and mission · There was no monitoring and evaluation put in place to track progress. · There was centralisation of even the most basic administrative functions. The study seems to imply that the restructuring in the PEHC bears no resemblance to the Lewin (1951) planned change model and therefore cannot be understood from the perspective of this model. Given the initiative to rationalize, the PEHC management can learn from the model of Lewin (1951) planned change.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Retention strategies of key talent at the bank of Zambia
- Authors: Mwanza, Besnat
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Employee retention -- Zambia , Bank employees -- Zambia , Labor turnover -- Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8680 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1140 , Employee retention -- Zambia , Bank employees -- Zambia , Labor turnover -- Zambia
- Description: Finding and developing key talent is one of the toughest business challenges that executives face. The main problem of this study was to identify strategies that could be implemented by the Bank of Zambia (BoZ) in order to retain key talent. To achieve this objective the following procedure was followed: - Talent management strategies that were used at that time to improve retention at the BoZ were presented and discussed. Four main strategies were identified; professional scales, promotions, cash awards and flexible working hours. - Data regarding the turnover of people with key talent at the BoZ was collected and analysed. Key talent was defined and key talent at the BoZ was identified. It emerged that a retention problem was experienced among employees with a first university degree or professional qualifications such as ACCA/CIMA. The employees were mainly employed at the middle management level. - A literature study was conducted to identify talent management strategies that organisations could use to manage key talent. The literature study focused on the talent management process as a whole. Attention was focused on who should take responsibility for talent management, the importance of talent management and talent management strategies related to motivation, leadership and human resource strategies were also highlighted. The three strategies were found to be inter-related. The theoretical study formed the basis for the development of a survey questionnaire to establish the extent to which the strategies revealed in literature were utilised at the bank. The survey was administered to a randomly selected group of middle management employees at BoZ 5 and BoZ 6 levels. iv The empirical results revealed that all the strategies identified were used but that there was room for improvement in some areas. It was evident that many respondents felt that talent management was not a business priority at the bank. Many respondents felt that human resources played an adequate role in talent management but that their direct supervisors and senior management should play a bigger role than was currently the case. It was also evident from the results that most respondents felt that the leadership style of supervisors at the BoZ was effective and supportive. The extent to which some of the human resource strategies were used could lead to low morale and dissatisfaction among people with key talent. Specifically, the results revealed that most respondents felt that performance appraisals were not fairly and consistently applied or linked to incentives. On the basis of the literature study and the results of the empirical study, a talent management model was developed for the effective implementation of retention strategies. However, the effectiveness of these strategies would depend on the support of management. Managers, supervisors and employees themselves have to be involved in talent management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Mwanza, Besnat
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Employee retention -- Zambia , Bank employees -- Zambia , Labor turnover -- Zambia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8680 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1140 , Employee retention -- Zambia , Bank employees -- Zambia , Labor turnover -- Zambia
- Description: Finding and developing key talent is one of the toughest business challenges that executives face. The main problem of this study was to identify strategies that could be implemented by the Bank of Zambia (BoZ) in order to retain key talent. To achieve this objective the following procedure was followed: - Talent management strategies that were used at that time to improve retention at the BoZ were presented and discussed. Four main strategies were identified; professional scales, promotions, cash awards and flexible working hours. - Data regarding the turnover of people with key talent at the BoZ was collected and analysed. Key talent was defined and key talent at the BoZ was identified. It emerged that a retention problem was experienced among employees with a first university degree or professional qualifications such as ACCA/CIMA. The employees were mainly employed at the middle management level. - A literature study was conducted to identify talent management strategies that organisations could use to manage key talent. The literature study focused on the talent management process as a whole. Attention was focused on who should take responsibility for talent management, the importance of talent management and talent management strategies related to motivation, leadership and human resource strategies were also highlighted. The three strategies were found to be inter-related. The theoretical study formed the basis for the development of a survey questionnaire to establish the extent to which the strategies revealed in literature were utilised at the bank. The survey was administered to a randomly selected group of middle management employees at BoZ 5 and BoZ 6 levels. iv The empirical results revealed that all the strategies identified were used but that there was room for improvement in some areas. It was evident that many respondents felt that talent management was not a business priority at the bank. Many respondents felt that human resources played an adequate role in talent management but that their direct supervisors and senior management should play a bigger role than was currently the case. It was also evident from the results that most respondents felt that the leadership style of supervisors at the BoZ was effective and supportive. The extent to which some of the human resource strategies were used could lead to low morale and dissatisfaction among people with key talent. Specifically, the results revealed that most respondents felt that performance appraisals were not fairly and consistently applied or linked to incentives. On the basis of the literature study and the results of the empirical study, a talent management model was developed for the effective implementation of retention strategies. However, the effectiveness of these strategies would depend on the support of management. Managers, supervisors and employees themselves have to be involved in talent management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Reviews: Unsettling Questions: Palestine, Israel, the Holy Land and Zion
- Stähler, A, Vice, S, Brauner, D, Bassi, S, Naidu, Samantha, King, B, O'Neal, G S, Aldama, F L, Gibbs, J, Rotstein, J R U, Calderaro, M A
- Authors: Stähler, A , Vice, S , Brauner, D , Bassi, S , Naidu, Samantha , King, B , O'Neal, G S , Aldama, F L , Gibbs, J , Rotstein, J R U , Calderaro, M A
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157948 , vital:40133 , https://doi.org/10.1080/02690050802589479
- Description: Reviews: Unsettling Questions: Palestine, Israel, the Holy Land and Zion
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Stähler, A , Vice, S , Brauner, D , Bassi, S , Naidu, Samantha , King, B , O'Neal, G S , Aldama, F L , Gibbs, J , Rotstein, J R U , Calderaro, M A
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157948 , vital:40133 , https://doi.org/10.1080/02690050802589479
- Description: Reviews: Unsettling Questions: Palestine, Israel, the Holy Land and Zion
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rhenium (I) and (V) complexes with potentially mulidentate ligands containing the Amino group
- Authors: Booysen, Irvin Noel
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Rhenium , Ligands
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:10386 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1270 , Rhenium , Ligands
