The legality of anticipatory self-defence against a maritime cyber-attack
- Authors: Dare, Foluke Mary
- Date: 2022-12
- Subjects: Maritime Cybersecurity , Maritime Cyber-Attack , Use of Force -- Maritime Cyber Threats
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/59281 , vital:61895
- Description: This research aims to determine how the principle of anticipatory self-defence, in line with article 51 of the UN Charter, can be applied to the context of maritime cybersecurity. Despite the debates by some scholars to clarify the international law position on anticipatory self-defence in the maritime context, there is no universally accepted legal provision for States to rely on in carrying out anticipatory self-defence against imminent maritime cyber-attacks. This raises the questions concerning the lawful steps States can take in self-defence against maritime cyber-attacks. This research shows the challenges facing States in their bid to comply with the provision of article 51 of the UN Charter to anticipatorily defend against an MCA. The recommendations made are intended to guide States in making policies and mapping our strategies to lawfully tackle the emerging threat of cyber-attacks against maritime security. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Law, School of Environmental Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-12
- Authors: Dare, Foluke Mary
- Date: 2022-12
- Subjects: Maritime Cybersecurity , Maritime Cyber-Attack , Use of Force -- Maritime Cyber Threats
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/59281 , vital:61895
- Description: This research aims to determine how the principle of anticipatory self-defence, in line with article 51 of the UN Charter, can be applied to the context of maritime cybersecurity. Despite the debates by some scholars to clarify the international law position on anticipatory self-defence in the maritime context, there is no universally accepted legal provision for States to rely on in carrying out anticipatory self-defence against imminent maritime cyber-attacks. This raises the questions concerning the lawful steps States can take in self-defence against maritime cyber-attacks. This research shows the challenges facing States in their bid to comply with the provision of article 51 of the UN Charter to anticipatorily defend against an MCA. The recommendations made are intended to guide States in making policies and mapping our strategies to lawfully tackle the emerging threat of cyber-attacks against maritime security. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Law, School of Environmental Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-12
A culturally responsive strategy for teaching sexual concepts in rural Xhosa secondary schools
- Authors: Simayi, Ayanda
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Sex instruction for children , Sex instruction for youth , Rural schools -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58519 , vital:59660
- Description: While research shows that the recognition and integration of indigenous knowledge (IK) is an important issue for developing culturally responsive strategies when teaching and learning science to, and by, indigenous people, little has been said about cultural taboos of a sexual nature and their effects on teaching and learning. This study investigated issues of taboo language use when teaching topics of a sexual nature during high school Biology classes. It also investigated the effects of a teacher development intervention based on Ogunniyi’s Contiguity Argumentation Theory (CATPD) towards culturally responsive teaching strategies. Four phases in one cycle of a Critical Participatory Action Learning and Action Research (CPALAR) design were used in schools located in deep rural villages with a sample of Life Science Grade 12 teachers. Initially, 30 teachers answered a semi-structured questionnaire aimed at identifying cultural restrictions that could impede the teaching of sexual concepts (Stage 1). Stages 2-4 included seven participants of both gender. Data were generated from two sets of drawings with descriptions and audio recorded focus group discussions. The teaching of a collectively developed Indigenised Teaching Strategy lesson by a group-selected ‘modelteacher’ was video-recorded and analysed. Written participant evaluation is presented in a flow chart. Data analysis was done by manual thematic data analysis and by using Atlas ti. 8. The use of multiple data collection strategies contributed to the trustworthiness and credibility of the study. The few existing studies on cultural taboos report avoidance of using the vernacular for biological terminology and promote the exclusive use of standard, terms in English. In contrast, Xhosa IK-based sexual euphemisms derived from elderly, unlearned Xhosa women were successfully used for teaching sexual concepts. The teachers reported their findings through the cultural lens of Xhosa people. Cognitive change from the suppressed level in the CAT hierarchy to a more harmonious equipollent level of understanding was brought about using Bakhtin’s theory of heteroglossia and the indigenist cognitive perspective of Contiguity Argumentation Theory. This cognitive shift enabled verbalisation of the culturally avoided taboo sexual concepts. The transition in thinking symbolised transformation in terms of critical pedagogy. The claim is made that using Contiguity Argumentation Theory (CAT) and Bakhtin’s explanations of heteroglossia provides an effective professional intervention in a deeply culturally determined Xhosa community. While not generalisable, the effect of this strategy should be of value when considering teacher development in indigenous communities and disciplines. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-11
- Authors: Simayi, Ayanda
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Sex instruction for children , Sex instruction for youth , Rural schools -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58519 , vital:59660
