Glasnost and glaciers, yurts and yaks : a scientist in Soviet Central Asia
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6707 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006744
- Description: Why are glaciers retreating, and are all glaciers retreating? There is much evidence to suggest that, globally, mean annual air temperatures are rising. Yet not all areas of the world have experienced temperature increases. In 1989 a Joint UNESCO/IGCP research project, Project 297, was initiated in order to identify and correlate geocryological features in mountain areas. A visit to the Alpine Geocryology station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to study rock glaciers afforded the author a glimpse of Soviet Asian evidence of climatic change and caused him to revise his interpretation of rock glacier and other geocryological remains in the eastern Cape Drakensberg.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6707 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006744
- Description: Why are glaciers retreating, and are all glaciers retreating? There is much evidence to suggest that, globally, mean annual air temperatures are rising. Yet not all areas of the world have experienced temperature increases. In 1989 a Joint UNESCO/IGCP research project, Project 297, was initiated in order to identify and correlate geocryological features in mountain areas. A visit to the Alpine Geocryology station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to study rock glaciers afforded the author a glimpse of Soviet Asian evidence of climatic change and caused him to revise his interpretation of rock glacier and other geocryological remains in the eastern Cape Drakensberg.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1991
Gold mineralization in an archaean granite-greenstone remnant west of Melmoth, Natal ore genesis and implications for exploration
- Authors: Bullen, Warwick David
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4967 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005579 , Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Description: The previously undifferentiated, "Melmoth Granite-Greenstone Remnant" (MGGR¹) crops out over an area of about 360 km² in northern Natal, South Africa. The greenstone sequence is comprised mainly of mafic metalavas with lesser serpentinite, talc schist, dacitic tuff, quartz-muscovite schist, quartzite and calc-silicate rocks. The greenstones are intruded by syntectonic trondhjemitic gneisses, late-tectonic granodioritic gneisses and post-tectonic granite dykes. Four phases of deformation and metamorphism are recognized. Epigenetic, disseminated and quartz vein-hosted gold mineralization is associated with D₂ shearing - a positive correlation existing between the intensity of the shearing, the thickness of the shear zone and the grade of ore it contains. Auriferous quartz veins are distinguished from an earlier generation of barren vein quartz on the basis of mineralogy, texture and relationship to the s-fabric. The mineralization occurs in zones of dilation associated with shear zone refraction. Associated wall rock alteration includes sericitization, argillization and chloritization. An ore genesis model based on the aforementioned parameters, is proposed. Finally, an exploration programme has been devised in order to locate undiscovered gold deposits in the MGGR. The programme could probably be applied, with minor modifications, to shear zone-hosted gold deposits in other granite-greenstone remnants in northern Natal. ¹- Name suggested by writer.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Bullen, Warwick David
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4967 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005579 , Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Description: The previously undifferentiated, "Melmoth Granite-Greenstone Remnant" (MGGR¹) crops out over an area of about 360 km² in northern Natal, South Africa. The greenstone sequence is comprised mainly of mafic metalavas with lesser serpentinite, talc schist, dacitic tuff, quartz-muscovite schist, quartzite and calc-silicate rocks. The greenstones are intruded by syntectonic trondhjemitic gneisses, late-tectonic granodioritic gneisses and post-tectonic granite dykes. Four phases of deformation and metamorphism are recognized. Epigenetic, disseminated and quartz vein-hosted gold mineralization is associated with D₂ shearing - a positive correlation existing between the intensity of the shearing, the thickness of the shear zone and the grade of ore it contains. Auriferous quartz veins are distinguished from an earlier generation of barren vein quartz on the basis of mineralogy, texture and relationship to the s-fabric. The mineralization occurs in zones of dilation associated with shear zone refraction. Associated wall rock alteration includes sericitization, argillization and chloritization. An ore genesis model based on the aforementioned parameters, is proposed. Finally, an exploration programme has been devised in order to locate undiscovered gold deposits in the MGGR. The programme could probably be applied, with minor modifications, to shear zone-hosted gold deposits in other granite-greenstone remnants in northern Natal. ¹- Name suggested by writer.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
History resource materials in Transkei senior secondary schools : their availability and use
- Flatela, Andile Thaddeus L L
- Authors: Flatela, Andile Thaddeus L L
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: History -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Experiential learning -- Education (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Teaching -- Methodology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1556 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003438
- Description: This dissertation, which was motivated by high failure rate in senior secondary history, is primarily an attempt at identifying some of the possible causes for poor performance in high school history in Transkei schools. One possible cause of the weak performance was identified as outmoded teaching methods which were encouraged by lack of adequate facilities and resources for history teaching and learning. The investigation took the form of a survey of both human and material resources in 30 of the then 210 senior secondary schools in Transkei. The survey questionnaire, which was directed to history teachers, covered aspects on personal information about the teachers, material resources and facilities for teaching history, and teaching methods related to history teaching. A total of 55 teachers responded to the questionnaire. The survey included all the three senior secondary school class levels, that is standard 8, 9 and 10. By looking at the nature of history as a discipline and the way in which students learn, it was discovered that at school level history could be learnt best through the 'experiential' approach. This is mainly because in dealing with time-past as it has to, history usually comes up with 'strange' concepts which cannot be easily grasped by present-day senior secondary teenagers. This is because understanding of historical concepts tends to develop slower than would generally be expected, unless it is re-enforced. In Transkei schools this problem of concepts understanding is made worse by the foreign language medium (English) in which the subject is taught. It is felt that these constraints could be partly aleviated with the use of audio-visual aids and self-activity teaching methods. However, this study revealed a gross inadequacy not only in facilities for teaching history but also of both human and material resources. This automatically discourages the 'new history' approach and teachers (most of whom are underqualified) tend to cling to the old-style lecture-textbook method to the detriment of their students. This study suggests that to improve this situation it is essential to upgrade both pre-service and in-service teachers' academic and professional standards. In addition history facilities and audio-visual materials should be generously supplied to afford ample opportunities for pupil activity. This then would be line with modern history teaching theories and, hopefully, would improve performance in history in this region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Flatela, Andile Thaddeus L L
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: History -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Experiential learning -- Education (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Teaching -- Methodology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1556 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003438
- Description: This dissertation, which was motivated by high failure rate in senior secondary history, is primarily an attempt at identifying some of the possible causes for poor performance in high school history in Transkei schools. One possible cause of the weak performance was identified as outmoded teaching methods which were encouraged by lack of adequate facilities and resources for history teaching and learning. The investigation took the form of a survey of both human and material resources in 30 of the then 210 senior secondary schools in Transkei. The survey questionnaire, which was directed to history teachers, covered aspects on personal information about the teachers, material resources and facilities for teaching history, and teaching methods related to history teaching. A total of 55 teachers responded to the questionnaire. The survey included all the three senior secondary school class levels, that is standard 8, 9 and 10. By looking at the nature of history as a discipline and the way in which students learn, it was discovered that at school level history could be learnt best through the 'experiential' approach. This is mainly because in dealing with time-past as it has to, history usually comes up with 'strange' concepts which cannot be easily grasped by present-day senior secondary teenagers. This is because understanding of historical concepts tends to develop slower than would generally be expected, unless it is re-enforced. In Transkei schools this problem of concepts understanding is made worse by the foreign language medium (English) in which the subject is taught. It is felt that these constraints could be partly aleviated with the use of audio-visual aids and self-activity teaching methods. However, this study revealed a gross inadequacy not only in facilities for teaching history but also of both human and material resources. This automatically discourages the 'new history' approach and teachers (most of whom are underqualified) tend to cling to the old-style lecture-textbook method to the detriment of their students. This study suggests that to improve this situation it is essential to upgrade both pre-service and in-service teachers' academic and professional standards. In addition history facilities and audio-visual materials should be generously supplied to afford ample opportunities for pupil activity. This then would be line with modern history teaching theories and, hopefully, would improve performance in history in this region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Immigrant adaptation in South Africa
