A framework to incorporate sustainability into South African consumer protection policy
- Authors: Best, Laura Anne
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Consumer protection -- Law and legislation -- South Africa Corporate governance -- Law and legislation , Business ethics Sustainability -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14565 , vital:27766
- Description: Consumer protection policy measures can enable consumer behaviour shifts in favour of more sustainable choices. Whilst government is responsible for developing consumer protection policy in a particular country, business is central in the implementation of such policy. In South Africa, there is disassociation in consumer protection policy and environmental policy where consumer protection policy is the responsibility of the Department of Trade and Industry, whilst sustainability is located under the Department of Environmental Affairs. As a result, South African consumer protection policy does not holistically incorporate sustainability. A six-step qualitative research process was adopted to develop a framework to implement sustainability into consumer protection policies. First, a theoretical framework for incorporating sustainability into consumer protection policy was developed to structure the qualitative research. Four dimensions for incorporating sustainability into consumer protection were then identified. Qualitative data was collected using an open-ended questionnaire and also content analysis of existing data. Two sets of experts further reviewed and critiqued the proposed framework. The results of the qualitative enquiry, in particular, showed that for all the countries examined, some at least had sustainability consideration elements in their policies, but this was evident to a lesser extent in African countries, particularly those with less-developed economies. On the other hand, policy mechanisms that promoted sustainability were more evident in the policies and laws of developed countries. In the case of most African countries, basic needs were foregrounded as the primary concerns of consumers, ahead of sustainability concerns. Further, poverty limited consumer choices, particularly if more sustainably produced and eco-efficient goods came at a higher price. The research also underscored the importance and centrality of consumer education and stakeholder engagement for achieving sustainability policy intentions. It further confirmed that the basic needs of poor consumers in South Africa, and the impact of poverty on sustainability policy intentions must underpin the proposed framework. Factors that created an enabling environment for the implementation of the framework were identified as policy harmonisation within government policy domains, joined-up government, good corporate governance and shared value that considered the needs of future generations and consumer education. These factors would create an enabling environment for policy implementation. Consumer policy could play a key role in the choices that consumers make and, if well-designed and implemented, could direct consumer spending in support of the goal of sustainability and sustainable consumption. The proposed framework provides a foundation on which to futher refine and develop consumer protection policy that incorporates the well-being of consumers and social justice. Using consumer spending to drive sustainability requires a deliberate intention on the part of policy makers to move away from the more conventional framing of consumer policy, which has tended to focus on the economic interests of consumers, such as price, quality, choice and redress. However, modern business is shifting towards a more holistic conceptualisation of sustainability, as a value that needs to be deliberately and consciously built into the design and essence of a business. Doing so is not only good corporate citizenship, but offers a competitive advantage, which could drive product demand and attract consumers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Best, Laura Anne
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Consumer protection -- Law and legislation -- South Africa Corporate governance -- Law and legislation , Business ethics Sustainability -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14565 , vital:27766
- Description: Consumer protection policy measures can enable consumer behaviour shifts in favour of more sustainable choices. Whilst government is responsible for developing consumer protection policy in a particular country, business is central in the implementation of such policy. In South Africa, there is disassociation in consumer protection policy and environmental policy where consumer protection policy is the responsibility of the Department of Trade and Industry, whilst sustainability is located under the Department of Environmental Affairs. As a result, South African consumer protection policy does not holistically incorporate sustainability. A six-step qualitative research process was adopted to develop a framework to implement sustainability into consumer protection policies. First, a theoretical framework for incorporating sustainability into consumer protection policy was developed to structure the qualitative research. Four dimensions for incorporating sustainability into consumer protection were then identified. Qualitative data was collected using an open-ended questionnaire and also content analysis of existing data. Two sets of experts further reviewed and critiqued the proposed framework. The results of the qualitative enquiry, in particular, showed that for all the countries examined, some at least had sustainability consideration elements in their policies, but this was evident to a lesser extent in African countries, particularly those with less-developed economies. On the other hand, policy mechanisms that promoted sustainability were more evident in the policies and laws of developed countries. In the case of most African countries, basic needs were foregrounded as the primary concerns of consumers, ahead of sustainability concerns. Further, poverty limited consumer choices, particularly if more sustainably produced and eco-efficient goods came at a higher price. The research also underscored the importance and centrality of consumer education and stakeholder engagement for achieving sustainability policy intentions. It further confirmed that the basic needs of poor consumers in South Africa, and the impact of poverty on sustainability policy intentions must underpin the proposed framework. Factors that created an enabling environment for the implementation of the framework were identified as policy harmonisation within government policy domains, joined-up government, good corporate governance and shared value that considered the needs of future generations and consumer education. These factors would create an enabling environment for policy implementation. Consumer policy could play a key role in the choices that consumers make and, if well-designed and implemented, could direct consumer spending in support of the goal of sustainability and sustainable consumption. The proposed framework provides a foundation on which to futher refine and develop consumer protection policy that incorporates the well-being of consumers and social justice. Using consumer spending to drive sustainability requires a deliberate intention on the part of policy makers to move away from the more conventional framing of consumer policy, which has tended to focus on the economic interests of consumers, such as price, quality, choice and redress. However, modern business is shifting towards a more holistic conceptualisation of sustainability, as a value that needs to be deliberately and consciously built into the design and essence of a business. Doing so is not only good corporate citizenship, but offers a competitive advantage, which could drive product demand and attract consumers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
A theoretical model for successful management of revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa
- Authors: Amansure, Ricardo Julian
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Strategic planning -- South Africa , Social responsibility of business -- South Africa , Renewable energy sources -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7408 , vital:21351
- Description: The Renewable Energy (RE) sector is one of the fastest growing new industries in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The Bloomberg New Energy Finance Climate Scope Report recently ranked RSA third globally, behind China and Brazil, and first among African countries for investment in clean energy (Glickman, 2014). However, one of the main benefits to be derived from the industry, that of socio-economic and enterprise development, is not being achieved owing to unsuccessful management of revenue for beneficiary communities in the renewable energy sector in RSA. Challenges relating to good governance and long-term planning are causing significant harm to communities that are already vulnerable, and are threatening to have a negative effect on the industry’s ability to fulfil its obligation to alleviate and, ultimately, eradicate poverty in some of the poorest communities in RSA.The primary objective of this study is to develop a model for the successful management of revenue for beneficiary communities in the renewable energy sector in South Africa. The model will provide guidance for enterprises, stakeholders, industry experts and community development practitioners within the renewable energy sector towards a pro-active, effective, and relevant decision-making process to achieve success in managing revenue for beneficiary communities. To address the primary objective, a number of secondary objectives were established by developing a conceptual model comprising variables identified in a comprehensive survey of the related literature. A path diagram, based on the formulation of appropriate hypotheses, was constructed between the independent variable and subsequent intervening and dependent variables. Primary data sourced from the identified national and international population of project management practitioners were collected by means of an electronic measuring instrument. The data were analysed and tested empirically by means of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The determinants that were identified through a review of the literature as influencing the success of managing revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa included: the use of outside advice, strategic financial services, strategic planning, strategic partnerships, infrastructure development and project management. In order to achieve the objective, the following research questions were formulated: What is the influence of external factors such as outside advisers and support services on the perceived success of managing revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa? The purpose of this research, therefore, was to evaluate and recommend new methodologies to the renewable energy sector by introducing a model of perceived success in managing revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa. The study provided new insight into managing revenue for beneficiary communities in RSA. With the renewable energy sector being one of the fastest growing sectors in the RSA, and the RSA Government being determined to link the location of renewable energy facilities to economic development, this research has given new insight into managing revenue for SED and ED. The objectives of multi-sector participation, transformational change and sustainable initiatives for beneficiary communities could ensure greater consideration and care when managing beneficiary revenue. Thereby, the opportunity presented by the RE industry for beneficiary communities can change these communities dramatically for the better. The study makes a valuable contribution to the body of knowledge about managing revenue for beneficiary communities. The proposed model has led to a better understanding of the determinants that influence the success of managing revenue for beneficiary communities, namely: distinctive benefits (a combination of two variables: outside advice and support services), financial management, developmental benefits (a combination of two variables: infrastructure development and education), human development, project management and strategic planning. The study has also opened up new avenues of research into this subject.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Amansure, Ricardo Julian
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Strategic planning -- South Africa , Social responsibility of business -- South Africa , Renewable energy sources -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/7408 , vital:21351
- Description: The Renewable Energy (RE) sector is one of the fastest growing new industries in the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The Bloomberg New Energy Finance Climate Scope Report recently ranked RSA third globally, behind China and Brazil, and first among African countries for investment in clean energy (Glickman, 2014). However, one of the main benefits to be derived from the industry, that of socio-economic and enterprise development, is not being achieved owing to unsuccessful management of revenue for beneficiary communities in the renewable energy sector in RSA. Challenges relating to good governance and long-term planning are causing significant harm to communities that are already vulnerable, and are threatening to have a negative effect on the industry’s ability to fulfil its obligation to alleviate and, ultimately, eradicate poverty in some of the poorest communities in RSA.The primary objective of this study is to develop a model for the successful management of revenue for beneficiary communities in the renewable energy sector in South Africa. The model will provide guidance for enterprises, stakeholders, industry experts and community development practitioners within the renewable energy sector towards a pro-active, effective, and relevant decision-making process to achieve success in managing revenue for beneficiary communities. To address the primary objective, a number of secondary objectives were established by developing a conceptual model comprising variables identified in a comprehensive survey of the related literature. A path diagram, based on the formulation of appropriate hypotheses, was constructed between the independent variable and subsequent intervening and dependent variables. Primary data sourced from the identified national and international population of project management practitioners were collected by means of an electronic measuring instrument. The data were analysed and tested empirically by means of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The determinants that were identified through a review of the literature as influencing the success of managing revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa included: the use of outside advice, strategic financial services, strategic planning, strategic partnerships, infrastructure development and project management. In order to achieve the objective, the following research questions were formulated: What is the influence of external factors such as outside advisers and support services on the perceived success of managing revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa? The purpose of this research, therefore, was to evaluate and recommend new methodologies to the renewable energy sector by introducing a model of perceived success in managing revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa. The study provided new insight into managing revenue for beneficiary communities in RSA. With the renewable energy sector being one of the fastest growing sectors in the RSA, and the RSA Government being determined to link the location of renewable energy facilities to economic development, this research has given new insight into managing revenue for SED and ED. The objectives of multi-sector participation, transformational change and sustainable initiatives for beneficiary communities could ensure greater consideration and care when managing beneficiary revenue. Thereby, the opportunity presented by the RE industry for beneficiary communities can change these communities dramatically for the better. The study makes a valuable contribution to the body of knowledge about managing revenue for beneficiary communities. The proposed model has led to a better understanding of the determinants that influence the success of managing revenue for beneficiary communities, namely: distinctive benefits (a combination of two variables: outside advice and support services), financial management, developmental benefits (a combination of two variables: infrastructure development and education), human development, project management and strategic planning. The study has also opened up new avenues of research into this subject.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
An HRM model for enhancing psychological capital in South African organisations during a psychological recession
- Theron, Anthonie Van Straaten
- Authors: Theron, Anthonie Van Straaten
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Industrial psychology Personnel management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20823 , vital:29404
- Description: The rationale behind this study was to identify various positive Human Resource Management (HRM) practices that contribute to the development and enhancement of psychological capital (PsyCap) during a psychological recession. A psychological recession, which is defined as a negative cognitive and emotional condition perpetuated by prolonged socio-economic hardships and amplified by the media, (Bardwick, 2008) could negatively affect employees’ PsyCap. While there has been no systematic study of the impact of various HRM practices on PsyCap (Gupta, 2013), a need existed to investigate and formulate best HRM practices for the development of employees’ PsyCap during a psychological recession. Furthermore, this study also aimed to investigate the potential buffering effect of HRM practices on the negative experiences and perceptions associated with a psychological recession. This research study took the form of a quantitative, cross-sectional design, using a composite questionnaire to measure personal vulnerability and exposure to the negative experiences associated with a psychological recession, the organisation’s application of various positive HRM practices, and employees’ levels of PsyCap. The target population consisted of all permanent and contract clinical and support staff employed at 43 fixed Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics situated in the West Rand District Municipality (WRDM) (n = 318). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed to determine the factor loadings on the overall scales and based on these factor loadings, main factors were extracted. Reliability analysis indicated that the newly structured measurement instruments would produce consistent results with continued application. The hypotheses were tested through the application of Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis, structural equation modelling (SEM), multiple regression analysis and a one-sample t-test. The empirical results indicated that all respondents included in the study experienced some degree of a psychological recession. Although significant correlations were uncovered between psychological recession and PsyCap, personal exposure and vulnerability with regards to organisational change and psychological uncertainty was identified as a major factor that negatively affected employees’ PsyCap. The inferential results identified competence development practices as a crucial intervention for the enhancement of PsyCap during a psychological recession. Lastly, the inferential results revealed that employee recognition and empowerment are fundamental practices in order to negate the negative impact of a psychological recession. Based on the results of this study, organisations have to proactively respond to a psychological recession by re-evaluating the effectiveness of their HRM actions and practices, in order to effectively enhance and maintain the PsyCap of their employees during a psychological recession.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Theron, Anthonie Van Straaten
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Industrial psychology Personnel management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20823 , vital:29404
- Description: The rationale behind this study was to identify various positive Human Resource Management (HRM) practices that contribute to the development and enhancement of psychological capital (PsyCap) during a psychological recession. A psychological recession, which is defined as a negative cognitive and emotional condition perpetuated by prolonged socio-economic hardships and amplified by the media, (Bardwick, 2008) could negatively affect employees’ PsyCap. While there has been no systematic study of the impact of various HRM practices on PsyCap (Gupta, 2013), a need existed to investigate and formulate best HRM practices for the development of employees’ PsyCap during a psychological recession. Furthermore, this study also aimed to investigate the potential buffering effect of HRM practices on the negative experiences and perceptions associated with a psychological recession. This research study took the form of a quantitative, cross-sectional design, using a composite questionnaire to measure personal vulnerability and exposure to the negative experiences associated with a psychological recession, the organisation’s application of various positive HRM practices, and employees’ levels of PsyCap. The target population consisted of all permanent and contract clinical and support staff employed at 43 fixed Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics situated in the West Rand District Municipality (WRDM) (n = 318). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was employed to determine the factor loadings on the overall scales and based on these factor loadings, main factors were extracted. Reliability analysis indicated that the newly structured measurement instruments would produce consistent results with continued application. The hypotheses were tested through the application of Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis, structural equation modelling (SEM), multiple regression analysis and a one-sample t-test. The empirical results indicated that all respondents included in the study experienced some degree of a psychological recession. Although significant correlations were uncovered between psychological recession and PsyCap, personal exposure and vulnerability with regards to organisational change and psychological uncertainty was identified as a major factor that negatively affected employees’ PsyCap. The inferential results identified competence development practices as a crucial intervention for the enhancement of PsyCap during a psychological recession. Lastly, the inferential results revealed that employee recognition and empowerment are fundamental practices in order to negate the negative impact of a psychological recession. Based on the results of this study, organisations have to proactively respond to a psychological recession by re-evaluating the effectiveness of their HRM actions and practices, in order to effectively enhance and maintain the PsyCap of their employees during a psychological recession.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Evaluating the development potential of extractive sector corporate social investments in Cameroon: Case of the oil & gas and mining sub sectors