- Description: While research shows that the recognition and integration of indigenous knowledge (IK) is an important issue for developing culturally responsive strategies when teaching and learning science to, and by, indigenous people, little has been said about cultural taboos of a sexual nature and their effects on teaching and learning. This study investigated issues of taboo language use when teaching topics of a sexual nature during high school Biology classes. It also investigated the effects of a teacher development intervention based on Ogunniyi’s Contiguity Argumentation Theory (CATPD) towards culturally responsive teaching strategies. Four phases in one cycle of a Critical Participatory Action Learning and Action Research (CPALAR) design were used in schools located in deep rural villages with a sample of Life Science Grade 12 teachers. Initially, 30 teachers answered a semi-structured questionnaire aimed at identifying cultural restrictions that could impede the teaching of sexual concepts (Stage 1). Stages 2-4 included seven participants of both gender. Data were generated from two sets of drawings with descriptions and audio recorded focus group discussions. The teaching of a collectively developed Indigenised Teaching Strategy lesson by a group-selected ‘modelteacher’ was video-recorded and analysed. Written participant evaluation is presented in a flow chart. Data analysis was done by manual thematic data analysis and by using Atlas ti. 8. The use of multiple data collection strategies contributed to the trustworthiness and credibility of the study. The few existing studies on cultural taboos report avoidance of using the vernacular for biological terminology and promote the exclusive use of standard, terms in English. In contrast, Xhosa IK-based sexual euphemisms derived from elderly, unlearned Xhosa women were successfully used for teaching sexual concepts. The teachers reported their findings through the cultural lens of Xhosa people. Cognitive change from the suppressed level in the CAT hierarchy to a more harmonious equipollent level of understanding was brought about using Bakhtin’s theory of heteroglossia and the indigenist cognitive perspective of Contiguity Argumentation Theory. This cognitive shift enabled verbalisation of the culturally avoided taboo sexual concepts. The transition in thinking symbolised transformation in terms of critical pedagogy. The claim is made that using Contiguity Argumentation Theory (CAT) and Bakhtin’s explanations of heteroglossia provides an effective professional intervention in a deeply culturally determined Xhosa community. While not generalisable, the effect of this strategy should be of value when considering teacher development in indigenous communities and disciplines. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-11
The politics of news production within public service broadcasting: a critical analysis of Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC)
- Authors: Mkoko, Egbert Emmanuel
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Television broadcasting of news , Public broadcasting -- Tanzania , Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60411 , vital:64839
- Description: This study examines the diversity of news items aired by Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC) television and explores the focal points and decisive factors surrounding news bulletin production within this television station, which operates as a public service broadcaster. The thesis investigates not only the adherence to professionalism and newsroom policies that guide operations of TBC, but also inquires whether clear and open guidelines exist on how the broadcaster’s contents should be structured. It further examines how TBC faces political and external pressures (if any) that might influence the news bulletin production and, as a result, jeopardise the image of the public service broadcaster in the country. In this study, TBC is explored as a case study because it claims to be Tanzania’s public service broadcaster; as such, TBC is expected to serve the public interest and not to remain loyal only to the ruling party or the government of the day. The study employs news production and liberal pluralism as theoretical points of departure and uses interviews, document review, focus group discussion, and content analysis as methods of data collection sourced from professionals in the major cities of Tanzania. Meanwhile, the researcher employs ethnographic study within the TBC newsroom to trace the behaviour of journalists in their professional setting while producing news for the 8 pm news bulletins. The study revealed that TBC, from 2007-2011, passed through transformation, moving from a state-owned entity into public service broadcasting. This placed TBC among the leading stations with the largest share of audience in Tanzania. Due to a political shift in staffing in 2011, TBC has since been operating as a purely state-owned broadcaster, while ignoring the public interest mandate and the opposition parties. Thus, TBC news bulletins regularly lack objectivity, balance and impartiality, silencing people’s voices through various editorial practices. In response to this, audiences shifted from watching TBC to commercial channels offering news bulletins that serve the public interest and give space to public voices. This study proposes various remedial measures for TBC to regain the audience, which include the return to the principles of PSB proposed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). New management appointment mechanisms and funding models are proposed, which would guarantee the autonomy of the broadcaster while keeping a distance from the state. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Humanities, School of Language, Media and Communication, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
- Authors: Mkoko, Egbert Emmanuel
- Date: 2021-04
- Subjects: Television broadcasting of news , Public broadcasting -- Tanzania , Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60411 , vital:64839
- Description: This study examines the diversity of news items aired by Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation (TBC) television and explores the focal points and decisive factors surrounding news bulletin production within this television station, which operates as a public service broadcaster. The thesis investigates not only the adherence to professionalism and newsroom policies that guide operations of TBC, but also inquires whether clear and open guidelines exist on how the broadcaster’s contents should be structured. It further examines how TBC faces political and external pressures (if any) that might influence the news bulletin production and, as a result, jeopardise the image of the public service broadcaster in the country. In this study, TBC is explored as a case study because it claims to be Tanzania’s public service broadcaster; as such, TBC is expected to serve the public interest and not to remain loyal only to the ruling party or the government of the day. The study employs news production and liberal pluralism as theoretical points of departure and uses interviews, document review, focus group discussion, and content analysis as methods of data collection sourced from professionals in the major cities of Tanzania. Meanwhile, the researcher employs ethnographic study within the TBC newsroom to trace the behaviour of journalists in their