- Authors: Couper, Michael Patrick
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Immigrants -- South Africa South Africa -- Emigration and immigration -- Social aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3330 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003118
- Description: Although the immigrant flow to South Africa has been relatively small compared to that of other immigrant receiving countries, when considered in terms of the size of South Africa's population and the fact that immigrants are restricted to the White population group, the role of immigrants in this society is considerable. Despite this, few comprehensive studies of the experiences of immigrants in South Africa have been attempted. The aim of this study is to examine the adaptation of immigrants from various countries according to a number of dimensions. Adaptation is conceived of as a dynamic and multidimensional process. A mail survey of seven immigrant groups in South Africa was undertaken during 1985. A total of 3,520 completed questionnaires were obtained from respondents representing British, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, British African and Portuguese African immigrants. The relationships among dimensions of subjective adaptation (satisfaction, identification and acceptance) and objective adaptation (social, cultural, economic, religious and political adaptation) are examined. The role of settlement and citizenship intentions are also investigated, as are various factors (country of origin, length of residence, etc.) that affect immigrant adaptation in South Africa. Multivariate analyses are undertaken to explore the nature of the relationships among these variables. Following these analyses a model of immigrant adaptation in South Africa is proposed. This model is intended to serve as a framework to guide future research on the adaptation of immigrants in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Couper, Michael Patrick
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Immigrants -- South Africa South Africa -- Emigration and immigration -- Social aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3330 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003118
- Description: Although the immigrant flow to South Africa has been relatively small compared to that of other immigrant receiving countries, when considered in terms of the size of South Africa's population and the fact that immigrants are restricted to the White population group, the role of immigrants in this society is considerable. Despite this, few comprehensive studies of the experiences of immigrants in South Africa have been attempted. The aim of this study is to examine the adaptation of immigrants from various countries according to a number of dimensions. Adaptation is conceived of as a dynamic and multidimensional process. A mail survey of seven immigrant groups in South Africa was undertaken during 1985. A total of 3,520 completed questionnaires were obtained from respondents representing British, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, British African and Portuguese African immigrants. The relationships among dimensions of subjective adaptation (satisfaction, identification and acceptance) and objective adaptation (social, cultural, economic, religious and political adaptation) are examined. The role of settlement and citizenship intentions are also investigated, as are various factors (country of origin, length of residence, etc.) that affect immigrant adaptation in South Africa. Multivariate analyses are undertaken to explore the nature of the relationships among these variables. Following these analyses a model of immigrant adaptation in South Africa is proposed. This model is intended to serve as a framework to guide future research on the adaptation of immigrants in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Information Digest - Number 10 - Focus on COSATU Campaigns Conference
- COSATU
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Mar 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/110194 , vital:33246
- Description: Three hundred delegates from COSATU’s 14 affiliates and nine regions met on the 9th and 10th March to discuss COSATU’s Campaigns programme of action for 1991. The Conference decided that the major campaigns for the year will be: Campaign for a Constituent Assembly and Interim government closely linked to a Campaign for Workers Rights in a new Constitution. Campaign for job security and job creation entitled: "Jobs for ail - no retrenchments" Campaign for the extension of the Labour Relations Act to farm, domestic and public sector workers as weil as workers in the Bantustans.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Mar 1991
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Mar 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/110194 , vital:33246
- Description: Three hundred delegates from COSATU’s 14 affiliates and nine regions met on the 9th and 10th March to discuss COSATU’s Campaigns programme of action for 1991. The Conference decided that the major campaigns for the year will be: Campaign for a Constituent Assembly and Interim government closely linked to a Campaign for Workers Rights in a new Constitution. Campaign for job security and job creation entitled: "Jobs for ail - no retrenchments" Campaign for the extension of the Labour Relations Act to farm, domestic and public sector workers as weil as workers in the Bantustans.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Mar 1991
Information Digest - Number 8
- COSATU
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Feb 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/110183 , vital:33244
- Description: More than two years of worker struggle, mass action and negotiations resulted last Thursday 14th February in the scrapping of the 1988 amendments to the Labour Relations Act. The State President has to sign the new Act within ten days of it being passed by parliament. Some of the most important changes contained in the new LRA are: The 1988 definition of the "unfair labour practice" is gone, removing strikes and lockouts from this definition. It will now be easier to use the Conciliation Boards and the Industrial Court to help resolve disputes. It will no longer be presumed that a union 0 is responsible for an illegal strike of its members. An employer can’t interdict a strike without giving 48 hours notice or, if shorter notice is given, without informing the union. Unions with public and private sector members can now register. COSATU will be organising regional workshops for organisers to look at the implications of the Act, and how to apply the new provisions. COSATU has stated that the scrapping of the amendments are only the first step in the process of creating a workers LRA. Immediately on the agenda, in terms of the agreement reached with employers and the state last year, is our demand for rights to be extended to farm workers, domestic workers, public sector workers, and workers in the bantustans. June is the deadline which has been set for real progress to be made in these areas. COSATU is also calling for the restructuring of the Labour Appeal Court and the National Manpower Commission.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Feb 1991
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Feb 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/110183 , vital:33244
- Description: More than two years of worker struggle, mass action and negotiations resulted last Thursday 14th February in the scrapping of the 1988 amendments to the Labour Relations Act. The State President has to sign the new Act within ten days of it being passed by parliament. Some of the most important changes contained in the new LRA are: The 1988 definition of the "unfair labour practice" is gone, removing strikes and lockouts from this definition. It will now be easier to use the Conciliation Boards and the Industrial Court to help resolve disputes. It will no longer be presumed that a union 0 is responsible for an illegal strike of its members. An employer can’t interdict a strike without giving 48 hours notice or, if shorter notice is given, without informing the union. Unions with public and private sector members can now register. COSATU will be organising regional workshops for organisers to look at the implications of the Act, and how to apply the new provisions. COSATU has stated that the scrapping of the amendments are only the first step in the process of creating a workers LRA. Immediately on the agenda, in terms of the agreement reached with employers and the state last year, is our demand for rights to be extended to farm workers, domestic workers, public sector workers, and workers in the bantustans. June is the deadline which has been set for real progress to be made in these areas. COSATU is also calling for the restructuring of the Labour Appeal Court and the National Manpower Commission.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Feb 1991
Information Digest issue 8
- COSATU
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Feb 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/119167 , vital:34708
- Description: More than two years of worker struggle, mass action and negotiations resulted last Thursday 14th February in the scrapping of ^ the 1988 amendments to the Labour Relations Act. The State President has to sign the new Act within ten days of it being passed by parliament. Some of the most important changes contained in the new LRA are: The 1988 definition of the "unfair labour practice" is gone, removing strikes and lockouts from this definition. It will now be easier to use the Conciliation Boards and the Industrial Court to help resolve disputes. It will no longer be presumed that a union 0 is responsible for an illegal strike of its members. An employer can’t interdict a strike without giving 48 hours notice or, if shorter notice is given, without informing the union. Unions with public and private sector members can now register. COSATU will be organising regional workshops for organisers to look at the implications of the Act, and how to apply the new provisions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Feb 1991
