Photocatalytic behavior of phthalocyanine-silver nanoparticle conjugates supported on polystyrene fibers
- Khozile, Phindile, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Khozile, Phindile , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/189909 , vital:44946 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.07.031"
- Description: Herein, carbazole derivatized non-peripheral (1,(4)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninatozinc(II), 3-TCbZnPc) and peripheral (2,(3)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninato zinc(II), 4-TCbZnPc) are conjugated to silver nanoparticles and their photochemical and photophysical behavior are reported. The presence of silver nanoparticles resulted in reduced fluorescence, and increased triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields. The conjugates were further electrospun into polystyrene fibers, and employed for the photodegradation of methyl orange. The photodegradation of methyl orange using all functionalized fibers followed first order kinetics, and was faster when the conjugates with silver nanoparticles were used. The non-peripherally substituted 3-TCbZnPc gave better photocatalytic activity compared to its peripherally substituted counterpart (4-TCbZnPc). The hybrid electrospun fibers provide great potential as active photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Khozile, Phindile , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/189909 , vital:44946 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2014.07.031"
- Description: Herein, carbazole derivatized non-peripheral (1,(4)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninatozinc(II), 3-TCbZnPc) and peripheral (2,(3)-tetra(carbazol-2-yloxy)phthalocyaninato zinc(II), 4-TCbZnPc) are conjugated to silver nanoparticles and their photochemical and photophysical behavior are reported. The presence of silver nanoparticles resulted in reduced fluorescence, and increased triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields. The conjugates were further electrospun into polystyrene fibers, and employed for the photodegradation of methyl orange. The photodegradation of methyl orange using all functionalized fibers followed first order kinetics, and was faster when the conjugates with silver nanoparticles were used. The non-peripherally substituted 3-TCbZnPc gave better photocatalytic activity compared to its peripherally substituted counterpart (4-TCbZnPc). The hybrid electrospun fibers provide great potential as active photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysical behavior of Zn aminophenoxy substituted phthalocyanine conjugates with carboxylic acid-coated silica nanoparticles
- Fashina, Adedayo, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Fashina, Adedayo , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193802 , vital:45397 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.034"
- Description: This work reports on the grafting of silica nanoparticles with zinc phthalocyanine complexes tetra-substituted non-peripherally and peripherally with a 4-amino phenoxy group. The phthalocyanine dyes have free amino groups, facilitating covalent attachment of the dyes on the silica surface via amide bond formation. The surface area of the functionalized silica nanoparticles increased on conjugation but the pore volumes were reduced. The phthalocyanine functionalized silica nanoparticles showed lower fluorescence quantum yields as well as shorter triplet lifetimes compared to the free phthalocyanines in dimethyl formamide. For the non-peripherally substituted phthalocyanines increases in triplet yield quantum yields, lifetimes, and singlet oxygen quantum yields were observed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Fashina, Adedayo , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193802 , vital:45397 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.034"
- Description: This work reports on the grafting of silica nanoparticles with zinc phthalocyanine complexes tetra-substituted non-peripherally and peripherally with a 4-amino phenoxy group. The phthalocyanine dyes have free amino groups, facilitating covalent attachment of the dyes on the silica surface via amide bond formation. The surface area of the functionalized silica nanoparticles increased on conjugation but the pore volumes were reduced. The phthalocyanine functionalized silica nanoparticles showed lower fluorescence quantum yields as well as shorter triplet lifetimes compared to the free phthalocyanines in dimethyl formamide. For the non-peripherally substituted phthalocyanines increases in triplet yield quantum yields, lifetimes, and singlet oxygen quantum yields were observed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysical properties of a new water soluble tetra thiamine substituted zinc phthalocyanine conjugated to gold nanorods of different aspect ratios
- Mthethwa, Thandekile, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Mthethwa, Thandekile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241583 , vital:50952 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT00197D"
- Description: A water soluble zinc phthalocyanine substituted with thiamine is reported in this work. The aggregation of this compound in aqueous solutions causes quenching of the fluorescence quantum yields. Gold nanospheres and nanorods were linked to the phthalocyanine. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that both the amine and the sulphur groups on the thiamine substituent of the zinc phthalocyanine were involved in the linking to gold nanoparticles. The Pc showed an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields in the presence of the nanoparticles. The singlet oxygen quantum yield increased when the Pc was conjugated to the nanoparticles and even higher for larger aspect ratio gold nanorods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mthethwa, Thandekile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241583 , vital:50952 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT00197D"
- Description: A water soluble zinc phthalocyanine substituted with thiamine is reported in this work. The aggregation of this compound in aqueous solutions causes quenching of the fluorescence quantum yields. Gold nanospheres and nanorods were linked to the phthalocyanine. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that both the amine and the sulphur groups on the thiamine substituent of the zinc phthalocyanine were involved in the linking to gold nanoparticles. The Pc showed an increase in the fluorescence quantum yields in the presence of the nanoparticles. The singlet oxygen quantum yield increased when the Pc was conjugated to the nanoparticles and even higher for larger aspect ratio gold nanorods.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysichochemical behavior of carbazole derivatized zinc phthalocyanine in the presence of ZnO microparticles and when embedded in electrospun fibers
- Khoza, Phindile, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Khoza, Phindile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193860 , vital:45400 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.12.019"