- Jong, Yungong Theophilus, Cherry, Janet
- Authors: Jong, Yungong Theophilus , Cherry, Janet
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Social responsibility of business -- Cameroon , Business ethics -- Cameroon Gold mines and mining -- Social aspects -- Cameroon Petroleum industry and trade -- Cameroon -- Finance
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13370 , vital:27179
- Description: This study set out to evaluate the development potential of extractive sector corporate social investments (CSI) in Cameroon. It does this by evaluating the extent to which extractive companies effectively integrate CSI in their business operations and how this can be improved upon for more effective development outcomes in the country. The study premises that CSI can contribute to development but its activities will not always amount to just, balanced and sustainable development outcomes. To understand the extent to which it does, this study develops and applies a framework for determining the applicability and effectiveness of extractive sector CSI practices. The research followed an interpretivist philosophical orientation. A case study research strategy with the elements of a survey research was used. It also implemented a mixed research methods approach and relied on both primary and secondary data sources. The CSI evaluation process used documentary survey techniques and content analysis of corporate social responsibility-related documentation provided by extractive companies and other sector stakeholders. This was triangulated with an expert survey as well as a survey of major development organisations to understand the opinion of the external environment that should shape CSI practices. Results were analysed, discussed and synthesised using the front-end, mid-phase and back-end criteria for evaluating CSI integration. Findings show significant level of adherence to the discretionary idea of CSI among extractive firms working in Cameroon. This is due partly to growing social responsibility awareness among extractive firms around the world and the consequence of inaction. The greater majority of companies however, do not show strong proof of well thought out CSI implementation strategies. The feeling among experts is that extractive sector CSI in Cameroon is failing. It is predominantly self-regulated by extractive companies which raise questions regarding objective and credible CSI practices. The study concludes that CSI has been implemented in ad-hoc, haphazard and un-systematic ways. It has a viable potential to contribute to development but still suffers from a very weak CSI enabling environment as well as the challenges of sustainable development. Extractive sector CSI therefore, still needs to be significantly reworked to enhance its potential in contributing to just, balanced and sustainable development in Cameroon. It is recommended that an enabling environment be put in place through CSI promotional activities in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Jong, Yungong Theophilus , Cherry, Janet
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Social responsibility of business -- Cameroon , Business ethics -- Cameroon Gold mines and mining -- Social aspects -- Cameroon Petroleum industry and trade -- Cameroon -- Finance
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13370 , vital:27179
- Description: This study set out to evaluate the development potential of extractive sector corporate social investments (CSI) in Cameroon. It does this by evaluating the extent to which extractive companies effectively integrate CSI in their business operations and how this can be improved upon for more effective development outcomes in the country. The study premises that CSI can contribute to development but its activities will not always amount to just, balanced and sustainable development outcomes. To understand the extent to which it does, this study develops and applies a framework for determining the applicability and effectiveness of extractive sector CSI practices. The research followed an interpretivist philosophical orientation. A case study research strategy with the elements of a survey research was used. It also implemented a mixed research methods approach and relied on both primary and secondary data sources. The CSI evaluation process used documentary survey techniques and content analysis of corporate social responsibility-related documentation provided by extractive companies and other sector stakeholders. This was triangulated with an expert survey as well as a survey of major development organisations to understand the opinion of the external environment that should shape CSI practices. Results were analysed, discussed and synthesised using the front-end, mid-phase and back-end criteria for evaluating CSI integration. Findings show significant level of adherence to the discretionary idea of CSI among extractive firms working in Cameroon. This is due partly to growing social responsibility awareness among extractive firms around the world and the consequence of inaction. The greater majority of companies however, do not show strong proof of well thought out CSI implementation strategies. The feeling among experts is that extractive sector CSI in Cameroon is failing. It is predominantly self-regulated by extractive companies which raise questions regarding objective and credible CSI practices. The study concludes that CSI has been implemented in ad-hoc, haphazard and un-systematic ways. It has a viable potential to contribute to development but still suffers from a very weak CSI enabling environment as well as the challenges of sustainable development. Extractive sector CSI therefore, still needs to be significantly reworked to enhance its potential in contributing to just, balanced and sustainable development in Cameroon. It is recommended that an enabling environment be put in place through CSI promotional activities in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Financial development in the SADC: growth and cross-country spatial spill-over effects
- Authors: Bara, Alex
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa Economic assistance -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14950 , vital:27943
- Description: This study was prompted by the prevailing imbalance in financial development across SADC countries, which is not consistent with the linkages and interconnectedness of financial systems of these economies. South Africa is the most financially developed country in Africa, yet it is surrounded by economies with relatively small and underdeveloped financial systems, contrary to the spatial proximity theory in finance. The study performed a number of empirical estimations in respect of the spatiality of financial development, motivated by the intention to assess the growth and spatial spill-over effects of financial development in SADC. The study provides new information in spatial spill-over dynamics of financial development, which could inform policy development particularly in view of the on-going financial integration in the SADC region. The study also contributes to regional economic development in SADC from a finance perspective. The analysis was performed using annual data for all the 15 SADC countries, spanning for the period 1985 to 2014. Using the Generalised Method of Moments approach, the study finds that financial development does not support economic growth in SADC. Financial reforms were found to be insufficient to drive growth. A bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth was established with causality being strong when flowing from economic growth to financial development. The extended Aghion, Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes Model, estimated by an Autoregressive Distributive Lag approach, established that financial innovation has a positive relation to economic growth in SADC, particularly in the long-run. There is no causality, in either direction, between financial innovation and economic growth in both the short and long-run. The Spatial Durbin Model reveals a presence of positive spatial effects on financial development in the region and that proximity to South Africa yields consistent effects of spatial externality in money markets and inconsistent spatial externality in credit markets. The monetary union has no influence on spatial dynamics of financial development in SADC. The generalised impulse response analysis of a Bayesian VAR model indicate that shocks in South Africa’s financial sector has positive, but constrained and in some cases weak, financial spill-over effects on both economic growth and financial development of other SADC countries. The study established, using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, a high level of financial market concentration for SADC, cantered in South Africa, and a fair distribution when South Africa is excluded. Dynamic panel models established that financial market concentration reduces financial development in SADC. South Africa’s financial development has mixed and opposing effects on financial market concentration in SADC. The findings also show that international finance has a positive, but currently weak, effect on financial development in SADC and countries with international financial centres contribute more to financial development than countries without. Proximity to South Africa creates huge potential for increasing financial development in SADC through spill-overs and more benefits of spatial proximity are realised in the long-run. Given the strong spatial effects in money markets and significant positive spill-overs in credit markets in the region, countries closer to South Africa need to link their money and credit markets to the South African markets and possibly benchmark to the Rand so as to benefit from proximity and spill-overs from South Africa. The results also suggest that SADC countries need to capitalise on their proximity to South Africa to enhance financial development by promoting economic growth, financial innovation, opening and diversification of financial sectors and linkages to global financial markets. Financial innovation supports financial inclusion, cross-border flows of funds, remittances and trade in SADC and has effects of enabling integration with developed markets and facilitating economic activity. Opening financial sectors enhances diversification of financial systems, increases competition and efficiency. To enhance access to international finance, the study suggests the creation of information centres in South Africa with SADC countries as economic hinterlands, commercialisation of solutions to SADC countries financial challenges, financial integration and support for deepening of financial systems in these countries. Strengthening economic growth could also increase financial development given a strong demand-following causality. The major challenge, however, is that some of the SADC countries have underdeveloped and highly concentrated financial systems characterised by high financial intermediation inefficiencies, high financial exclusion, weak financial infrastructure and regulations. Consequently, countries suffer financial leakages, are not receptive to spatial externalities and financial spill-overs from South Africa and often generate financial spillbacks to South Africa. SADC countries should, however, first address the issue of financial exclusion, financial infrastructure and regulation as well as efficiency in the financial markets. The SADC countries need mechanisms to attract financial development from South Africa to benefit from positive spill-overs and instruments to deal with negative externalities of financial shocks in South Africa. Overall, there is potential for increased financial development in SADC by consolidating absorption of positive financial spill-overs and externalities of proximity to South Africa -particularly in the medium to long term. Heterogeneity among SADC countries and the varying levels of financial development, however, dictates that the region should promote financial integration in order to enhance development of underdeveloped financial systems through spatial spill-over gains.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Bara, Alex
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa Economic assistance -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14950 , vital:27943
- Description: This study was prompted by the prevailing imbalance in financial development across SADC countries, which is not consistent with the linkages and interconnectedness of financial systems of these economies. South Africa is the most financially developed country in Africa, yet it is surrounded by economies with relatively small and underdeveloped financial systems, contrary to the spatial proximity theory in finance. The study performed a number of empirical estimations in respect of the spatiality of financial development, motivated by the intention to assess the growth and spatial spill-over effects of financial development in SADC. The study provides new information in spatial spill-over dynamics of financial development, which could inform policy development particularly in view of the on-going financial integration in the SADC region. The study also contributes to regional economic development in SADC from a finance perspective. The analysis was performed using annual data for all the 15 SADC countries, spanning for the period 1985 to 2014. Using the Generalised Method of Moments approach, the study finds that financial development does not support economic growth in SADC. Financial reforms were found to be insufficient to drive growth. A bi-directional causality between financial development and economic growth was established with causality being strong when flowing from economic growth to financial development. The extended Aghion, Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes Model, estimated by an Autoregressive Distributive Lag approach, established that financial innovation has a positive relation to economic growth in SADC, particularly in the long-run. There is no causality, in either direction, between financial innovation and economic growth in both the short and long-run. The Spatial Durbin Model reveals a presence of positive spatial effects on financial development in the region and that proximity to South Africa yields consistent effects of spatial externality in money markets and inconsistent spatial externality in credit markets. The monetary union has no influence on spatial dynamics of financial development in SADC. The generalised impulse response analysis of a Bayesian VAR model indicate that shocks in South Africa’s financial sector has positive, but constrained and in some cases weak, financial spill-over effects on both economic growth and financial development of other SADC countries. The study established, using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, a high level of financial market concentration for SADC, cantered in South Africa, and a fair distribution when South Africa is excluded. Dynamic panel models established that financial market concentration reduces financial development in SADC. South Africa’s financial development has mixed and opposing effects on financial market concentration in SADC. The findings also show that international finance has a positive, but currently weak, effect on financial development in SADC and countries with international financial centres contribute more to financial development than countries without. Proximity to South Africa creates huge potential for increasing financial development in SADC through spill-overs and more benefits of spatial proximity are realised in the long-run. Given the strong spatial effects in money markets and significant positive spill-overs in credit markets in the region, countries closer to South Africa need to link their money and credit markets to the South African markets and possibly benchmark to the Rand so as to benefit from proximity and spill-overs from South Africa. The results also suggest that SADC countries need to capitalise on their proximity to South Africa to enhance financial development by promoting economic growth, financial innovation, opening and diversification of financial sectors and linkages to global financial markets. Financial innovation supports financial inclusion, cross-border flows of funds, remittances and trade in SADC and has effects of enabling integration with developed markets and facilitating economic activity. Opening financial sectors enhances diversification of financial systems, increases competition and efficiency. To enhance access to international finance, the study suggests the creation of information centres in South Africa with SADC countries as economic hinterlands, commercialisation of solutions to SADC countries financial challenges, financial integration and support for deepening of financial systems in these countries. Strengthening economic growth could also increase financial development given a strong demand-following causality. The major challenge, however, is that some of the SADC countries have underdeveloped and highly concentrated financial systems characterised by high financial intermediation inefficiencies, high financial exclusion, weak financial infrastructure and regulations. Consequently, countries suffer financial leakages, are not receptive to spatial externalities and financial spill-overs from South Africa and often generate financial spillbacks to South Africa. SADC countries should, however, first address the issue of financial exclusion, financial infrastructure and regulation as well as efficiency in the financial markets. The SADC countries need mechanisms to attract financial development from South Africa to benefit from positive spill-overs and instruments to deal with negative externalities of financial shocks in South Africa. Overall, there is potential for increased financial development in SADC by consolidating absorption of positive financial spill-overs and externalities of proximity to South Africa -particularly in the medium to long term. Heterogeneity among SADC countries and the varying levels of financial development, however, dictates that the region should promote financial integration in order to enhance development of underdeveloped financial systems through spatial spill-over gains.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Financing sustainable cities in South Africa
- Authors: Ducie, Gregory Justin
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Economic conditions Finance -- South Africa Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15577 , vital:28273
- Description: Although directives exist with respect to promoting sustainable development, financial strategies to cater for collective sustainable development, along with an increasing population, need to be formulated relevant to metropolitan and urban areas. This study determined the infrastructure investment basis of a sustainable city to investigate various funding mechanisms resulting in the design of a model for the financing of sustainable cities. For the study, first the various infrastructure investment alternatives were established from the literature, and thirteen themes and their relevant interventions were identified. Tangible and intangible methods of assessment were then identified as ways to calculate the acceptability of an intervention. A case study based on a hypothetical city was developed to determine the infrastructure investment base. Initially, only one intervention of a theme was populated and then confirmed by city development experts. Thereafter, all the themes were populated, and the acceptability of the interventions were determined. This provided an overview of the investment base of a sustainable city. The investment base facilitated deriving applicable tools and instruments to finance it. As a result, possible finance alternatives were derived for each of the identified themes. Although most of the financing of sustainable cities revolved around public sector finance, the private sector also played an important role for the financing of sustainable cities. Based on the investment base for sustainable cities and the resultant financing thereof, a model for the financing of sustainable cities was developed. The model consisted of four components. Firstly, the model included an application of financing tools and instruments relevant to the identified themes of sustainable city development. Secondly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to an immediate interventionist focus, a facilitative focus, a gradual intervention and an enabling intervention. Thirdly, the model included financing tools and instrument types in terms of incentive, opportunity, punitive and mandatory interventions. Fourthly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to scale in terms of a city-wide application, sector-wide application, urban application or suburban application. In addition, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments and their relation to addressing poverty within the city context. Although the public sector will always remain the key initiator behind infrastructure development, various mechanisms of financing, along with applicable financing partners and the basis of investment, are required to address future sustainable cities. This study may potentially form the basis of that platform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Ducie, Gregory Justin