- Description: The complex trans-[Re(dab)Cl3(PPh3)2] (H2dab = 1,2-diaminobenzene) was prepared from the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with H2dab in ethanol. The ligand dab is coordinated to the rhenium(V) centre through a dianionic imido nitrogen only in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the metal ion. The complex trans- [Re(ada)Cl3(PPh3)2] (H2ada = 2-aminodiphenylamine) was prepared from the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with H2ada in acetonitrile. The ligand ada is coordinated to the rhenium(V) centre through a dianionic imido nitrogen only, in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the metal ion. The ‘2 + 1’ complex fac- [Re(CO)3(Hamp)(amp)] (Hamp = 2-aminophenol) was isolated from the reaction of a two molar ratio of Hamp with [Re(CO)5Br] in toluene. The reaction of a 1:1 molar ratio of [Re(CO)5Br] and H2ada led to the isolation of the Re(I) complex, fac- [Re(CO)3Br(H2ada)]. The reaction of equimolar quantities of cis-[ReO2I(PPh3)2] with 5,6-diamino-1,3- dimethyluracil (H2ddd) in acetonitrile led to the formation of [Re(ddd)(Hddd)I(PPh3)2](ReO4). The X-ray crystal structure shows that the ligand ddd is coordinated monodentately through the doubly deprotonated amino nitrogen and is therefore present as an imide. The chelate Hddd is coordinated bidentately via the neutral amino nitrogen, which is coordinated trans to the imido nitrogen, and the singly deprotonated amido nitrogen, trans to the iodide. The reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with N-(2-aminobenzylidene)-5-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil (H3dua) in ethanol gave a mixed crystal which contains both the neutral oxorhenium(V) complex [ReOCl(Hdua)] and the imido rhenium(V) [Re(dua)Cl2(PPh3)] in an equimolar ratio in the asymmetric unit. The reaction of equimolar quantities of [NH4(ReO4)] with H2ddd in methanol under reflux led to the isolation of [C12H12N6O4] as only product. The [ReO4]- anion is therefore instrumental in the formation of [C12H12N6O4], and since the product contains no rhenium in any oxidation state, the conclusion is that [ReO4]- catalyses the oxidative deamination Abstract I.N. Booysen Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University vii of H2ddd. The X-ray crystal structure consists of two centrosymmetric, tricyclic rings, comprising a central pyrazine ring and two terminal pyrimidine rings. The reaction of 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzothiazole (Habt) with [Re(CO)5Br] led to the isolation of the rhenium(I) complex fac-[Re(Habt)(CO)3Br]. With trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2], the ligand Habt decomposed to form the oxofree rhenium(V) complex [Re(itp)2Cl(PPh3)] (itp = 2-amidophenylthiolate). From the reaction of trans-[ReOBr3(PPh3)2] with 2-(2- hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (Hhpd) the complex [ReVOBr2(hpd)(PPh3)] was obtained. The reaction of a twofold molar excess of H2apb (2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzimidazole) with trans-[ReO2(py)4]Cl in ethanol gave the green product of formulation [ReO(Hapb)(apb)] in good yield. The rhenium atom lies in a distorted trigonalbipyramidal environment. The two imidazole N(2) atoms lie in the apical positions trans to each other, with the oxo-oxygen and two amido N(1) atoms in the trigonal plane. A new nitrosylrhenium(II) complex salt, [Re(NO)BrL2(PPh3)2](ReO4) (H2L2 = 2-amino-5- (triphenylphosphino)phenol), is the first example of a complex containing the triphenylphosphonium-amidophenolate ligand L2, formed by the nucleophilic attack of a PPh3 on a coordinated amidophenolate ring. The complex salt trans-[Re(mps)Cl(PPh3)2](ReO4) (H3mps = N-(2-amino-3- methylphenyl)salicylideneimine) was prepared by the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with a twofold molar excess of H3mps. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the trianionic ligand mps acts as a tridentate chelate via the doubly deprotonated amino nitrogen (an imide), the neutral imino nitrogen and the deprotonated phenolic oxygen. The six-coordinated complex cis-[Re(mps)Cl2(PPh3)2] was prepared by the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with a twofold molar excess of H3mps in benzene. The X-ray crystal structure show that the mps ligand coordinates as a tridentate chelate via the doubly deprotonated 2-amino nitrogen, the neutral imino nitrogen and the phenolate oxygen. The imide and phenolate oxygen coordinate trans to each other in a distorted octahedral geometry, around the rhenium(V) centre, with the two chlorides in cis positions. A new oxofree rhenium(V) complex salt, [Re(bbd)2](ReO4) ( H2bbd = N-(2- Abstract I.N. Booysen Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University viii aminobenzylidene)benzene-1,2-diamine), has been synthesized and the chelates bbd are coordinated as dianionic tridentate N,N,N-donor diamidoimines. The rhenium(V) ion is centered in a distorted trigonal prism. The rhenium(I) compound fac-[Re(CO)3(daa)].Hpab.H2O (Hpab = N1,N2-(1,2- phenylene)bis(2-aminobenzamide); Hdaa = 2-amino-N-(2-aminophenyl)benzamide) was synthesized from the reaction of [Re(CO)5Br] with a two equivalents of Hpab in toluene. The monoanionic tridentate ligand daa was formed by the rhenium-mediated cleavage of an amido N-C bond of the potentially tetradentate ligand Hpab. Daa is coordinated as a diaminoamide via three nitrogen-donor atoms. The reaction of a twofold molar excess of H2amben (H2amben = N1,N2-bis(2-aminobenzylidene)ethane-1,2-diamine) with trans- [ReOBr3(PPh3)2] gave the oxorhenium(V) cationic complex [ReO(amben)]X (X = Br-, PF6 -). The Re(V) oxo-bridged compound, {μ-O}[ReO(omben)]2.H2O (H2omben = N1,N2- bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)ethane-1,2-diamine) was isolated from the reaction of a 2:1 molar ratio of H2omben and trans-[ReO2(py)4]Cl in methanol. The seven-coordinate rhenium(III) complex cation [ReIII(dhp)(PPh3)2]+ was isolated as the [ReO4]- salt from the reaction of cis-[ReVO2I(PPh3)2] with 2,6-bis(2- hydroxyphenyliminomethyl)pyridine (H2dhp) in ethanol. In the complex fac- [Re(CO)3(H2dhp)Br], prepared from [Re(CO)5Br] and H2dhp in toluene, the H2dhp ligand acts as a neutral bidentate N,N-donor chelate. An equimolar ratio reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehyde and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1- benzimidazole in methanol led to 2-(5,6-dihydrobenzimidazolo[1,2-c]-quinazolin-6- yl)aniline. In an attempt to explore the template formation of this class of ligand with rhenium, the reaction of salicylaldehyde and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzimidazole in ethanol which was followed by the addition of trans-[ReOBr3(PPh3)2] led to the formation of the salt, 6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydrobenzimidazolo[1,2-c]quinazolin- 12-ium bromide. The compound 6-(2-methylthiophenyl)-5,6-dihydrobenzimidazolo[1,2- c]quinazolin-12-ium was synthesized via the reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehyde and 2- methylthiobenzaldehyde in methanol.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Booysen, Irvin Noel
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Rhenium , Ligands
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:10386 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1270 , Rhenium , Ligands
- Description: The complex trans-[Re(dab)Cl3(PPh3)2] (H2dab = 1,2-diaminobenzene) was prepared from the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with H2dab in ethanol. The ligand dab is coordinated to the rhenium(V) centre through a dianionic imido nitrogen only in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the metal ion. The complex trans- [Re(ada)Cl3(PPh3)2] (H2ada = 2-aminodiphenylamine) was prepared from the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with H2ada in acetonitrile. The ligand ada is coordinated to the rhenium(V) centre through a dianionic imido nitrogen only, in a distorted octahedral coordination geometry around the metal ion. The ‘2 + 1’ complex fac- [Re(CO)3(Hamp)(amp)] (Hamp = 2-aminophenol) was isolated from the reaction of a two molar ratio of Hamp with [Re(CO)5Br] in toluene. The reaction of a 1:1 molar ratio of [Re(CO)5Br] and H2ada led to the isolation of the Re(I) complex, fac- [Re(CO)3Br(H2ada)]. The reaction of equimolar quantities of cis-[ReO2I(PPh3)2] with 5,6-diamino-1,3- dimethyluracil (H2ddd) in acetonitrile led to the formation of [Re(ddd)(Hddd)I(PPh3)2](ReO4). The X-ray crystal structure shows that the ligand ddd is coordinated monodentately through the doubly deprotonated amino nitrogen and is therefore present as an imide. The chelate Hddd is coordinated bidentately via the neutral amino nitrogen, which is coordinated trans to the imido nitrogen, and the singly deprotonated amido nitrogen, trans to the iodide. The reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with N-(2-aminobenzylidene)-5-amino-1,3-dimethyl uracil (H3dua) in ethanol gave a mixed crystal which contains both the neutral oxorhenium(V) complex [ReOCl(Hdua)] and the imido rhenium(V) [Re(dua)Cl2(PPh3)] in an equimolar ratio in the asymmetric unit. The reaction of equimolar quantities of [NH4(ReO4)] with H2ddd in methanol under reflux led to the isolation of [C12H12N6O4] as only product. The [ReO4]- anion is therefore instrumental in the formation of [C12H12N6O4], and since the product contains no rhenium in any oxidation state, the conclusion is that [ReO4]- catalyses the oxidative deamination Abstract I.N. Booysen Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University vii of H2ddd. The X-ray crystal structure consists of two centrosymmetric, tricyclic rings, comprising a central pyrazine ring and two terminal pyrimidine rings. The reaction of 2-(2-aminophenyl)benzothiazole (Habt) with [Re(CO)5Br] led to the isolation of the rhenium(I) complex fac-[Re(Habt)(CO)3Br]. With trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2], the ligand Habt decomposed to form the oxofree rhenium(V) complex [Re(itp)2Cl(PPh3)] (itp = 2-amidophenylthiolate). From the reaction of trans-[ReOBr3(PPh3)2] with 2-(2- hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (Hhpd) the complex [ReVOBr2(hpd)(PPh3)] was obtained. The reaction of a twofold molar excess of H2apb (2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzimidazole) with trans-[ReO2(py)4]Cl in ethanol gave the green product of formulation [ReO(Hapb)(apb)] in good yield. The rhenium atom lies in a distorted trigonalbipyramidal environment. The two imidazole N(2) atoms lie in the apical positions trans to each other, with the oxo-oxygen and two amido N(1) atoms in the trigonal plane. A new nitrosylrhenium(II) complex salt, [Re(NO)BrL2(PPh3)2](ReO4) (H2L2 = 2-amino-5- (triphenylphosphino)phenol), is the first example of a complex containing the triphenylphosphonium-amidophenolate ligand L2, formed by the nucleophilic attack of a PPh3 on a coordinated amidophenolate ring. The complex salt trans-[Re(mps)Cl(PPh3)2](ReO4) (H3mps = N-(2-amino-3- methylphenyl)salicylideneimine) was prepared by the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with a twofold molar excess of H3mps. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the trianionic ligand mps acts as a tridentate chelate via the doubly deprotonated amino nitrogen (an imide), the neutral imino nitrogen and the deprotonated phenolic oxygen. The six-coordinated complex cis-[Re(mps)Cl2(PPh3)2] was prepared by the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with a twofold molar excess of H3mps in benzene. The X-ray crystal structure show that the mps ligand coordinates as a tridentate chelate via the doubly deprotonated 2-amino nitrogen, the neutral imino nitrogen and the phenolate oxygen. The imide and phenolate oxygen coordinate trans to each other in a distorted octahedral geometry, around the rhenium(V) centre, with the two chlorides in cis positions. A new oxofree rhenium(V) complex salt, [Re(bbd)2](ReO4) ( H2bbd = N-(2- Abstract I.N. Booysen Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University viii aminobenzylidene)benzene-1,2-diamine), has been synthesized and the chelates bbd are coordinated as dianionic tridentate N,N,N-donor diamidoimines. The rhenium(V) ion is centered in a distorted trigonal prism. The rhenium(I) compound fac-[Re(CO)3(daa)].Hpab.H2O (Hpab = N1,N2-(1,2- phenylene)bis(2-aminobenzamide); Hdaa = 2-amino-N-(2-aminophenyl)benzamide) was synthesized from the reaction of [Re(CO)5Br] with a two equivalents of Hpab in toluene. The monoanionic tridentate ligand daa was formed by the rhenium-mediated cleavage of an amido N-C bond of the potentially tetradentate ligand Hpab. Daa is coordinated as a diaminoamide via three nitrogen-donor atoms. The reaction of a twofold molar excess of H2amben (H2amben = N1,N2-bis(2-aminobenzylidene)ethane-1,2-diamine) with trans- [ReOBr3(PPh3)2] gave the oxorhenium(V) cationic complex [ReO(amben)]X (X = Br-, PF6 -). The Re(V) oxo-bridged compound, {μ-O}[ReO(omben)]2.H2O (H2omben = N1,N2- bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)ethane-1,2-diamine) was isolated from the reaction of a 2:1 molar ratio of H2omben and trans-[ReO2(py)4]Cl in methanol. The seven-coordinate rhenium(III) complex cation [ReIII(dhp)(PPh3)2]+ was isolated as the [ReO4]- salt from the reaction of cis-[ReVO2I(PPh3)2] with 2,6-bis(2- hydroxyphenyliminomethyl)pyridine (H2dhp) in ethanol. In the complex fac- [Re(CO)3(H2dhp)Br], prepared from [Re(CO)5Br] and H2dhp in toluene, the H2dhp ligand acts as a neutral bidentate N,N-donor chelate. An equimolar ratio reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehyde and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1- benzimidazole in methanol led to 2-(5,6-dihydrobenzimidazolo[1,2-c]-quinazolin-6- yl)aniline. In an attempt to explore the template formation of this class of ligand with rhenium, the reaction of salicylaldehyde and 2-(2-aminophenyl)-1-benzimidazole in ethanol which was followed by the addition of trans-[ReOBr3(PPh3)2] led to the formation of the salt, 6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydrobenzimidazolo[1,2-c]quinazolin- 12-ium bromide. The compound 6-(2-methylthiophenyl)-5,6-dihydrobenzimidazolo[1,2- c]quinazolin-12-ium was synthesized via the reaction of 2-aminobenzaldehyde and 2- methylthiobenzaldehyde in methanol.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rhodes University 2009 Graduation Ceremonies Address
- Authors: Badat, Saleem
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:7585 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006575
- Description: From introduction: To be awarded a degree or diploma from Rhodes University entails dedicated endeavour. When you joined us you were told that at Rhodes learning and education is a partnership, a relationship of mutual commitment to the pursuit of knowledge and understanding, to the development of expertise and skills, and to the embrace of appropriate values and attitudes. Your graduation is testimony that you have fulfilled your side of the partnership. You have displayed the necessary commitment and willingness to learn, to acquire knowledge and to develop expertise. Your achievement, the fruits of many months and years of toil, is,ultimately, your own great accomplishment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Badat, Saleem
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:7585 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006575
- Description: From introduction: To be awarded a degree or diploma from Rhodes University entails dedicated endeavour. When you joined us you were told that at Rhodes learning and education is a partnership, a relationship of mutual commitment to the pursuit of knowledge and understanding, to the development of expertise and skills, and to the embrace of appropriate values and attitudes. Your graduation is testimony that you have fulfilled your side of the partnership. You have displayed the necessary commitment and willingness to learn, to acquire knowledge and to develop expertise. Your achievement, the fruits of many months and years of toil, is,ultimately, your own great accomplishment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rhodes University Graduation Ceremony 2009
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007250
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies [at] 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 16 April at 18:00 [and] Friday, 17 April at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 18 April at 10:30
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007250
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies [at] 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 16 April at 18:00 [and] Friday, 17 April at 10:30; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 18 April at 10:30
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rhodes University Library Annual Report 2009: Library Director’s Review
- Authors: Thomas, G M E
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59941 , vital:27713
- Description: [From the Introduction] As you read through this annual overview of the work carried out by the staff of the Rhodes University Library Services Division, I am sure you will be impressed by their achievements during a year marked by major building construction and a demanding institutional review of our services and staffing structures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Thomas, G M E
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59941 , vital:27713
- Description: [From the Introduction] As you read through this annual overview of the work carried out by the staff of the Rhodes University Library Services Division, I am sure you will be impressed by their achievements during a year marked by major building construction and a demanding institutional review of our services and staffing structures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rhodes University Research Report 2009
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:564 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011966
- Description: [From Introduction] Rhodes University maintained and improved its track record of research performance in 2009, a very pleasing trend given that it came directly after a large increase of accredited publication outputs in 2008 of 20.3%, and a flattening of the growth curve was expected. The increase in accredited publication units for 2009 of 6.4% (from 330.02 units to 350.99 units) is closer to the growth rate for the sector as a whole. This continued increase in research publications was achieved against the backdrop of substantial financial constraints and changes in the funding programmes of the National Research Foundation, a primary source of funding for researchers at Rhodes, which produced significant discontinuities in funding for several established researchers. Our journal output, (which accounts for 86% of our total accredited publishing output for higher education subsidy purposes) grew by 5.1% from 2008 to 2009 (from 287.82 units to 302.64 units). The previous year’s growth was 11.3% in this category. Coupled with Rhodes’s high volume of accredited journal outputs in relation to its size, a very pleasing quality measure was that 81.6% of Journal outputs (amongst the highest proportions in the sector) appeared in international accredited journals. Our output from accredited conference proceedings, (which in 2009 amounted to 7% of our total accredited publishing output) shrunk by 27.5% (from 33.22 units down to 24.07 units) from 2008 to 2009 – but from a small base where more year-on-year variance can be expected. This category had grown by 202% in the preceding year, so the 2009 reduction cannot be taken to represent a trend. The book outputs (which in 2009 amounted to 7% of our total accredited publishing output) increased by 170% – again from a very small base (from 8.89 units up to 24.28 units), where year-on-year variance is expected. This category had grown by 91% in the previous year, but had seen a negative growth of 83% in the year before that. The 2009 growth in this category is a combination of increased submissions, and an improved acceptance rate. The staff responsible for this process in the Research Office, and the researchers who made the submissions, are to be warmly congratulated. I add my warm thanks and congratulations to all of our researchers, funders, collaborators and partners who contributed to the excellent research results of 2009.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:564 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011966
