Disaster management policy options to address the sanitation challenges in South Africa
- Hoossein, Shafick, Tandlich, Roman, Whittington-Jones, Kevin J, Laubscher, Richard K, Madikizela, Phindile, Zuma, Bongumusa M
- Authors: Hoossein, Shafick , Tandlich, Roman , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Laubscher, Richard K , Madikizela, Phindile , Zuma, Bongumusa M
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/75938 , vital:30485 , https://www.neha.org/node/28591
- Description: The current population of South Africa has been migrating into informal urban settlements that lack adequate sanitation service delivery, caused at least in part by the lack of the necessary skills in the local government sector and the lack of buy in from the community into the provided sanitation facilities. The authors report results of policy research into the relevant disaster management options that could be applied to improve the sanitation service delivery in South Africa. The best policy option was identified as the draft Disaster Management Regulations: Disaster Management. Local government can use these tools through the formation of the volunteer units from the nongovernmental organization sector, the business community, and from among the end users of sanitation facilities. Formation of the volunteer unit should follow the principles of cooperative governance and participatory approach to disaster management. Implementation should be facilitated through the adoption of locally specific municipal by laws.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Hoossein, Shafick , Tandlich, Roman , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Laubscher, Richard K , Madikizela, Phindile , Zuma, Bongumusa M
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/75938 , vital:30485 , https://www.neha.org/node/28591
- Description: The current population of South Africa has been migrating into informal urban settlements that lack adequate sanitation service delivery, caused at least in part by the lack of the necessary skills in the local government sector and the lack of buy in from the community into the provided sanitation facilities. The authors report results of policy research into the relevant disaster management options that could be applied to improve the sanitation service delivery in South Africa. The best policy option was identified as the draft Disaster Management Regulations: Disaster Management. Local government can use these tools through the formation of the volunteer units from the nongovernmental organization sector, the business community, and from among the end users of sanitation facilities. Formation of the volunteer unit should follow the principles of cooperative governance and participatory approach to disaster management. Implementation should be facilitated through the adoption of locally specific municipal by laws.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
Sanitation policy and prevention of environmental contamination in South Africa
- Hoossein, Shafick, Whittington-Jones, Kevin J, Tandlich, Roman
- Authors: Hoossein, Shafick , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Tandlich, Roman
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76834 , vital:30628 , DOI:10.30638/eemj.2014.141
- Description: Prior to 1994, 21 million people were without access to sanitation in South Africa. Progress towards the backlog elimination started after 1994, but was slow-paced. From 1994 until 2011, the sanitation backlog has been decreased by between 29.8 and 79.2 % from the 1994 levels, depending on the province. Mechanisms were created for implementation of sanitation projects, but this was marginally successful and risk of environmental pollution from sanitation persisted. The period between 2009 and present day seemed to have brought on a significant fast-tracking of sanitation project around South Africa. This coincides with the transfer of oversight and partial implementation responsibility to the Department of Human Settlement and the launch of the Rural Household Infrastructure Programme. It also originated from the integrated programmes which drew in input from all stakeholders at the national and local government levels. Limitations still exist in maintenance and sanitation skills’ portfolio of some local municipalities, mainly in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo Province. However, the present status is still in partial conflict with government aims, legislation and policies. Novel tools such as the Technology Assessment and the Environmental Technology Assessment will have to be implemented in the sanitation decision-making and the novel strategies for skills development will have to be devised. If sufficient maintenance skills are developed in a local municipal area, then this will prevent negative environmental effects and results in lowered sanitation-related environmental contamination. Improvement in can be expected from the new national Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Hoossein, Shafick , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Tandlich, Roman
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76834 , vital:30628 , DOI:10.30638/eemj.2014.141
- Description: Prior to 1994, 21 million people were without access to sanitation in South Africa. Progress towards the backlog elimination started after 1994, but was slow-paced. From 1994 until 2011, the sanitation backlog has been decreased by between 29.8 and 79.2 % from the 1994 levels, depending on the province. Mechanisms were created for implementation of sanitation projects, but this was marginally successful and risk of environmental pollution from sanitation persisted. The period between 2009 and present day seemed to have brought on a significant fast-tracking of sanitation project around South Africa. This coincides with the transfer of oversight and partial implementation responsibility to the Department of Human Settlement and the launch of the Rural Household Infrastructure Programme. It also originated from the integrated programmes which drew in input from all stakeholders at the national and local government levels. Limitations still exist in maintenance and sanitation skills’ portfolio of some local municipalities, mainly in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo Province. However, the present status is still in partial conflict with government aims, legislation and policies. Novel tools such as the Technology Assessment and the Environmental Technology Assessment will have to be implemented in the sanitation decision-making and the novel strategies for skills development will have to be devised. If sufficient maintenance skills are developed in a local municipal area, then this will prevent negative environmental effects and results in lowered sanitation-related environmental contamination. Improvement in can be expected from the new national Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2014
