A critical evaluation of the human skin blanching assay and comparative bioavailability studies on topical corticosteroid preparations
- Authors: Meyer, Eric
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Dermatopharmacology Skin, Effect of drugs on Adrenocortical hormones
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3727 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001464
- Description: Several aspects of the human skin blanching assay were evaluated in an attempt to suggest improvements in the methodology of this assay. Three trials were performed in the unoccluded application mode, using two proprietary creams containing 0,1% betamethasone (as the 17-valerate). Preliminary observations of the influence of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the blanching response did not allow definite conclusions to be drawn. Studies on the number of observers required for reliable results of comparative blanching indicated that at least two trained observers should be employed. Analyses of the results of individual volunteers demonstrated the expected biological variability, and suggest that subjects selected for trials should represent a range of blanching responses. No sex-related differences in blanching responses were found, and both arms exhibited similar sensitivity to corticosteroids. Retrospective analysis of 95 040 observations of blanching responses showed that in the unoccluded application mode blanching is lowest close to the wrist, and in the occluded mode blanching is lowest close to the elbow. Studies on the method of transportation of Betnovate preparations suggest that topical formulations should not be exposed to temperature extremes during transportation. It is proposed that patients should not transport topical formulations in the holds of ships or aircraft, and that exporters and manufacturers should make use of special transportation and storage conditions. In a study of ten topical formulations from three countries it was found that there was no trend of products from one country consistently exhibiting superior blanching to products from the other two countries, or products from one country consistently exhibiting the lowest degree of blanching, although considerable differences in blanching responses were found in some cases. Interpretation of the results of these studies demonstrated the importance of employing a combination of statistical analyses, blanching profiles and AUC values when drawing conclusions regarding comparative bioavailability. A study of the blanching profiles of Betnovate cream included in all 16 trials performed during this work indicated that this preparation behaved in a similar fashion during all trials, thereby giving credence to the results of the trials
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Meyer, Eric
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Dermatopharmacology Skin, Effect of drugs on Adrenocortical hormones
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3727 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001464
- Description: Several aspects of the human skin blanching assay were evaluated in an attempt to suggest improvements in the methodology of this assay. Three trials were performed in the unoccluded application mode, using two proprietary creams containing 0,1% betamethasone (as the 17-valerate). Preliminary observations of the influence of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the blanching response did not allow definite conclusions to be drawn. Studies on the number of observers required for reliable results of comparative blanching indicated that at least two trained observers should be employed. Analyses of the results of individual volunteers demonstrated the expected biological variability, and suggest that subjects selected for trials should represent a range of blanching responses. No sex-related differences in blanching responses were found, and both arms exhibited similar sensitivity to corticosteroids. Retrospective analysis of 95 040 observations of blanching responses showed that in the unoccluded application mode blanching is lowest close to the wrist, and in the occluded mode blanching is lowest close to the elbow. Studies on the method of transportation of Betnovate preparations suggest that topical formulations should not be exposed to temperature extremes during transportation. It is proposed that patients should not transport topical formulations in the holds of ships or aircraft, and that exporters and manufacturers should make use of special transportation and storage conditions. In a study of ten topical formulations from three countries it was found that there was no trend of products from one country consistently exhibiting superior blanching to products from the other two countries, or products from one country consistently exhibiting the lowest degree of blanching, although considerable differences in blanching responses were found in some cases. Interpretation of the results of these studies demonstrated the importance of employing a combination of statistical analyses, blanching profiles and AUC values when drawing conclusions regarding comparative bioavailability. A study of the blanching profiles of Betnovate cream included in all 16 trials performed during this work indicated that this preparation behaved in a similar fashion during all trials, thereby giving credence to the results of the trials
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
A history of the Thembu and their relationship with the Cape, 1850-1900
- Authors: Wagenaar, E J C