- Description: [From Introduction] Rhodes University maintained and improved its track record of research performance in 2009, a very pleasing trend given that it came directly after a large increase of accredited publication outputs in 2008 of 20.3%, and a flattening of the growth curve was expected. The increase in accredited publication units for 2009 of 6.4% (from 330.02 units to 350.99 units) is closer to the growth rate for the sector as a whole. This continued increase in research publications was achieved against the backdrop of substantial financial constraints and changes in the funding programmes of the National Research Foundation, a primary source of funding for researchers at Rhodes, which produced significant discontinuities in funding for several established researchers. Our journal output, (which accounts for 86% of our total accredited publishing output for higher education subsidy purposes) grew by 5.1% from 2008 to 2009 (from 287.82 units to 302.64 units). The previous year’s growth was 11.3% in this category. Coupled with Rhodes’s high volume of accredited journal outputs in relation to its size, a very pleasing quality measure was that 81.6% of Journal outputs (amongst the highest proportions in the sector) appeared in international accredited journals. Our output from accredited conference proceedings, (which in 2009 amounted to 7% of our total accredited publishing output) shrunk by 27.5% (from 33.22 units down to 24.07 units) from 2008 to 2009 – but from a small base where more year-on-year variance can be expected. This category had grown by 202% in the preceding year, so the 2009 reduction cannot be taken to represent a trend. The book outputs (which in 2009 amounted to 7% of our total accredited publishing output) increased by 170% – again from a very small base (from 8.89 units up to 24.28 units), where year-on-year variance is expected. This category had grown by 91% in the previous year, but had seen a negative growth of 83% in the year before that. The 2009 growth in this category is a combination of increased submissions, and an improved acceptance rate. The staff responsible for this process in the Research Office, and the researchers who made the submissions, are to be warmly congratulated. I add my warm thanks and congratulations to all of our researchers, funders, collaborators and partners who contributed to the excellent research results of 2009.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Rights, duties and remedies under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: an investigation into the CISG's compatibility with South African law
- Authors: Oosthuizen, Beverley-Claire
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) , Sales -- South Africa , Commercial law -- South Africa , South Africa -- Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3691 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003206 , United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) , Sales -- South Africa , Commercial law -- South Africa , South Africa -- Law and legislation
- Description: This thesis analyses the compatibility of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) with the South African law of sale. An initial examination of the historical development of the CISG reveals its ambitions of becoming the primary source of law governing international contracts of sale. The goal of this research is to determine whether South Africa should ratify the CISG. The CISG has been ratified by most of the leading trading States in the world. In order to gain a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of ratification, a comparative study has been undertaken. The stance taken toward the CISG by the United Kingdom and Germany has been examined. The United Kingdom has staunchly avoided ratifying the CISG, despite having agreed thereto a number of years ago. Germany however has taken a different approach and has welcomed the CISG. The experiences of these foreign States serve as a useful guide when assessing the specific challenges that exist in South Africa concerning the adoption of the CISG. The most important aspect of this study is the direct comparison between the legal provisions housed in the CISG and their counterparts under South African law. A careful investigation has been conducted into the rights, duties, and remedies under the CISG. This investigation is followed by an examination of the corresponding rights, duties, and remedies under the South African domestic law of sale. It is evident from these explorations that the rights and duties under the CISG strongly resemble those under South African law. The direct comparison revealed however that certain remedies found in the CISG do not have a counterpart under South African law. Despite this discrepancy, there are no legal principles in the CISG that are completely unknown in South African law. While certain remedies housed in the CISG cannot be found in an identical form under South African law, sufficiently similar legal principles can be found, which frequently lead to the same results as those under the CISG. This study is concluded with a recommendation concerning South Africa’s adoption of the CISG.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Oosthuizen, Beverley-Claire
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) , Sales -- South Africa , Commercial law -- South Africa , South Africa -- Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3691 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003206 , United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) , Sales -- South Africa , Commercial law -- South Africa , South Africa -- Law and legislation
- Description: This thesis analyses the compatibility of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) with the South African law of sale. An initial examination of the historical development of the CISG reveals its ambitions of becoming the primary source of law governing international contracts of sale. The goal of this research is to determine whether South Africa should ratify the CISG. The CISG has been ratified by most of the leading trading States in the world. In order to gain a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of ratification, a comparative study has been undertaken. The stance taken toward the CISG by the United Kingdom and Germany has been examined. The United Kingdom has staunchly avoided ratifying the CISG, despite having agreed thereto a number of years ago. Germany however has taken a different approach and has welcomed the CISG. The experiences of these foreign States serve as a useful guide when assessing the specific challenges that exist in South Africa concerning the adoption of the CISG. The most important aspect of this study is the direct comparison between the legal provisions housed in the CISG and their counterparts under South African law. A careful investigation has been conducted into the rights, duties, and remedies under the CISG. This investigation is followed by an examination of the corresponding rights, duties, and remedies under the South African domestic law of sale. It is evident from these explorations that the rights and duties under the CISG strongly resemble those under South African law. The direct comparison revealed however that certain remedies found in the CISG do not have a counterpart under South African law. Despite this discrepancy, there are no legal principles in the CISG that are completely unknown in South African law. While certain remedies housed in the CISG cannot be found in an identical form under South African law, sufficiently similar legal principles can be found, which frequently lead to the same results as those under the CISG. This study is concluded with a recommendation concerning South Africa’s adoption of the CISG.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Salinity induced physiological responses in juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus (Sciaenidae)
- Authors: Bernatzeder, Andrea Katinka
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Osmoregulation , Argyrosomus -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Sciaenidae -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Physiology , Sciaenidae -- Physiology , Fishes -- Physiology , Biological control systems , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5318 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005163 , Osmoregulation , Argyrosomus -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Sciaenidae -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Physiology , Sciaenidae -- Physiology , Fishes -- Physiology , Biological control systems , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa
