https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39315 Wed 12 May 2021 23:46:02 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34357 Wed 12 May 2021 23:13:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39102 Wed 12 May 2021 22:58:12 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39255 Wed 12 May 2021 22:57:47 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35964 Wed 12 May 2021 22:56:24 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39192 Wed 12 May 2021 22:53:42 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39689 Wed 12 May 2021 22:48:47 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34794 Wed 12 May 2021 22:23:04 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32869 Wed 12 May 2021 22:21:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39698 Wed 12 May 2021 20:54:21 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32859 Wed 12 May 2021 20:30:19 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35285 Wed 12 May 2021 19:43:47 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34304 Wed 12 May 2021 18:53:25 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35346 Wed 12 May 2021 18:50:44 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37612 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:27 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39193 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35611 0.05) in biomass yield in all three HVUs. However, scattered bushland 761.5 kg/ha and dense bushland 735.8 kg/ha had higher biomass yield when compared to open grassland 688.5 kg/ha. Bush encroachment was observed in dense bushland as the woody plant density 4487.5 trees/ha and tree equivalents 3451.3 trees/ha were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the recommended threshold standards of 2400 trees/ha and 2500 TE/ha. Scattered bushland had tree density of 1900 trees/ha and tree-equivalents of 1534.3 TE/ha. Soil macro and micro nutrients differed significantly between the different HVUs. The levels of Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn differed significantly (p<0.05) between HVUs, increasing from open grassland to dense bushland. Organic carbon concentrations were higher under tree canopies in dense bushland. However, the levels of phosphorus and potassium were higher in open grassland than in the wooded areas. Soil pH in scattered bushland (5.3) and dense bushland (5.18) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in open grassland (4.89). This study shows complications in management policies governing the Tukulu communal area. There is a need to merge both scientific and indigenous ecological knowledge to ensure the desired outcomes, as this could indeed offer some great insights for communal areas. Therefore, a rangeland rehabilitation programme should be implemented at Tukulu communal rangeland, which will address the issue of bush encroachment and implement a rotational grazing system by fencing camps that will be based on acceptable stocking rates.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 18:38:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37198 Wed 12 May 2021 18:22:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39119 Wed 12 May 2021 18:22:36 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37200 Wed 12 May 2021 17:56:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39709 Wed 12 May 2021 17:56:19 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35905 Wed 12 May 2021 17:46:13 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35375 Wed 12 May 2021 17:37:16 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35963 Wed 12 May 2021 17:31:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35334 Wed 12 May 2021 17:25:23 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31485 Wed 12 May 2021 17:09:38 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34272 Wed 12 May 2021 16:28:14 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34891 Wed 12 May 2021 16:23:27 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35386 Wed 12 May 2021 16:18:08 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35757 Wed 12 May 2021 16:11:25 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37011 Wed 12 May 2021 15:59:50 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35722 Wed 12 May 2021 15:51:06 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35441 Wed 12 May 2021 15:49:30 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35293 Wed 12 May 2021 15:47:35 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40705 Wed 12 May 2021 15:12:22 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40422 Wed 12 May 2021 15:08:22 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40857 Wed 12 May 2021 15:00:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40458 Wed 12 May 2021 14:58:00 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39996 Wed 12 May 2021 14:44:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39997 Wed 12 May 2021 14:39:56 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40409 Wed 12 May 2021 14:38:11 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40014 Wed 12 May 2021 14:37:56 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40719 Wed 12 May 2021 14:36:12 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40937 Wed 12 May 2021 14:34:28 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40472 Wed 12 May 2021 14:29:35 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40961 Wed 12 May 2021 14:28:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40936 Wed 12 May 2021 14:27:44 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40407 0.05). More than half of the respondents (52percent) strongly believe such negative portrayals may erode the cultural identity of black South Africans, 68.6% were of the opinion that Generations: The Legacy gives preference to western culture as against South African tribal culture. The findings further showed that the African values and traditions represented in Generations: The Legacy do not significantly reflect the South African tribal tradition and values (p-value > 0.05). In the few occasions that African traditional values are represented Generations: The Legacy, they tend to be portrayed as old fashioned (p-value > 0.05), and inferior and backward (p-value > 0.05). In addition, the findings indicate that Generations: The Legacy is a vehicle for promoting dominant culture. Nearly, 59percent of the respondents stated that watching Generations: The Legacy affect the way they view South African tribal culture, while 59.1percent indicated that watching Generations: The Legacy has somehow affected their perception of their own cultural identity. In all, participants rated the representation of South African tribal culture as poor. The study concludes that while South African tribal culture is increasingly finding expression on mainstream soap opera, tribal South African values and beliefs are often depicted as old-fashioned, and inimical to modernisation, and individual’s freedom.