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Tembu (African people) -- History Missions -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope South Africa -- History -- Frontier Wars, 1811-1878 Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Politics and government Land tenure -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2569 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002422
- Description: Present day Thembuland is situated roughly between the Mthatha and Kei rivers. It lies within the south-western portion of the political unit which has been known since 1976 as the Republic of Transkei. It comprises the territories formerly known as Emigrant Thembuland (now the districts of Cala and Cofimvaba) and Thembuland Proper, i.e. the districts of Mqanduli, Umtata, Engcobo and Bomvanaland. We have evidence that Thembu people had already settled in Thembu land Proper, at the Mbashe river, by the beginning of the 17th century. Pioneering clans many have entered the territory at a much earlier date. In the 1830's some clans broke away from the Mbashe settlement, and moved to the region of present day Queenstown. In 1853 their lands were included in the so-called Tambookie Location, which in 1871 became the district of Glen Grey. Emigrant Thembuland came into existence in 1865 when four chiefs from Glen Grey accepted Sir Philip Wodehouse's offer to settle on the lands across the White Kei whence the Xhosa chief Sarhili had been expelled in 1857. This thesis deals with the history of the people who lived in these territories between 1850 and 1900.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Wagenaar, E J C
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Tembu (African people) -- History Missions -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope South Africa -- History -- Frontier Wars, 1811-1878 Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- Politics and government Land tenure -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2569 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002422
- Description: Present day Thembuland is situated roughly between the Mthatha and Kei rivers. It lies within the south-western portion of the political unit which has been known since 1976 as the Republic of Transkei. It comprises the territories formerly known as Emigrant Thembuland (now the districts of Cala and Cofimvaba) and Thembuland Proper, i.e. the districts of Mqanduli, Umtata, Engcobo and Bomvanaland. We have evidence that Thembu people had already settled in Thembu land Proper, at the Mbashe river, by the beginning of the 17th century. Pioneering clans many have entered the territory at a much earlier date. In the 1830's some clans broke away from the Mbashe settlement, and moved to the region of present day Queenstown. In 1853 their lands were included in the so-called Tambookie Location, which in 1871 became the district of Glen Grey. Emigrant Thembuland came into existence in 1865 when four chiefs from Glen Grey accepted Sir Philip Wodehouse's offer to settle on the lands across the White Kei whence the Xhosa chief Sarhili had been expelled in 1857. This thesis deals with the history of the people who lived in these territories between 1850 and 1900.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
A mission and five commissions: a study of some aspects of the educational work of the American Zulu Mission, 1835-1910
- Authors: George, Ambrose Cato
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Missions -- South Africa Missions -- Educational Work , American Zulu Mission , Natal , South Africa , Colonial government , Adams College , Newton Adams , Missions , Missionary education , Educational purpose , Zulu people
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001403
- Description: This thesis examines the work of the American Zulu Mission in Natal from 1835 to 1910. Of the institutions controlled by this mission, the most famous was that known in the 20th Century as Adams College, named after one of the founders of the Natal work, Dr Newton Adams. Although other research work has been done on this institution and this mission in general, this thesis attempts to examine the work in the light of the mission's own view of its educational purpose and the expectations of the Colonial Government of what could be expected of missionary education. To meet this purpose particular stress was laid first on the actual development of the mission's educational institutions, especially when reports and letters assessed the aims of the developments and the ways in which these aims were being met. Secondly, the aims of missionary education were explained through five capital Colonial Government Commissions, which looked, in a number of different ways, at the current position and future of the Zulu peoples of Natal. These Commissions reported in 1846, 1852-1853, 1881-1882, 1892 and 1902. Two major findings emerge from the investigation. The first was lack of clarity, not only on the part of what the mission was trying to do, but also on what the Colonial Government expected it to do. To this absence of clarity must be added the continuous shortage of finance, the reluctance of the Zulu themselves to accept the combination of education (which they wanted) and conversion (of which they were often suspicious). In these circumstances, their slow progress of the 75 years from 1835 to 1910 becomes understandable. Had these years been the total extent of the mission' s contribution to Natal, there would be little justification for any extended investigation, or any reason behind the high prestige which the mission enjoyed. It is shown, however, that from 1902 onwards a new, more incisive and directional policy, especially on the question of education, came from the mission. This emerged particularly under the leadership of Le Roy, Principal from 1903 to 1925. The last part of this thesis assesses this new direction. The detailed investigation comes to an end at 1910 when with the creation of Union, an entirely new organisation and dispensation came into being. In the last years of Le Roy's principalship the promise of the period of 1902 to 1920 came to fruition and in the final chapter a brief summary of these developments are given