Mulch tower treatment system for greywater reuse Part II: destructive testing and effluent treatment
- Tandlich, Roman, Zuma, Bongumusa M, Whittington-Jones, Kevin J, Burgess, Jo E
- Authors: Tandlich, Roman , Zuma, Bongumusa M , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Burgess, Jo E
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71547 , vital:29863 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.031
- Description: The mulch tower (MT) system described in Part I was tested to failure to determine its range of operating conditions. An increase in the influent temperature led to a statistically significant release of components of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), as well as phosphates from the MT system. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) of the mulch layer dropped from 1.2 (± 0.6) × 106/g dry weight to 1.5 (± 0.3) × 105/g dry weight of the mulch layer with increases of the influent temperature. This indicates that the increase in influent temperature killed off some of the active biomass in the MT biofilm. After a five day drying period under active aeration, the MT system retained the ability to remove COD, total suspended solids (TSS), and nitrates. Greywater treatment by the MT system became impossible after a 48 day drying period under active aeration. Chlorination of the simulated MT effluent with a mixture of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanuric acid decreased the faecal coliform concentrations (FC) and the total coliform concentrations (TC) below 800 CFUs/100 ml within 65 h. Beyond 65 h, the pH of the effluent became highly acidic. To maintain optimum performance influent should be fed into the MT system at least once every 5 days, sufficient aeration should be guaranteed, and the MT effluent should be chlorinated for 65 h to eliminate all pathogens before any reuse.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2009
Mulch tower treatment system for greywater reuse Part II: destructive testing and effluent treatment
- Authors: Tandlich, Roman , Zuma, Bongumusa M , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Burgess, Jo E
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71547 , vital:29863 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.031
- Description: The mulch tower (MT) system described in Part I was tested to failure to determine its range of operating conditions. An increase in the influent temperature led to a statistically significant release of components of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the five day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), as well as phosphates from the MT system. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) of the mulch layer dropped from 1.2 (± 0.6) × 106/g dry weight to 1.5 (± 0.3) × 105/g dry weight of the mulch layer with increases of the influent temperature. This indicates that the increase in influent temperature killed off some of the active biomass in the MT biofilm. After a five day drying period under active aeration, the MT system retained the ability to remove COD, total suspended solids (TSS), and nitrates. Greywater treatment by the MT system became impossible after a 48 day drying period under active aeration. Chlorination of the simulated MT effluent with a mixture of sodium dichloroisocyanurate and trichloroisocyanuric acid decreased the faecal coliform concentrations (FC) and the total coliform concentrations (TC) below 800 CFUs/100 ml within 65 h. Beyond 65 h, the pH of the effluent became highly acidic. To maintain optimum performance influent should be fed into the MT system at least once every 5 days, sufficient aeration should be guaranteed, and the MT effluent should be chlorinated for 65 h to eliminate all pathogens before any reuse.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2009
Mulch tower treatment system Part I: Overall performance in greywater treatment
- Zuma, Bongumusa M, Tandlich, Roman, Whittington-Jones, Kevin J, Burgess, Jo E
- Authors: Zuma, Bongumusa M , Tandlich, Roman , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Burgess, Jo E
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71537 , vital:29862 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.030
- Description: A mulch tower (MT) system for greywater treatment is introduced in this paper. Materials used to assemble the MT system included mulch, coarse sand, fine and coarse gravel. Limited removal efficiency of the MT system was demonstrated for alkalinity, total hardness, pH, Cl–, PO43–, NH4+, and SO42–, with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 7 to 12%. Intermediate removal efficiency was observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), NO3–, and S2– with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 24 to 28%. The highest removal efficiency was observed for the total suspended solids (TSS) with the estimated cumulative removal equal to 52%. Given the minute residence time in the MT system, the results obtained were promising and justify scale-up studies for potential on-site applications. The MT effluent did not meet hygienic norms with respect to the faecal coliform concentration (FC) and the total coliform concentration (TC), and further effluent treatment is required before any discharge or reuse of the treated greywater. Further research should focus on characterisation of the microbial community of the MT, and the fate of Cl–, PO43–, NH4+, and SO42–.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Zuma, Bongumusa M , Tandlich, Roman , Whittington-Jones, Kevin J , Burgess, Jo E
- Date: 2009
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71537 , vital:29862 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.030
- Description: A mulch tower (MT) system for greywater treatment is introduced in this paper. Materials used to assemble the MT system included mulch, coarse sand, fine and coarse gravel. Limited removal efficiency of the MT system was demonstrated for alkalinity, total hardness, pH, Cl–, PO43–, NH4+, and SO42–, with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 7 to 12%. Intermediate removal efficiency was observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), NO3–, and S2– with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 24 to 28%. The highest removal efficiency was observed for the total suspended solids (TSS) with the estimated cumulative removal equal to 52%. Given the minute residence time in the MT system, the results obtained were promising and justify scale-up studies for potential on-site applications. The MT effluent did not meet hygienic norms with respect to the faecal coliform concentration (FC) and the total coliform concentration (TC), and further effluent treatment is required before any discharge or reuse of the treated greywater. Further research should focus on characterisation of the microbial community of the MT, and the fate of Cl–, PO43–, NH4+, and SO42–.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2009
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