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:24:25 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40969 Wed 12 May 2021 14:23:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40016 Wed 12 May 2021 14:09:56 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39999 Wed 12 May 2021 14:09:06 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40366 Wed 12 May 2021 14:08:04 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40411 Wed 12 May 2021 14:06:40 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40193 Wed 12 May 2021 13:57:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40189 Wed 12 May 2021 13:56:10 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40191 Wed 12 May 2021 13:50:34 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40860 Wed 12 May 2021 13:46:31 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40566 Wed 12 May 2021 13:45:14 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:43155 Wed 09 Jun 2021 14:59:02 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:43135 Tue 08 Jun 2021 12:16:42 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:43133 Tue 08 Jun 2021 10:55:19 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40412 Tue 07 May 2024 11:36:38 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39256 Tue 07 May 2024 10:33:06 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:43153 Tue 07 May 2024 08:28:01 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35609 Thu 13 May 2021 16:46:00 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39385 Thu 13 May 2021 15:40:17 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39122 Thu 13 May 2021 08:55:22 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39626 Thu 13 May 2021 08:52:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39667 Thu 13 May 2021 08:17:21 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35807 Thu 13 May 2021 07:29:10 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35400 Thu 13 May 2021 06:41:37 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39732 Thu 13 May 2021 06:30:50 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35484 Thu 13 May 2021 06:26:25 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34346 Thu 13 May 2021 06:19:12 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39100 0.05) between the three land management systems. Woody plant density of height classes were significantly different (P < 0.05) between three land management systems. The abundance of seedlings, saplings and young shrubs were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the ranch than the game reserve and communal area. The mature trees had a significantly greater density (P < 0.05) in the game reserve than the ranch and communal area. Soil analysis results showed that Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu) had similar (P > 0.05) concentrations in soils obtained from all land management systems in both seasons. Soil Calcium (Ca) levels showed differences between land management systems in winter only being greater (P < 0.001) in the game reserve than the ranch and the communal lands. Soil Phosphorus (P) and Iron (Fe) also showed variations between land management systems in winter being significantly greater (P < 0.001) in the ranch than the other land management systems. The concentration of soil K differed between the two seasons in soils collected from the ranch and the communal lands, being greater (P < 0.001) in winter than summer seasons. Soil Zinc (Zn) also showed differences between land management systems in summer being greater (P < 0.001) in the game reserve than in the ranch and communal land. Seasonal variations were observed in soil P level of samples collected from the ranch being greater (P < 0.001) in winter than summer season. The concentration of soil Zn was higher (P < 0.001) in the soil collected from the game reserve and the ranch in summer than winter season. Woody forage analysis results showed that browse samples harvested from the ranch had greater (P < 0.001) Nitrogen (N) level than the other land management systems in both seasons. The browse samples harvested from the game reserve had greater (P < 0.001) Ca level than the other land management systems in winter season only. The level of P showed variations (P < 0.05) between land management systems in samples harvested during winter only being greater (P < 0.001) in samples from the ranch than the other land management systems. Similarly, browse harvested during winter showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in K levels being lowest in samples collected from game reserves, where the Ca level was greatest. Browse samples collected from the communal land and the ranch had the lowest Mg levels in summer and winter seasons, respectively. In all management systems, browse harvested during summer had greater (P < 0.001) N and P levels than those harvested in winter, and the reverse holds true for K and Ca levels. Browse samples harvested during winter had greater (P < 0.001) Mn levels in samples from the communal area and game reserve than the ranch, but in summer, the game reserve had higher Mn level than the other two sites. Browse samples harvested during winter only showed differences (P < 0.05) in Cu and Zn levels being greatest (P < 0.001) in samples collected from ranch and game reserves. In all management systems, browse samples harvested during winter had greater (P < 0.001) Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu (except for the game reserve and communal land) levels than those harvested in summer. Herbaceous analysis results showed that samples harvested in summer from the game reserve and ranch had greater (P < 0.001) TOC levels than the communal area, but in winter, samples from the game reserve and ranch had similar TOC levels, except for communal areas that had no herbaceous vegetation. Herbaceous samples harvested in winter from the ranch had greater (P < 0.001) TN levels than the game reserve, and that made the C:N ratio higher (P < 0.001) in the game reserve. Woody foliar samples harvested in winter from the game reserve and communal lands had greater (P < 0.001) TOC than the ranch. Values on C:N ratio showed that in winter, the communal and ranch had greater (P < 0.001) C:N than the game reserve, but in summer, the ranch had higher (P < 0.001) C:N than the game reserve and communal area. The vegetation TOC (kg ha-1) showed the order of the game reserve > ranch > communal area and the trend was similar in both seasons. In summer, the game reserve had the greatest (P < 0.001) TN (kg ha-1) followed by the ranch and the lowest in the communal area, but in winter the game reserve and ranch had similar and higher (P < 0.001) TN (kg ha-1) than the communal areas. In