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Feb 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/119167 , vital:34708
- Description: More than two years of worker struggle, mass action and negotiations resulted last Thursday 14th February in the scrapping of ^ the 1988 amendments to the Labour Relations Act. The State President has to sign the new Act within ten days of it being passed by parliament. Some of the most important changes contained in the new LRA are: The 1988 definition of the "unfair labour practice" is gone, removing strikes and lockouts from this definition. It will now be easier to use the Conciliation Boards and the Industrial Court to help resolve disputes. It will no longer be presumed that a union 0 is responsible for an illegal strike of its members. An employer can’t interdict a strike without giving 48 hours notice or, if shorter notice is given, without informing the union. Unions with public and private sector members can now register. COSATU will be organising regional workshops for organisers to look at the implications of the Act, and how to apply the new provisions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Feb 1991
Job creation scheme in the United States in the depression
- NUM
- Authors: NUM
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: NUM
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/169055 , vital:41679
- Description: During the 1930's the world experienced the most wide-spread and severe economic depression in its history. The beginning of the Great Depression was signalled by the great crash on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: NUM
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: NUM
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/169055 , vital:41679
- Description: During the 1930's the world experienced the most wide-spread and severe economic depression in its history. The beginning of the Great Depression was signalled by the great crash on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Land expropriation and labour extraction under Cape colonial rule : the war of 1835 and the "emancipation" of the Fingo
- Authors: Webster, Alan Charles
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Ayliff, John, 1797-1862 , Fingo (African people) -- History , Frontier War, 1834-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- History -- 1814-1852 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Gcaleka (African people) -- History , Bantu-speaking peoples -- Migrations , Rharhabe (African people) -- History , Historiography -- South Africa , D'Urban, Benjamin, Sir, 1777-1849 , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Working class -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Eminent domain -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002425
- Description: The interpretations of the war of 1835 and the identity of the Fingo that were presented by the English settlers, have remained the mainstays of all subsequent histories. They asserted that the war of 1835 was the fault purely of 'Kaffir' aggression, that it was controlled by Hintza, the paramount chief, and that the ensuing hostilities were justifiable colonial defence and punishment of the Africans. The arrival of the Fingo in the Colony, it was claimed, was unconnected with the war. It was alleged that the seventeen thousand Fingo brought into the Colony in May 1835 were all Natal refugees who had fled south from the devastations of Shaka and the 'mfecane', and who had then become oppressed by their Gca1eka hosts. Both of these 'histories' need to be inverted. The 'irruption' of December 1834 was not unprovoked Rharhabe aggression, but the final response to years of the advance of the Cape Colony. Large areas of Rharhabe land had been expropriated, and their cattle regularly raided. Their women and children had been seized and taken into the Colony as labourers. The attacks were carried out by only a section of the Rharhabe on specific areas in Albany. The damage caused, and stock taken, was vastly exaggerated by the colonists. The Cape Governor, D'Urban, and British troop reinforcements arrived in Albany in January, and the Rharhabe were invaded two months later. D'Urban later invaded the innocent Gcaleka, took cattle, wreaked havoc and killed Hintza after he refused to ally with the Colony. The Fingo made their appearance at this moment. They were not a homogenous group. There were four categories within the term: mission and refugee collaborators (who were given land at Peddie and had chiefs appointed), military auxiliaries, labourers, and later, destitute Rharhabe seeking employment in the Colony. Only a small minority of the total Fingo were from Natal. The majority of the Fingo appear to have been Rharhabe and Gcaleka women and children, captured by the troops during the war and distributed on farms in the eastern districts to ameliorate the chronic labour shortage. Thus, instead of the year 1835 being one of great loss for the eastern Cape, as claimed by the settler apologists, it was a catalyst to the economic development of the area. All Rharhabe land was seized, to be granted as settler farms. Well over sixty thousand Rharhabe and Gcaleka cattle were captured and distributed amongst the colonists. The security threat of the adjacent Rharhabe and the independent Gcaleka was removed. And a large colonial labour supply was ensured.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Webster, Alan Charles
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Ayliff, John, 1797-1862 , Fingo (African people) -- History , Frontier War, 1834-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- History -- 1814-1852 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Gcaleka (African people) -- History , Bantu-speaking peoples -- Migrations , Rharhabe (African people) -- History , Historiography -- South Africa , D'Urban, Benjamin, Sir, 1777-1849 , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Working class -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Eminent domain -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002425
- Description: The interpretations of the war of 1835 and the identity of the Fingo that were presented by the English settlers, have remained the mainstays of all subsequent histories. They asserted that the war of 1835 was the fault purely of 'Kaffir' aggression, that it was controlled by Hintza, the paramount chief, and that the ensuing hostilities were justifiable colonial defence and punishment of the Africans. The arrival of the Fingo in the Colony, it was claimed, was unconnected with the war. It was alleged that the seventeen thousand Fingo brought into the Colony in May 1835 were all Natal refugees who had fled south from the devastations of Shaka and the 'mfecane', and who had then become oppressed by their Gca1eka hosts. Both of these 'histories' need to be inverted. The 'irruption' of December 1834 was not unprovoked Rharhabe aggression, but the final response to years of the advance of the Cape Colony. Large areas of Rharhabe land had been expropriated, and their cattle regularly raided. Their women and children had been seized and taken into the Colony as labourers. The attacks were carried out by only a section of the Rharhabe on specific areas in Albany. The damage caused, and stock taken, was vastly exaggerated by the colonists. The Cape Governor, D'Urban, and British troop reinforcements arrived in Albany in January, and the Rharhabe were invaded two months later. D'Urban later invaded the innocent Gcaleka, took cattle, wreaked havoc and killed Hintza after he refused to ally with the Colony. The Fingo made their appearance at this moment. They were not a homogenous group. There were four categories within the term: mission and refugee collaborators (who were given land at Peddie and had chiefs appointed), military auxiliaries, labourers, and later, destitute Rharhabe seeking employment in the Colony. Only a small minority of the total Fingo were from Natal. The majority of the Fingo appear to have been Rharhabe and Gcaleka women and children, captured by the troops during the war and distributed on farms in the eastern districts to ameliorate the chronic labour shortage. Thus, instead of the year 1835 being one of great loss for the eastern Cape, as claimed by the settler apologists, it was a catalyst to the economic development of the area. All Rharhabe land was seized, to be granted as settler farms. Well over sixty thousand Rharhabe and Gcaleka cattle were captured and distributed amongst the colonists. The security threat of the adjacent Rharhabe and the independent Gcaleka was removed. And a large colonial labour supply was ensured.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Looking at landscapes
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:576 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006731
- Description: [From text] Landscape, for me, is Geography, for landscape is the focus of the four great traditions of my subject: spatial; area studies; man-land relationships; earth science (Pattison, 1964,1990). Hedd Wyn and Thomas Roberts, each in his own way, was a Geographer, for each was obviously a student of landscape. My own interest in Geography originated in the view from my bedroom window. I was lucky, Dad was a clergyman, and when he came bade from the army he accepted the parish of St. Peter's Glasbury, in the Wye valley of Wales. From my bedroom window I looked out across The Vicarage lawn, beyond the yew hedge and the orchard, to a series of mounds set in parkland. They were orderly, forming the outline of a rectangle, and when a group of archaeologists excavated the site they discovered that the mounds were the remains of the walls of an Iron Age fort (Savoury, 1955). Although I did not know it at the time, the landscape was already talking to me. , Inaugural Lecture delivered at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 17 April 1991
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:576 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006731