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Economic conditions Finance -- South Africa Developing countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15577 , vital:28273
- Description: Although directives exist with respect to promoting sustainable development, financial strategies to cater for collective sustainable development, along with an increasing population, need to be formulated relevant to metropolitan and urban areas. This study determined the infrastructure investment basis of a sustainable city to investigate various funding mechanisms resulting in the design of a model for the financing of sustainable cities. For the study, first the various infrastructure investment alternatives were established from the literature, and thirteen themes and their relevant interventions were identified. Tangible and intangible methods of assessment were then identified as ways to calculate the acceptability of an intervention. A case study based on a hypothetical city was developed to determine the infrastructure investment base. Initially, only one intervention of a theme was populated and then confirmed by city development experts. Thereafter, all the themes were populated, and the acceptability of the interventions were determined. This provided an overview of the investment base of a sustainable city. The investment base facilitated deriving applicable tools and instruments to finance it. As a result, possible finance alternatives were derived for each of the identified themes. Although most of the financing of sustainable cities revolved around public sector finance, the private sector also played an important role for the financing of sustainable cities. Based on the investment base for sustainable cities and the resultant financing thereof, a model for the financing of sustainable cities was developed. The model consisted of four components. Firstly, the model included an application of financing tools and instruments relevant to the identified themes of sustainable city development. Secondly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to an immediate interventionist focus, a facilitative focus, a gradual intervention and an enabling intervention. Thirdly, the model included financing tools and instrument types in terms of incentive, opportunity, punitive and mandatory interventions. Fourthly, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments with respect to scale in terms of a city-wide application, sector-wide application, urban application or suburban application. In addition, the model included the application of financing tools and instruments and their relation to addressing poverty within the city context. Although the public sector will always remain the key initiator behind infrastructure development, various mechanisms of financing, along with applicable financing partners and the basis of investment, are required to address future sustainable cities. This study may potentially form the basis of that platform.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Individual-related factors influencing knowledge-sharing intention in knowledge-intensive businesses
- Authors: Van Greunen, Conrad
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Knowledge management Intellectual capital -- Management , Management -- Information services Organizational learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21274 , vital:29469
- Description: It has become generally accepted to refer to today‟s global economy as a knowledge-based economy, since knowledge has increasingly become the resource, instead of a resource for wealth creation. The ability of businesses to harness the potential of intangible assets such as knowledge has become far more decisive than their ability to manage physical assets. In the implementation of knowledge management activities, knowledge sharing is recognised as an integral task and key enabler of knowledge management. Although knowledge sharing is regarded as one of the most crucial factors in the effective management of knowledge, in knowledge-intensive businesses in particular, it has also been established that most employees are reluctant to share knowledge. Research further confirms that the factors that promote or discourage knowledge-sharing behaviour in businesses are poorly understood and that knowledge management systems fail as a result of the misunderstanding of individual characteristics that could influence knowledge sharing. Moreover, the focus of knowledge-sharing literature, in terms of the unit of analysis, is rarely at an individual/micro level, although the role of individuals in the knowledge-sharing process is critical as tacit knowledge resides within the individual and knowledge sharing starts with individuals. Given the importance of understanding knowledge sharing of individuals in knowledge-intensive businesses – but noting the lack of existing systematic, integrated research that focuses on individual-related factors influencing knowledge sharing – the purpose of this study was to fill the gap in the current literature. As such, the primary objective of this research was to identify and empirically investigate the individual-related factors influencing the Knowledge-sharing intention of individual employees in knowledge-intensive businesses. The literature review revealed twelve constructs, namely Individuals’ awareness, Intrinsic motivation, Extrinsic motivation, Transactional psychological contract breach, Relational psychological contract breach, Relationship conflict, Task conflict, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness that could influence the dependent variable Knowledge-sharing intention in knowledge-intensive businesses. Various moderating relationships between the dependent and independent variables were also proposed, while seven demographic variables (Age, Gender, Language, Highest qualification, Ethnic background, Organisational tenure and Job tenure of the respondent) were identified as potential control variables. Each construct in the hypothesised model of individual-related factors influencing Knowledge-sharing intention was defined and operationalised using items sourced from validated measuring instruments in previous studies. Several self-generated items based on secondary sources were also formulated. A structured questionnaire was made available to respondents identified by means of the convenience sampling technique, and the data collected from 597 usable questionnaires was subjected to various statistical analyses. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted which confirmed the unique factors present in the data, and Cronbach-alpha coefficients were calculated to confirm the reliability of the measuring instrument. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was the main statistical procedure used to test the significance of the relationships hypothesised between the various independent and dependent variables. A subset of SEM, namely general linear modelling (GLM) was used to determine the influence of selected demographic variables on Knowledge-sharing intention and to assess various moderating relationships as proposed in the hypothesised model. The main findings of this study were that personality traits are strong predictors of individual employees‟ willingness to share knowledge, and that the maturity of individuals, in terms of realising the significance and value of sharing their knowledge with others, and in recognising the intrinsic benefits of sharing, influence Knowledge-sharing intention. The main limitations of the study were the use of a convenience sampling technique to collect the data, as well as the dependence of self-report by respondents, which could lead to response bias. This study has added to the body of knowledge management research, in particular knowledge-sharing research, by investigating selected individual-related factors influencing the Knowledge-sharing intention of individuals in a particular subset of businesses, namely knowledge-intensive businesses, and focusing on a particular type of knowledge, namely tacit knowledge. From a business‟s perspective, this study offers recommendations and suggestions for managing these individual-related factors in such a way as to increase knowledge sharing among employees, and as a result, the effectiveness and competitive advantage of knowledge-intensive businesses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Individual-related factors influencing knowledge-sharing intention in knowledge-intensive businesses
- Authors: Van Greunen, Conrad
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Knowledge management Intellectual capital -- Management , Management -- Information services Organizational learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21274 , vital:29469
- Description: It has become generally accepted to refer to today‟s global economy as a knowledge-based economy, since knowledge has increasingly become the resource, instead of a resource for wealth creation. The ability of businesses to harness the potential of intangible assets such as knowledge has become far more decisive than their ability to manage physical assets. In the implementation of knowledge management activities, knowledge sharing is recognised as an integral task and key enabler of knowledge management. Although knowledge sharing is regarded as one of the most crucial factors in the effective management of knowledge, in knowledge-intensive businesses in particular, it has also been established that most employees are reluctant to share knowledge. Research further confirms that the factors that promote or discourage knowledge-sharing behaviour in businesses are poorly understood and that knowledge management systems fail as a result of the misunderstanding of individual characteristics that could influence knowledge sharing. Moreover, the focus of knowledge-sharing literature, in terms of the unit of analysis, is rarely at an individual/micro level, although the role of individuals in the knowledge-sharing process is critical as tacit knowledge resides within the individual and knowledge sharing starts with individuals. Given the importance of understanding knowledge sharing of individuals in knowledge-intensive businesses – but noting the lack of existing systematic, integrated research that focuses on individual-related factors influencing knowledge sharing – the purpose of this study was to fill the gap in the current literature. As such, the primary objective of this research was to identify and empirically investigate the individual-related factors influencing the Knowledge-sharing intention of individual employees in knowledge-intensive businesses. The literature review revealed twelve constructs, namely Individuals’ awareness, Intrinsic motivation, Extrinsic motivation, Transactional psychological contract breach, Relational psychological contract breach, Relationship conflict, Task conflict, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness that could influence the dependent variable Knowledge-sharing intention in knowledge-intensive businesses. Various moderating relationships between the dependent and independent variables were also proposed, while seven demographic variables (Age, Gender, Language, Highest qualification, Ethnic background, Organisational tenure and Job tenure of the respondent) were identified as potential control variables. Each construct in the hypothesised model of individual-related factors influencing Knowledge-sharing intention was defined and operationalised using items sourced from validated measuring instruments in previous studies. Several self-generated items based on secondary sources were also formulated. A structured questionnaire was made available to respondents identified by means of the convenience sampling technique, and the data collected from 597 usable questionnaires was subjected to various statistical analyses. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted which confirmed the unique factors present in the data, and Cronbach-alpha coefficients were calculated to confirm the reliability of the measuring instrument. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was the main statistical procedure used to test the significance of the relationships hypothesised between the various independent and dependent variables. A subset of SEM, namely general linear modelling (GLM) was used to determine the influence of selected demographic variables on Knowledge-sharing intention and to assess various moderating relationships as proposed in the hypothesised model. The main findings of this study were that personality traits are strong predictors of individual employees‟ willingness to share knowledge, and that the maturity of individuals, in terms of realising the significance and value of sharing their knowledge with others, and in recognising the intrinsic benefits of sharing, influence Knowledge-sharing intention. The main limitations of the study were the use of a convenience sampling technique to collect the data, as well as the dependence of self-report by respondents, which could lead to response bias. This study has added to the body of knowledge management research, in particular knowledge-sharing research, by investigating selected individual-related factors influencing the Knowledge-sharing intention of individuals in a particular subset of businesses, namely knowledge-intensive businesses, and focusing on a particular type of knowledge, namely tacit knowledge. From a business‟s perspective, this study offers recommendations and suggestions for managing these individual-related factors in such a way as to increase knowledge sharing among employees, and as a result, the effectiveness and competitive advantage of knowledge-intensive businesses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Monetary and fiscal policy effects on unemployment and inflation in Uganda
- Authors: Sebuliba, Nantumbwe Aminah
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Monetary policy -- Uganda Fiscal policy -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14904 , vital:27899
- Description: Over the recent past, Uganda has experienced disproportionate volatility in inflation alongside rapid growth of unemployment. Whilst inflation has been curtailed to single digit figures since the economic crisis of the 1970s, nevertheless, in the recent past, inflation volatility and unemployment have constrained Uganda’s growth outlook. Like many various developing countries, Uganda has interacted monetary and fiscal policy frameworks as macroeconomic tools to spur productive growth. Most developing countries like Uganda continue to grapple with the challenges of jobless growth which is largely attributed to unstable inflationary pressures as well as low investment which further eggravated rapid expansion in unemployment levels. Government policy efforts have recently been greatly inhibited by rising youth unemployment rates in the country, this has greatly affected Uganda’s growth dynamics. Whilst developed countries have successfully used monetary and fiscal policy frameworks in their pursuit to macroeconomic stability, due to their complex structural economic dynamics, low income countries face challenges in implementing both monetary and fiscal policy to stabilize their economies. Central banks across all countries strive for low and predictable inflation as key in fostering economic growth. The debate over the applicability between monetary and fiscal policy frameworks in the pursuit of enhanced growth continues among policy analysts. The general observation especially in low income countries pertains to the use and effective coordination of monetary and fiscal policy in efforts to stabilize these economies. Despite numerous public expenditure reforms implemented and decline in poverty levels in Uganda, unemployment continued to rise over the past decade consequently inhibiting the country’s growth prospects which has ultimately undermined the econoimy’s capacity to external shocks. Keynes and the monetarists ignited the contentious debate over the superiority between monetary and fiscal policy frameworks which has transformed macroeconomic policy application. A conducive private sector environment as well as large expansions of infrastructure are key fundamental aspects of the development strategy in developing countries, they enhance growth in per capita income. Whilst the monetary authority emphasizes price stability when formulating policies, the fiscal authority pursues its objectives accommodative of the underlying circumstances in the economy. This study aimed to establish an econometric model to predict the impact of monetary and fiscal policy on unemployment and inflation in Uganda using annual time series data for the period 1980 to 2013. The study sought to investigate the influence of monetary and fiscal policy variables on the Ugandan economy in relation to unemployment and inflation. The analysis in the study is based on a twofold oriented objective. The first objective was to investigate monetary and fiscal policy dynamics in Uganda in relation to unemployment. The second objective examined the conduct of monetary and fiscal policy framework on inflation in Uganda. The study analysis begins with a review of literature on the various monetarists and Keynesian theories in relation to the underlying monetary and fiscal policy frameworks. Considering the analysis was a twofold objective, two empirical models linked to unemployment and inflation as well as their relative determinants are specified. The Empirical literature review examined in the study is based on various monetary and fiscal policy theories as well as empirical works by Keynesians, classical economists and the Friedman views. The time series data used were obtained from published sources of the World Bank and IMF, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) statistical reports and annual statistical drafts from the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) and Bank of Uganda (BOU). To empirically investigate the influence of monetary and fiscal policy variables on unemployment and inflation in Uganda, considering the use of two dependent variables i. e unemployment and inflation, hence, two estimation techniques were applied in the study namely; the Modified Ordinary Least Squares that comprise of FMOLS and DOLS and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The estimation analysis in the study contains two main parts which are spread over two chapters. The first part of the analysis deals with the effects of fiscal and monetary policy on unemployment. The estimation techniques applied in the study included the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) applied to a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model. The analysis regressed monetary and fiscal policy aggregates on unemployment in a twofold objective. The first sub section regressed fiscal policy aggregates on unemployment using; total government expenditure, total government revenue, tax revenue and trade openness on unemployment using both FMOLS and DOLS techniques. The second sub-section regressed monetary policy on unemployment using; interest rates, money supply, real effective exchange rates and inflation being regressed against unemployment. To test for presence of unit root among the variables of the sample period of 1980 to 2013, the study employed three approaches; i.e. the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Phillips-Perron (PP) test and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) test. Included in this analysis is the test for structural breaks to further determine stationarity in the data series. The results revealed the presence of structural breaks. Structural breaks tend to inhibit stationarity among the variables at levels. However, when presence of structural breaks is taken into consideration, it simplifies empirical estimation analysis under review. The Johansen Cointegration approach was further applied to establish existence of a stable long-run relationship between monetary policy and fiscal policy as well as their respective variables included in the model in relation to unemployment, this further entailed estimation of FMOLS and DOLS in the model estimation analysis. The results from the above analysys show a negative and statistically significant relationship between total government expenditure (LGOVTEXP) and unemployment (LUNEMPLOYMENT). However, tax revenue, trade openness as well structural reforms which denotes the (SB) coefficient all show a positive and significant relationship with unemployment. Additionally, total government revenue (LGOVTREV) shows a negative relationship with unemployment although statistically insignificant. The DOLS results in this analysis all show statistically insignificant results between all the variables and unemployment. The second subsection using DOLS, analysed the impact of monetary policy on unemployment, revealed a negative and significant relation between interest rates, real exchange rates and structural reforms (SB) with unemployment. Money supply indicates a negative but statistically insignificant relationship with unemployment. However, inflation has a positive and statistically significant relationship with unemployment. The normality tests conducted indicate normal distribution of the residuals. Similiraly, the AR inverse roots show stability of the models estimated whilst the multi-collinearity and Wald tests all showed unbiased estimation results. Having analysed the effects of fiscal and monetary policy on unemployment the interest was to further test the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on inflation. This part constitutes two sub-sections. The ARDL approach ws used to analyse the influence of fiscal policy on inflation. The results reveal a negative and statistically significant relationship between inflation (DLINF) and total government expenditure (DLGOVTEXP) both lagged twice. Similiraly, total government revenue (DLGOVTREV) and tax revenue (DLTAXREV) both lagged once indicate a negative and statistically significant relationship with inflation. However, unemployment lagged three times indicates a negative and statistically insignificant relationship with inflation whilst trade openness lagged three times has a positive and satatistically significant relationship with inflation. The Granger causality test results revealed among all the fiscal policy aggregates used, only inflation Granger causes total government revenue. The second part on the effects of fiscal and monetary policy on inflation used monetary variables; interest rates (DLINT), money supply (DLMS) and real exchange rates (DLREER). The ARDL results revealed all coefficients to have positive signs. Inflation and real exchange rates lagged five and four times respectively have a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable of inflation. However, interest rate and money supply lagged five and three times respectively show a positive and statistically insignificant relationship with inflation. The estimated model showed no evidence of presence of serial correlation through numerous diagnostic tests performed. These include; heteroscedasticity, residual normality and misspecification tests as well as the Cusum stability tests. Under the analysis of monetary policy dynamics on inflation, the Granger causality test revealed that inflation Granger causes interest rates. Similiraly, real exchange rate Granger causes inflation. The ARDL results in this sub-section suggest that inflation regressed against its own lagged values is statistically significant in explaining variations on inflation. Further, interest rates, money supply and real exchange rates significantly explain variations in inflation during the period under review. The results from the above analysis suggest that firstly, the fiscal authority in Uganda should formulate dynamic as well as robust fiscal reforms that can effeficiently be coordinated with sound monetary policy reforms. This ought to stimulate meaningful economic growth in the economy which would further enhance employment growth. Secondly, policy authorities should implement macroeconomic policies which harmonise public spending whilst at the same keep inflation subdued. In this regard, inflation targeting policies should be strengthened. Thirdly, the macroeconomic policy framework in Uganda should be coordinated with strong employment targeting policies in an effort to broaden labour market dynamics.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Sebuliba, Nantumbwe Aminah
