https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10593 Wed 13 Mar 2024 09:41:38 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10437 Wed 12 May 2021 23:34:13 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10364 45 μM were found in February and April 2011 at the 5 m deep hole at 3.4 km upstream. Negative correlations between dissolved oxygen and NH4+ during November 2010, February 2011, April 2011 and July 2011 (r = -0.68; -0.67; -0.63; -0.96) indicated that remineralisation of organic matter had occurred. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) followed a similar trend to the NH4+ and was generally below 1 μM in the water column for most months, and had peaks at 1.0 km and 3.4 km in the bottom water. The abundance of submerged macrophytes and macroalgae below the N2 bridge were mostly influenced by mouth state and river inflow. During the closed phase the dominant macroalga Cladophora glomerata had an area cover ranging from 3000 to 6000 m2 while Zostera capensis and Ruppia cirrhosa covered an area of 2000 to 3500 m2 and 1500 to 2900 m2, respectively. After an artificial breach in February 2011, water drained out of the estuary leaving the alga stranded on the marshes and as the flood tide entered the macroalga was once again redistributed in the lower reaches. The alga utilised the available nutrients in the water column and expanded its area cover from 35000 m2 in February 2011 to 64000 m2 in March 2011. However, after the floods in June 2011, Cladophora glomerata had been washed out of the system while the submerged macrophytes responded positively extending their area cover. By comparing the artificial breach with the natural breach, and the effect on the estuary, an important observation was highlighted. Increasing the current allocated ecological reserve, and using a larger volume of water to breach the mouth artificially, would result in better scouring of sediment and associated organic matter out of the estuary. This would enable better oxygenation of the water column, reduce remineralisation and minimise algal blooms.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 23:00:04 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10757 5 percent of the annual diet. Of these six only three species formed > 10 percent. They are the shrubs Acacia karroo, Pappea capensis and Grewia robusta. These were followed by the shrub Portulacaria afra, the dwarf shrub Zygophyllum lichtensteinianum and the grass Cynodon dactylon all contributing between 5 - 10 percent. There were definite seasonal dietary shifts with preference to different plant species. The shift takes place between the wet seasons (winter and spring) and the dry season (summer). Herbaceous species such as Cynodon dactylon and Erharta calycina were favoured in the winter/wet season. Shrubs such as P. capensis, P. afra and dwarf shrubs such as Limeum aethiopicum and Z. lichtensteinianum were favoured during the spring/wet and summer/dry seasons. Nyala habitat use in BPGR differed significantly from expected use when taking the relative area of habitats into consideration. However nyala did not display signififcantly different habitat preferences between seasons. Male and female nyala displayed differences in foraging behaviour at the plant form, plant species and habitat scale. Males preferred a greater proportion of shrubs and females a greater proportion of dwarf shrubs. Males preferred the shrubs Pappea capensis and Portulacaria afra the most and females preferred the dwarf shrubs Limeum aethiopicum and Zygophyllum lichtensteinianum the most. Plant species site availability varied significantly between the sexes, indicating that males and females selected different feeding paths. The difference in their feeding strategy appears to be related to the selection of plants that best satisfy the nutrient requirements of each sex. These findings are in agreement with the results from earlier studies on nyala sexual dimorphism. At the habitat scale females selected more for open dwarf shrubland and males more for densely vegetated habitats. This appears to be as a result of males attempting to maximize their foraging opportunities by selecting areas that offer food in greater quantities. Nyala in BPGR appear to co-exist with kudu and eland through spatial resource partitioning. This is suggested to be due to the influence of body size-gut size relationships on forage selectivity.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 22:41:35 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10349 Wed 12 May 2021 22:25:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10557 Wed 12 May 2021 22:24:09 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10420 Wed 12 May 2021 22:18:58 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10725 Wed 12 May 2021 21:04:51 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10584 Wed 12 May 2021 20:58:53 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10365 Wed 12 May 2021 20:58:24 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10665 Wed 12 May 2021 20:35:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10639 Wed 12 May 2021 20:14:34 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10596 Wed 12 May 2021 20:13:21 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10434 Wed 12 May 2021 20:09:09 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10356 Wed 12 May 2021 20:06:24 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10498 Wed 12 May 2021 19:54:14 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10727 Wed 12 May 2021 19:20:42 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10341 0.5 - 4 mg/mL. The aqueous extract of A. afra displayed inhibition of HIV-1 integrase ˃52.16 percent at 0.5 mg/mL increasing to 72.89 percent at 4 mg/ml of the extract. A. muricata was cytotoxic at an IC50 of 30 μg/mL and 77 μg/mL on Chang Liver and HepG2 cells respectively, whilst A. afra aqueous and ethanol extracts were not cytotoxic to both cell lines. The ethanolic extract of A. muricata showed both antagonistic and synergistic properties at various IC values, when used in conjunction with rifampicin. A. afra ethanolic extract interrupted GST activity while aqueous extracts of A. afra and A. muricata had a slight effect. All extracts interrupted CYP3A4 activity, however the ethanolic extracts of A. muricata and A. afra showed greater inhibition than the aqueous extract of A. afra. These extracts should be investigated further as they could be an important source of compounds for treatment of M. tuberculosis and HIV respectively.