- Description: Fisheries management regulations for dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, an important commercial and recreational fisheries species, have failed and the stock is considered collapsed. It is important to take an ecosystems approach to management which includes understanding the effect of environmental factors on recruitment, abundance and distribution. The distribution of early juveniles (20-150 mm TL) in the wild appears to be restricted to the upper reaches of estuaries at salinities below 5 psu. Food availability could not explain the distribution of early juveniles. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of salinity on the distribution of early juvenile dusky kob (<150 mm TL) by examining physiological responses of juveniles exposed to a range of salinities under laboratory conditions. The hypothesis was that the physiological functioning of early juveniles would be optimised at the reduced salinities which they naturally occur at. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of salinity on: i) plasma osmolality; ii) growth, food conversion ratio and condition factor; and iii) gill histology with emphasis on chloride cell size and number. A preliminary study was undertaken to determine whether the use of 2-phenoxyethanol had an effect on plasma osmolality. Juveniles pithed prior to blood sampling were used as the control. Plasma osmolality was not affected by exposure or duration of exposure (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min) to 2-phenoxyethanol. The ability of teleosts to regulate plasma osmolality over a wide range of salinities indicates their degree of ‘physiological euryhalinity’. Plasma osmolality of juveniles exposed to 5, 12 and 35 psu was measured every two weeks over a total of six weeks. Although juveniles were able to regulate plasma osmolality over the duration of the experiment, plasma osmolality at 5 and 12 psu was significantly lower than in fish maintained at 35 psu. Growth is used as an indicator of the relative energy used for osmoregulation at different salinities, as the energy used for osmoregulation becomes unavailable for growth. A nineweek growth experiment was conducted on juveniles exposed to 5, 12 and 35 psu. Juveniles grew and survived at all three salinities. However, growth of juveniles at 5 psu was significantly lower than at 12 and 35 psu. Other than a significantly greater weight gain at 35 psu relative to 12 psu, there was no significant difference in specific growth and length gain between juveniles at 12 and 35 psu. Food conversion ratio and condition factor at 12 and 35 psu were not significantly different, but food conversion ratio and condition factor at 5 psu was significantly greater and lower than at 35 psu respectively. In fish, gills are considered the major organ involved in osmoregulation. Within the gills, chloride cells are the predominant site of ion exchange which is driven by the Na⁺, K⁺- ATPase enzyme. Gill samples of juveniles exposed to 5, 12 and 35 psu for six weeks were examined histologically using light microscopy. Chloride cells of juveniles maintained at 5 psu were significantly more abundant than in juveniles at 12 and 35 psu. Chloride cells of juveniles at 5 psu were significantly larger than in juveniles kept at 12 psu, but not significantly different to those of juveniles kept at 35 psu. The ability of the juvenile fish to regulate plasma osmolality indicates that they are 'physiologically euryhaline', but the reduced growth and proliferation of chloride cells at 5 psu suggests that energy expenditure for osmoregulation is increased at hypoosmotic salinities. Salinity induced physiological responses could therefore not explain the natural distribution of early juvenile dusky kob and it is proposed that other environmental factors (e.g. temperature) are also important. It is also hypothesised that the high conductivity of an estuary in South Africa, to which our understanding is limited, may negate the effect of reduced salinity. Although freshwater input into estuaries is an important factor, further investigations to explain the distribution and abundance of early juveniles is required to make management recommendations. Dusky kob is also becoming an increasingly popular aquaculture species in South Africa. In this regard, early juvenile dusky kob can be grown at salinities as low as 12 psu without negatively affecting growth and production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Bernatzeder, Andrea Katinka
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Osmoregulation , Argyrosomus -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Sciaenidae -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Physiology , Sciaenidae -- Physiology , Fishes -- Physiology , Biological control systems , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5318 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005163 , Osmoregulation , Argyrosomus -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Sciaenidae -- Effects of salt on -- South Africa , Argyrosomus -- Physiology , Sciaenidae -- Physiology , Fishes -- Physiology , Biological control systems , Marine ecology -- South Africa , Fishery management -- South Africa , Mariculture -- South Africa
- Description: Fisheries management regulations for dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, an important commercial and recreational fisheries species, have failed and the stock is considered collapsed. It is important to take an ecosystems approach to management which includes understanding the effect of environmental factors on recruitment, abundance and distribution. The distribution of early juveniles (20-150 mm TL) in the wild appears to be restricted to the upper reaches of estuaries at salinities below 5 psu. Food availability could not explain the distribution of early juveniles. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of salinity on the distribution of early juvenile dusky kob (<150 mm TL) by examining physiological responses of juveniles exposed to a range of salinities under laboratory conditions. The hypothesis was that the physiological functioning of early juveniles would be optimised at the reduced salinities which they naturally occur at. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of salinity on: i) plasma osmolality; ii) growth, food conversion ratio and condition factor; and iii) gill histology with emphasis on chloride cell size and number. A preliminary study was undertaken to determine whether the use of 2-phenoxyethanol had an effect on plasma osmolality. Juveniles pithed prior to blood sampling were used as the control. Plasma osmolality was not affected by exposure or duration of exposure (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min) to 2-phenoxyethanol. The ability of teleosts to regulate plasma osmolality over a wide range of salinities indicates their degree of ‘physiological euryhalinity’. Plasma osmolality of juveniles exposed to 5, 12 and 35 psu was measured every two weeks over a total of six weeks. Although juveniles were able to regulate plasma osmolality over the duration of the experiment, plasma osmolality at 5 and 12 psu was significantly lower than in fish maintained at 35 psu. Growth is used as an indicator of the relative energy used for osmoregulation at different salinities, as the energy used for osmoregulation becomes unavailable for growth. A nineweek growth experiment was conducted on juveniles exposed to 5, 12 and 35 psu. Juveniles grew and survived at all three salinities. However, growth of juveniles at 5 psu was significantly lower than at 12 and 35 psu. Other than a significantly greater weight gain at 35 psu relative to 12 psu, there was no significant difference in specific growth and length gain between juveniles at 12 and 35 psu. Food conversion ratio and condition factor at 12 and 35 psu were not significantly different, but food conversion ratio and condition factor at 5 psu was significantly greater and lower than at 35 psu respectively. In fish, gills are considered the major organ involved in osmoregulation. Within the gills, chloride cells are the predominant site of ion exchange which is driven by the Na⁺, K⁺- ATPase enzyme. Gill samples of juveniles exposed to 5, 12 and 35 psu for six weeks were examined histologically using light microscopy. Chloride cells of juveniles maintained at 5 psu were significantly more abundant than in juveniles at 12 and 35 psu. Chloride cells of juveniles at 5 psu were significantly larger than in juveniles kept at 12 psu, but not significantly different to those of juveniles kept at 35 psu. The ability of the juvenile fish to regulate plasma osmolality indicates that they are 'physiologically euryhaline', but the reduced growth and proliferation of chloride cells at 5 psu suggests that energy expenditure for osmoregulation is increased at hypoosmotic salinities. Salinity induced physiological responses could therefore not explain the natural distribution of early juvenile dusky kob and it is proposed that other environmental factors (e.g. temperature) are also important. It is also hypothesised that the high conductivity of an estuary in South Africa, to which our understanding is limited, may negate the effect of reduced salinity. Although freshwater input into estuaries is an important factor, further investigations to explain the distribution and abundance of early juveniles is required to make management recommendations. Dusky kob is also becoming an increasingly popular aquaculture species in South Africa. In this regard, early juvenile dusky kob can be grown at salinities as low as 12 psu without negatively affecting growth and production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
School grounds as a place for environmental learning in the life skills learning programme
- Authors: Mambinja, Sindiswa