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: George, Ambrose Cato
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Missions -- South Africa Missions -- Educational Work , American Zulu Mission , Natal , South Africa , Colonial government , Adams College , Newton Adams , Missions , Missionary education , Educational purpose , Zulu people
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1337 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001403
- Description: This thesis examines the work of the American Zulu Mission in Natal from 1835 to 1910. Of the institutions controlled by this mission, the most famous was that known in the 20th Century as Adams College, named after one of the founders of the Natal work, Dr Newton Adams. Although other research work has been done on this institution and this mission in general, this thesis attempts to examine the work in the light of the mission's own view of its educational purpose and the expectations of the Colonial Government of what could be expected of missionary education. To meet this purpose particular stress was laid first on the actual development of the mission's educational institutions, especially when reports and letters assessed the aims of the developments and the ways in which these aims were being met. Secondly, the aims of missionary education were explained through five capital Colonial Government Commissions, which looked, in a number of different ways, at the current position and future of the Zulu peoples of Natal. These Commissions reported in 1846, 1852-1853, 1881-1882, 1892 and 1902. Two major findings emerge from the investigation. The first was lack of clarity, not only on the part of what the mission was trying to do, but also on what the Colonial Government expected it to do. To this absence of clarity must be added the continuous shortage of finance, the reluctance of the Zulu themselves to accept the combination of education (which they wanted) and conversion (of which they were often suspicious). In these circumstances, their slow progress of the 75 years from 1835 to 1910 becomes understandable. Had these years been the total extent of the mission' s contribution to Natal, there would be little justification for any extended investigation, or any reason behind the high prestige which the mission enjoyed. It is shown, however, that from 1902 onwards a new, more incisive and directional policy, especially on the question of education, came from the mission. This emerged particularly under the leadership of Le Roy, Principal from 1903 to 1925. The last part of this thesis assesses this new direction. The detailed investigation comes to an end at 1910 when with the creation of Union, an entirely new organisation and dispensation came into being. In the last years of Le Roy's principalship the promise of the period of 1902 to 1920 came to fruition and in the final chapter a brief summary of these developments are given
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
A phenomenological investigation into the psychotherapist's experience of identifying, containing and processing the patient's projective identifications
- Authors: Thorpe, Mark Richard
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Psychotherapist and patient Psychotherapy Methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3071 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002580
- Description: The aim of the study was to describe the therapist's lived experience of identifying, containing and processing the feelings, thoughts or fantasies evoked in him by the patient's projective identifications. A question which would elicit the experience of this phenomenon was formulated by examining case histories, and modified through the use of individual pilot studies. Fifteen experienced, psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapists were interviewed. The eight psychologically richest accounts were chosen for the study. Using the empirical phenomenological method, the four protocols that most clearly reflected the phenomenon were analysed in detail, while the remaining four were used to clarify areas of uncertainty. Projective identification is conceptualised as the process whereby the patient coerces the therapist to embody an un-appropriated aspect of his (patient's) world. The context of processing a patient's projective identification was discovered to be such that the therapist finds himself coerced to embody an incongruent, unfamiliar, confusing and inauthentic state of being which is consonant with the patient's perception of him. The discomfort of the experience leads the therapist to bring to awareness and thematise his feeling-state. He alternates between avoiding this state of being, which results in conf1ict with the patient and the therapist's own values, and appropriating it, which feels inauthentic. The therapist moves