- Title
- Mantle xenoliths from the Abrahamskraal kimberlite : a craton-margin geotherm
- Creator
- Nowicki, Thomas Edward
- Subject
- Kimberlite
- Subject
- Kimberlite -- Inclusions
- Date Issued
- 1991
- Date
- 1991
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Masters
- Type
- MSc
- Identifier
- vital:4898
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001557
- Description
- The Abrahamskraal kimberlite pipe (group I) occurs approximately 5 km to the south-west of the geophysically defined margin of the Kaapvaal craton in the central Cape Province, and contains a variety of crustal and mantle xenoliths. This study focusses on xenoliths of deep-seated origin (mantle and lower-crustal), and in particular on garnet-orthopyroxene bearing assemblages which are amenable to thermobarometric techniques. Four major types of deep-seated xenolith have been identified, i.e. peridotites, dunites , eclogites, and garnet pyroxenites. The petrographic features and mineral compositions of these xenoliths are described . Pressures and temperatures of equilibration have been calculated primarily using the garnet-orthopyroxene thermometer of Harley (1984), and the Al-in-enstatite barometer of Nickel and Green (1985). The peridotites are coarse-textured (Harte, 1977), magnesium -rich rocks, and are typical examples of the common type I peridotites which generally dominate mantle xenolith suites in kimberlites. Garnet peridotite xenoliths define a geotherm which lies along a typical theoretical conductive geothermal gradient for shield areas (Pollack and Chapman, 1977), and which extends to a maximum pressure of 41 kb (~130 km). Comparison of the Abrahamskraal geotherm with that constructed for the northern Lesotho xenolith suite (calculated using the same thermobarometer couple), suggests that the lithosphere at the Namaqua /Kaapvaal boundary is not significantly thinner or hotter than that underlying the craton. Modelling of the craton boundary under the constraints provided by the Abrahamskraal geotherm, and by the distribution of diamond-bearing kimberlites in southern Africa, indicates that the Abrahamskraal kimberlite has sampled relatively thick, cool , Namaqua lithosphere. It is suggested that, in terms of diamond distribution, the age and magmatic history of the Namaqua lithosphere is of greater significance than its thickness. Two varieties of dunite occur at Abrahamskraal. Coarse-textured dunites with Mg-rich olivine compositions similar to those of the peridotitic olivines, probably originated by similar (but perhaps more extreme) processes to those which formed the peridotites. A finer-grained and relatively Fe-rich variety of dunite may represent ultramafic cumulates formed by fractionation of basic or ultrabasic magmas within the mantle. Two varieties of eclogite have been distinguished. Coarse-grained eclogites which yield relatively high temperature estimates, are believed to have originated from depths similar to those determined for the garnet peridotites, i.e. from the lower lithosphere. A distinctly finer grained variety of eclogite, yields significantly lower temperatures which may be based on frozen-in equilibria. A maximum depth of approximately 87 km (~ 27 kb) has been estimated for these xenoliths, but they may have originated from significantly shallower (possibly lower-crustal) levels. The garnet pyroxenite xenoliths are generally orthopyroxene-rich rocks which contain varying amounts of garnet (8 to 33 %) and clinopyroxene (0 to 64 %). Textural features indicate that the garnet and possibly some of the clinopyroxene has exsolved from an originally A l -rich orthopyroxene. The rocks are significantly more Fe-rich than the peridotite xenoliths, and their constituent minerals show a wide range of Mg/Mg+Fe ratios. The pressure-temperature array defined by the garnet pyroxenites is approximately isothermal, and spans a depth range from approximately 30 to 95 km. It deviates strongly (to higher temperatures) from the ambient geothermal gradient at the time of kimberlite emplacement, as inferred from the garnet peridotite xenoliths. The pressures and temperatures calculated for the garnet pyroxenites are based on mineral equilibria which are believed to have been frozen-in during cooling from an intial hightemperature (probably molten) state. Qualitative modelling of possible cooling paths in pressure-temperature-composition space, indicates that the apparent depth range displayed by the garnet pyroxenites, approximates the true depth range over which these rocks were emplaced. However, the apparent pressures calculated from core compositions are significantly lower than the true pressures at which the original rocks formed . The garnet pyroxenite xenoliths appear to represent a major, possibly Namaqua age (~1000-1400 Ma), magmatic event involving the emplacement of large amounts of mafic magma over a significant depth range in the shallow upper mantle
- Format
- 137 leaves
- Format
- Publisher
- Rhodes University
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science, Geology
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Nowicki, Thomas Edward
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