- Description: The synthesis of a zinc phthalocyanine complex tetrasubstituted with carbazole functionality at the peripheral position (complex 4) is reported. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the complex was found to be 0.83 in dimethylformamide (DMF). The complex was subsequently conjugated to zinc oxide microparticles (ZnOMPs), the conjugation (formation of the amide bond) was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The presence of ZnOMPs was found to reduce the singlet oxygen produced (ΦΔ = 0.63) in DMF. Polystyrene electrospun fibers of complex 4 alone and its conjugate to ZnOMPs were found to be thermally stable. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the modified electrospun fibers was determined in aqueous media with ADMA as a singlet oxygen quencher and were 0.25 and 0.20 for complex 4 and 4-ZnOMPs embedded in fibers, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Khoza, Phindile , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/193860 , vital:45400 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.12.019"
- Description: The synthesis of a zinc phthalocyanine complex tetrasubstituted with carbazole functionality at the peripheral position (complex 4) is reported. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the complex was found to be 0.83 in dimethylformamide (DMF). The complex was subsequently conjugated to zinc oxide microparticles (ZnOMPs), the conjugation (formation of the amide bond) was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The presence of ZnOMPs was found to reduce the singlet oxygen produced (ΦΔ = 0.63) in DMF. Polystyrene electrospun fibers of complex 4 alone and its conjugate to ZnOMPs were found to be thermally stable. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the modified electrospun fibers was determined in aqueous media with ADMA as a singlet oxygen quencher and were 0.25 and 0.20 for complex 4 and 4-ZnOMPs embedded in fibers, respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysicochemical behavior and antimicrobial activity of dihydroxosilicon tris (diaquaplatinum) octacarboxyphthalocyanine
- Managa, Muthumuni, Idowu, Mopelola A, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Managa, Muthumuni , Idowu, Mopelola A , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241527 , vital:50947 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.087"
- Description: Platination of dihydroxosilicon octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc was successfully carried out to give dihydroxosilicon tris(diaquaplatinum)octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. Slight blue shifting of the absorption spectrum of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 was observed on conjugation with platinum. Comparative photophysicochemical behavior and antimicrobial photo-activities of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate with (OH)2SiOCPc or Pt nanoparticles revealed that the heavy atom, Pt on the periphery of the phthalocyanine significantly enhanced its singlet oxygen generation with a quantum yield of 0.56 obtained for the (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. The (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate showed highest antimicrobial activity towards Candida albicans and Escherichia coli compared to (OH)2SiOCPc and Pt nanoparticles alone under illumination.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Managa, Muthumuni , Idowu, Mopelola A , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241527 , vital:50947 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.087"
- Description: Platination of dihydroxosilicon octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc was successfully carried out to give dihydroxosilicon tris(diaquaplatinum)octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. Slight blue shifting of the absorption spectrum of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 was observed on conjugation with platinum. Comparative photophysicochemical behavior and antimicrobial photo-activities of (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate with (OH)2SiOCPc or Pt nanoparticles revealed that the heavy atom, Pt on the periphery of the phthalocyanine significantly enhanced its singlet oxygen generation with a quantum yield of 0.56 obtained for the (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate. The (OH)2SiOCPc(Pt)3 conjugate showed highest antimicrobial activity towards Candida albicans and Escherichia coli compared to (OH)2SiOCPc and Pt nanoparticles alone under illumination.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Photophysicochemical properties and TD-DFT calculations of a novel terminal alkyne substituted metal free phthalocyanine
- Yilmaz, Yusuf, Mack, John, Sönmez, Mehmet, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Yilmaz, Yusuf , Mack, John , Sönmez, Mehmet , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241562 , vital:50950 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424613501241"
- Description: The synthesis of a novel free base tetrakis(prop-2-ynyloxy)phthalocyanine (2) is described, along with its characterization by IR, UV-visible absorption, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The compound exhibited good solubility in a wide range of organic solvents and no significant aggregation was observed over a wide concentration range. The values for the singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), photodegradation, fluorescence (ΦF) and triplet state quantum yields and the fluorescence and triplet state lifetimes are reported. A relatively high ΦΔ value of 0.46 was obtained in DMSO. The ability to carry out "click" chemistry at the ligand periphery enhances the potential utility of 2 for use in bioconjugates in photodynamic therapy (PDT). A moderately high ΦF value of 0.18 is observed for emission in the therapeutic window in the near-IR region, which suggests that it may also be possible to determine the level of localization of 2 in tumor cells through bioimaging.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Yilmaz, Yusuf , Mack, John , Sönmez, Mehmet , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241562 , vital:50950 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424613501241"
- Description: The synthesis of a novel free base tetrakis(prop-2-ynyloxy)phthalocyanine (2) is described, along with its characterization by IR, UV-visible absorption, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The compound exhibited good solubility in a wide range of organic solvents and no significant aggregation was observed over a wide concentration range. The values for the singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), photodegradation, fluorescence (ΦF) and triplet state quantum yields and the fluorescence and triplet state lifetimes are reported. A relatively high ΦΔ value of 0.46 was obtained in DMSO. The ability to carry out "click" chemistry at the ligand periphery enhances the potential utility of 2 for use in bioconjugates in photodynamic therapy (PDT). A moderately high ΦF value of 0.18 is observed for emission in the therapeutic window in the near-IR region, which suggests that it may also be possible to determine the level of localization of 2 in tumor cells through bioimaging.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Polyamide nanofiber membranes functionalized with zinc phthalocyanines
- Goethals, Annelies, Mugadza, Tawanda, Arslanoglu, Yasin, Zugle, Ruphino, Antunes, Edith M, Van Hulle, Stijn W, Nyokong, Tebello, De Clerck, Karen
- Authors: Goethals, Annelies , Mugadza, Tawanda , Arslanoglu, Yasin , Zugle, Ruphino , Antunes, Edith M , Van Hulle, Stijn W , Nyokong, Tebello , De Clerck, Karen
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241505 , vital:50945 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40486"