- Description: [From text] Landscape, for me, is Geography, for landscape is the focus of the four great traditions of my subject: spatial; area studies; man-land relationships; earth science (Pattison, 1964,1990). Hedd Wyn and Thomas Roberts, each in his own way, was a Geographer, for each was obviously a student of landscape. My own interest in Geography originated in the view from my bedroom window. I was lucky, Dad was a clergyman, and when he came bade from the army he accepted the parish of St. Peter's Glasbury, in the Wye valley of Wales. From my bedroom window I looked out across The Vicarage lawn, beyond the yew hedge and the orchard, to a series of mounds set in parkland. They were orderly, forming the outline of a rectangle, and when a group of archaeologists excavated the site they discovered that the mounds were the remains of the walls of an Iron Age fort (Savoury, 1955). Although I did not know it at the time, the landscape was already talking to me. , Inaugural Lecture delivered at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 17 April 1991
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Lost generation found: black youth at leisure
- Authors: Moller, Valerie
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:542 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011554
- Description: South African society has been preoccupied with educating and finding jobs for its volatile youth generation. This Indicator SA special report looks beyond the institutional settings of school and work, focusing instead on how young people use their leisure time. The leisure prospects of black urban youth in their teens and early twenties has been researched by the Youth Centre Project (YCP) of the Centre for Social and Development Studies at the University of Natal. This seminal three year research and development project was carried out between 1988 and 1991 with sponsorship from Germany's Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Leisure might be considered a lightweight issue compared to other pressing problems in South African society. Not so, the YCP research shows that leisure has an important role to play in developing the new South Africa. Indeed, leisure is a critical issue for the youth which can either spell hope and opportunity or frustration and regression into crime and violence. Multiple phases of research were undertaken at the national and local level among rank and file black youth to address the many facets of leisure in township and peri-urban settings: • A nationwide time use survey recorded the leisure activities of young people in the 16-24 years age bracket and inquired into attitudes towards leisure and lifestyles. The study for which participants kept activity diaries, may be the first of its kind in South Africa. • Smaller scale investigations in the Durban Functional Region (DFR) looked into the leisure resources available and the human potential to make optimal use of leisure opportunities: • Youth groups and clubs operating in the DFR were the focus of a special youth self-help intervention. A regional youth group, the YCP Working Group, formed to serve the training and development needs of existing youth clubs in the DFR. • A special study was made of the particular leisure needs of young people living in four shack areas in the DFR. Several studies focused on venues for youth to meet, including the need for a regional youth centre in the Pinetown area. An inventory of DFR leisure facilities compiled for the project revealed the mismatch between existing leisure facilities and young people's views on ideal leisure venues. • A nationwide poll among all population groups confirmed the need for multi-purpose neighbourhood youth centres which offer educational as well as recreational leisure outlets. This special report addresses several leisure dilemmas facing South Africa today. Leisure is an elusive concept which is difficult to define. Our findings indicate that leisure means much more than recreation or play to young people. Educational and learning experiences are attractive but neglected leisure options which may have greater appeal than pure recreational pastimes. The evidence suggests that this is not 'a lost generation' but one starved for meaningful leisure outlets. Semi-leisure is the concept introduced to convey this more serious side to leisure activities. The inquiry concludes that marrying semi-leisure with pure leisure may go a long way towards meeting youth demands for constructive leisure at home, in youth groups, and in community centres and projects. The research findings reveal tensions between the leisure needs of young men and women, between youth in and out of jobs, between church and politicised youth, and between township and shackland youth. The dilemma is how to apply an equity solution to meet the spare time needs of youth from these diverse backgrounds. Airing these leisure dilemmas represents an important first step towards formulating a leisure policy for the new era. The case studies and commentaries in this special report demonstrate that rank and file black youth, in spite of the political violence, state repression during the emergency period, and social neglect, are amazingly adept at using their leisure creatively. Clearly, this potential calls for the formulation of an equally imaginative national leisure policy to enable South African youth to realise their dreams and aspirations. , A joint publication: Youth Centre Project, Indicator Project South Africa. Youth Centre Project: Affiliate of the Centre for Social and Development Studies, University of Natal, Durban. Editor: Graham Howe. Production/ graphics: Rob Evans. Academic researcher: Robin Richards. Community researcher: Theresa Mthembu. Copy typing: Deborah Boertje.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Moller, Valerie
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:542 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011554
- Description: South African society has been preoccupied with educating and finding jobs for its volatile youth generation. This Indicator SA special report looks beyond the institutional settings of school and work, focusing instead on how young people use their leisure time. The leisure prospects of black urban youth in their teens and early twenties has been researched by the Youth Centre Project (YCP) of the Centre for Social and Development Studies at the University of Natal. This seminal three year research and development project was carried out between 1988 and 1991 with sponsorship from Germany's Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Leisure might be considered a lightweight issue compared to other pressing problems in South African society. Not so, the YCP research shows that leisure has an important role to play in developing the new South Africa. Indeed, leisure is a critical issue for the youth which can either spell hope and opportunity or frustration and regression into crime and violence. Multiple phases of research were undertaken at the national and local level among rank and file black youth to address the many facets of leisure in township and peri-urban settings: • A nationwide time use survey recorded the leisure activities of young people in the 16-24 years age bracket and inquired into attitudes towards leisure and lifestyles. The study for which participants kept activity diaries, may be the first of its kind in South Africa. • Smaller scale investigations in the Durban Functional Region (DFR) looked into the leisure resources available and the human potential to make optimal use of leisure opportunities: • Youth groups and clubs operating in the DFR were the focus of a special youth self-help intervention. A regional youth group, the YCP Working Group, formed to serve the training and development needs of existing youth clubs in the DFR. • A special study was made of the particular leisure needs of young people living in four shack areas in the DFR. Several studies focused on venues for youth to meet, including the need for a regional youth centre in the Pinetown area. An inventory of DFR leisure facilities compiled for the project revealed the mismatch between existing leisure facilities and young people's views on ideal leisure venues. • A nationwide poll among all population groups confirmed the need for multi-purpose neighbourhood youth centres which offer educational as well as recreational leisure outlets. This special report addresses several leisure dilemmas facing South Africa today. Leisure is an elusive concept which is difficult to define. Our findings indicate that leisure means much more than recreation or play to young people. Educational and learning experiences are attractive but neglected leisure options which may have greater appeal than pure recreational pastimes. The evidence suggests that this is not 'a lost generation' but one starved for meaningful leisure outlets. Semi-leisure is the concept introduced to convey this more serious side to leisure activities. The inquiry concludes that marrying semi-leisure with pure leisure may go a long way towards meeting youth demands for constructive leisure at home, in youth groups, and in community centres and projects. The research findings reveal tensions between the leisure needs of young men and women, between youth in and out of jobs, between church and politicised youth, and between township and shackland youth. The dilemma is how to apply an equity solution to meet the spare time needs of youth from these diverse backgrounds. Airing these leisure dilemmas represents an important first step towards formulating a leisure policy for the new era. The case studies and commentaries in this special report demonstrate that rank and file black youth, in spite of the political violence, state repression during the emergency period, and social neglect, are amazingly adept at using their leisure creatively. Clearly, this potential calls for the formulation of an equally imaginative national leisure policy to enable South African youth to realise their dreams and aspirations. , A joint publication: Youth Centre Project, Indicator Project South Africa. Youth Centre Project: Affiliate of the Centre for Social and Development Studies, University of Natal, Durban. Editor: Graham Howe. Production/ graphics: Rob Evans. Academic researcher: Robin Richards. Community researcher: Theresa Mthembu. Copy typing: Deborah Boertje.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Mantle xenoliths from the Abrahamskraal kimberlite : a craton-margin geotherm
- Authors: Nowicki, Thomas Edward
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Kimberlite , Kimberlite -- Inclusions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4898 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001557