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Monetary policy -- Uganda Fiscal policy -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14904 , vital:27899
- Description: Over the recent past, Uganda has experienced disproportionate volatility in inflation alongside rapid growth of unemployment. Whilst inflation has been curtailed to single digit figures since the economic crisis of the 1970s, nevertheless, in the recent past, inflation volatility and unemployment have constrained Uganda’s growth outlook. Like many various developing countries, Uganda has interacted monetary and fiscal policy frameworks as macroeconomic tools to spur productive growth. Most developing countries like Uganda continue to grapple with the challenges of jobless growth which is largely attributed to unstable inflationary pressures as well as low investment which further eggravated rapid expansion in unemployment levels. Government policy efforts have recently been greatly inhibited by rising youth unemployment rates in the country, this has greatly affected Uganda’s growth dynamics. Whilst developed countries have successfully used monetary and fiscal policy frameworks in their pursuit to macroeconomic stability, due to their complex structural economic dynamics, low income countries face challenges in implementing both monetary and fiscal policy to stabilize their economies. Central banks across all countries strive for low and predictable inflation as key in fostering economic growth. The debate over the applicability between monetary and fiscal policy frameworks in the pursuit of enhanced growth continues among policy analysts. The general observation especially in low income countries pertains to the use and effective coordination of monetary and fiscal policy in efforts to stabilize these economies. Despite numerous public expenditure reforms implemented and decline in poverty levels in Uganda, unemployment continued to rise over the past decade consequently inhibiting the country’s growth prospects which has ultimately undermined the econoimy’s capacity to external shocks. Keynes and the monetarists ignited the contentious debate over the superiority between monetary and fiscal policy frameworks which has transformed macroeconomic policy application. A conducive private sector environment as well as large expansions of infrastructure are key fundamental aspects of the development strategy in developing countries, they enhance growth in per capita income. Whilst the monetary authority emphasizes price stability when formulating policies, the fiscal authority pursues its objectives accommodative of the underlying circumstances in the economy. This study aimed to establish an econometric model to predict the impact of monetary and fiscal policy on unemployment and inflation in Uganda using annual time series data for the period 1980 to 2013. The study sought to investigate the influence of monetary and fiscal policy variables on the Ugandan economy in relation to unemployment and inflation. The analysis in the study is based on a twofold oriented objective. The first objective was to investigate monetary and fiscal policy dynamics in Uganda in relation to unemployment. The second objective examined the conduct of monetary and fiscal policy framework on inflation in Uganda. The study analysis begins with a review of literature on the various monetarists and Keynesian theories in relation to the underlying monetary and fiscal policy frameworks. Considering the analysis was a twofold objective, two empirical models linked to unemployment and inflation as well as their relative determinants are specified. The Empirical literature review examined in the study is based on various monetary and fiscal policy theories as well as empirical works by Keynesians, classical economists and the Friedman views. The time series data used were obtained from published sources of the World Bank and IMF, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) statistical reports and annual statistical drafts from the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) and Bank of Uganda (BOU). To empirically investigate the influence of monetary and fiscal policy variables on unemployment and inflation in Uganda, considering the use of two dependent variables i. e unemployment and inflation, hence, two estimation techniques were applied in the study namely; the Modified Ordinary Least Squares that comprise of FMOLS and DOLS and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The estimation analysis in the study contains two main parts which are spread over two chapters. The first part of the analysis deals with the effects of fiscal and monetary policy on unemployment. The estimation techniques applied in the study included the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) applied to a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model. The analysis regressed monetary and fiscal policy aggregates on unemployment in a twofold objective. The first sub section regressed fiscal policy aggregates on unemployment using; total government expenditure, total government revenue, tax revenue and trade openness on unemployment using both FMOLS and DOLS techniques. The second sub-section regressed monetary policy on unemployment using; interest rates, money supply, real effective exchange rates and inflation being regressed against unemployment. To test for presence of unit root among the variables of the sample period of 1980 to 2013, the study employed three approaches; i.e. the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Phillips-Perron (PP) test and Kwiatkowski–Phillips–Schmidt–Shin (KPSS) test. Included in this analysis is the test for structural breaks to further determine stationarity in the data series. The results revealed the presence of structural breaks. Structural breaks tend to inhibit stationarity among the variables at levels. However, when presence of structural breaks is taken into consideration, it simplifies empirical estimation analysis under review. The Johansen Cointegration approach was further applied to establish existence of a stable long-run relationship between monetary policy and fiscal policy as well as their respective variables included in the model in relation to unemployment, this further entailed estimation of FMOLS and DOLS in the model estimation analysis. The results from the above analysys show a negative and statistically significant relationship between total government expenditure (LGOVTEXP) and unemployment (LUNEMPLOYMENT). However, tax revenue, trade openness as well structural reforms which denotes the (SB) coefficient all show a positive and significant relationship with unemployment. Additionally, total government revenue (LGOVTREV) shows a negative relationship with unemployment although statistically insignificant. The DOLS results in this analysis all show statistically insignificant results between all the variables and unemployment. The second subsection using DOLS, analysed the impact of monetary policy on unemployment, revealed a negative and significant relation between interest rates, real exchange rates and structural reforms (SB) with unemployment. Money supply indicates a negative but statistically insignificant relationship with unemployment. However, inflation has a positive and statistically significant relationship with unemployment. The normality tests conducted indicate normal distribution of the residuals. Similiraly, the AR inverse roots show stability of the models estimated whilst the multi-collinearity and Wald tests all showed unbiased estimation results. Having analysed the effects of fiscal and monetary policy on unemployment the interest was to further test the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on inflation. This part constitutes two sub-sections. The ARDL approach ws used to analyse the influence of fiscal policy on inflation. The results reveal a negative and statistically significant relationship between inflation (DLINF) and total government expenditure (DLGOVTEXP) both lagged twice. Similiraly, total government revenue (DLGOVTREV) and tax revenue (DLTAXREV) both lagged once indicate a negative and statistically significant relationship with inflation. However, unemployment lagged three times indicates a negative and statistically insignificant relationship with inflation whilst trade openness lagged three times has a positive and satatistically significant relationship with inflation. The Granger causality test results revealed among all the fiscal policy aggregates used, only inflation Granger causes total government revenue. The second part on the effects of fiscal and monetary policy on inflation used monetary variables; interest rates (DLINT), money supply (DLMS) and real exchange rates (DLREER). The ARDL results revealed all coefficients to have positive signs. Inflation and real exchange rates lagged five and four times respectively have a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable of inflation. However, interest rate and money supply lagged five and three times respectively show a positive and statistically insignificant relationship with inflation. The estimated model showed no evidence of presence of serial correlation through numerous diagnostic tests performed. These include; heteroscedasticity, residual normality and misspecification tests as well as the Cusum stability tests. Under the analysis of monetary policy dynamics on inflation, the Granger causality test revealed that inflation Granger causes interest rates. Similiraly, real exchange rate Granger causes inflation. The ARDL results in this sub-section suggest that inflation regressed against its own lagged values is statistically significant in explaining variations on inflation. Further, interest rates, money supply and real exchange rates significantly explain variations in inflation during the period under review. The results from the above analysis suggest that firstly, the fiscal authority in Uganda should formulate dynamic as well as robust fiscal reforms that can effeficiently be coordinated with sound monetary policy reforms. This ought to stimulate meaningful economic growth in the economy which would further enhance employment growth. Secondly, policy authorities should implement macroeconomic policies which harmonise public spending whilst at the same keep inflation subdued. In this regard, inflation targeting policies should be strengthened. Thirdly, the macroeconomic policy framework in Uganda should be coordinated with strong employment targeting policies in an effort to broaden labour market dynamics.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Online mentoring as a transformative tool for female career and business development
- Authors: Oosthuizen, Nadine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Mentoring in business -- South Africa Glass ceiling (Employment discrimination) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20510 , vital:29301
- Description: The under-representation of females at management level due to the glass ceiling effect has globally received considerable attention. Research found that one of the remedies for females to progress beyond the glass ceiling, was access to a mentor in senior management. Females receiving mentoring in the workplace perform at greater levels as they gain reflected power, advise and the right to use essential resources. Yet, access to mentors was recognised as a barrier to females’ professional career success, both in the corporate field and to develop their small businesses. Fortunately, the revolution in technology has led to online mentoring which combines conventional mentoring relationship approaches with new technology and provides wider access to a pool of mentors. The increasing popularity of online mentoring can be attributed to the benefits it offers stereotyped individuals and those from marginalised groups. The purpose of this study therefore was to ascertain the enabling conditions necessary for effective online mentoring in South Africa, as well as how it can be used to develop the careers of females (both corporate employees and small business entrepreneurs). The study followed a mixed method approach with a sequential exploratory design. Background literature on conventional mentoring in addition to oniline mentoring assisted in contextualising the many issues relating to conventional mentoring which also apply to online mentoring. Primary data was collected in three phases (two qualitative and one quantitative). The data collection method for phases one and two of the enquiry was interviews with the use of a semi-structured interview schedule and for phase three, a survey via an online structured questionnaire. The biographical profiles of the participants interviewed during phases one and two were presented as case studies. Based on the content analysis of the qualitative interviews with five South African mentors, six female mentees from Africa, two South African online mentoring field specialists and one United States online mentoring field specialist, three main themes were identified viz. online mentoring processes, challenges and enabling conditions. Online mentoring processes identified for effective online mentoring related to the application-, selection-, matching- and conflict resolution procedures. Mentoring challenges related to matching preferences, technology impediments, cultural fit problems, language differences, lack of mutual trust, scheduling and frequency and duration of meetings, the impersonal nature of online mentoring and specific mentee- and mentor-related challenges. Based on the content analysis, the conditions for creating an effective online mentoring environment addressed some of the challenges alluded to and could be classified as generic, mentee-specific and mentor-specific enablers. Generic online mentoring enablers are those conditions necessary for creating an effective online mentoring environment for the mentoring pair such as the ability to establish a trusting relationship, flexible meeting schedules, training offered, the expression of emotions online, having a technology infrastructure in place, clear objectives and relationship boundaries, a desirable programme- and meeting duration with adequate meetings, using multiple contact methods and following a hybrid mentoring approach. Mentor specific issues to create an effective online mentoring environment are mentors with exceptional personal qualities that are knowledgable and experienced, while mentee specific issues relate to continuous mentee commitment and that mentees should have been previously exposed to mentoring. The constant comparative data analysis provided insight into how similar or dissimilar institutions approach online mentoring process and the challenges related to the local (South African) online mentoring environment as compared to those globally. Sixty-three respondents (South African mentors both male and female and female mentees who have undergone conventional mentoring) completed the online structured questionnaire on their perceptions of the online mentoring conditions necessary for effective online mentoring. From the exploratory factor analysis results of the online survey in phase three of the study, six valid and reliable conditions necessary for online mentoring were identified namely, infrastructure readiness, demographic matching preference, mentor characteristics, the communication process, mentoring pair perceptions and mentoring pair relationship. The multiple regression analysis performed established one statistically significant relationship. The perception that the mentoring pair hold of online mentoring influence the achievements of the mentee. This study has thus identified several conditions necessary for effective online mentoring globally, as well as for South Africa. South Africa has a pool of knowledgeable mentors involved in global online mentoring progammes and they can assist with online mentoring in the South African communities in need of assistance. However, South Africa can learn from well-established global online mentoring institutions how to implement an effective online mentoring programme, but will need the necessary financial resources to do so. This study further provided evidence on how online mentoring can be utilised for the career advancement of female corporate employees and those owning small businesses. Some guidelines were provided on how to overcome the various challenges associated with online mentoring globally, and those specific to South Africa. The use of mobile technology instead of computer-mediated technology was recommended as it provides greater access to online mentoring, especially for rural communities. It is also more user-friendly for those with limited computer technology skills.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Oosthuizen, Nadine
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Mentoring in business -- South Africa Glass ceiling (Employment discrimination) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20510 , vital:29301
- Description: The under-representation of females at management level due to the glass ceiling effect has globally received considerable attention. Research found that one of the remedies for females to progress beyond the glass ceiling, was access to a mentor in senior management. Females receiving mentoring in the workplace perform at greater levels as they gain reflected power, advise and the right to use essential resources. Yet, access to mentors was recognised as a barrier to females’ professional career success, both in the corporate field and to develop their small businesses. Fortunately, the revolution in technology has led to online mentoring which combines conventional mentoring relationship approaches with new technology and provides wider access to a pool of mentors. The increasing popularity of online mentoring can be attributed to the benefits it offers stereotyped individuals and those from marginalised groups. The purpose of this study therefore was to ascertain the enabling conditions necessary for effective online mentoring in South Africa, as well as how it can be used to develop the careers of females (both corporate employees and small business entrepreneurs). The study followed a mixed method approach with a sequential exploratory design. Background literature on conventional mentoring in addition to oniline mentoring assisted in contextualising the many issues relating to conventional mentoring which also apply to online mentoring. Primary data was collected in three phases (two qualitative and one quantitative). The data collection method for phases one and two of the enquiry was interviews with the use of a semi-structured interview schedule and for phase three, a survey via an online structured questionnaire. The biographical profiles of the participants interviewed during phases one and two were presented as case studies. Based on the content analysis of the qualitative interviews with five South African mentors, six female mentees from Africa, two South African online mentoring field specialists and one United States online mentoring field specialist, three main themes were identified viz. online mentoring processes, challenges and enabling conditions. Online mentoring processes identified for effective online mentoring related to the application-, selection-, matching- and conflict resolution procedures. Mentoring challenges related to matching preferences, technology impediments, cultural fit problems, language differences, lack of mutual trust, scheduling and frequency and duration of meetings, the impersonal nature of online mentoring and specific mentee- and mentor-related challenges. Based on the content analysis, the conditions for creating an effective online mentoring environment addressed some of the challenges alluded to and could be classified as generic, mentee-specific and mentor-specific enablers. Generic online mentoring enablers are those conditions necessary for creating an effective online mentoring environment for the mentoring pair such as the ability to establish a trusting relationship, flexible meeting schedules, training offered, the expression of emotions online, having a technology infrastructure in place, clear objectives and relationship boundaries, a desirable programme- and meeting duration with adequate meetings, using multiple contact methods and following a hybrid mentoring approach. Mentor specific issues to create an effective online mentoring environment are mentors with exceptional personal qualities that are knowledgable and experienced, while mentee specific issues relate to continuous mentee commitment and that mentees should have been previously exposed to mentoring. The constant comparative data analysis provided insight into how similar or dissimilar institutions approach online mentoring process and the challenges related to the local (South African) online mentoring environment as compared to those globally. Sixty-three respondents (South African mentors both male and female and female mentees who have undergone conventional mentoring) completed the online structured questionnaire on their perceptions of the online mentoring conditions necessary for effective online mentoring. From the exploratory factor analysis results of the online survey in phase three of the study, six valid and reliable conditions necessary for online mentoring were identified namely, infrastructure readiness, demographic matching preference, mentor characteristics, the communication process, mentoring pair perceptions and mentoring pair relationship. The multiple regression analysis performed established one statistically significant relationship. The perception that the mentoring pair hold of online mentoring influence the achievements of the mentee. This study has thus identified several conditions necessary for effective online mentoring globally, as well as for South Africa. South Africa has a pool of knowledgeable mentors involved in global online mentoring progammes and they can assist with online mentoring in the South African communities in need of assistance. However, South Africa can learn from well-established global online mentoring institutions how to implement an effective online mentoring programme, but will need the necessary financial resources to do so. This study further provided evidence on how online mentoring can be utilised for the career advancement of female corporate employees and those owning small businesses. Some guidelines were provided on how to overcome the various challenges associated with online mentoring globally, and those specific to South Africa. The use of mobile technology instead of computer-mediated technology was recommended as it provides greater access to online mentoring, especially for rural communities. It is also more user-friendly for those with limited computer technology skills.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The adoption of employee share ownership plans (ESOPs) in Nigeria