- Description: Electrospinning is an efficient method for the production of polyamide nanofiber membranes that are suitable for water filtration. Previous studies have shown that nanofiber membranes have high clean water permeability. The pathogen removal efficiency can be improved by functionalization with (organic) biocides. However, these membranes, like other membranes, are vulnerable to fouling which reduces the filtration efficiency. Therefore the present article investigates the potential of zinc phthalocyanines, which can produce singlet oxygen in the presence of visible light, as a functionalizing agent. The polyamide nanofiber membranes were functionalized with phthalocyanines using both a pre-functionalizing and post-functionalizing method. Only the post-functionalization method shows to result in nanofiber membranes capable of producing singlet oxygen. After 30 min 45% of 1,2-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), used as an oxygen quencher, was removed by reaction with singlet oxygen. This resulted in a removal rate of 0.33 mol DBPF mol−1Zn min−1. During short term leaching tests, phthalocyanines could not be detected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Goethals, Annelies , Mugadza, Tawanda , Arslanoglu, Yasin , Zugle, Ruphino , Antunes, Edith M , Van Hulle, Stijn W , Nyokong, Tebello , De Clerck, Karen
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241505 , vital:50945 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40486"
- Description: Electrospinning is an efficient method for the production of polyamide nanofiber membranes that are suitable for water filtration. Previous studies have shown that nanofiber membranes have high clean water permeability. The pathogen removal efficiency can be improved by functionalization with (organic) biocides. However, these membranes, like other membranes, are vulnerable to fouling which reduces the filtration efficiency. Therefore the present article investigates the potential of zinc phthalocyanines, which can produce singlet oxygen in the presence of visible light, as a functionalizing agent. The polyamide nanofiber membranes were functionalized with phthalocyanines using both a pre-functionalizing and post-functionalizing method. Only the post-functionalization method shows to result in nanofiber membranes capable of producing singlet oxygen. After 30 min 45% of 1,2-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), used as an oxygen quencher, was removed by reaction with singlet oxygen. This resulted in a removal rate of 0.33 mol DBPF mol−1Zn min−1. During short term leaching tests, phthalocyanines could not be detected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Positioning non-timber forest products on the development agenda
- Shackleton, Charlie M, Pandey, Ashok K
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Pandey, Ashok K
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/180992 , vital:43679 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.07.004"
- Description: Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) provide multiple livelihood benefits to local communities and regional and national economies. And yet this knowledge is rarely drawn upon in debates around and design of poverty alleviation or land use policies, strategies and projects. Unless the accumulating wealth of empirical evidence can be translated into policies and approaches at higher levels, and integrated into poverty alleviation programmes, it will have little impact on local and national poverty profiles. In this paper we propose and briefly discuss eight steps to facilitate integration of NTFPs into the development agenda, for the benefit of local communities. These include: (1) proper inventory of NTFP stocks, (2) research on NTFP ecology and sustainable harvest levels, (3) introduction of extension services for NTFPs, (4) inclusion of NTFPs in land management and trade-off decisions, (5) integration of NTFPs into sectoral policies, (6) ensuring NTFP commercialisation is not at the expense of local livelihood needs, (7) promoting security of access and use, and (8) examination of local contextual drivers of unsustainable use. Each is presented along with examples or proposals towards implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M , Pandey, Ashok K
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/180992 , vital:43679 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.07.004"
- Description: Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) provide multiple livelihood benefits to local communities and regional and national economies. And yet this knowledge is rarely drawn upon in debates around and design of poverty alleviation or land use policies, strategies and projects. Unless the accumulating wealth of empirical evidence can be translated into policies and approaches at higher levels, and integrated into poverty alleviation programmes, it will have little impact on local and national poverty profiles. In this paper we propose and briefly discuss eight steps to facilitate integration of NTFPs into the development agenda, for the benefit of local communities. These include: (1) proper inventory of NTFP stocks, (2) research on NTFP ecology and sustainable harvest levels, (3) introduction of extension services for NTFPs, (4) inclusion of NTFPs in land management and trade-off decisions, (5) integration of NTFPs into sectoral policies, (6) ensuring NTFP commercialisation is not at the expense of local livelihood needs, (7) promoting security of access and use, and (8) examination of local contextual drivers of unsustainable use. Each is presented along with examples or proposals towards implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Potential Gaps during the Transition from the Embodied through Symbolic to Formal Worlds of Reflective Symmetry:
- Mhlolo, Michael K, Schäfer, Marc
- Authors: Mhlolo, Michael K , Schäfer, Marc
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141117 , vital:37945 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10288457.2014.925269
- Description: Even though reflective symmetry is heavily embedded in the everyday, learners continue to experience challenges when they mathematize concepts from this informal/everyday context. In this article we argue that symmetry exists in nature, it can also be symbolized algebraically and it can be abstracted into the world of axioms and theorems. We problematize this multiple nature of symmetry which on one hand is supportive and on the other acts as a contributory factor to learners' gaps in knowledge. Tall's three worlds of mathematics helped us to show the transition of symmetry from the embodied through symbolic to the formal world and the inherent gaps attributed to the shifts in thinking thereof. We then used this same framework to analyse learners' responses to a reflective symmetry task. The results show that many learner responses could be explained explicitly by the lack of flexibility in the applicability of experiences in the embodied world of reflective symmetry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Mhlolo, Michael K , Schäfer, Marc
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141117 , vital:37945 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10288457.2014.925269