- Description: The Abrahamskraal kimberlite pipe (group I) occurs approximately 5 km to the south-west of the geophysically defined margin of the Kaapvaal craton in the central Cape Province, and contains a variety of crustal and mantle xenoliths. This study focusses on xenoliths of deep-seated origin (mantle and lower-crustal), and in particular on garnet-orthopyroxene bearing assemblages which are amenable to thermobarometric techniques. Four major types of deep-seated xenolith have been identified, i.e. peridotites, dunites , eclogites, and garnet pyroxenites. The petrographic features and mineral compositions of these xenoliths are described . Pressures and temperatures of equilibration have been calculated primarily using the garnet-orthopyroxene thermometer of Harley (1984), and the Al-in-enstatite barometer of Nickel and Green (1985). The peridotites are coarse-textured (Harte, 1977), magnesium -rich rocks, and are typical examples of the common type I peridotites which generally dominate mantle xenolith suites in kimberlites. Garnet peridotite xenoliths define a geotherm which lies along a typical theoretical conductive geothermal gradient for shield areas (Pollack and Chapman, 1977), and which extends to a maximum pressure of 41 kb (~130 km). Comparison of the Abrahamskraal geotherm with that constructed for the northern Lesotho xenolith suite (calculated using the same thermobarometer couple), suggests that the lithosphere at the Namaqua /Kaapvaal boundary is not significantly thinner or hotter than that underlying the craton. Modelling of the craton boundary under the constraints provided by the Abrahamskraal geotherm, and by the distribution of diamond-bearing kimberlites in southern Africa, indicates that the Abrahamskraal kimberlite has sampled relatively thick, cool , Namaqua lithosphere. It is suggested that, in terms of diamond distribution, the age and magmatic history of the Namaqua lithosphere is of greater significance than its thickness. Two varieties of dunite occur at Abrahamskraal. Coarse-textured dunites with Mg-rich olivine compositions similar to those of the peridotitic olivines, probably originated by similar (but perhaps more extreme) processes to those which formed the peridotites. A finer-grained and relatively Fe-rich variety of dunite may represent ultramafic cumulates formed by fractionation of basic or ultrabasic magmas within the mantle. Two varieties of eclogite have been distinguished. Coarse-grained eclogites which yield relatively high temperature estimates, are believed to have originated from depths similar to those determined for the garnet peridotites, i.e. from the lower lithosphere. A distinctly finer grained variety of eclogite, yields significantly lower temperatures which may be based on frozen-in equilibria. A maximum depth of approximately 87 km (~ 27 kb) has been estimated for these xenoliths, but they may have originated from significantly shallower (possibly lower-crustal) levels. The garnet pyroxenite xenoliths are generally orthopyroxene-rich rocks which contain varying amounts of garnet (8 to 33 %) and clinopyroxene (0 to 64 %). Textural features indicate that the garnet and possibly some of the clinopyroxene has exsolved from an originally A l -rich orthopyroxene. The rocks are significantly more Fe-rich than the peridotite xenoliths, and their constituent minerals show a wide range of Mg/Mg+Fe ratios. The pressure-temperature array defined by the garnet pyroxenites is approximately isothermal, and spans a depth range from approximately 30 to 95 km. It deviates strongly (to higher temperatures) from the ambient geothermal gradient at the time of kimberlite emplacement, as inferred from the garnet peridotite xenoliths. The pressures and temperatures calculated for the garnet pyroxenites are based on mineral equilibria which are believed to have been frozen-in during cooling from an intial hightemperature (probably molten) state. Qualitative modelling of possible cooling paths in pressure-temperature-composition space, indicates that the apparent depth range displayed by the garnet pyroxenites, approximates the true depth range over which these rocks were emplaced. However, the apparent pressures calculated from core compositions are significantly lower than the true pressures at which the original rocks formed . The garnet pyroxenite xenoliths appear to represent a major, possibly Namaqua age (~1000-1400 Ma), magmatic event involving the emplacement of large amounts of mafic magma over a significant depth range in the shallow upper mantle
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Nowicki, Thomas Edward
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Kimberlite , Kimberlite -- Inclusions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4898 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001557
- Description: The Abrahamskraal kimberlite pipe (group I) occurs approximately 5 km to the south-west of the geophysically defined margin of the Kaapvaal craton in the central Cape Province, and contains a variety of crustal and mantle xenoliths. This study focusses on xenoliths of deep-seated origin (mantle and lower-crustal), and in particular on garnet-orthopyroxene bearing assemblages which are amenable to thermobarometric techniques. Four major types of deep-seated xenolith have been identified, i.e. peridotites, dunites , eclogites, and garnet pyroxenites. The petrographic features and mineral compositions of these xenoliths are described . Pressures and temperatures of equilibration have been calculated primarily using the garnet-orthopyroxene thermometer of Harley (1984), and the Al-in-enstatite barometer of Nickel and Green (1985). The peridotites are coarse-textured (Harte, 1977), magnesium -rich rocks, and are typical examples of the common type I peridotites which generally dominate mantle xenolith suites in kimberlites. Garnet peridotite xenoliths define a geotherm which lies along a typical theoretical conductive geothermal gradient for shield areas (Pollack and Chapman, 1977), and which extends to a maximum pressure of 41 kb (~130 km). Comparison of the Abrahamskraal geotherm with that constructed for the northern Lesotho xenolith suite (calculated using the same thermobarometer couple), suggests that the lithosphere at the Namaqua /Kaapvaal boundary is not significantly thinner or hotter than that underlying the craton. Modelling of the craton boundary under the constraints provided by the Abrahamskraal geotherm, and by the distribution of diamond-bearing kimberlites in southern Africa, indicates that the Abrahamskraal kimberlite has sampled relatively thick, cool , Namaqua lithosphere. It is suggested that, in terms of diamond distribution, the age and magmatic history of the Namaqua lithosphere is of greater significance than its thickness. Two varieties of dunite occur at Abrahamskraal. Coarse-textured dunites with Mg-rich olivine compositions similar to those of the peridotitic olivines, probably originated by similar (but perhaps more extreme) processes to those which formed the peridotites. A finer-grained and relatively Fe-rich variety of dunite may represent ultramafic cumulates formed by fractionation of basic or ultrabasic magmas within the mantle. Two varieties of eclogite have been distinguished. Coarse-grained eclogites which yield relatively high temperature estimates, are believed to have originated from depths similar to those determined for the garnet peridotites, i.e. from the lower lithosphere. A distinctly finer grained variety of eclogite, yields significantly lower temperatures which may be based on frozen-in equilibria. A maximum depth of approximately 87 km (~ 27 kb) has been estimated for these xenoliths, but they may have originated from significantly shallower (possibly lower-crustal) levels. The garnet pyroxenite xenoliths are generally orthopyroxene-rich rocks which contain varying amounts of garnet (8 to 33 %) and clinopyroxene (0 to 64 %). Textural features indicate that the garnet and possibly some of the clinopyroxene has exsolved from an originally A l -rich orthopyroxene. The rocks are significantly more Fe-rich than the peridotite xenoliths, and their constituent minerals show a wide range of Mg/Mg+Fe ratios. The pressure-temperature array defined by the garnet pyroxenites is approximately isothermal, and spans a depth range from approximately 30 to 95 km. It deviates strongly (to higher temperatures) from the ambient geothermal gradient at the time of kimberlite emplacement, as inferred from the garnet peridotite xenoliths. The pressures and temperatures calculated for the garnet pyroxenites are based on mineral equilibria which are believed to have been frozen-in during cooling from an intial hightemperature (probably molten) state. Qualitative modelling of possible cooling paths in pressure-temperature-composition space, indicates that the apparent depth range displayed by the garnet pyroxenites, approximates the true depth range over which these rocks were emplaced. However, the apparent pressures calculated from core compositions are significantly lower than the true pressures at which the original rocks formed . The garnet pyroxenite xenoliths appear to represent a major, possibly Namaqua age (~1000-1400 Ma), magmatic event involving the emplacement of large amounts of mafic magma over a significant depth range in the shallow upper mantle
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
March against privatisation
- COSATU
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Aug 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/134985 , vital:37224
- Description: Section 77 of the Labour Relations Act protects workers participating in this action against victimisation. You should leave your workplace at 13:00 and go and join the march. COSATU supports the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and local government to improve their capacity to deliver basic services. We want a strong government to build our economy to provide jobs and improve our lives. But privatisation will NOT help achieve these ends
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Aug 1991
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: Aug 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/134985 , vital:37224
- Description: Section 77 of the Labour Relations Act protects workers participating in this action against victimisation. You should leave your workplace at 13:00 and go and join the march. COSATU supports the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and local government to improve their capacity to deliver basic services. We want a strong government to build our economy to provide jobs and improve our lives. But privatisation will NOT help achieve these ends