- Authors: Akponah, Voke Blessing
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Employee ownership -- Nigeria , Profit-sharing -- Nigeria Management -- Employee participation -- Nigeria Nigeria -- Economic aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13834 , vital:27312
- Description: This study investigated the factors that influence the adoption of ESOPs in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study investigated the influence of the adoption of ESOPs on organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. The study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on transparency. The results in this study further reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication effectively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on two-way communication. In addition, the study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and trust positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on empowerment. The study further reveals that adoption of ESOPs based on transparency, two-way communication and empowerment leads to organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. This study, being the first of its kind in Nigeria, filled the gap that existed in the Nigerian literature in respect of the awareness and adoption of ESOPs. This study provides literature and theoretical model that can be used as a foundation by organisations and the government to start up the adoption of ESOPs. This study showed that ESOPs is beneficial to boost the economy, enhance desired organisational outcomes (organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment) and meet the financial and retirement needs of employees. However, for organisations and employees to enjoy the full benefits of ESOPs, underlying forces such as, trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits, trusts and taxation implication must be taken into account. Furthermore, the adoption, implementation and operations of ESOPs will be successful management, trade union leaders and employees utilise strategies such as, transparency, two-way communication and empowerment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Akponah, Voke Blessing
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Employee ownership -- Nigeria , Profit-sharing -- Nigeria Management -- Employee participation -- Nigeria Nigeria -- Economic aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13834 , vital:27312
- Description: This study investigated the factors that influence the adoption of ESOPs in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study investigated the influence of the adoption of ESOPs on organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. The study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on transparency. The results in this study further reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and taxation implication effectively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on two-way communication. In addition, the study results reveal that trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits and trust positively influence the adoption of ESOPs based on empowerment. The study further reveals that adoption of ESOPs based on transparency, two-way communication and empowerment leads to organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment. This study, being the first of its kind in Nigeria, filled the gap that existed in the Nigerian literature in respect of the awareness and adoption of ESOPs. This study provides literature and theoretical model that can be used as a foundation by organisations and the government to start up the adoption of ESOPs. This study showed that ESOPs is beneficial to boost the economy, enhance desired organisational outcomes (organisational performance, employee retention and employee commitment) and meet the financial and retirement needs of employees. However, for organisations and employees to enjoy the full benefits of ESOPs, underlying forces such as, trade union responsiveness, takeovers, reforms, awareness of employee benefits, trusts and taxation implication must be taken into account. Furthermore, the adoption, implementation and operations of ESOPs will be successful management, trade union leaders and employees utilise strategies such as, transparency, two-way communication and empowerment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses
- Authors: Webber, Zwelibanzi Samson
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diversity in the workplace -- South Africa , Organizational change -- South Africa Social change -- South Africa Management -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13524 , vital:27217
- Description: Diversity management is of strategic importance in all organisations throughout the world. Its importance is derived from the belief that workplaces by nature consist of diverse employees, who in one way or another are different in terms of race, gender, religion, or any other difference that may have an impact on the business and its employees. The differences among people need to be managed. This study investigated the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses. Literature reviews on diversity management and multicultural education in various parts of the world have revealed an impact on the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes. However, existing South African literature on diversity management does not conclusively expose the effects of diversity management on business and social outcomes, hence the need for this study. The study was based on a conceptual framework, which included variables on diversity management initiatives, diversity management models, institutional development theory and business and social outcomes. Hypotheses for the study were also developed and tested. In testing the hypotheses, the empirical data collected was subjected to a series of statistical tests, using STATISTICA version 13. MANOVA tests were conducted to determine the existence of differences among variables and the extent to which the variables differed was measured by means of ANOVA tests. Tukey post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) were used to determine practical significance among variables. The study was also subjected to Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis tests to ascertain the existence of relationships between all diversity management initiatives and business and social outcome factors. The analysis was concluded by conducting an exploratory factor analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm or reduce the number of factors and the number of factors was subsequently reduced. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test was also done for the extracted factors, after which a regressions analysis test was conducted to confirm the existence of relationships between the extracted diversity management initiatives factors and business and social outcomes factors. This formed the basis for the development of a proposed diversity management model. The model of the implementation of diversity management initiatives is an important contribution to the study because it shows the different aspects that guide the process of implementation. The model is based on the implementation of a formal diversity management change strategy and programme of action; employment equity plan and strategy; and the recruitment and empowerment of women and people living with disabilities. The study was not without limitations. Challenges with regard to access to respondents were experienced and this was one of the delays in data collection. Another challenge experienced was that the study did not include qualitative research approaches, which could have been used for in-depth responses. The study provides an important milestone for the use of diversity management initiatives in South African companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Webber, Zwelibanzi Samson
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Diversity in the workplace -- South Africa , Organizational change -- South Africa Social change -- South Africa Management -- Social aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13524 , vital:27217
- Description: Diversity management is of strategic importance in all organisations throughout the world. Its importance is derived from the belief that workplaces by nature consist of diverse employees, who in one way or another are different in terms of race, gender, religion, or any other difference that may have an impact on the business and its employees. The differences among people need to be managed. This study investigated the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes in South African businesses. Literature reviews on diversity management and multicultural education in various parts of the world have revealed an impact on the influence of diversity management initiatives on business and social outcomes. However, existing South African literature on diversity management does not conclusively expose the effects of diversity management on business and social outcomes, hence the need for this study. The study was based on a conceptual framework, which included variables on diversity management initiatives, diversity management models, institutional development theory and business and social outcomes. Hypotheses for the study were also developed and tested. In testing the hypotheses, the empirical data collected was subjected to a series of statistical tests, using STATISTICA version 13. MANOVA tests were conducted to determine the existence of differences among variables and the extent to which the variables differed was measured by means of ANOVA tests. Tukey post hoc tests (Tukey HSD) were used to determine practical significance among variables. The study was also subjected to Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient analysis tests to ascertain the existence of relationships between all diversity management initiatives and business and social outcome factors. The analysis was concluded by conducting an exploratory factor analysis. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to confirm or reduce the number of factors and the number of factors was subsequently reduced. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test was also done for the extracted factors, after which a regressions analysis test was conducted to confirm the existence of relationships between the extracted diversity management initiatives factors and business and social outcomes factors. This formed the basis for the development of a proposed diversity management model. The model of the implementation of diversity management initiatives is an important contribution to the study because it shows the different aspects that guide the process of implementation. The model is based on the implementation of a formal diversity management change strategy and programme of action; employment equity plan and strategy; and the recruitment and empowerment of women and people living with disabilities. The study was not without limitations. Challenges with regard to access to respondents were experienced and this was one of the delays in data collection. Another challenge experienced was that the study did not include qualitative research approaches, which could have been used for in-depth responses. The study provides an important milestone for the use of diversity management initiatives in South African companies.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The organisational commitment of financial planners in South Africa
- Authors: Paterson, Steven James
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organizational commitment -- South Africa , Organizational behavior -- South Africa Financial planning industry -- South Africa -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13812 , vital:27310
- Description: With the increasing demand for financial planners, financial planning organisations need to understand the factors influencing organisational commitment in order to achieve a committed and loyal workforce. The purpose of this study was therefore two-fold. Firstly, the study intended to contribute to the more effective functioning of financial planning organisations through the successful retention of valuable human resources, and secondly, to expand the current body of knowledge on financial planning organisations in South Africa and abroad. Considering the purpose of this study, its primary objective was to investigate the influence of selected organisational-related factors on the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners currently employed in the financial planning industry in South Africa. Based on an extensive review of business management, industrial psychology, as well as human resource management literature and research (focusing on the vast amount of secondary sources available on organisational commitment), a hypothesised model illustrating the relationships between selected organisational-related factors and the three dimensions of organisational commitment was proposed. Twelve independent variables were hypothesised to influence the three dependent variables, namely the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners. The twelve independent variables included: Compensation, Distributive justice, Job autonomy, Job security, Organisational communication, Organisational support, Physical working conditions, Promotional opportunities, Psychological contract fulfilment, Training and development, Transformational leadership and Trust. In addition, nine demographic variables (Gender, Race, Age, Organisational tenure, Qualification, CFP status, Tied agent status, Salary structure and Organisational type) were identified. All of the dependent and independent variables in this study were clearly defined and operationalised using items from previously validated measuring instruments, in addition to several self-generated items based on secondary sources. Questionnaires were made available to potential respondents through the use of convenience snowball sampling. A total of 231 useable questionnaires were returned which were then analysed statistically. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the original operationalisations, hypothesised model, as well as the hypotheses were revised. Additionally, a new, combined factor emerged, namely Job security and promotional opportunities. The proposed model of factors was subsequently empirically tested by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). In order to carry out the statistical analysis, three submodels were created. The hypothesised model was revised and the redefined hypothesised relationships were given in path diagrams for each of the three submodels. The influence of the various demographic variables on Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment were assessed by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A number of organisational-related factors were identified as influencing the dependent variables of this study, namely: Compensation, Organisational support, Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities, as well as Training and development. In particular, Compensation and Organisational support were found to influence Affective commitment, while Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities as well as Training and development were found to influence Normative commitment. Additionally, Organisational support and Job security and promotional opportunities were found to influence Continuance commitment. By investigating selected organisational-related factors influencing the three dimensions of organisational commitment, the study was able to provide practical recommendations to organisations in order to increase the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of their financial planners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Paterson, Steven James
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Organizational commitment -- South Africa , Organizational behavior -- South Africa Financial planning industry -- South Africa -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13812 , vital:27310
- Description: With the increasing demand for financial planners, financial planning organisations need to understand the factors influencing organisational commitment in order to achieve a committed and loyal workforce. The purpose of this study was therefore two-fold. Firstly, the study intended to contribute to the more effective functioning of financial planning organisations through the successful retention of valuable human resources, and secondly, to expand the current body of knowledge on financial planning organisations in South Africa and abroad. Considering the purpose of this study, its primary objective was to investigate the influence of selected organisational-related factors on the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners currently employed in the financial planning industry in South Africa. Based on an extensive review of business management, industrial psychology, as well as human resource management literature and research (focusing on the vast amount of secondary sources available on organisational commitment), a hypothesised model illustrating the relationships between selected organisational-related factors and the three dimensions of organisational commitment was proposed. Twelve independent variables were hypothesised to influence the three dependent variables, namely the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of financial planners. The twelve independent variables included: Compensation, Distributive justice, Job autonomy, Job security, Organisational communication, Organisational support, Physical working conditions, Promotional opportunities, Psychological contract fulfilment, Training and development, Transformational leadership and Trust. In addition, nine demographic variables (Gender, Race, Age, Organisational tenure, Qualification, CFP status, Tied agent status, Salary structure and Organisational type) were identified. All of the dependent and independent variables in this study were clearly defined and operationalised using items from previously validated measuring instruments, in addition to several self-generated items based on secondary sources. Questionnaires were made available to potential respondents through the use of convenience snowball sampling. A total of 231 useable questionnaires were returned which were then analysed statistically. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), the original operationalisations, hypothesised model, as well as the hypotheses were revised. Additionally, a new, combined factor emerged, namely Job security and promotional opportunities. The proposed model of factors was subsequently empirically tested by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). In order to carry out the statistical analysis, three submodels were created. The hypothesised model was revised and the redefined hypothesised relationships were given in path diagrams for each of the three submodels. The influence of the various demographic variables on Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment were assessed by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A number of organisational-related factors were identified as influencing the dependent variables of this study, namely: Compensation, Organisational support, Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities, as well as Training and development. In particular, Compensation and Organisational support were found to influence Affective commitment, while Distributive justice, Job security and promotional opportunities as well as Training and development were found to influence Normative commitment. Additionally, Organisational support and Job security and promotional opportunities were found to influence Continuance commitment. By investigating selected organisational-related factors influencing the three dimensions of organisational commitment, the study was able to provide practical recommendations to organisations in order to increase the Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment of their financial planners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The relationship between servant leadership, workplace trust, work engagement and workplace wellbeing