- Description: Even though reflective symmetry is heavily embedded in the everyday, learners continue to experience challenges when they mathematize concepts from this informal/everyday context. In this article we argue that symmetry exists in nature, it can also be symbolized algebraically and it can be abstracted into the world of axioms and theorems. We problematize this multiple nature of symmetry which on one hand is supportive and on the other acts as a contributory factor to learners' gaps in knowledge. Tall's three worlds of mathematics helped us to show the transition of symmetry from the embodied through symbolic to the formal world and the inherent gaps attributed to the shifts in thinking thereof. We then used this same framework to analyse learners' responses to a reflective symmetry task. The results show that many learner responses could be explained explicitly by the lack of flexibility in the applicability of experiences in the embodied world of reflective symmetry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Prioritisation of potential agents for the biological control of the invasive alien weed, Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae), in South Africa
- Paterson, Iain D, Vitorino, Marcello D, de Cristo, S C, Martin, Grant D, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Vitorino, Marcello D , de Cristo, S C , Martin, Grant D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76946 , vital:30644 , https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.864382
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien species in South Africa that is native in Central and South America. In South Africa, P. aculeata outcompetes native plant species leading to a reduction in biodiversity at infested sites. Herbicidal and mechanical control of the plant is ineffective and unsustainable, so biological control is considered the only potential solution. Climatic matching and genotype matching indicated that the most appropriate regions in which to collect biological control agents were Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro provinces in Southern Brazil. Surveys throughout the native distribution resulted in 15 natural enemy species that were associated with the plant. Field host range data, as well as previous host plant records, were used to prioritise which of the species were most likely to be suitably host specific for release in South Africa. The mode of damage was used to determine which species were most likely to be damaging and effective if released. The most promising species prioritised for further study, including host specificity and impact studies, were the stem-wilter Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae); the stem boring species Acanthodoxus machacalis Martins and Monné (Cerambycidae), Cryptorhynchus sp. (Curculionidae) and Maracayia chlorisalis (Walker) (Crambidae) and the fruit galler Asphondylia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). By prioritising the potential biological control agents that are most likely to be host-specific and damaging, the risk of conducting host specificity testing on unsuitable or ineffective biological control agents is reduced.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Vitorino, Marcello D , de Cristo, S C , Martin, Grant D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76946 , vital:30644 , https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.864382
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien species in South Africa that is native in Central and South America. In South Africa, P. aculeata outcompetes native plant species leading to a reduction in biodiversity at infested sites. Herbicidal and mechanical control of the plant is ineffective and unsustainable, so biological control is considered the only potential solution. Climatic matching and genotype matching indicated that the most appropriate regions in which to collect biological control agents were Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro provinces in Southern Brazil. Surveys throughout the native distribution resulted in 15 natural enemy species that were associated with the plant. Field host range data, as well as previous host plant records, were used to prioritise which of the species were most likely to be suitably host specific for release in South Africa. The mode of damage was used to determine which species were most likely to be damaging and effective if released. The most promising species prioritised for further study, including host specificity and impact studies, were the stem-wilter Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae); the stem boring species Acanthodoxus machacalis Martins and Monné (Cerambycidae), Cryptorhynchus sp. (Curculionidae) and Maracayia chlorisalis (Walker) (Crambidae) and the fruit galler Asphondylia sp. (Cecidomyiidae). By prioritising the potential biological control agents that are most likely to be host-specific and damaging, the risk of conducting host specificity testing on unsuitable or ineffective biological control agents is reduced.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Prioritising native fish populations for conservation using genetics in the Groot Marico catchment, North West Province, South Africa
- Authors: Van der Walt, Kerry-Ann
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Native fishes Fishery management -- South Africa -- North West Fish populations Fishes -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Western Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69102 , vital:29390
- Description: The Groot Marico catchment in the North West Province is a National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Area (NFEPA) because it represents unique landscape features with unique biodiversity that are considered to be of special ecological significance. Three native freshwater species Amphilius uranoscopus, Chiloglanis pretoriae and Barbus motebensis, have high local conservation importance and B. motebensis is endemic to the catchment and is IUCN-listed as vulnerable. The main objective of this study is to contribute towards the effective conservation of these three species in the Groot Marico River system by assessing their genetic structure to determine whether tributary populations of the three species comprise of one genetic population or whether they are divided into genetically distinct subpopulations, in order to prioritise areas for conservation. The central null hypothesis was that there is no genetic differentiation between tributary populations (i.e., panmixia) of B. motebensis, A. uranoscopus and C. pretoriae in the Groot Marico catchment, North West Province. In total, 80 individuals per species were collected, targeting at least 10 individuals per population from a total of eight populations (seven tributaries and the Groot Marico main stem) and across the study area. Samples were collected by electrofishing and specimens were euthanized using an overdose of clove oil. A sample of muscle tissue was removed for genetic evaluation and the remainder of the specimens served as voucher specimens. For the genetic evaluation, mitochondrial (ND2, cyt b) and nuclear (S7) genes were used. Genetic techniques used were DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purification and sequencing. From the 240 individuals collected, 123 sequences for B. motebensis, 111 sequences for A. uranoscopus and 103 sequences for C. pretoriae were analysed across all three genes. Statistical analysis included looking at cleaned sequences in order to obtain models using MODELTEST (version 3.06). Population structuring and phylogeographic analysis was performed in Arlequin (version 2000), TCS (version 1.2.1) and PAUP*. Results indicated that for B. motebensis the null hypothesis could be rejected as there were two distinct lineages (the Draai and Eastern lineages) that demonstrated significant divergence in both the ND2 and S7 genes, suggesting historical isolation. The low divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (0% < D < 0.8%) suggests that this isolation is not very old and is probably not comparable to species level differentiation. The null hypothesis was also rejected for A. uranoscopus as there were also significant levels of differentiation between tributary populations resulting in the identification of two lineages (the Ribbok and Western lineages). However, for C. pretoriae, the null hypothesis could not be rejected as there was no genetic differentiation between tributary populations i.e., one panmictic population. Therefore, due to each species showing different genetic structuring within the tributary populations, more than one priority area for conservation needs to be implemented. These priority areas of conservation where therefore evaluated based on the current conservation status of the species (B. motebensis being vulnerable on the IUCN Red List), the number of Evolutionary Significant Units for each species and the overall genetic diversity of all three species in the Groot Marico catchment. In total, four tributary populations were conservation priorities areas, these were the Draai, Vanstraatens, Ribbok and Kaaloog tributaries. The Draai, Vanstraatens and Kaaloog tributaries were selected as priority areas for B. motebensis (B. motebensis is considered to be the most vulnerable of all three species). The Draai tributary was selected due to the B. motebensis population within the tributary showing isolation from the rest of the tributary populations. In order to conserve B. motebensis from the Southern lineage, the Vanstraatens and Kaaloog tributaries were selected. Reasons for selecting these two specific tributaries within the Southern lineage were that the Vanstraatens tributary had unique alleles (three Evolutionary Significant Units) for B. motebensis and the Kaaloog tributary had high genetic diversity (HD = 0.889, ND2 gene) when compared to the other tributary populations. The Ribbok and Vanstraatens tributaries were selected as priority areas for the conservation of A. uranoscopus. The Ribbok tributary was selected as it showed isolation from the rest of the tributary populations, as seen with the Draai tributary (B. motebensis) and the Vanstraatens tributary was selected to represent the Western lineage as it had the highest diversity for both genes (ND2 and S7). The Ribbok tributary has the highest prioritisation when compared to the Vanstraatens tributary. Chiloglanis pretoriae occurs within the Draai, Vanstraatens, Ribbok and Kaaloog tributaries, therefore by prioritising these tributaries for conservation, C. pretoriae will in turn be conserved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Van der Walt, Kerry-Ann
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Native fishes Fishery management -- South Africa -- North West Fish populations Fishes -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Western Cape
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69102 , vital:29390
- Description: The Groot Marico catchment in the North West Province is a National Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Area (NFEPA) because it represents unique landscape features with unique biodiversity that are considered to be of special ecological significance. Three native freshwater species Amphilius uranoscopus, Chiloglanis pretoriae and Barbus motebensis, have high local conservation importance and B. motebensis is endemic to the catchment and is IUCN-listed as vulnerable. The main objective of this study is to contribute towards the effective conservation of these three species in the Groot Marico River system by assessing their genetic structure to determine whether tributary populations of the three species comprise of one genetic population or whether they are divided into genetically distinct subpopulations, in order to prioritise areas for conservation. The central null hypothesis was that there is no genetic differentiation between tributary populations (i.e., panmixia) of B. motebensis, A. uranoscopus and C. pretoriae in the Groot Marico catchment, North West Province. In total, 80 individuals per species were collected, targeting at least 10 individuals per population from a total of eight populations (seven tributaries and the Groot Marico main stem) and across the study area. Samples were collected by electrofishing and specimens were euthanized using an overdose of clove oil. A sample of muscle tissue was removed for genetic evaluation and the remainder of the specimens served as voucher specimens. For the genetic evaluation, mitochondrial (ND2, cyt b) and nuclear (S7) genes were used. Genetic techniques used were DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purification and sequencing. From the 240 individuals collected, 123 sequences for B. motebensis, 111 sequences for A. uranoscopus and 103 sequences for C. pretoriae were analysed across all three genes. Statistical analysis included looking at cleaned sequences in order to obtain models using MODELTEST (version 3.06). Population structuring and phylogeographic analysis was performed in Arlequin (version 2000), TCS (version 1.2.1) and PAUP*. Results indicated that for B. motebensis the null hypothesis could be rejected as there were two distinct lineages (the Draai and Eastern lineages) that demonstrated significant divergence in both the ND2 and S7 genes, suggesting historical isolation. The low divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (0% < D < 0.8%) suggests that this isolation is not very old and is probably not comparable to species level differentiation. The null hypothesis was also rejected for A. uranoscopus as there were also significant levels of differentiation between tributary populations resulting in the identification of two lineages (the Ribbok and Western lineages). However, for C. pretoriae, the null hypothesis could not be rejected as there was no genetic differentiation between tributary populations i.e., one panmictic population. Therefore, due to each species showing different genetic structuring within the tributary populations, more than one priority area for conservation needs to be implemented. These priority areas of conservation where therefore evaluated based on the current conservation status of the species (B. motebensis being vulnerable on the IUCN Red List), the number of Evolutionary Significant Units for each species and the overall genetic diversity of all three species in the Groot Marico catchment. In total, four tributary populations were conservation priorities areas, these were the Draai, Vanstraatens, Ribbok and Kaaloog tributaries. The Draai, Vanstraatens and Kaaloog tributaries were selected as priority areas for B. motebensis (B. motebensis is considered to be the most vulnerable of all three species). The Draai tributary was selected due to the B. motebensis population within the tributary showing isolation from the rest of the tributary populations. In order to conserve B. motebensis from the Southern lineage, the Vanstraatens and Kaaloog tributaries were selected. Reasons for selecting these two specific tributaries within the Southern lineage were that the Vanstraatens tributary had unique alleles (three Evolutionary Significant Units) for B. motebensis and the Kaaloog tributary had high genetic diversity (HD = 0.889, ND2 gene) when compared to the other tributary populations. The Ribbok and Vanstraatens tributaries were selected as priority areas for the conservation of A. uranoscopus. The Ribbok tributary was selected as it showed isolation from the rest of the tributary populations, as seen with the Draai tributary (B. motebensis) and the Vanstraatens tributary was selected to represent the Western lineage as it had the highest diversity for both genes (ND2 and S7). The Ribbok tributary has the highest prioritisation when compared to the Vanstraatens tributary. Chiloglanis pretoriae occurs within the Draai, Vanstraatens, Ribbok and Kaaloog tributaries, therefore by prioritising these tributaries for conservation, C. pretoriae will in turn be conserved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Re-thinking engagement: Dialogic strategies of alignment in letters to two South African newspapers