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 19:09:52 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10509 Wed 12 May 2021 19:09:48 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21097 Wed 12 May 2021 18:56:47 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20494 Wed 12 May 2021 18:55:53 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10441 Wed 12 May 2021 18:40:36 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10742 Wed 12 May 2021 18:36:25 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10432 Wed 12 May 2021 18:34:43 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10510 Wed 12 May 2021 17:48:52 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10354 Wed 12 May 2021 17:32:11 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10352 Wed 12 May 2021 17:28:48 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10357 Wed 12 May 2021 17:15:55 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10499 Wed 12 May 2021 17:11:14 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10673 Wed 12 May 2021 17:07:19 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10496 Wed 12 May 2021 16:32:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10737 Wed 12 May 2021 15:58:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21069 Wed 12 May 2021 15:55:54 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10642 Wed 12 May 2021 15:48:18 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10730 Wed 12 May 2021 15:47:58 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40393 Wed 12 May 2021 14:54:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40398 Wed 12 May 2021 14:37:56 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10753 Thu 13 May 2021 08:10:18 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10736 Thu 13 May 2021 07:32:00 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10360 Thu 13 May 2021 07:31:25 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20462 Thu 13 May 2021 07:27:48 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21137 Thu 13 May 2021 07:18:53 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10641 Thu 13 May 2021 07:16:53 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10672 Thu 13 May 2021 07:02:31 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10578 Thu 13 May 2021 06:46:07 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21071 Thu 13 May 2021 06:31:44 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10416 Thu 13 May 2021 06:18:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10595 Thu 13 May 2021 05:42:50 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10347 Thu 13 May 2021 05:33:35 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10674 Thu 13 May 2021 05:27:09 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10755 Thu 13 May 2021 05:23:01 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10756 Thu 13 May 2021 05:11:37 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10344 Thu 13 May 2021 05:08:20 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10594 Thu 13 May 2021 04:42:10 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10454 Thu 13 May 2021 04:40:49 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10729 Thu 13 May 2021 04:40:18 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10738 Thu 13 May 2021 04:20:04 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10583 Thu 13 May 2021 04:03:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10555 Thu 13 May 2021 03:51:44 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10431 Thu 13 May 2021 03:29:24 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10675 NE, but a NW dyke trend is also common. The dominant joints in the TMG trend NNW > WSW and the GVS joints trend WNW > NNE and others. The GVS and HOD orientations appear strongly correlated, while TMG shows no simple orientation correlation with GVS and HOD. The lack of correlation is attributed to the TMG‘s formation in different host-rocks with variable anisotropy and/or the presence of different mechanical processes acting at a different time in geological history. All mapped dykes and joints were analysed to test for fractal geometry. The fractal dimension results of about 18605 HOD dykes from microscopic to mega scale (0.1 mm – 100 km) shows fractal patterns that range between Df = 1.1 to 1.9; and the fractal dimension of about 1716 joints in the TMG and about 1026 joints in the GVS at all scales range between ca. Df = 1.6 to 1.9. The similarity of the fractal patterns indicates that joints and dykes may have formed in response to similar tectonic stress events; and similar orientations may indicate that joints pre-dated the dyke intrusions. However, the data also indicate that dykes are not always related to pre-existing joints.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 02:54:23 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10724 Thu 13 May 2021 02:27:14 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10572 Thu 13 May 2021 01:59:37 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10455 Thu 13 May 2021 01:40:42 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21136 Thu 13 May 2021 01:23:57 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10564 Thu 13 May 2021 01:14:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10493 Thu 13 May 2021 01:14:27 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10655 2 km) and Congo (>200 m) are linked to interactions between the lithosphere and mantle geodynamics, and how these processes likely affected global climate changes.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 00:52:18 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10723 Thu 13 May 2021 00:43:37 SAST ]]>