- Authors: Barnard, Patrick Christian
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Work environment -- Psychological aspects Organizational behavior , Psychology, Industrial Leadership
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14532 , vital:27740
- Description: Globalization has had a profound impact on the business environment of organizations and on the lives of employees in most countries. Previously sheltered markets were suddenly opened up to intense international competition. Organizations had to improve the efficient and effective utilization of resources to retain and gain market shares. Even organizations which are still prospering today in the face of serious competition, cannot be sure of continued success in the next financial year. Astute owners and managers are acutely aware of the need to continually and consciously seek the competitive edge for their businesses. Market forces exert continuous pressure on organizations and their employees to increase performance to keep up with ever rising demands. Concurrently there are rising pressures from civil society, easily mobilized through social media, for organizational leaders to be more ethical, moral and socially responsible. Employers are currently expected to not only take care of the wellbeing of their employees, but also the wellbeing of the communities in which they operate. The challenge is clearly to find a business model that can increase individual and organizational performance, while at the same time create high levels of wellbeing for employees and thereby creating a spill-over effect to influence the wellbeing of their social environment positively. To this end, the literature was reviewed to identify constructs which could provide a solid ethical and moral managerial foundation, increase performance and create high levels of wellbeing at the same time. Servant Leadership, Workplace Trust, Work Engagement and Workplace Wellbeing were identified as constructs which could fulfill these requirements. As measurement lies at the heart of scientific endeavour, the selection of appropriate measuring instruments was considered to be equally important. The Servant Leadership Survey (Van Dierendonck and Nuijten, 2011), the Workplace Trust Survey (Ferres, 2001), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli et al, 2002) and the Work Wellbeing Questionnaire (Parker and Hyett, 2011) were selected as the most suitable instruments. These instruments are deemed to measure the constructs thoroughly through a combined total of 114 items and 18 dimensions. Three primary aims were identified for the study namely, determining the configurational portability of the instruments, investigating the relationships between the variables to determine their direct and sequential effect on wellbeing and establishing whether structural models of the findings could be built. The main findings indicate that each of the variables explain significant proportions of the variance in Work Wellbeing directly as well as indirectly through their effect on the other variables of the study. It seems that these variables contribute to fostering a psycho-organizational climate conducive to increased wellbeing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Barnard, Patrick Christian
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Work environment -- Psychological aspects Organizational behavior , Psychology, Industrial Leadership
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14532 , vital:27740
- Description: Globalization has had a profound impact on the business environment of organizations and on the lives of employees in most countries. Previously sheltered markets were suddenly opened up to intense international competition. Organizations had to improve the efficient and effective utilization of resources to retain and gain market shares. Even organizations which are still prospering today in the face of serious competition, cannot be sure of continued success in the next financial year. Astute owners and managers are acutely aware of the need to continually and consciously seek the competitive edge for their businesses. Market forces exert continuous pressure on organizations and their employees to increase performance to keep up with ever rising demands. Concurrently there are rising pressures from civil society, easily mobilized through social media, for organizational leaders to be more ethical, moral and socially responsible. Employers are currently expected to not only take care of the wellbeing of their employees, but also the wellbeing of the communities in which they operate. The challenge is clearly to find a business model that can increase individual and organizational performance, while at the same time create high levels of wellbeing for employees and thereby creating a spill-over effect to influence the wellbeing of their social environment positively. To this end, the literature was reviewed to identify constructs which could provide a solid ethical and moral managerial foundation, increase performance and create high levels of wellbeing at the same time. Servant Leadership, Workplace Trust, Work Engagement and Workplace Wellbeing were identified as constructs which could fulfill these requirements. As measurement lies at the heart of scientific endeavour, the selection of appropriate measuring instruments was considered to be equally important. The Servant Leadership Survey (Van Dierendonck and Nuijten, 2011), the Workplace Trust Survey (Ferres, 2001), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli et al, 2002) and the Work Wellbeing Questionnaire (Parker and Hyett, 2011) were selected as the most suitable instruments. These instruments are deemed to measure the constructs thoroughly through a combined total of 114 items and 18 dimensions. Three primary aims were identified for the study namely, determining the configurational portability of the instruments, investigating the relationships between the variables to determine their direct and sequential effect on wellbeing and establishing whether structural models of the findings could be built. The main findings indicate that each of the variables explain significant proportions of the variance in Work Wellbeing directly as well as indirectly through their effect on the other variables of the study. It seems that these variables contribute to fostering a psycho-organizational climate conducive to increased wellbeing.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The retirement funding adequacy of black South Africans
- Authors: Zeka, Bomikazi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Retirement income -- South Africa -- Case studies South Africa -- Finance Finance, Personal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13338 , vital:27176
- Description: Despite the importance of retirement planning, many South Africans have been documented as reaching retirement age without adequate retirement funding. A vast amount of research has been conducted on how proper retirement planning can be beneficial for individuals; however, there has been a lack of attention given to researching the retirement planning of black individuals in South Africa. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to identify, investigate and empirically test which factors influence retirement planning, and which aspects of retirement planning influence the retirement funding adequacy of black individuals. After a comprehensive literature review was undertaken on the factors influencing the retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy of individuals, the following independent variables were identified as influencing the mediating variable (Aspects of retirement planning) and the dependent variable (Retirement funding adequacy) in this study: • Financial literacy; • The role of the financial planner; • Family support structure; and • Health status. These independent variables were selected to construct a hypothesised model and research hypotheses, as they have been identified as the prominent factors that influence the retirement planning of black South Africans. Furthermore, these independent variables were used in determining whether they have an influence on the Aspects of retirement planning (incorporating Retirement provisions, Retirement attitudes and Retirement intentions) and, ultimately, improve the Retirement funding adequacy of individuals. In order to establish the influence of the aspects of retirement planning on the retirement funding adequacy of individuals, an empirical investigation was undertaken. A measuring instrument, in the form of a questionnaire, was compiled from secondary literature sources. The respondents were identified though a mixed sampling approach, whereby stratified sampling and convenience sampling were used to attain 441 usable questionnaires that were subjected to statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics, in the form of frequency distributions, were used to summarise Section A and Section B of the measuring instrument. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument were confirmed by means of exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were also calculated for this purpose. As a result of conducting the EFA, two independent variables (Family support structure and Health status) loaded together, and the factor was renamed accordingly. From the EFA, the independent variables that emerged were The role of the financial planner, Family, health, and financial well-being, and Financial literacy. Furthermore, the EFA revealed that three mediating variables emerged from the mediating variable Aspects of retirement planning. These three mediating variables were consequently named Retirement intentions, Retirement attitudes, and Retirement provisions. There were no eliminated variables in this study. Based on the results of the EFA, some of the definitions of the variables were adapted. Consequently, the hypothesised model and its research hypotheses were adapted to reflect the results of the EFA. The results of the Cronbach’s alphas calculated reported that all the measuring scales used in the questionnaire of the study were reliable. Furthermore, descriptive statistics were also calculated to summarise the sample data, and Pearson’s product moment correlations were calculated to establish the correlations between all the variables used in this study. A multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the influence of the various independent variables on the mediating variables and the dependent variable. Furthermore, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used as the main statistical procedure to test for mediation in the study. SEM was also used to assess and confirm the results of the multiple regression analyses. Based on the results of the multiple regression analyses and SEM, the hypothesised relationships of the study were accepted or rejected. Additionally, the results of SEM revealed that the revised model of the study displayed acceptable model fit. To conclude the empirical investigation, t-tests and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to assess whether the respondents’ perceptions of the variables used in the study differed as a result of the respondents’ demographic information. Furthermore, to establish significant differences between individual mean scores, post-hoc Tukey tests were calculated, and practical significance was assessed by calculating Cohen’s d values. The main empirical results of the study found that statistically significant relationships exist between the independent variables The role of the financial planner and Family, health, and financial well-being, and the mediating variable Retirement intentions. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the independent variable Financial literacy and the mediating variable Retirement attitudes. Other significant relationships were present between all the independent variables The role of the financial planner, Family, health, and financial well-being and Financial literacy, and the mediating variable Retirement provisions. The study also established statistically significant relationships between the mediating variables Retirement attitudes and Retirement provisions and the dependent variable Retirement funding adequacy. Statistically significant relationships were also present between the independent variables Family, health, and financial well-being and Financial literacy and the dependent variable Retirement funding adequacy. This study has added to the limited amount of academic literature in the field of retirement planning in South Africa. Through the hypothesised model developed in this study, a significant contribution has been made towards investigating the factors that influence the retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy of black individuals residing in South Africa. This study presents recommendations to black individuals on practical strategies that could help to improve their retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy. Furthermore, suggestions are presented to financial planners and financial institutions, in order to assist black individuals or potential clients to improve their retirement planning and to help ensure that individuals are financially independent when they reach retirement age. It is recommended that financial institutions provide financial products/services that will cater to black South Africans.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Zeka, Bomikazi
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Retirement income -- South Africa -- Case studies South Africa -- Finance Finance, Personal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13338 , vital:27176
- Description: Despite the importance of retirement planning, many South Africans have been documented as reaching retirement age without adequate retirement funding. A vast amount of research has been conducted on how proper retirement planning can be beneficial for individuals; however, there has been a lack of attention given to researching the retirement planning of black individuals in South Africa. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to identify, investigate and empirically test which factors influence retirement planning, and which aspects of retirement planning influence the retirement funding adequacy of black individuals. After a comprehensive literature review was undertaken on the factors influencing the retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy of individuals, the following independent variables were identified as influencing the mediating variable (Aspects of retirement planning) and the dependent variable (Retirement funding adequacy) in this study: • Financial literacy; • The role of the financial planner; • Family support structure; and • Health status. These independent variables were selected to construct a hypothesised model and research hypotheses, as they have been identified as the prominent factors that influence the retirement planning of black South Africans. Furthermore, these independent variables were used in determining whether they have an influence on the Aspects of retirement planning (incorporating Retirement provisions, Retirement attitudes and Retirement intentions) and, ultimately, improve the Retirement funding adequacy of individuals. In order to establish the influence of the aspects of retirement planning on the retirement funding adequacy of individuals, an empirical investigation was undertaken. A measuring instrument, in the form of a questionnaire, was compiled from secondary literature sources. The respondents were identified though a mixed sampling approach, whereby stratified sampling and convenience sampling were used to attain 441 usable questionnaires that were subjected to statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics, in the form of frequency distributions, were used to summarise Section A and Section B of the measuring instrument. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument were confirmed by means of exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were also calculated for this purpose. As a result of conducting the EFA, two independent variables (Family support structure and Health status) loaded together, and the factor was renamed accordingly. From the EFA, the independent variables that emerged were The role of the financial planner, Family, health, and financial well-being, and Financial literacy. Furthermore, the EFA revealed that three mediating variables emerged from the mediating variable Aspects of retirement planning. These three mediating variables were consequently named Retirement intentions, Retirement attitudes, and Retirement provisions. There were no eliminated variables in this study. Based on the results of the EFA, some of the definitions of the variables were adapted. Consequently, the hypothesised model and its research hypotheses were adapted to reflect the results of the EFA. The results of the Cronbach’s alphas calculated reported that all the measuring scales used in the questionnaire of the study were reliable. Furthermore, descriptive statistics were also calculated to summarise the sample data, and Pearson’s product moment correlations were calculated to establish the correlations between all the variables used in this study. A multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the influence of the various independent variables on the mediating variables and the dependent variable. Furthermore, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used as the main statistical procedure to test for mediation in the study. SEM was also used to assess and confirm the results of the multiple regression analyses. Based on the results of the multiple regression analyses and SEM, the hypothesised relationships of the study were accepted or rejected. Additionally, the results of SEM revealed that the revised model of the study displayed acceptable model fit. To conclude the empirical investigation, t-tests and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to assess whether the respondents’ perceptions of the variables used in the study differed as a result of the respondents’ demographic information. Furthermore, to establish significant differences between individual mean scores, post-hoc Tukey tests were calculated, and practical significance was assessed by calculating Cohen’s d values. The main empirical results of the study found that statistically significant relationships exist between the independent variables The role of the financial planner and Family, health, and financial well-being, and the mediating variable Retirement intentions. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the independent variable Financial literacy and the mediating variable Retirement attitudes. Other significant relationships were present between all the independent variables The role of the financial planner, Family, health, and financial well-being and Financial literacy, and the mediating variable Retirement provisions. The study also established statistically significant relationships between the mediating variables Retirement attitudes and Retirement provisions and the dependent variable Retirement funding adequacy. Statistically significant relationships were also present between the independent variables Family, health, and financial well-being and Financial literacy and the dependent variable Retirement funding adequacy. This study has added to the limited amount of academic literature in the field of retirement planning in South Africa. Through the hypothesised model developed in this study, a significant contribution has been made towards investigating the factors that influence the retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy of black individuals residing in South Africa. This study presents recommendations to black individuals on practical strategies that could help to improve their retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy. Furthermore, suggestions are presented to financial planners and financial institutions, in order to assist black individuals or potential clients to improve their retirement planning and to help ensure that individuals are financially independent when they reach retirement age. It is recommended that financial institutions provide financial products/services that will cater to black South Africans.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Measuring the performance of the banking sector in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Abel, Sanderson
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Banks and banking -- Zimbabwe , Bank profits -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5110 , vital:20806