- Smith, Jade, Adendorff, Ralph
- Authors: Smith, Jade , Adendorff, Ralph
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125876 , vital:35828 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2014.909872
- Description: This article uses an appraisal analysis of 40 letters to the Daily Sun and The Times newspapers in South Africa to illustrate a reconceptualisation of the Engagement system. It discusses dialogism (Bakhtin 1981), which inspired the creation of the Engagement framework by White (2003), who classified attempts to either align or disalign readers with a writer’s stance. Contrary to the options for dialogic Engagement proposed by Martin and White (2005) and White and Don (2012), the data suggests that not all Engagement strategies carry equal power of alignment, as the framework’s systemic layout implies. This prompts a re-thinking of the Engagement categories as occurring along a continuum of their strength.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Smith, Jade , Adendorff, Ralph
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125876 , vital:35828 , https://doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2014.909872
- Description: This article uses an appraisal analysis of 40 letters to the Daily Sun and The Times newspapers in South Africa to illustrate a reconceptualisation of the Engagement system. It discusses dialogism (Bakhtin 1981), which inspired the creation of the Engagement framework by White (2003), who classified attempts to either align or disalign readers with a writer’s stance. Contrary to the options for dialogic Engagement proposed by Martin and White (2005) and White and Don (2012), the data suggests that not all Engagement strategies carry equal power of alignment, as the framework’s systemic layout implies. This prompts a re-thinking of the Engagement categories as occurring along a continuum of their strength.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Real-time monitoring of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation using a commercially available electric cell-substrate impedance sensor system
- Kramer, Adam H, Joos-Vandewalle, Julia, Edkins, Adrienne L, Frost, Carminita L, Prinsloo, Earl
- Authors: Kramer, Adam H , Joos-Vandewalle, Julia , Edkins, Adrienne L , Frost, Carminita L , Prinsloo, Earl
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/431171 , vital:72751 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.123"
- Description: Real-time analysis offers multiple benefits over traditional end point assays. Here, we present a method of monitoring the optimisation of the growth and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes using the commercially available ACEA xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyser Single Plate (RTCA SP) system. Our findings indicate that the ACEA xCELLigence RTCA SP can reproducibly monitor the primary morphological changes in pre- and post-confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts induced to differentiate using insulin, dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and rosiglitazone; and may be a viable primary method of screening compounds for adipogenic factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Kramer, Adam H , Joos-Vandewalle, Julia , Edkins, Adrienne L , Frost, Carminita L , Prinsloo, Earl
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/431171 , vital:72751 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.123"
- Description: Real-time analysis offers multiple benefits over traditional end point assays. Here, we present a method of monitoring the optimisation of the growth and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes using the commercially available ACEA xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyser Single Plate (RTCA SP) system. Our findings indicate that the ACEA xCELLigence RTCA SP can reproducibly monitor the primary morphological changes in pre- and post-confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts induced to differentiate using insulin, dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and rosiglitazone; and may be a viable primary method of screening compounds for adipogenic factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Real-time monitoring of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation using a commercially available electric cell-substrate impedance sensor system:
- Kramer, Adam H, Joos-Vandewalle, Julia, Edkins, Adrienne L, Frost, Carminita L, Prinsloo, Earl
- Authors: Kramer, Adam H , Joos-Vandewalle, Julia , Edkins, Adrienne L , Frost, Carminita L , Prinsloo, Earl
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/164830 , vital:41176 , DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.123
- Description: Real-time analysis offers multiple benefits over traditional end point assays. Here, we present a method of monitoring the optimisation of the growth and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes using the commercially available ACEA xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyser Single Plate (RTCA SP) system. Our findings indicate that the ACEA xCELLigence RTCA SP can reproducibly monitor the primary morphological changes in pre- and post-confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts induced to differentiate using insulin, dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and rosiglitazone; and may be a viable primary method of screening compounds for adipogenic factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Kramer, Adam H , Joos-Vandewalle, Julia , Edkins, Adrienne L , Frost, Carminita L , Prinsloo, Earl
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/164830 , vital:41176 , DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.123
- Description: Real-time analysis offers multiple benefits over traditional end point assays. Here, we present a method of monitoring the optimisation of the growth and differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes using the commercially available ACEA xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analyser Single Plate (RTCA SP) system. Our findings indicate that the ACEA xCELLigence RTCA SP can reproducibly monitor the primary morphological changes in pre- and post-confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts induced to differentiate using insulin, dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and rosiglitazone; and may be a viable primary method of screening compounds for adipogenic factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Reappraising the concept of biocultural diversity: a perspective from South Africa