summer, both the game reserve and ranch recorded greater (P < 0.001) herbaceous δ13C and lowest δ15N than the communal area, but in winter, the game reserve had higher (P < 0.001) δ13C than the ranch, though both the game reserve and ranch had similar (P > 0.001) δ15N values. In summer, both the communal and ranch had slightly higher (P < 0.001) woody foliar δ13C than the game reserve, but in winter the ranch had greater (P < 0.001) δ13C than game reserve and communal areas. Woody foliar samples harvested from the ranch showed variations (P < 0.05) in δ15N between seasons being higher (P < 0.001) in summer than winter. The TOC was greatest in summer, in soils collected from the game reserve followed by the ranch and least in the communal land, but in winter, the lowest TOC was recorded in soils collected from the ranch. The soil C:N ratio varied between land management systems in soils collected during summer only being greater (P < 0.001) in the game and ranch than the communal area. The soil TOC (kg ha-1) and TN (kg ha-1) did not show (P > 0.05) differences between land management systems. Soil δ13C level was remarkably (P < 0.05) affected by land management systems, but did not interact with seasons. In both seasons, the communal land had slightly higher (P < 0.001) δ13C level than the other two land management systems. In both seasons, δ15N levels showed great differences (P < 0.001) between land management systems, with highest soil δ15N levels observed in the communal area than the ranch and game reserve. Results on social survey showed that the majority of the interviewed households in Omaandi (63percent), Oshitutuma (53percent) and Epukunoyana (50percent) were female headed families and the remaining were male headed. The mean population of goats and cattle were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Omaandi and Epukunoyana than in Oshitutuma village, respectively. In this study, household respondents in all villages indicated that all livestock species were primarily kept for wealth status and provision of meat for consumption. Respondents in all villages also indicated that lack of grazing lands and shortage of feed were the primary constraints of livestock production followed by water scarcity and recurring droughts. Elder respondents in all villages perceived overgrazing and climate change as the primary cause of rangeland degradation. Elder interviewees in Omaandi and Oshitutuma villages regarded low grass cover and dominance of poor quality grass (Epukunoyana only) as the primary vegetation indicators of rangeland degradation. The animal related indicators such as stunted animal body as a result of mineral deficiency, high livestock mortality, emaciated body and animals traveling long distance for grazing and water (Oshitutuma only) were regarded in all villages as the primary livestock related indicators of rangeland degradation. Elders from Epukunoyana village ranked low rainfall, high soil and atmospheric temperatures as the primary climate related indicators of rangeland degradation, although in Omaandi and Oshitutuma, high soil and atmospheric temperatures were considered as the primary climate related indicators of rangeland degradation. Based on the findings, this study concludes that land management systems had great influences on the distribution and production of herbaceous and woody vegetation in summer and winter seasons. This study also observed that land management systems interacted strongly with season to influence most vegetation and soil variables. Lastly, based on the study findings, the study concludes that all three communal rangelands are degraded and degradation led to a gradual declining trend in the livestock population over the past 10 to 20 years in the communal areas as a result of feed shortage.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:07 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37015 Thu 13 May 2021 06:02:27 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35146 Thu 13 May 2021 05:52:33 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34813 Thu 13 May 2021 05:24:20 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35364 Thu 13 May 2021 05:22:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33673 Thu 13 May 2021 04:51:26 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34355 Thu 13 May 2021 04:47:10 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37130 Thu 13 May 2021 04:39:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35307 Thu 13 May 2021 04:09:41 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35879 0.05) across sites. No significant difference was observed in the ASPT scores across the 10 sites (F = 0.75; df = 9.60; P > 0.05). Site 4 had the highest mean ASPT Scores with mean of 7.6), whereas the lowest. Three biotopes types, namely: stone, vegetation, gravel-sand-mud, stone and vegetation being the dominant biotopes at the 10 sites. The cluster analyses showed that macroinvertebrates were dependent on biotope preference while stone biotope showing greater macroinvertebrate densities. Euclidean distance of site classification with respect to physico-chemical parameters showed very low stress value (0.01) implying that physico-chemical parameters influenced species distribution within each sampling site. The results also showed that good health conditions existed at the most upstream sites than the lower reaches of the river, thus, indicating impacts of pollution within the river.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 04:06:02 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34803 Thu 13 May 2021 04:02:48 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32838 Thu 13 May 2021 03:55:05 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39660 Thu 13 May 2021 03:53:30 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39803 Thu 13 May 2021 03:11:29 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39690 Thu 13 May 2021 02:35:22 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35391 Thu 13 May 2021 02:29:46 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36128 Thu 13 May 2021 02:02:22 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34309 Thu 13 May 2021 02:00:02 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39287 Thu 13 May 2021 01:40:48 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35459 Thu 13 May 2021 01:01:18 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35825 Thu 13 May 2021 00:45:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34175 Thu 13 May 2021 00:45:22 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37174 Thu 13 May 2021 00:18:53 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:63979 Thu 04 May 2023 09:29:59 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:43171 Mon 14 Jun 2021 09:34:29 SAST ]]> https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39111 Mon 06 May 2024 15:41:48 SAST ]]>