- Description: The measurement of the banking sector performance in Zimbabwe is motivated by the unique developments that typified the sector during the period 2009-2014 after emerging from an economic crisis. The Zimbabwean economy returned to stability and growth in 2009, after a decade long economic decline. Economic stability brought about growth in deposits, loans, assets, capitalization and profits during this period. The banking sector has been accused of excessive profiteering through overpricing their products, which culminated in the intervention by the authorities in the sector. The interest rates spread, fees and other charges were presumed to be high which motivated the need to understand whether the banking sector is efficient or inefficient given the high interest rate spreads between the deposit rates and lending rates. Furthermore the high interest rates have raised the question of whether banks were exploiting their market power to price their products highly or whether their prices were determined by the dictates of market forces. Continued profitability of the sector also called for an investigation into what was driving the persistence of profitability over time. The primary objective of this research was to measure the performance of the banking sector during the period 2009-2014. The study contributes to the empirical literature by measuring and assessing the drivers of banking sector competition, efficiency and profitability and applying them at much disaggregated levels. This study also contributes to the debate on the relationships among the performance measures of competition, profitability and efficiency. The study adopted a number of methods which contributes to the array of tools central banks can employ to measure bank performance. The study employed a number of methodologies to measure the competition, efficiency and profitability performance of the banking sector. Competition was estimated using the new empirical industrial organisation methods of Panza and Rose (1987) and the Lerner (1934) Index was used. Cost and revenue efficiency was estimated using the two step methods of Data Envelopment Analysis followed by the Tobit regression method. An assessment of the persistence and drivers of profitability was measured using the Generalised Method of Moments. This study shows that the banking sector was operating under monopolistic competition market structure. This implies that banks held some market power as a result of product differentiation due to unique features such as brands, image and advertising, among others. The study indicates that competition increased during the period 2009-2014. Market power/competition in the banking sector during the study period was driven by capital adequacy, non-performing loans, liquidity risk, cost-income ratio, economic growth and government policy on pricing of bank products. The study suggests that the banking sector experienced an average inefficiency level of approximately 35 per cent in relationship with the best performing institutions in the sample. As a result of stability experienced in the economy, the average revenue and cost efficiency increased between 2009 and 2014. The study further established that the discord around the implementation of the indigenisation and empowerment law, coupled with the government intervention in the banking sector had a negative impact on the banking sector efficiency. It also found that efficiency is determined by market power, capital adequacy, cost income ratio, economic growth, inflation, market share and profitability. The Granger Causality test between cost efficiency and market power suggests that causality is bidirectional. On the other hand granger causality between revenue efficiency and market power is unidirectional and positive, running from revenue efficiency to market power. The result implies that policy measures should bring a balance between increasing competition and improving the revenue efficiency. The study shows that the banking sector was profitable during the period 2009 to 2014. The profitability was a reflection of a stable macroeconomic environment, typified by low inflation levels, despite the crises during this period. It further reveals that the banking sector‟s profitability persisted over time, reflecting the regulatory structure of the sector. The study established that profitability was determined by market power, non-performing loans, liquidity risk, capital adequacy, bank size and cost efficiency. This implies profitability was driven by bank specific determinants. There are a number of policy implications derived from the study. Regulatory measures such as forced consolidations can lead to excessive market power by the banking institution; hence it should be moderated. Banks should enhance credit risk because NPLs has been dragging profits. Banks should take advantage of the various measures introduced, such as the setting up of the special purpose vehicle and credit reference bureau. The government should avoid tampering with market forces as this reduces competition, efficiency and profitability and put in place measures that grow the economy as it increases the efficiency and profitability of the banking sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Abel, Sanderson
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Banks and banking -- Zimbabwe , Bank profits -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5110 , vital:20806
- Description: The measurement of the banking sector performance in Zimbabwe is motivated by the unique developments that typified the sector during the period 2009-2014 after emerging from an economic crisis. The Zimbabwean economy returned to stability and growth in 2009, after a decade long economic decline. Economic stability brought about growth in deposits, loans, assets, capitalization and profits during this period. The banking sector has been accused of excessive profiteering through overpricing their products, which culminated in the intervention by the authorities in the sector. The interest rates spread, fees and other charges were presumed to be high which motivated the need to understand whether the banking sector is efficient or inefficient given the high interest rate spreads between the deposit rates and lending rates. Furthermore the high interest rates have raised the question of whether banks were exploiting their market power to price their products highly or whether their prices were determined by the dictates of market forces. Continued profitability of the sector also called for an investigation into what was driving the persistence of profitability over time. The primary objective of this research was to measure the performance of the banking sector during the period 2009-2014. The study contributes to the empirical literature by measuring and assessing the drivers of banking sector competition, efficiency and profitability and applying them at much disaggregated levels. This study also contributes to the debate on the relationships among the performance measures of competition, profitability and efficiency. The study adopted a number of methods which contributes to the array of tools central banks can employ to measure bank performance. The study employed a number of methodologies to measure the competition, efficiency and profitability performance of the banking sector. Competition was estimated using the new empirical industrial organisation methods of Panza and Rose (1987) and the Lerner (1934) Index was used. Cost and revenue efficiency was estimated using the two step methods of Data Envelopment Analysis followed by the Tobit regression method. An assessment of the persistence and drivers of profitability was measured using the Generalised Method of Moments. This study shows that the banking sector was operating under monopolistic competition market structure. This implies that banks held some market power as a result of product differentiation due to unique features such as brands, image and advertising, among others. The study indicates that competition increased during the period 2009-2014. Market power/competition in the banking sector during the study period was driven by capital adequacy, non-performing loans, liquidity risk, cost-income ratio, economic growth and government policy on pricing of bank products. The study suggests that the banking sector experienced an average inefficiency level of approximately 35 per cent in relationship with the best performing institutions in the sample. As a result of stability experienced in the economy, the average revenue and cost efficiency increased between 2009 and 2014. The study further established that the discord around the implementation of the indigenisation and empowerment law, coupled with the government intervention in the banking sector had a negative impact on the banking sector efficiency. It also found that efficiency is determined by market power, capital adequacy, cost income ratio, economic growth, inflation, market share and profitability. The Granger Causality test between cost efficiency and market power suggests that causality is bidirectional. On the other hand granger causality between revenue efficiency and market power is unidirectional and positive, running from revenue efficiency to market power. The result implies that policy measures should bring a balance between increasing competition and improving the revenue efficiency. The study shows that the banking sector was profitable during the period 2009 to 2014. The profitability was a reflection of a stable macroeconomic environment, typified by low inflation levels, despite the crises during this period. It further reveals that the banking sector‟s profitability persisted over time, reflecting the regulatory structure of the sector. The study established that profitability was determined by market power, non-performing loans, liquidity risk, capital adequacy, bank size and cost efficiency. This implies profitability was driven by bank specific determinants. There are a number of policy implications derived from the study. Regulatory measures such as forced consolidations can lead to excessive market power by the banking institution; hence it should be moderated. Banks should enhance credit risk because NPLs has been dragging profits. Banks should take advantage of the various measures introduced, such as the setting up of the special purpose vehicle and credit reference bureau. The government should avoid tampering with market forces as this reduces competition, efficiency and profitability and put in place measures that grow the economy as it increases the efficiency and profitability of the banking sector.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Perceptions of the rules of business behaviour in the competitive banking environment in Uganda
- Mukasa, Herbert, Smith, Elroy Eugene
- Authors: Mukasa, Herbert , Smith, Elroy Eugene
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Business etiquette -- Uganda Banks and banking -- Uganda Financial services industry -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12297 , vital:27052
- Description: Business rules shape the behaviour of a business and guide the behaviour of employees when conducting business. Therefore, business rules explain what is allowed and not allowed. It is argued that all organisations have business rules and engage in some form of relationship whether through competition or cooperation with other companies. In today’s business environment, organisations are embedded in relationships with other actors in order to gain access to resources that are needed. Therefore, each organisation’s business rules define their strategies and actions. The type of business rule behaviour which is applied by organisations encourages them to grow by taking market share from rivals or creating new markets. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the rules of business behaviour on perceptions of the competitive banking environment in Uganda and its potential impact on certain outcomes. In this study, a quantitative research approach was adopted, as the study sought to investigate the relationships between variables. This study collected data through the use of a structured self-administered survey questionnaire which was distributed to 233 branches of banks in Uganda, totaling 700 bank employees. The survey yielded 529 usable questionnaires which were analyzed, using several statistical analysis techniques. A hypothetical model and measuring instrument of perceptions of the rules of business behaviour in the competitive banking environment within Uganda was developed. Six null-hypotheses were subjected to statistical analysis. The influence of three independent variables, namely, confrontational business behaviour, co-operational business behaviour and typologies of competition on the intermediate variable, perceptions of the competitive banking environment in Uganda were tested. The impact of these variables on three independent outcome variables, namely, organisational performance and customer loyalty and retention were also tested The empirical findings revealed that the rules of business behaviour have a significant relationship with perceptions of the competitive banking environment in Uganda. These results showed that confrontational behaviour as a rule of business behaviour can be classified as being direct or indirect. The study further revealed that banks should consider competitors as co-partners and not only as aggressors, indicating that co-operational business behaviour is statistically significantly related to perceptions of the competitive business environment in Uganda. The three typologies of competition, namely, defy attack, defense and debase attack are also positively related to perceptions of the competitive business environment in Uganda. The empirical results of the study also indicated that perceptions of the competitive banking environment have a positive relationship with outcomes such as organisational performance, customer retention and customer loyalty. This study contributed to the literature and body of knowledge regarding the impact of rules of business behaviour in the competitive banking environment in Uganda. This study could also assist banks, employees and customers alike to understand the different rules of business behaviour that exist and what strategies banks can employ to improve their position in the market. This study could also be replicated by other banks in other developing countries so as to ensure successful competition and the cooperation of banks as they engage in their activities in the banking industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Mukasa, Herbert , Smith, Elroy Eugene
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Business etiquette -- Uganda Banks and banking -- Uganda Financial services industry -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12297 , vital:27052
- Description: Business rules shape the behaviour of a business and guide the behaviour of employees when conducting business. Therefore, business rules explain what is allowed and not allowed. It is argued that all organisations have business rules and engage in some form of relationship whether through competition or cooperation with other companies. In today’s business environment, organisations are embedded in relationships with other actors in order to gain access to resources that are needed. Therefore, each organisation’s business rules define their strategies and actions. The type of business rule behaviour which is applied by organisations encourages them to grow by taking market share from rivals or creating new markets. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the rules of business behaviour on perceptions of the competitive banking environment in Uganda and its potential impact on certain outcomes. In this study, a quantitative research approach was adopted, as the study sought to investigate the relationships between variables. This study collected data through the use of a structured self-administered survey questionnaire which was distributed to 233 branches of banks in Uganda, totaling 700 bank employees. The survey yielded 529 usable questionnaires which were analyzed, using several statistical analysis techniques. A hypothetical model and measuring instrument of perceptions of the rules of business behaviour in the competitive banking environment within Uganda was developed. Six null-hypotheses were subjected to statistical analysis. The influence of three independent variables, namely, confrontational business behaviour, co-operational business behaviour and typologies of competition on the intermediate variable, perceptions of the competitive banking environment in Uganda were tested. The impact of these variables on three independent outcome variables, namely, organisational performance and customer loyalty and retention were also tested The empirical findings revealed that the rules of business behaviour have a significant relationship with perceptions of the competitive banking environment in Uganda. These results showed that confrontational behaviour as a rule of business behaviour can be classified as being direct or indirect. The study further revealed that banks should consider competitors as co-partners and not only as aggressors, indicating that co-operational business behaviour is statistically significantly related to perceptions of the competitive business environment in Uganda. The three typologies of competition, namely, defy attack, defense and debase attack are also positively related to perceptions of the competitive business environment in Uganda. The empirical results of the study also indicated that perceptions of the competitive banking environment have a positive relationship with outcomes such as organisational performance, customer retention and customer loyalty. This study contributed to the literature and body of knowledge regarding the impact of rules of business behaviour in the competitive banking environment in Uganda. This study could also assist banks, employees and customers alike to understand the different rules of business behaviour that exist and what strategies banks can employ to improve their position in the market. This study could also be replicated by other banks in other developing countries so as to ensure successful competition and the cooperation of banks as they engage in their activities in the banking industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Perceptions regarding organisational citizenship behaviour in South African retail firms
- Authors: Ngxukumeshe, Tandiswa
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Organizational behavior -- South Africa Retail trade -- South Africa Consumers -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11898 , vital:27002
- Description: The wholesale and retail industry is a more volatile nudstry, with respect to cyclical changes and global economic conditions, than many other industries. The growth of technology in this industry has led to informed customers, bringing with them many challenges to retailers, as these retailers have to win customer loyalty by focusing not only on prices and quality, but also on global competition. The heterogeneity as well as the illusive preferences, expectations, personality characteristics, attitudes, and desires of customers have created diverse and fast-evolving customer demand. As a result, retailers need to source highly customer-focused employees who are willing to go beyond their expected call of duties to satisfy customer needs and wants, thereby keeping firms competitive. This behaviour is called organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). OCB involves extra-role performance, which represents behaviours not formally required by any particular job, but which help to develop the social context of all jobs, thus facilitating effectiveness. Thus, retailers who encourage OCB among their employees are more likely to improve the performance of both the organisation and the employees, and increase the organisation’s competitiveness in the global economy. The primary objective of this study is to assess the perceptions of employees regarding OCB within retail firms in South Africa. A positivistic research paradigm was used, in this study, by means of quantitative research. Secondary data in the form of textbooks, journal articles and Internet sources provided the theoretical framework for this study. Primary data was obtained using the survey method, by means of self-administered structured questionnaires. The aim was to target 1000 employees in the retail industry (250 employees from each of the most economically active provinces, namely, the Eastern Cape; the Western Cape, Gauteng and Kwa-Zulu Natal). However, 690 questionnaires were returned and only 554 were usable, which amounts to an effective response rate of 80%. Seven null-hypotheses and a hypothetical model of employee perceptions regarding OCB behaviour in retail firms were tested. The influence of four independent variables were tested, these are: job perceptions, role considerations, organisational climate and employment considerations on OCB. In addition, three dependent variables, namely, employee commitment, propensity to leave and employee engagement were tested. The Statistica (version 12) computer programme was used to analyse the results by means of advanced statistical techniques (such as exploratory factor analysis, regression and correlation analysis) as well as descriptive analysis and frequency distributions. After various statistical procedures, the model was re-specified, some of the variables were renamed and the hypotheses were adjusted accordingly. The empirical results revealed that job considerations and employment considerations have a positive influence on both OCB related to compassion and OCB related to civic non-obligatory acts, while role considerations and job security were found to have no significant influence on both OCB related to compassion and OCB related to civic non-obligatory acts. Furthermore, the empirical results showed that OCB related to compassion have a positive influence on both organisational commitment and propensity to resign, while OCB related to civic non-obligatory acts has a positive influence on organisational commitment and its influence on propensity to resign was not significant. It is envisaged that the results of this study could assist retail firms to understand the variables that influence the organisational citizenship behaviour of employees. In addition, it is further envisaged that the results and recommendations of this study could be used to implement effective strategies in retail firms in order to ensure effective engagement in OCB related behaviour and to create awareness of the importance of employee engagement in organisational citizenship behaviour.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Ngxukumeshe, Tandiswa
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Organizational behavior -- South Africa Retail trade -- South Africa Consumers -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11898 , vital:27002