- Cocks, Michelle L, Wiersum, K Freerk
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Wiersum, K Freerk
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141176 , vital:37950 , DOI: 10.1007/s10745-014-9681-5
- Description: Biocultural diversity has been conceptualised as the sum of the world’s differences regarding biological diversity at all levels and cultural diversity in all its manifestations, and their interactions. The concept is often framed in the context of conservation as a retention versus loss model by emphasizing the religious and spiritual values of the natural environment and the positive interactions between traditional indigenous people and conservation of natural ecosystems and indigenous species. On the basis of our research amongst the ‘non-traditional’ amaXhosa in South Africa, we argue that this interpretation is too narrow and that the concept needs to be reappraised in order to capture the dynamic, complex and relational nature of bio-cultural diversity relations. We conclude that the concept involves a complex of human values and practices related to the three main dimensions of biodiversity at landscapes, species and genetic levels.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Wiersum, K Freerk
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141176 , vital:37950 , DOI: 10.1007/s10745-014-9681-5
- Description: Biocultural diversity has been conceptualised as the sum of the world’s differences regarding biological diversity at all levels and cultural diversity in all its manifestations, and their interactions. The concept is often framed in the context of conservation as a retention versus loss model by emphasizing the religious and spiritual values of the natural environment and the positive interactions between traditional indigenous people and conservation of natural ecosystems and indigenous species. On the basis of our research amongst the ‘non-traditional’ amaXhosa in South Africa, we argue that this interpretation is too narrow and that the concept needs to be reappraised in order to capture the dynamic, complex and relational nature of bio-cultural diversity relations. We conclude that the concept involves a complex of human values and practices related to the three main dimensions of biodiversity at landscapes, species and genetic levels.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Reclaiming syndicalism: from Spain to South Africa to Global Labour Today
- Authors: van der Walt, Lucien
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144824 , vital:38382 , DOI: 10.15173/glj.v5i2.1153
- Description: Union politics remain central to the new century. It remains central because of the ongoing importance of unions as mass movements, internationally, and because unions, like other popular movements, are confronted with the very real challenge of articulating an alternative, transformative vision. There is much to be learned from the historic and current tradition of anarcho-and revolutionary syndicalism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: van der Walt, Lucien
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/144824 , vital:38382 , DOI: 10.15173/glj.v5i2.1153
- Description: Union politics remain central to the new century. It remains central because of the ongoing importance of unions as mass movements, internationally, and because unions, like other popular movements, are confronted with the very real challenge of articulating an alternative, transformative vision. There is much to be learned from the historic and current tradition of anarcho-and revolutionary syndicalism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Regulatory incoherence and economic potential of freshwater recreational fisheries: the trout triangle in South Africa
- Marire, Juniours, Snowball, Jeanette D, Fraser, Gavin C G
- Authors: Marire, Juniours , Snowball, Jeanette D , Fraser, Gavin C G
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68621 , vital:29295 , https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/JEI0021-3624480406
- Description: Publisher version , We apply John R. Commons’s negotiational psychology, specifically his principle of sovereignty, to the development of a discordant regulatory culture and its likely impact on the economic potential of recreational fishing. Using South African environmental judicial precedents and other documentation, we formulate six plausible hypotheses. We argue that regulatory incoherence, entitlement insecurity, corporate-dominated social valuation, strategic power coalitions, lack of procedural fairness, and the extent of judicial enforcement of environmental rights help explain the economic potential and isolation of the freshwater recreational fisheries sector. We find a consistent pattern of extraction and monopolization of sovereign power by the Department of Mineral Resources from propertied parties. Thus, regulatory domination is a major mechanism affecting the economic potential of recreational fisheries in the Trout Triangle. While Commons postulated that private property is a sufficient condition for participation in the determination and use of sovereign power, we argue that private/public property is only a necessary condition. The conjunctive sufficient condition is the existence of both regulatory coherence between spheres of government and property.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Marire, Juniours , Snowball, Jeanette D , Fraser, Gavin C G
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68621 , vital:29295 , https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/JEI0021-3624480406
- Description: Publisher version , We apply John R. Commons’s negotiational psychology, specifically his principle of sovereignty, to the development of a discordant regulatory culture and its likely impact on the economic potential of recreational fishing. Using South African environmental judicial precedents and other documentation, we formulate six plausible hypotheses. We argue that regulatory incoherence, entitlement insecurity, corporate-dominated social valuation, strategic power coalitions, lack of procedural fairness, and the extent of judicial enforcement of environmental rights help explain the economic potential and isolation of the freshwater recreational fisheries sector. We find a consistent pattern of extraction and monopolization of sovereign power by the Department of Mineral Resources from propertied parties. Thus, regulatory domination is a major mechanism affecting the economic potential of recreational fisheries in the Trout Triangle. While Commons postulated that private property is a sufficient condition for participation in the determination and use of sovereign power, we argue that private/public property is only a necessary condition. The conjunctive sufficient condition is the existence of both regulatory coherence between spheres of government and property.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2014
Rehabilitation of mental health care users in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Sokhela, N E
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Mental health services Mental illiness – South Africa Caregivers – Mental health
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1122 , vital:30608