professional setting while producing news for the 8 pm news bulletins. The study revealed that TBC, from 2007-2011, passed through transformation, moving from a state-owned entity into public service broadcasting. This placed TBC among the leading stations with the largest share of audience in Tanzania. Due to a political shift in staffing in 2011, TBC has since been operating as a purely state-owned broadcaster, while ignoring the public interest mandate and the opposition parties. Thus, TBC news bulletins regularly lack objectivity, balance and impartiality, silencing people’s voices through various editorial practices. In response to this, audiences shifted from watching TBC to commercial channels offering news bulletins that serve the public interest and give space to public voices. This study proposes various remedial measures for TBC to regain the audience, which include the return to the principles of PSB proposed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). New management appointment mechanisms and funding models are proposed, which would guarantee the autonomy of the broadcaster while keeping a distance from the state. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Humanities, School of Language, Media and Communication, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-04
The contribution of financial development to economic growth in BRICS countries
- Authors: Ruzive, Tafadzwa Mutsvedu
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Economic development -- BRIC countries , BRIC countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57501 , vital:58028
- Description: Finance is a driver of growth, but only up to a certain extent. The debate about the influence of financial development on economic growth has been ongoing for more than a century. Since Schumpeter (1912) wrote about the happenings on Lombard Street, right up to the economists of today, there is growing interest in how financial development affects economic activity and hence economic growth. With economic growth gaining prominence in respect of development discourse, an inquiry into the finance-growth nexus has grown rapidly. The latest advances of the finance-growth nexus show a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. However, in the face of recent financial crises and recessions, the validity of this conclusion has been put into doubt. In this regard, little research has been done globally pertaining to the limits of finance as a driver of growth globally, and within BRICS economies in particular. This research investigates the limits of the influence of financial development on economic growth in BRICS countries. Utilising indices of financial development in Panel Smooth Transition Regressions (PSTR), thresholds to the influence of finance on economic growth are identified for the stock market, the banking sector and financial inclusion initiatives undertaken in BRICS countries. The study found that economic growth is negatively related to stock market development at both low and high levels of stock market development; banking sector development is positively related to economic growth and total factor productivity at both low and high levels of banking sector development. Financial inclusion is positively related to economic growth at low levels of its development. This relationship becomes negative as financial inclusion initiatives grow larger. In a nutshell, stock market development should be pursued as a secondary economic growth policy, banking sector development should be spearheaded as a primary growth strategy. Financial Inclusion should be pursued as a primary growth driver until it reaches a point where it begins to detract from growth. The thresholds and speeds of transitions between low and high levels of financial development indicators should be considered as financial development targets and sequencing inputs for regional financial policy development in BRICS countries. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-12
- Authors: Ruzive, Tafadzwa Mutsvedu
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Economic development -- BRIC countries , BRIC countries -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Doctorate's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57501 , vital:58028
- Description: Finance is a driver of growth, but only up to a certain extent. The debate about the influence of financial development on economic growth has been ongoing for more than a century. Since Schumpeter (1912) wrote about the happenings on Lombard Street, right up to the economists of today, there is growing interest in how financial development affects economic activity and hence economic growth. With economic growth gaining prominence in respect of development discourse, an inquiry into the finance-growth nexus has grown rapidly. The latest advances of the finance-growth nexus show a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. However, in the face of recent financial crises and recessions, the validity of this conclusion has been put into doubt. In this regard, little research has been done globally pertaining to the limits of finance as a driver of growth globally, and within BRICS economies in particular. This research investigates the limits of the influence of financial development on economic growth in BRICS countries. Utilising indices of financial development in Panel Smooth Transition Regressions (PSTR), thresholds to the influence of finance on economic growth are identified for the stock market, the banking sector and financial inclusion initiatives undertaken in BRICS countries. The study found that economic growth is negatively related to stock market development at both low and high levels of stock market development; banking sector development is positively related to economic growth and total factor productivity at both low and high levels of banking sector development. Financial inclusion is positively related to economic growth at low levels of its development. This relationship becomes negative as financial inclusion initiatives grow larger. In a nutshell, stock market development should be pursued as a secondary economic growth policy, banking sector development should be spearheaded as a primary growth strategy. Financial Inclusion should be pursued as a primary growth driver until it reaches a point where it begins to detract from growth. The thresholds and speeds of transitions between low and high levels of financial development indicators should be considered as financial development targets and sequencing inputs for regional financial policy development in BRICS countries. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-12
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