- Description: The wholesale and retail industry is a more volatile nudstry, with respect to cyclical changes and global economic conditions, than many other industries. The growth of technology in this industry has led to informed customers, bringing with them many challenges to retailers, as these retailers have to win customer loyalty by focusing not only on prices and quality, but also on global competition. The heterogeneity as well as the illusive preferences, expectations, personality characteristics, attitudes, and desires of customers have created diverse and fast-evolving customer demand. As a result, retailers need to source highly customer-focused employees who are willing to go beyond their expected call of duties to satisfy customer needs and wants, thereby keeping firms competitive. This behaviour is called organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). OCB involves extra-role performance, which represents behaviours not formally required by any particular job, but which help to develop the social context of all jobs, thus facilitating effectiveness. Thus, retailers who encourage OCB among their employees are more likely to improve the performance of both the organisation and the employees, and increase the organisation’s competitiveness in the global economy. The primary objective of this study is to assess the perceptions of employees regarding OCB within retail firms in South Africa. A positivistic research paradigm was used, in this study, by means of quantitative research. Secondary data in the form of textbooks, journal articles and Internet sources provided the theoretical framework for this study. Primary data was obtained using the survey method, by means of self-administered structured questionnaires. The aim was to target 1000 employees in the retail industry (250 employees from each of the most economically active provinces, namely, the Eastern Cape; the Western Cape, Gauteng and Kwa-Zulu Natal). However, 690 questionnaires were returned and only 554 were usable, which amounts to an effective response rate of 80%. Seven null-hypotheses and a hypothetical model of employee perceptions regarding OCB behaviour in retail firms were tested. The influence of four independent variables were tested, these are: job perceptions, role considerations, organisational climate and employment considerations on OCB. In addition, three dependent variables, namely, employee commitment, propensity to leave and employee engagement were tested. The Statistica (version 12) computer programme was used to analyse the results by means of advanced statistical techniques (such as exploratory factor analysis, regression and correlation analysis) as well as descriptive analysis and frequency distributions. After various statistical procedures, the model was re-specified, some of the variables were renamed and the hypotheses were adjusted accordingly. The empirical results revealed that job considerations and employment considerations have a positive influence on both OCB related to compassion and OCB related to civic non-obligatory acts, while role considerations and job security were found to have no significant influence on both OCB related to compassion and OCB related to civic non-obligatory acts. Furthermore, the empirical results showed that OCB related to compassion have a positive influence on both organisational commitment and propensity to resign, while OCB related to civic non-obligatory acts has a positive influence on organisational commitment and its influence on propensity to resign was not significant. It is envisaged that the results of this study could assist retail firms to understand the variables that influence the organisational citizenship behaviour of employees. In addition, it is further envisaged that the results and recommendations of this study could be used to implement effective strategies in retail firms in order to ensure effective engagement in OCB related behaviour and to create awareness of the importance of employee engagement in organisational citizenship behaviour.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses in Uganda
- Nuwagaba, Geoffrey, Struwig, Miemie
- Authors: Nuwagaba, Geoffrey , Struwig, Miemie
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Cash management -- Uganda , Informal sector (Economics) -- Uganda , Small business -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12319 , vital:27054
- Description: This study investigates the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses in Uganda. Whereas anecdotal evidence has for some time revealed that informal businesses in Uganda are faced with the challenge of cash management, no specific studies have been conducted to investigate how this relates to the growth of businesses where evidence has also indicated that most of these businesses do not exist for very long. In particular, the study assesses and explores the growth levels of informal businesses in terms of sales volume, growth in employment and length of existence. The study investigates the various ways in which informal businesses manage their cash and investigates the various internal and external factors that moderate cash management and the growth of the informal businesses. Furthermore, the study proposes a possible framework to manage cash in informal businesses and makes recommendations to informal business owners and managers on how to effectively manage cash in order to stimulate business growth. In order to investigate the relationships between the variables, an empirical investigation was undertaken. Based on the literature review, the primary objective of the study was formulated to investigate the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses amidst the external and internal environment in Uganda in order to suggest a framework for effective management of cash by informal businesses that would enhance their growth. A positivistic research paradigm was adopted in this study. A sample of 383 informal businesses was drawn from the five divisions of Kampala district namely; Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa and Rubaga. To ensure validity and reliability, EFA and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were computed. Six hypotheses were developed to test the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses. The empirical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between cash management and the external environment in which informal businesses operate, a significant relationship between the external environment and the growth of informal businesses and a significant relationship between cash management and growth of informal businesses where the external environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The empirical results did not establish a significant relationship between cash management and the internal environment in which informal businesses operate, the internal environment and growth of informal businesses and cash management and growth of informal businesses where internal environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The results of this study show that the growth of informal businesses is largely hampered by poor cash management practices and challenges such as the lack of cash planning, lack of cash forecasting and budgeting, lack of financial controls and reporting, the tendency to invest largely in short-term assets which limits their profitability, the employment of less competent and skilled staff and lack of formal accounting information systems. The magnitude of the impact of these is accelerated by the external environment such as competition and the legal and regulatory environment which put pressure on the little cash resources owned by these businesses. Based on the study results, several strategies based on individual cash components of cash planning, cash forecasting and budgeting, financial controls and reporting, short-term investment of cash surplus, competence and skills of staff and accounting information systems were recommended for implementation. It was further recommended that these strategies should be implemented while giving due attention to the external environment if informal businesses are to effectively manage cash and enhance their growth.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Nuwagaba, Geoffrey , Struwig, Miemie
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Cash management -- Uganda , Informal sector (Economics) -- Uganda , Small business -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12319 , vital:27054
- Description: This study investigates the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses in Uganda. Whereas anecdotal evidence has for some time revealed that informal businesses in Uganda are faced with the challenge of cash management, no specific studies have been conducted to investigate how this relates to the growth of businesses where evidence has also indicated that most of these businesses do not exist for very long. In particular, the study assesses and explores the growth levels of informal businesses in terms of sales volume, growth in employment and length of existence. The study investigates the various ways in which informal businesses manage their cash and investigates the various internal and external factors that moderate cash management and the growth of the informal businesses. Furthermore, the study proposes a possible framework to manage cash in informal businesses and makes recommendations to informal business owners and managers on how to effectively manage cash in order to stimulate business growth. In order to investigate the relationships between the variables, an empirical investigation was undertaken. Based on the literature review, the primary objective of the study was formulated to investigate the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses amidst the external and internal environment in Uganda in order to suggest a framework for effective management of cash by informal businesses that would enhance their growth. A positivistic research paradigm was adopted in this study. A sample of 383 informal businesses was drawn from the five divisions of Kampala district namely; Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa and Rubaga. To ensure validity and reliability, EFA and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were computed. Six hypotheses were developed to test the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses. The empirical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between cash management and the external environment in which informal businesses operate, a significant relationship between the external environment and the growth of informal businesses and a significant relationship between cash management and growth of informal businesses where the external environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The empirical results did not establish a significant relationship between cash management and the internal environment in which informal businesses operate, the internal environment and growth of informal businesses and cash management and growth of informal businesses where internal environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The results of this study show that the growth of informal businesses is largely hampered by poor cash management practices and challenges such as the lack of cash planning, lack of cash forecasting and budgeting, lack of financial controls and reporting, the tendency to invest largely in short-term assets which limits their profitability, the employment of less competent and skilled staff and lack of formal accounting information systems. The magnitude of the impact of these is accelerated by the external environment such as competition and the legal and regulatory environment which put pressure on the little cash resources owned by these businesses. Based on the study results, several strategies based on individual cash components of cash planning, cash forecasting and budgeting, financial controls and reporting, short-term investment of cash surplus, competence and skills of staff and accounting information systems were recommended for implementation. It was further recommended that these strategies should be implemented while giving due attention to the external environment if informal businesses are to effectively manage cash and enhance their growth.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Strategies for the implementation of a total quality management approach for the South African Police Service
- Authors: Wolvaard, Irene Wilhelmina
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Total quality management in government -- South Africa Organizational effectiveness -- South Africa Police administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13171 , vital:27158
- Description: This study focussed on drafting a framework for Total Quality Management (TQM) for the South African Police Service (SAPS) in the Eastern Cape as a public non-profit organisation where quality of services is fast becoming a key organisational imperative. The early pioneers of Quality laid the foundation for Total Quality Management (TQM). The literature review highlighted that TQM has its origins in the manufacturing industry where it has a proven track record, and that the theory could be purposely adapted use by a specific industry, i.e. SAPS. This study extends the applicability of the TQM theory to the SAPS by using a mixed method approach to gather information by means of interviews and questionnaires. A combination of primary and secondary data was used in determining the Critical Success Factors (CSF). The Primary CSF’s were originally identified as Leadership, Strategic Management, Empowerment of employees, Teamwork, Continuous improvement, Customer satisfaction and Culture. The Secondary factors were identified as Communication, Training, Partnership development, Support structures, Systems and Resources, Systems thinking, Selfassessment, Processes; Elimination of barriers, Adoption of a Prevention approach and Change management. Data was analysed using frequency and other means, as well as correlation analysis. After the data was analysed two CSF’s were discarded, i.e. Training and Elimination of Barriers. The results show support for the applicability of the theory to the SAPS. Critical Success Factors were determined and a framework for implementation specifically for this industry, was presented. The study identified Leadership as the most important primary factor with the ultimate goal of meeting the quality expectations as defined by the customer.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Wolvaard, Irene Wilhelmina
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Total quality management in government -- South Africa Organizational effectiveness -- South Africa Police administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13171 , vital:27158
- Description: This study focussed on drafting a framework for Total Quality Management (TQM) for the South African Police Service (SAPS) in the Eastern Cape as a public non-profit organisation where quality of services is fast becoming a key organisational imperative. The early pioneers of Quality laid the foundation for Total Quality Management (TQM). The literature review highlighted that TQM has its origins in the manufacturing industry where it has a proven track record, and that the theory could be purposely adapted use by a specific industry, i.e. SAPS. This study extends the applicability of the TQM theory to the SAPS by using a mixed method approach to gather information by means of interviews and questionnaires. A combination of primary and secondary data was used in determining the Critical Success Factors (CSF). The Primary CSF’s were originally identified as Leadership, Strategic Management, Empowerment of employees, Teamwork, Continuous improvement, Customer satisfaction and Culture. The Secondary factors were identified as Communication, Training, Partnership development, Support structures, Systems and Resources, Systems thinking, Selfassessment, Processes; Elimination of barriers, Adoption of a Prevention approach and Change management. Data was analysed using frequency and other means, as well as correlation analysis. After the data was analysed two CSF’s were discarded, i.e. Training and Elimination of Barriers. The results show support for the applicability of the theory to the SAPS. Critical Success Factors were determined and a framework for implementation specifically for this industry, was presented. The study identified Leadership as the most important primary factor with the ultimate goal of meeting the quality expectations as defined by the customer.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
The effect of different land uses on household livelihoods in Tale Ga-Morudu Communal Property Association
- Authors: Ramaloko, Thomas Tshwantshi
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Land use -- South Africa -- Limpopo Reparations for historical injustices -- South Africa -- Limpopo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14146 , vital:27436
- Description: This study is about a population of 235 households in Blouberg municipality, Limpopo Province, that constituted itself in 2004 into a Communal Property Association. The Tale Ga-Morudu CPA was formed in order to own, manage and control a total of seventeen farms which were progressively restituted to them during 2004 by the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights. Tale Ga-Morudu households were dispossessed and forcefully removed from a number of fertile, arable and irrigable farms1in the 1960s due to racially discriminatory laws or practices. These households were then relocated by the then apartheid regime on the eastern part of Mogalakwena River. They were distributed in the arid communal areas of Laanglagte/Vergelegen, Matekereng; Ga- Mankgodi; Letswatla and Mamoleka under the traditional leadership of Kgoshi Maleboho of BabinaTšhwene. (Map one). It is the aim of this study to find out how Tale Ga-Morudu CPA currently uses these restituted farms for the households who have said to have benefited from restituted land. The researcher used his own observations, lessons and analysis of perspectives from case studies conducted from Limpopo in order to pursue this aim. This study adopted a descriptive household survey design that used a predominantly quantitative approach, and the use of qualitative methods to complement contextual details. A quantitative questionnaire was used on a sample unit of (20%) 45 households obtained by simple random sampling from a population of 235 households of the CPA. Other qualitative methods include focus group discussion, document review and observation. From the results it is clear that land claimants, prefer to retain existing practices of land use, than risk changes in land use in order to meet their socio-economic needs. Thus, instead of investing in commercial agriculture or wildlife farming, people follow subsistence agriculture and remain dependent on social grants and pensions for their livelihood. The general study findings show that the CPA planned to implement different types of land use including those of direct land use value. These include food gardens, resettlement; game farming; poultry enterprises and livestock grazing, and also of indirect use value. The latter refers to contract crop cultivation, rentals and strategic partnerships. The study found that despite income being generated from indirect types of land use, the majority of these intended beneficiaries never benefited from accrued financial dividends of land rental and development. However, households were still able to take advantage of employment opportunities created by contract crop cultivation and in the process they acquired crop cultivation skills. Furthermore the harvesting of natural resources such as wood and poles also contribute to the wellness of households. Households, also derived cultural wellness and a sense of satisfaction by accessing their restored farms to perform rituals. The general conclusion of the study is that the CPA is underutilizing its properties, including arable and irrigable fields, rentable recreational facilities, game farming and its tourism potential.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Ramaloko, Thomas Tshwantshi
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Land use -- South Africa -- Limpopo Reparations for historical injustices -- South Africa -- Limpopo
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14146 , vital:27436
- Description: This study is about a population of 235 households in Blouberg municipality, Limpopo Province, that constituted itself in 2004 into a Communal Property Association. The Tale Ga-Morudu CPA was formed in order to own, manage and control a total of seventeen farms which were progressively restituted to them during 2004 by the Commission on Restitution of Land Rights. Tale Ga-Morudu households were dispossessed and forcefully removed from a number of fertile, arable and irrigable farms1in the 1960s due to racially discriminatory laws or practices. These households were then relocated by the then apartheid regime on the eastern part of Mogalakwena River. They were distributed in the arid communal areas of Laanglagte/Vergelegen, Matekereng; Ga- Mankgodi; Letswatla and Mamoleka under the traditional leadership of Kgoshi Maleboho of BabinaTšhwene. (Map one). It is the aim of this study to find out how Tale Ga-Morudu CPA currently uses these restituted farms for the households who have said to have benefited from restituted land. The researcher used his own observations, lessons and analysis of perspectives from case studies conducted from Limpopo in order to pursue this aim. This study adopted a descriptive household survey design that used a predominantly quantitative approach, and the use of qualitative methods to complement contextual details. A quantitative questionnaire was used on a sample unit of (20%) 45 households obtained by simple random sampling from a population of 235 households of the CPA. Other qualitative methods include focus group discussion, document review and observation. From the results it is clear that land claimants, prefer to retain existing practices of land use, than risk changes in land use in order to meet their socio-economic needs. Thus, instead of investing in commercial agriculture or wildlife farming, people follow subsistence agriculture and remain dependent on social grants and pensions for their livelihood. The general study findings show that the CPA planned to implement different types of land use including those of direct land use value. These include food gardens, resettlement; game farming; poultry enterprises and livestock grazing, and also of indirect use value. The latter refers to contract crop cultivation, rentals and strategic partnerships. The study found that despite income being generated from indirect types of land use, the majority of these intended beneficiaries never benefited from accrued financial dividends of land rental and development. However, households were still able to take advantage of employment opportunities created by contract crop cultivation and in the process they acquired crop cultivation skills. Furthermore the harvesting of natural resources such as wood and poles also contribute to the wellness of households. Households, also derived cultural wellness and a sense of satisfaction by accessing their restored farms to perform rituals. The general conclusion of the study is that the CPA is underutilizing its properties, including arable and irrigable fields, rentable recreational facilities, game farming and its tourism potential.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016