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Environmental education -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa --Grahamstown Life skills -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa Education -- South Africa -- Curricula Education, Elementary -- South Africa School grounds -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Curriculum-based assessment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1757 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003642
- Description: With the intention of improving my own practice, the study investigated how school grounds could be used for environmental learning in the Foundation Phase Life Skill Learning Programme within the Revised National Curriculum Statement. The research was conducted in the Grade One class of Ntaba Maria Primary School situated in Grahamstown East. The study was an action research case study based on interpretive approach to research. It had two cycles comprised of two lesson plans. The first Lesson Plan focused on an audit of the school grounds to identify environmental issues. The second Lesson Plan was informed by the audit, and addressed one of the identified environmental issues. Data was gathered through analysis of curriculum documents, video recordings and photographs of learning interactions, journal entries and learners’ work. The study highlighted that school grounds provided a context for environmental learning within Life Orientation Learning Area especially when integrated with other learning areas. There were cases however, where assessment standards were only partly addressed. The study also revealed that the Life Orientation Learning Area was also limiting for school grounds learning opportunities in some cases. In other cases the study highlighted the open-ended nature of some of its assessment standards. The study also revealed how school grounds related activities offered opportunities and challenges for constructivist, situated and active learning. Opportunities and challenges regarding group work, language use, active engagement with information learning in authentic settings, and action and action competence; emerged as issues from the analysis. Finally, the study shed light on how reflection on learners’ work and assessment of these could help teachers modify activities and do them differently so as to enhance the achievement of skills, knowledge, attitudes and values. The achievement of investigative and problem-solving skills through the two lesson plans was critically evaluated as the processes of values education employed in the lesson implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Mambinja, Sindiswa
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Environmental education -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa --Grahamstown Life skills -- Study and teaching (Elementary) -- South Africa Education -- South Africa -- Curricula Education, Elementary -- South Africa School grounds -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Curriculum-based assessment -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1757 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003642
- Description: With the intention of improving my own practice, the study investigated how school grounds could be used for environmental learning in the Foundation Phase Life Skill Learning Programme within the Revised National Curriculum Statement. The research was conducted in the Grade One class of Ntaba Maria Primary School situated in Grahamstown East. The study was an action research case study based on interpretive approach to research. It had two cycles comprised of two lesson plans. The first Lesson Plan focused on an audit of the school grounds to identify environmental issues. The second Lesson Plan was informed by the audit, and addressed one of the identified environmental issues. Data was gathered through analysis of curriculum documents, video recordings and photographs of learning interactions, journal entries and learners’ work. The study highlighted that school grounds provided a context for environmental learning within Life Orientation Learning Area especially when integrated with other learning areas. There were cases however, where assessment standards were only partly addressed. The study also revealed that the Life Orientation Learning Area was also limiting for school grounds learning opportunities in some cases. In other cases the study highlighted the open-ended nature of some of its assessment standards. The study also revealed how school grounds related activities offered opportunities and challenges for constructivist, situated and active learning. Opportunities and challenges regarding group work, language use, active engagement with information learning in authentic settings, and action and action competence; emerged as issues from the analysis. Finally, the study shed light on how reflection on learners’ work and assessment of these could help teachers modify activities and do them differently so as to enhance the achievement of skills, knowledge, attitudes and values. The achievement of investigative and problem-solving skills through the two lesson plans was critically evaluated as the processes of values education employed in the lesson implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
SDF-1 and PDGF enhance αvβ5-mediated ERK activation and adhesion-independent growth of human pre-B cell lines:
- Acharya, Mridu, Edkins, Adrienne L, Ozanne, B, Cushley, W
- Authors: Acharya, Mridu , Edkins, Adrienne L , Ozanne, B , Cushley, W
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165044 , vital:41204 , DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.126
- Description: CD23 acts through the αvβ5 integrin to promote growth of human pre-B cell lines in an adhesion-independent manner. αvβ5 is expressed on normal B-cell precursors in the bone marrow. Soluble CD23 (sCD23), short CD23-derived peptides containing the arg-lys-cys (RKC) motif recognized by αvβ5 and anti-αvβ5 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) all sustain growth of pre-B cell lines. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) regulates key processes during B-cell development. SDF-1 enhanced the growth-sustaining effect driven by ligation of αvβ5 with anti-αvβ5 MAb 15F-11, sCD23 or CD23-derived RKC-containing peptides. This effect was restricted to B-cell precursors and was specific to SDF-1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Acharya, Mridu , Edkins, Adrienne L , Ozanne, B , Cushley, W
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/165044 , vital:41204 , DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.126
- Description: CD23 acts through the αvβ5 integrin to promote growth of human pre-B cell lines in an adhesion-independent manner. αvβ5 is expressed on normal B-cell precursors in the bone marrow. Soluble CD23 (sCD23), short CD23-derived peptides containing the arg-lys-cys (RKC) motif recognized by αvβ5 and anti-αvβ5 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) all sustain growth of pre-B cell lines. The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) regulates key processes during B-cell development. SDF-1 enhanced the growth-sustaining effect driven by ligation of αvβ5 with anti-αvβ5 MAb 15F-11, sCD23 or CD23-derived RKC-containing peptides. This effect was restricted to B-cell precursors and was specific to SDF-1.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Secondary school learners' perceptions of the value of integrating ICT into the curriculum: an exploratory study in the Grahamstown circuit
- Authors: Mbane, Nombeko Precious
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Educational technology -- South Africa Information technology -- South Africa Education, Secondary -- Curricula -- South Africa Computer-assisted instruction -- South Africa Educational innovations Information technology -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1762 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003647
- Description: According to the Draft White Paper on e-Education (DoE, 2003), the objective of ICTs in education is to build digital and information literacy so that all learners become confident and competent in using technology to contribute to an innovative and developing South African society. International researchers have acknowledged that little is known about learners’ perceptions of their own learning, but that learners are aware of how technology can be used and have the potential to contribute ideas about ICTs can be used to support their learning. To add to this growing body of research, this study sought to establish secondary school learners’ experiences and perceptions of the value of integrating ICT into the curriculum and the extent to which they believe that ICT is meaningfully integrated into the curriculum. Although some of the schools do not have the necessary ICT infrastructure, this did not preclude the learners from having opinions about the potential benefits and drawbacks of ICT. The findings display the learners’ perceptions on ICT use within the curriculum and how this relates to the available infrastructure in schools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Mbane, Nombeko Precious
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Educational technology -- South Africa Information technology -- South Africa Education, Secondary -- Curricula -- South Africa Computer-assisted instruction -- South Africa Educational innovations Information technology -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1762 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003647