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Aug 1991
Mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of the lower and lower critical zones, Northwestern Bushveld Complex
- Authors: Teigler, Bernd
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Mineralogy -- South Africa -- North-Western Transvaal Petrology -- South Africa -- North-Western Transvaal Geochemistry -- South Africa -- North-Western Transvaal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4978 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005590
- Description: This study of the lower part of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Western Bushveld Complex is based mainly on drill core samples from three localities, which are approximately 130 km apart. The NG-sequence, situated in the northwestern sector of the complex (Union Section, R.P.M.) extends from the floor of the complex to the base of the upper Critical Zone. The sequence is ca. 1800 m thick and it comprises mainly ultramafic cumulates, namely pyroxenites, olivine pyroxenites, harzburgites and dunites. Norites and anorthos ites are present only in minor proportion. Within the upper half of the NG-sequence ten prominent chromitite layers are correlated with the LGI MG4-interval. Correlation is also established between published sequences and the two other sequences studied, located 8 km and 55 km, respectively, east of Rustenburg. Whole-rock chemical data (major and trace elements), microprobe and Sr isotope data are presented. Petrographic studies provide modal analyses and measurements of grain size. All petrographic, mineralogical and other geochemical data point to an origin of the cumulates of the NG-sequence by crystallization from liquids of the U-type lineage and derivatives thereof. No evidence is found for the involvement of parental liquids with a distinctly different composition or crystallization order (A-liquids). However, subtle compositional variations of the parental liquids are evident in slight changes of the Cr content in orthopyroxene or in variations of Sr isotope ratio. The NG-sequence is characterized by intervals with reversed fractionation trends caused by repeated influxes of pristine magma (during periods of high magmatic activity) resulting in a high degree of rejuvenation. These intervals are overlain by others with a normal fractionation trend, interpreted as cumulates formed in periods with low or no magmatic activity, in which fractional crystallization controlled bulk composition of the evolving liquid. The Lower Zone in the NG-sequence is dominated by a progressive shift towards more primitive compositions, while in the Critical Zone fractionation was the major operating process in the magma chamber. However, during deposition of the pyroxenitic lower Critical Zone several replenishment events occurred, during which fresh Cr-rich magma was emplaced. Massive chromitite layers were deposited after mixing between the newly emplaced magma and the resident residual liquid shifted bulk compositions into the primary field of chrome-spinel. Cumulus plagioclase crystallized after bulk composition of the residual liquid was driven to the orthopyroxene plagioclase cotectic by continued fractional crystallization; this occurred once in the Lower Zone, yielding a single, thin norite layer, and again in the upper Critical Zone of the NG-sequence. A facies model is proposed based on the stratigraphic and compositional variations along strike in the Western Bushveld Complex. This model explains the variations by means of the position of the sequence with regard to a feeder system. The olivine- and orthopyroxene-rich, but plagioclase-poor NG-sequence represents the proximal facies, while the SF-sequence (poor in ferromagnesian phases, but plagioclase-rich) is developed as a distal facies, close to the Brits graben.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Teigler, Bernd
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Mineralogy -- South Africa -- North-Western Transvaal Petrology -- South Africa -- North-Western Transvaal Geochemistry -- South Africa -- North-Western Transvaal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4978 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005590
- Description: This study of the lower part of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Western Bushveld Complex is based mainly on drill core samples from three localities, which are approximately 130 km apart. The NG-sequence, situated in the northwestern sector of the complex (Union Section, R.P.M.) extends from the floor of the complex to the base of the upper Critical Zone. The sequence is ca. 1800 m thick and it comprises mainly ultramafic cumulates, namely pyroxenites, olivine pyroxenites, harzburgites and dunites. Norites and anorthos ites are present only in minor proportion. Within the upper half of the NG-sequence ten prominent chromitite layers are correlated with the LGI MG4-interval. Correlation is also established between published sequences and the two other sequences studied, located 8 km and 55 km, respectively, east of Rustenburg. Whole-rock chemical data (major and trace elements), microprobe and Sr isotope data are presented. Petrographic studies provide modal analyses and measurements of grain size. All petrographic, mineralogical and other geochemical data point to an origin of the cumulates of the NG-sequence by crystallization from liquids of the U-type lineage and derivatives thereof. No evidence is found for the involvement of parental liquids with a distinctly different composition or crystallization order (A-liquids). However, subtle compositional variations of the parental liquids are evident in slight changes of the Cr content in orthopyroxene or in variations of Sr isotope ratio. The NG-sequence is characterized by intervals with reversed fractionation trends caused by repeated influxes of pristine magma (during periods of high magmatic activity) resulting in a high degree of rejuvenation. These intervals are overlain by others with a normal fractionation trend, interpreted as cumulates formed in periods with low or no magmatic activity, in which fractional crystallization controlled bulk composition of the evolving liquid. The Lower Zone in the NG-sequence is dominated by a progressive shift towards more primitive compositions, while in the Critical Zone fractionation was the major operating process in the magma chamber. However, during deposition of the pyroxenitic lower Critical Zone several replenishment events occurred, during which fresh Cr-rich magma was emplaced. Massive chromitite layers were deposited after mixing between the newly emplaced magma and the resident residual liquid shifted bulk compositions into the primary field of chrome-spinel. Cumulus plagioclase crystallized after bulk composition of the residual liquid was driven to the orthopyroxene plagioclase cotectic by continued fractional crystallization; this occurred once in the Lower Zone, yielding a single, thin norite layer, and again in the upper Critical Zone of the NG-sequence. A facies model is proposed based on the stratigraphic and compositional variations along strike in the Western Bushveld Complex. This model explains the variations by means of the position of the sequence with regard to a feeder system. The olivine- and orthopyroxene-rich, but plagioclase-poor NG-sequence represents the proximal facies, while the SF-sequence (poor in ferromagnesian phases, but plagioclase-rich) is developed as a distal facies, close to the Brits graben.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
New Nation number 618 - Another peace pledge
- New Nation - SA's Biggest Independent Weekly
- Authors: New Nation - SA's Biggest Independent Weekly
- Date: May 1991
- Subjects: New Nation - SA's Biggest Independent Weekly
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/112945 , vital:33679
- Description: The ANC’s May 9 ultimatum is effectively over and the organisation is unlikely to make any further demands of the government, at least until its July National Conference. At the same time, no major shift is expected in ANC policy between now and July. There now seems to be general agreement that government undertakings aimed at ending township violence this week addressed the ANC’s most important demands contained in its open letter to FW de Klerk in early April. A meeting between ANC deputy president Nelson Mandela and De Klerk this week further confirmed that agreement had been reached on key demands made by the ANC. Mandela told a group of the ANC’s Women’s League, who had occupied the Johannesburg Magistrates’ Court on Wednesday in a campaign to support the ultimatum, that the government had met two of the organisation’s key demands. These included a ban on all weapons except assegais and sticks and the closure or conversion of hostels into family units. Attacks On the eve of the ultimatum, law and order minister Adriaan Vlok went further and announced plans for “Operation Stabilise” to end the violence. The new measures ban open air gatherings in unrest areas from May 9 onwards to May 22. Some of the bloodiest attacks on township residents have followed mass rallies of Inkatha supporters. Rallies could still be held in areas like George Goch near Johannesburg, where Inkatha has a strong presence. Vlok said permission to hold rallies in townships declared unrest areas could, however, still be obtained from police in the areas. Inkatha rallies were planned for Soweto and Tembisa yesterday. Vlok also announced stricter enforcement of curfews and the deployment of more troops and police in areas hit by violence. Areas covered by Vlok’s announcement include Soweto, Mead- owlands, Diepkloof, Dobsonville, Alexandra, Tembisa, Thokoza, Katlehong and Vosloorus. Townships around Johannesburg and the city centre remained tense despite Vlok’s announcements to curb violence. Terror Reports reaching NEW NATION indicate that heavily armed men had been deployed in various parts of the city and townships in what appeared to be part of the planned terror in the run up to the May 9 ultimatum. Residents in at least one block of flats in Central Johannesburg, occupied mainly by ANC supporters, were reported to have left in anticipation of an attack. There were also reports of unknown men searching for activists in various flats around central Johannesburg. The armed men, residents claim, were deployed some time before Inkatha central committee member Musa Myeni warned that his organisation was ready to commit 250 000 armed fighters in defence of its members on the Reef. Johannesburg’s city centre, which has not been declared an unrest area, is not covered by Operation Stabilise and Inkatha supporters remain free to brandish their weapons, now effectively outlawed in the townships. There is also evidence that many of the fighters currently in township hostels are paid mercenaries, who are otherwise unemployed. Some of them claim to have been brought in from Natal to fight township residents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: May 1991