- Description: Mental Health was controlled by the Mental Health Act which was modified from time to time. The objective of the Act was to treat, care and control. Emphasis was more in control and the protection of the public “Control” was embedded into practices used which included seclusion in single rooms to control unacceptable behaviour, use of mechanical restraints and straight jackets for destructive and violent episodes as well as large doses of tranquilizers. Large wards were used to accommodate patients. Locked doors prevented patients from visiting other wards. Carers were supplied with whistles and keys to enable them to call for help if there was violence. There were very few trained “mental nurses” supported by a high percentage of untrained carers who acted as rehabilitation staff within the wards and environment training patients on maintenance of personal hygiene, cleaning the wards, dishing food and washing dishes after meals. Non-violent patients worked at the laundry to sort dirty linen and pack clean linen. All hospitals have a farm in which vegetables were produced for the hospitals by patients and employees for feeding patients and also for sale to the open market. This enabled some patients to acquire different skills although there was no policy on rehabilitation. Mental health care was provided in mental hospitals divided according to racial groups, all of them closer to cities. Whites had rehabilitation and community services not open to other races. Family contact of most black patients was not frequent and at times not possible because these hospitals were from rural communities from where patients lived. Long-term patients lost contact with their relatives and developed institutionalisation. The lives of most patients were centered around the routine domestic work they performed. Recreation was in the form of walks within the hospital premises, sport by a few patients and staff, music and dance for those whose orientation had improved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Sokhela, N E
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Mental health services Mental illiness – South Africa Caregivers – Mental health
- Language: English
- Type: text , Lectures
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1122 , vital:30608
- Description: Mental Health was controlled by the Mental Health Act which was modified from time to time. The objective of the Act was to treat, care and control. Emphasis was more in control and the protection of the public “Control” was embedded into practices used which included seclusion in single rooms to control unacceptable behaviour, use of mechanical restraints and straight jackets for destructive and violent episodes as well as large doses of tranquilizers. Large wards were used to accommodate patients. Locked doors prevented patients from visiting other wards. Carers were supplied with whistles and keys to enable them to call for help if there was violence. There were very few trained “mental nurses” supported by a high percentage of untrained carers who acted as rehabilitation staff within the wards and environment training patients on maintenance of personal hygiene, cleaning the wards, dishing food and washing dishes after meals. Non-violent patients worked at the laundry to sort dirty linen and pack clean linen. All hospitals have a farm in which vegetables were produced for the hospitals by patients and employees for feeding patients and also for sale to the open market. This enabled some patients to acquire different skills although there was no policy on rehabilitation. Mental health care was provided in mental hospitals divided according to racial groups, all of them closer to cities. Whites had rehabilitation and community services not open to other races. Family contact of most black patients was not frequent and at times not possible because these hospitals were from rural communities from where patients lived. Long-term patients lost contact with their relatives and developed institutionalisation. The lives of most patients were centered around the routine domestic work they performed. Recreation was in the form of walks within the hospital premises, sport by a few patients and staff, music and dance for those whose orientation had improved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Residency patterns and migration dynamics of adult bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) on the east coast of southern Africa:
- Daly, Ryan, Smale, Malcolm J, Cowley, Paul D, Froneman, P William
- Authors: Daly, Ryan , Smale, Malcolm J , Cowley, Paul D , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143235 , vital:38213 , doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109357
- Description: Bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) are globally distributed top predators that play an important ecological role within coastal marine communities. However, little is known about the spatial and temporal scales of their habitat use and associated ecological role. In this study, we employed passive acoustic telemetry to investigate the residency patterns and migration dynamics of 18 adult bull sharks (195–283 cm total length) tagged in southern Mozambique for a period of between 10 and 22 months. The majority of sharks (n = 16) exhibited temporally and spatially variable residency patterns interspersed with migration events. Ten individuals undertook coastal migrations that ranged between 433 and 709 km (mean = 533 km) with eight of these sharks returning to the study site.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Daly, Ryan , Smale, Malcolm J , Cowley, Paul D , Froneman, P William
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143235 , vital:38213 , doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109357
- Description: Bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) are globally distributed top predators that play an important ecological role within coastal marine communities. However, little is known about the spatial and temporal scales of their habitat use and associated ecological role. In this study, we employed passive acoustic telemetry to investigate the residency patterns and migration dynamics of 18 adult bull sharks (195–283 cm total length) tagged in southern Mozambique for a period of between 10 and 22 months. The majority of sharks (n = 16) exhibited temporally and spatially variable residency patterns interspersed with migration events. Ten individuals undertook coastal migrations that ranged between 433 and 709 km (mean = 533 km) with eight of these sharks returning to the study site.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Rhodes University Graduation Ceremony 2014
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8148 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009493
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies [at] 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 10 April at 10.00 & 17:00 [and] Friday, 11 April at 10:00; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 12 April at 10:00 , Rhodes University Awards, Scholarships,Bursaries and Prizes 2014
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Rhodes University
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: vital:8148 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1009493
- Description: Rhodes University Graduation Ceremonies [at] 1820 Settlers National Monument Thursday, 10 April at 10.00 & 17:00 [and] Friday, 11 April at 10:00; 14:30 & 18:00 [and] Saturday, 12 April at 10:00 , Rhodes University Awards, Scholarships,Bursaries and Prizes 2014
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014