- Description: According to the Draft White Paper on e-Education (DoE, 2003), the objective of ICTs in education is to build digital and information literacy so that all learners become confident and competent in using technology to contribute to an innovative and developing South African society. International researchers have acknowledged that little is known about learners’ perceptions of their own learning, but that learners are aware of how technology can be used and have the potential to contribute ideas about ICTs can be used to support their learning. To add to this growing body of research, this study sought to establish secondary school learners’ experiences and perceptions of the value of integrating ICT into the curriculum and the extent to which they believe that ICT is meaningfully integrated into the curriculum. Although some of the schools do not have the necessary ICT infrastructure, this did not preclude the learners from having opinions about the potential benefits and drawbacks of ICT. The findings display the learners’ perceptions on ICT use within the curriculum and how this relates to the available infrastructure in schools.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Seed dynamics and seedling survival in mainland thicket of the Eastern Cape
- Weatherall-Thomas, Clayton Richard
- Authors: Weatherall-Thomas, Clayton Richard
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Seeds -- Growth , Germination , Seedlings -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10601 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1048 , Seeds -- Growth , Germination , Seedlings -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Subtropical Thicket is the dominant vegetation biome in the Eastern Cape. Little regeneration through seedlings has been observed in Thicket. This is of serious concern, as Thicket has been degraded over large areas of its distribution. An understanding of the seed dynamics is necessary for any restoration project. A number of possible causes for the lack of seedlings were therefore investigated. Study sites were best classified according to the biogeographical regions of the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Planning (STEP) project. The seed bank of Thicket is dissimilar to the aboveground vegetation, as it lacks woody species and is dominated by herbs and grasses, making little contribution to the regeneration of Thicket species. An increase in canopy cover resulted in lower soil and air temperatures, as well as light, and an increase in litter depth. Seedling abundance and species richness increases with mean annual rainfall, with woody seedlings being dominant in the higher rainfall areas, and succulent species in the lower rainfall regions. Anemochorous species dominated the germinable seed bank, and zoochorous species were more prevalent underneath the canopy, compared to open areas, an indication of active seed dispersal. No germination was recorded in many Thicket species, and dormancy mechanisms were lacking in many of the species that did germinate. Immersion in hot water increased germination in the hard seeds of Acacia karroo, whereas shade enhanced germination in small seeded Burchellia bubalina. The response of seedlings of four Thicket species with varying distribution to shade and drought was studied. Ptaeroxylon obliquum and Aloe africana are drought tolerant species, whereas Burchellia bubalina and Rhus dentata were intolerant to low soil moisture. All four species were able to grow in deep shade, although Rhus dentata would be classified as a shade avoider, unlike the other three species that are shade tolerant. This results in the four species having different regeneration niches. It was concluded that dispersal and the lack of “safe sites” for seedlings were the main limitations to seedling establishment in Mainland Thicket.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Weatherall-Thomas, Clayton Richard
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Seeds -- Growth , Germination , Seedlings -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10601 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1048 , Seeds -- Growth , Germination , Seedlings -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Subtropical Thicket is the dominant vegetation biome in the Eastern Cape. Little regeneration through seedlings has been observed in Thicket. This is of serious concern, as Thicket has been degraded over large areas of its distribution. An understanding of the seed dynamics is necessary for any restoration project. A number of possible causes for the lack of seedlings were therefore investigated. Study sites were best classified according to the biogeographical regions of the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Planning (STEP) project. The seed bank of Thicket is dissimilar to the aboveground vegetation, as it lacks woody species and is dominated by herbs and grasses, making little contribution to the regeneration of Thicket species. An increase in canopy cover resulted in lower soil and air temperatures, as well as light, and an increase in litter depth. Seedling abundance and species richness increases with mean annual rainfall, with woody seedlings being dominant in the higher rainfall areas, and succulent species in the lower rainfall regions. Anemochorous species dominated the germinable seed bank, and zoochorous species were more prevalent underneath the canopy, compared to open areas, an indication of active seed dispersal. No germination was recorded in many Thicket species, and dormancy mechanisms were lacking in many of the species that did germinate. Immersion in hot water increased germination in the hard seeds of Acacia karroo, whereas shade enhanced germination in small seeded Burchellia bubalina. The response of seedlings of four Thicket species with varying distribution to shade and drought was studied. Ptaeroxylon obliquum and Aloe africana are drought tolerant species, whereas Burchellia bubalina and Rhus dentata were intolerant to low soil moisture. All four species were able to grow in deep shade, although Rhus dentata would be classified as a shade avoider, unlike the other three species that are shade tolerant. This results in the four species having different regeneration niches. It was concluded that dispersal and the lack of “safe sites” for seedlings were the main limitations to seedling establishment in Mainland Thicket.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Seeing is natural, but viewing is not: teaching visual literacy in a rural classroom
- Mbelani, Madeyandile, Murray, Sarah
- Authors: Mbelani, Madeyandile , Murray, Sarah
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6108 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009738
- Description: This paper reports on a collaborative action research case study into Grade 10 teaching and learning of visual literacy in a rural high school into the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Visual literacy is a new aspect that has been incorporated in English First Additional Language National Curriculum Statement (Grade 10-12), which has been implemented in Grade 10 from 2006. With the aim of gaining knowledge and improving performance in visual literacy, I designed a unit of lessons, which exposed learners to visual grammar and visual texts and I collected data around the implementation of the lesson unit as evidenced by journal writing, interviews and non-participant observation. The data revealed that visual literacy could be taught meaningfully in a rural high school as the learners could identify, cut, paste and critically discuss elements of visual language and they finally designed their own advertisements in groups. However, the following factors emerged as hindrances to the successful teaching of visual literacy in this case: lack of resources; learners' lack of a foundation in visual literacy from Grades 7-9; and problems revolving around time management and pacing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Mbelani, Madeyandile , Murray, Sarah
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6108 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009738
- Description: This paper reports on a collaborative action research case study into Grade 10 teaching and learning of visual literacy in a rural high school into the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Visual literacy is a new aspect that has been incorporated in English First Additional Language National Curriculum Statement (Grade 10-12), which has been implemented in Grade 10 from 2006. With the aim of gaining knowledge and improving performance in visual literacy, I designed a unit of lessons, which exposed learners to visual grammar and visual texts and I collected data around the implementation of the lesson unit as evidenced by journal writing, interviews and non-participant observation. The data revealed that visual literacy could be taught meaningfully in a rural high school as the learners could identify, cut, paste and critically discuss elements of visual language and they finally designed their own advertisements in groups. However, the following factors emerged as hindrances to the successful teaching of visual literacy in this case: lack of resources; learners' lack of a foundation in visual literacy from Grades 7-9; and problems revolving around time management and pacing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Seeing is natural, but viewing is not: teaching visual literacy in a rural classroom