- Authors: New Nation - SA's Biggest Independent Weekly
- Date: May 1991
- Subjects: New Nation - SA's Biggest Independent Weekly
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/112945 , vital:33679
- Description: The ANC’s May 9 ultimatum is effectively over and the organisation is unlikely to make any further demands of the government, at least until its July National Conference. At the same time, no major shift is expected in ANC policy between now and July. There now seems to be general agreement that government undertakings aimed at ending township violence this week addressed the ANC’s most important demands contained in its open letter to FW de Klerk in early April. A meeting between ANC deputy president Nelson Mandela and De Klerk this week further confirmed that agreement had been reached on key demands made by the ANC. Mandela told a group of the ANC’s Women’s League, who had occupied the Johannesburg Magistrates’ Court on Wednesday in a campaign to support the ultimatum, that the government had met two of the organisation’s key demands. These included a ban on all weapons except assegais and sticks and the closure or conversion of hostels into family units. Attacks On the eve of the ultimatum, law and order minister Adriaan Vlok went further and announced plans for “Operation Stabilise” to end the violence. The new measures ban open air gatherings in unrest areas from May 9 onwards to May 22. Some of the bloodiest attacks on township residents have followed mass rallies of Inkatha supporters. Rallies could still be held in areas like George Goch near Johannesburg, where Inkatha has a strong presence. Vlok said permission to hold rallies in townships declared unrest areas could, however, still be obtained from police in the areas. Inkatha rallies were planned for Soweto and Tembisa yesterday. Vlok also announced stricter enforcement of curfews and the deployment of more troops and police in areas hit by violence. Areas covered by Vlok’s announcement include Soweto, Mead- owlands, Diepkloof, Dobsonville, Alexandra, Tembisa, Thokoza, Katlehong and Vosloorus. Townships around Johannesburg and the city centre remained tense despite Vlok’s announcements to curb violence. Terror Reports reaching NEW NATION indicate that heavily armed men had been deployed in various parts of the city and townships in what appeared to be part of the planned terror in the run up to the May 9 ultimatum. Residents in at least one block of flats in Central Johannesburg, occupied mainly by ANC supporters, were reported to have left in anticipation of an attack. There were also reports of unknown men searching for activists in various flats around central Johannesburg. The armed men, residents claim, were deployed some time before Inkatha central committee member Musa Myeni warned that his organisation was ready to commit 250 000 armed fighters in defence of its members on the Reef. Johannesburg’s city centre, which has not been declared an unrest area, is not covered by Operation Stabilise and Inkatha supporters remain free to brandish their weapons, now effectively outlawed in the townships. There is also evidence that many of the fighters currently in township hostels are paid mercenaries, who are otherwise unemployed. Some of them claim to have been brought in from Natal to fight township residents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: May 1991
NUM Biennial report - 1991 Seventh national congress
- NUM
- Authors: NUM
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: NUM
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149605 , vital:38868
- Description: Over two years have passed since our last Congress and many developments have taken place in our industry and the country. Most significant of these developments was the release of our Honorory Life President Comrade Nelson Mandela and the other political prisoners together with the unbanning of the the African National Congress and other political parties. These developments are the fruits of our struggle, a struggle so many have sacrificed so much for. These developments are the culmination of our victory over the evil system of apartheid. These developments came about as a result of the sustained assault against the edifice of apartheid mounted by our people and the international community. It is true that the political and social landscape in the country has changed and that new challenges await mineworkers, our union and all the patriotic forces in the struggle to transform our country into a genuine democracy and a prosperous country. The edifice of Aparthied has been under constant siege forcing the government to sytematically dismantle discriminatory legislation. Whilst we have to fully acknowledge that this process is taking place, we will be naive to believe that the institutions, legacy and culture that was fostered over decades will vanish with the removal of apartheid laws. We need to be constantly vigilant against the introduction of neo-apartheid in the place of apartheid. It requires much more than the removal of laws to address the historical inequities of Apartheid and racism that remains deep in the fabric of our social, economic and political life. Through all the developments we are proud to state that mineworkers have not only made their contribution in bringing about the demise of the apartheid system but have made their mark as one of the most militant sectors of the struggling masses. Together with thousands of others we have been able to shift the balance of power near to our goal of a non racial democracy. Our assessment of these developments and what the implications are for the future will be assessed in this report to Congress. As these historic developments have been taking place our industry has been experiencing severe problems with increased job losses and a low gold price. The fight for job security and the restructuring of the mining industry requires immediate attention. Our endeavours over the last two years will be evaluated and some suggestions of a future strategy will be outlined for consideration. Progess and development is often accompanied with setbacks and diversions. It is important that we acknowleges these so that our union can strenghten where it is weak and consolidate where it must. This biennial report examines the socio-economic and socio-political developments in the country and the industry since our last Congress, and assesses the achievements and future possibilities and challenges for the union.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: NUM
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: NUM
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149605 , vital:38868
- Description: Over two years have passed since our last Congress and many developments have taken place in our industry and the country. Most significant of these developments was the release of our Honorory Life President Comrade Nelson Mandela and the other political prisoners together with the unbanning of the the African National Congress and other political parties. These developments are the fruits of our struggle, a struggle so many have sacrificed so much for. These developments are the culmination of our victory over the evil system of apartheid. These developments came about as a result of the sustained assault against the edifice of apartheid mounted by our people and the international community. It is true that the political and social landscape in the country has changed and that new challenges await mineworkers, our union and all the patriotic forces in the struggle to transform our country into a genuine democracy and a prosperous country. The edifice of Aparthied has been under constant siege forcing the government to sytematically dismantle discriminatory legislation. Whilst we have to fully acknowledge that this process is taking place, we will be naive to believe that the institutions, legacy and culture that was fostered over decades will vanish with the removal of apartheid laws. We need to be constantly vigilant against the introduction of neo-apartheid in the place of apartheid. It requires much more than the removal of laws to address the historical inequities of Apartheid and racism that remains deep in the fabric of our social, economic and political life. Through all the developments we are proud to state that mineworkers have not only made their contribution in bringing about the demise of the apartheid system but have made their mark as one of the most militant sectors of the struggling masses. Together with thousands of others we have been able to shift the balance of power near to our goal of a non racial democracy. Our assessment of these developments and what the implications are for the future will be assessed in this report to Congress. As these historic developments have been taking place our industry has been experiencing severe problems with increased job losses and a low gold price. The fight for job security and the restructuring of the mining industry requires immediate attention. Our endeavours over the last two years will be evaluated and some suggestions of a future strategy will be outlined for consideration. Progess and development is often accompanied with setbacks and diversions. It is important that we acknowleges these so that our union can strenghten where it is weak and consolidate where it must. This biennial report examines the socio-economic and socio-political developments in the country and the industry since our last Congress, and assesses the achievements and future possibilities and challenges for the union.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
NUMSA CONGRESS: Destroy apartheid and build democracy for socialism
- NUMSA
- Authors: NUMSA
- Date: Sep 1991
- Subjects: NUMSA
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/113037 , vital:33691
