- Title
- The extraction, quantification and application of high-value biological compounds from olive oil processing waste
- Creator
- Postma-Botha, Marthie
- Subject
- Organic compounds
- Subject
- Biochemistry
- Subject
- Biomass energy
- Subject
- Olive oil industry
- Date Issued
- 2018
- Date
- 2018
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Doctoral
- Type
- DPhil
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10948/34383
- Identifier
- vital:33371
- Description
- Olive oil processing waste (pomace) as a by-product of the olive oil industry is regarded as a rich source of high-value biological compounds exhibiting antioxidant potential. The objective of the present work was to obtain a concentrated extract of high-value biological antioxidants from the pomace. The effect of extraction conditions on the concentration of the bioactive compounds in the extracts was investigated. The simultaneous recovery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic high-value biological compounds exhibiting antioxidant potential was achieved through a one-step extraction method under reduced pressure using a non-toxic solvent blend. A multilevel experimental design was implemented with the aim of optimising the recovery of selected compounds, namely, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, α-tocopherol and squalene from olive pomace by using solvent blends of n-heptane, d-limonene, ethanol and water. The factors considered were: extraction time, percentage composition of solvent blends and extraction temperature. The results suggested that a good recovery of the hydrophilic polyphenolic compounds, namely, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein, as well as the lipophilic compounds, α-tocopherol and squalene may be achieved at a solvent temperature of 60°C at 400 mbar with a solvent blend of 30% n-heptane, 50% ethanol and 20% water and an extraction time of two hours. It was found that freeze-drying the pomace before extraction minimised production of artefacts, avoided degradation of biophenols, ensured long term stability of a reproducible sample and achieved better recovery of important hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds. Since the bioactive compounds are temperature sensitive, the extraction was performed under reduced pressure in order to reduce solvent reflux temperature and to improve extraction efficiency. The quantitative and qualitative determinations of the aforementioned high-value compounds were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which revealed that the hydrophilic polyphenolic as well as the lipophilic α-tocopherol and squalene were present. In this study hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, α-tocopherol and squalene were extracted from the pomace of two olive cultivars (Frantoio and Coratina). A comparison among the two cultivars showed quantitative differences between the two cultivars in all five high-value biological compounds and in the antioxidant capacity of the extracts evaluated by measuring the radical scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Coratina cultivar was found to have a significantly higher antioxidant capacity than Frantoio due to the much greater oleuropein content in the Coratina compared to the Frantoio although Frantoio had a significantly greater amount of hydroxytyrosol. The stability of olive waste extracts stored at four temperatures was also investigated and the results show that increased temperatures caused greater extent of degradation of both the hydrophilic polyphenolic and lipophilic compounds. The proposed optimum storage condition for the olive pomace extracts was found to be at 5°C in the absence of light. The extracts were incorporated into two cosmetic formulations and were found, from a stability study, to be stable at room temperature and optimally stable at 5°C in the absence of light.
- Format
- xxi, 236 leaves
- Format
- Publisher
- Nelson Mandela University
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Nelson Mandela University
- Hits: 1188
- Visitors: 1251
- Downloads: 196
Collections
NMU School of BioMolecular and Chemical Sciences
| Thumbnail | File | Description | Size | Format | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| View Details Download | SOURCE1 | Marthie Postma-Botha.pdf | 6 MB | Adobe Acrobat PDF | View Details Download |