- Mbelani, Madeyandile, Murray, Sarah R
- Authors: Mbelani, Madeyandile , Murray, Sarah R
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7022 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007203
- Description: This paper reports on a collaborative action research case study into Grade 10 teaching and learning of visual literacy in a rural high school into the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Visual literacy is a new aspect that has been incorporated in English First Additional Language National Curriculum Statement (Grade 10-12), which has been implemented in Grade 10 from 2006. With the aim of gaining knowledge and improving performance in visual literacy, I designed a unit of lessons, which exposed learners to visual grammar and visual texts and I collected data around the implementation of the lesson unit as evidenced by journal writing, interviews and non-participant observation. The data revealed that visual literacy could be taught meaningfully in a rural high school as the learners could identify, cut, paste and critically discuss elements of visual language and they finally designed their own advertisements in groups. However, the following factors emerged as hindrances to the successful teaching of visual literacy in this case: lack of resources; learners' lack of a foundation in visual literacy from Grades 7-9; and problems revolving around time management and pacing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Mbelani, Madeyandile , Murray, Sarah R
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:7022 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007203
- Description: This paper reports on a collaborative action research case study into Grade 10 teaching and learning of visual literacy in a rural high school into the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Visual literacy is a new aspect that has been incorporated in English First Additional Language National Curriculum Statement (Grade 10-12), which has been implemented in Grade 10 from 2006. With the aim of gaining knowledge and improving performance in visual literacy, I designed a unit of lessons, which exposed learners to visual grammar and visual texts and I collected data around the implementation of the lesson unit as evidenced by journal writing, interviews and non-participant observation. The data revealed that visual literacy could be taught meaningfully in a rural high school as the learners could identify, cut, paste and critically discuss elements of visual language and they finally designed their own advertisements in groups. However, the following factors emerged as hindrances to the successful teaching of visual literacy in this case: lack of resources; learners' lack of a foundation in visual literacy from Grades 7-9; and problems revolving around time management and pacing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
Sending and receiving: immunity sought by diplomats committing criminal offences
- Authors: Moutzouris, Maria
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Diplomatic privileges and immunities , International crimes , Criminal law , International law
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3686 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003201 , Diplomatic privileges and immunities , International crimes , Criminal law , International law
- Description: Diplomatic immunity is one of the oldest elements of foreign relations, dating back as far as Ancient Greece and Rome. Today, it is a principle that has been codified into the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations regulating past customs and practices. Consuls and international organizations, although their privileges and immunities are similar to diplomatic personnel, do differ and are regulated by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and the United Nations International Immunities respectively. These Conventions have been influenced by past practices and by three theories during different era’s namely exterritoriality, personal representation and functional necessity. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations further provides certain immunities and privileges to different levels of diplomatic officials, their staff and families. Privileges and immunities will be considered under various main categories, namely the diplomatic mission, the diplomatic official, diplomatic staff, and families. Each category receives privileges and immunities, for example immunities enjoyed by the diplomatic mission include mission correspondence and bags. Diplomatic officials enjoy personal inviolability, immunity from jurisdiction and inviolability of diplomats’ residences and property. The staff and families of diplomatic officials too enjoy privileges and immunities. The problem of so many people receiving privileges and immunities is that there is a high likelihood of abuse. Abuses that arise are various crimes committed by diplomats, their staff and families. They are immune from local punishment and appear to be above the local law. Although the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations provides remedies against diplomats, staff and families who abuse their position, it gives the impression that it is not enough. Various Acts in the United Kingdom, United States and the Republic of South Africa will be analysed in order to ascertain what governments have done to try and curb diplomatic abuses. Each will be considered and found that although they have restricted immunity from previous practices it still places the diplomats’ needs above its own citizens. Thus several suggestions have been put forward and argued whether they are successful in restricting immunity comprehensively. Such suggestions are amending the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations; using the functional necessity theory to further limit immunity; forming bilateral treaties between States as a possible means to restrict or limit; and lastly establishing a Permanent International Diplomatic Criminal Court. The key question to be answered is whether diplomatic immunity is needed for the efficient functioning of foreign relations between States.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Moutzouris, Maria
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Diplomatic privileges and immunities , International crimes , Criminal law , International law
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3686 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003201 , Diplomatic privileges and immunities , International crimes , Criminal law , International law
- Description: Diplomatic immunity is one of the oldest elements of foreign relations, dating back as far as Ancient Greece and Rome. Today, it is a principle that has been codified into the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations regulating past customs and practices. Consuls and international organizations, although their privileges and immunities are similar to diplomatic personnel, do differ and are regulated by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and the United Nations International Immunities respectively. These Conventions have been influenced by past practices and by three theories during different era’s namely exterritoriality, personal representation and functional necessity. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations further provides certain immunities and privileges to different levels of diplomatic officials, their staff and families. Privileges and immunities will be considered under various main categories, namely the diplomatic mission, the diplomatic official, diplomatic staff, and families. Each category receives privileges and immunities, for example immunities enjoyed by the diplomatic mission include mission correspondence and bags. Diplomatic officials enjoy personal inviolability, immunity from jurisdiction and inviolability of diplomats’ residences and property. The staff and families of diplomatic officials too enjoy privileges and immunities. The problem of so many people receiving privileges and immunities is that there is a high likelihood of abuse. Abuses that arise are various crimes committed by diplomats, their staff and families. They are immune from local punishment and appear to be above the local law. Although the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations provides remedies against diplomats, staff and families who abuse their position, it gives the impression that it is not enough. Various Acts in the United Kingdom, United States and the Republic of South Africa will be analysed in order to ascertain what governments have done to try and curb diplomatic abuses. Each will be considered and found that although they have restricted immunity from previous practices it still places the diplomats’ needs above its own citizens. Thus several suggestions have been put forward and argued whether they are successful in restricting immunity comprehensively. Such suggestions are amending the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations; using the functional necessity theory to further limit immunity; forming bilateral treaties between States as a possible means to restrict or limit; and lastly establishing a Permanent International Diplomatic Criminal Court. The key question to be answered is whether diplomatic immunity is needed for the efficient functioning of foreign relations between States.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009