- Description: In this Bulletin we focus on the NUMSA and COSATU Congresses which were held in June and July this year. We also cover the National Peace Accord in some detail. In covering NUMSA’s Third National Congress we focus on the major points discussed and contributions from guest speakers. We report on NUMSA’s current membership and who the new Office Bearers are. We also produce in full the Resolutions that were adopted at the Congress. We report briefly on the discussions, debates and the resolutions that were finally passed at COSATU’s Fourth National Congress. Unfortunately for reasons of space, we have not been able to print the resolutions adopted at this Congress. Shop stewards are therefore advised to contact their NUMSA Regional Office for a copy of the Minutes, Speeches and Resolutions of the Congress, or to contact COSATU Head Office which is due to produce a resolutions booklet soon. Much has been achieved in the negotiations around a Peace Accord between the ANC Alliance, Inkatha Freedom Party and the National Party. The Accord is pages long and is very detailed. We have tried in this Bulletin to give an overview of its basic features. We hope the chart that goes with the article will help people understand the detail and complexity of it and why it goes much, much further than all previous Accords. The Accord has now been signed by most of the major parties on September 14. Watch the press for details of a new Act which is due to be passed within 30 days outlawing
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Sep 1991
- Authors: NUMSA
- Date: Sep 1991
- Subjects: NUMSA
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/113037 , vital:33691
- Description: In this Bulletin we focus on the NUMSA and COSATU Congresses which were held in June and July this year. We also cover the National Peace Accord in some detail. In covering NUMSA’s Third National Congress we focus on the major points discussed and contributions from guest speakers. We report on NUMSA’s current membership and who the new Office Bearers are. We also produce in full the Resolutions that were adopted at the Congress. We report briefly on the discussions, debates and the resolutions that were finally passed at COSATU’s Fourth National Congress. Unfortunately for reasons of space, we have not been able to print the resolutions adopted at this Congress. Shop stewards are therefore advised to contact their NUMSA Regional Office for a copy of the Minutes, Speeches and Resolutions of the Congress, or to contact COSATU Head Office which is due to produce a resolutions booklet soon. Much has been achieved in the negotiations around a Peace Accord between the ANC Alliance, Inkatha Freedom Party and the National Party. The Accord is pages long and is very detailed. We have tried in this Bulletin to give an overview of its basic features. We hope the chart that goes with the article will help people understand the detail and complexity of it and why it goes much, much further than all previous Accords. The Accord has now been signed by most of the major parties on September 14. Watch the press for details of a new Act which is due to be passed within 30 days outlawing
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: Sep 1991
Outpatient compliance with theophylline and phenytoin therapy:
- Dowse, Roslind, Futter, William T
- Authors: Dowse, Roslind , Futter, William T
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157059 , vital:40083 , https://europepmc.org/article/med/1745939
- Description: Poor compliance with prescribed medication is a significant problem in chronic disease states and is often responsible for the apparent failure of therapy. The determinants and extent of non-compliance are commonly incorrectly perceived by doctors. During routine therapeutic drug monitoring of epileptic and asthmatic outpatients at a local day hospital, non-compliance was identified as a significant problem. A compliance study was conducted on 80 epileptic and asthmatic patients to determine the nature and extent of this problem. Non-compliance was measured using four different methods, which were then compared using chi 2 tests.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Dowse, Roslind , Futter, William T
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/157059 , vital:40083 , https://europepmc.org/article/med/1745939
- Description: Poor compliance with prescribed medication is a significant problem in chronic disease states and is often responsible for the apparent failure of therapy. The determinants and extent of non-compliance are commonly incorrectly perceived by doctors. During routine therapeutic drug monitoring of epileptic and asthmatic outpatients at a local day hospital, non-compliance was identified as a significant problem. A compliance study was conducted on 80 epileptic and asthmatic patients to determine the nature and extent of this problem. Non-compliance was measured using four different methods, which were then compared using chi 2 tests.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Peter Warlock: a study of the composer through the letters to Colin Taylor between 1911 and 1929
- Authors: Smith, Barry, 1939-
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Warlock, Peter, 1894-1930 -- Correspondence Taylor, Colin, 1881-1973 -- Correspondence Composers -- Great Britain -- Correspondence
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2657 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002323
- Description: This thesis involves a comprehensive study of the letters written by Philip Heseltine (Peter Warlock) to Colin Taylor from 1911 to 1929. Warlock first came into contact with Taylor at Eton in 1908 when he studied the piano with him as a schoolboy. Through Taylor's imaginative teaching during the next four years Warlock's interest in and understanding of music, particularly modern music, grew and matured. At the same time a strong bond of friendship developed between the two men and continued until Warlock's early death in 1930. This is clearly illustrated in the surviving 87 letters. Warlock was a great letter writer and over a thousand of them have been preserved, mostly in the British Library. His letters to Taylor have a special significance in that they were written during the entire period of his adult life, most of them during the early formative and creative years. They cover a wide range of topics including the influential friendships with the composers Frederick Delius and Bernard van Dieren, contemporary British and foreign music and his own work as a composer, writer, and scholar. They also give us many important insights into his life and personality, written as they are with rare candour and humour. In this thesis each letter has been carefully and systematically studied and the resulting information used to augment and expand the existing knowledge of Warlock's life and personality, his friendship with Taylor, his music and writings. Because of the wide field which the life and works of Peter Warlock cover, this study has been limited to subjects arising out of the correspondence with Taylor. Where necessary, additional information has been interpolated from other sources, mainly to give a sense of continuity and to explain references which might otherwise seem obscure. For a detailed study of Warlock's music readers are referred to Ian Copley's book, The Music of Peter Warlock, (Dennis Dobson, London, 1979). A definitive biography has yet to be written.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Smith, Barry, 1939-
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Warlock, Peter, 1894-1930 -- Correspondence Taylor, Colin, 1881-1973 -- Correspondence Composers -- Great Britain -- Correspondence
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2657 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002323
- Description: This thesis involves a comprehensive study of the letters written by Philip Heseltine (Peter Warlock) to Colin Taylor from 1911 to 1929. Warlock first came into contact with Taylor at Eton in 1908 when he studied the piano with him as a schoolboy. Through Taylor's imaginative teaching during the next four years Warlock's interest in and understanding of music, particularly modern music, grew and matured. At the same time a strong bond of friendship developed between the two men and continued until Warlock's early death in 1930. This is clearly illustrated in the surviving 87 letters. Warlock was a great letter writer and over a thousand of them have been preserved, mostly in the British Library. His letters to Taylor have a special significance in that they were written during the entire period of his adult life, most of them during the early formative and creative years. They cover a wide range of topics including the influential friendships with the composers Frederick Delius and Bernard van Dieren, contemporary British and foreign music and his own work as a composer, writer, and scholar. They also give us many important insights into his life and personality, written as they are with rare candour and humour. In this thesis each letter has been carefully and systematically studied and the resulting information used to augment and expand the existing knowledge of Warlock's life and personality, his friendship with Taylor, his music and writings. Because of the wide field which the life and works of Peter Warlock cover, this study has been limited to subjects arising out of the correspondence with Taylor. Where necessary, additional information has been interpolated from other sources, mainly to give a sense of continuity and to explain references which might otherwise seem obscure. For a detailed study of Warlock's music readers are referred to Ian Copley's book, The Music of Peter Warlock, (Dennis Dobson, London, 1979). A definitive biography has yet to be written.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Planning for a new South Africa
- COSATU
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/135328 , vital:37258
- Description: COSATU has adopted the Freedom Charter. But if we look carefully at the Freedom Charter, nowhere does it say how everyone will share in the country’s wealth. This Is because a Chartrr is a statement of beliefs and a guide to policy. It is not a detailed programme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/135328 , vital:37258
- Description: COSATU has adopted the Freedom Charter. But if we look carefully at the Freedom Charter, nowhere does it say how everyone will share in the country’s wealth. This Is because a Chartrr is a statement of beliefs and a guide to policy. It is not a detailed programme.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991