from a position of trying to understand the experience in relation to his own world, to the realisation that it is co-determined by the patient. From a position of reflective distance he re-appropriates aspects of his world that were closed to him while under the influence of the patient, in addition to appropriating previously unowned aspects. The therapist dialogues these appropriations with the invoked feelings, allowing him to differentiate those aspects of his feeling-state which are authentically his from those which are unowned aspects of the patient's aspects of his world that were closed to him while under the influence of the patient, in addition to appropriating previously unowned aspects. The therapist dialogues these appropriations with the invoked feelings, allowing him to differentiate those aspects of his feeling-state which are authentically his from those which are unowned aspects of the patient's world that he has been forced to embody. Through this process the therapist clarifies and gives meaning to his feelings. The therapist fee1s re1ieved and lighter, when in the service of the therapy, he temporarily gives himself over to the patient's experience of him, without feeling drawn to either disowning or appropriating it, while simultaneously remaining open to his own authentic reality. These findings were dialogued with the literature on projective identification.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Thorpe, Mark Richard
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Psychotherapist and patient Psychotherapy Methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3071 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002580
- Description: The aim of the study was to describe the therapist's lived experience of identifying, containing and processing the feelings, thoughts or fantasies evoked in him by the patient's projective identifications. A question which would elicit the experience of this phenomenon was formulated by examining case histories, and modified through the use of individual pilot studies. Fifteen experienced, psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapists were interviewed. The eight psychologically richest accounts were chosen for the study. Using the empirical phenomenological method, the four protocols that most clearly reflected the phenomenon were analysed in detail, while the remaining four were used to clarify areas of uncertainty. Projective identification is conceptualised as the process whereby the patient coerces the therapist to embody an un-appropriated aspect of his (patient's) world. The context of processing a patient's projective identification was discovered to be such that the therapist finds himself coerced to embody an incongruent, unfamiliar, confusing and inauthentic state of being which is consonant with the patient's perception of him. The discomfort of the experience leads the therapist to bring to awareness and thematise his feeling-state. He alternates between avoiding this state of being, which results in conf1ict with the patient and the therapist's own values, and appropriating it, which feels inauthentic. The therapist moves from a position of trying to understand the experience in relation to his own world, to the realisation that it is co-determined by the patient. From a position of reflective distance he re-appropriates aspects of his world that were closed to him while under the influence of the patient, in addition to appropriating previously unowned aspects. The therapist dialogues these appropriations with the invoked feelings, allowing him to differentiate those aspects of his feeling-state which are authentically his from those which are unowned aspects of the patient's aspects of his world that were closed to him while under the influence of the patient, in addition to appropriating previously unowned aspects. The therapist dialogues these appropriations with the invoked feelings, allowing him to differentiate those aspects of his feeling-state which are authentically his from those which are unowned aspects of the patient's world that he has been forced to embody. Through this process the therapist clarifies and gives meaning to his feelings. The therapist fee1s re1ieved and lighter, when in the service of the therapy, he temporarily gives himself over to the patient's experience of him, without feeling drawn to either disowning or appropriating it, while simultaneously remaining open to his own authentic reality. These findings were dialogued with the literature on projective identification.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
An erosion hazard assessment technique for Ciskei
- Authors: Weaver, Alex van Breda
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Soil erosion -- South Africa -- Ciskei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4792 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001892
- Description: The study examines the relationship between the spatial variation in soil erosion and various natural and anthropogenic attributes of the region between the coastal plateau and the Winterberg escarpment of Ciskei. A raster-based geographical information system is derived for four separate study catchments and data on soil erosion and various soil erosion hazard indices are read into a computerised data matrix. The independent variables (soil erosion hazard indices) used in the study are selected on the basis of a review of the literature and on the availability of data in the Ciskei region. Multivariate analyses of the relationship between soil erosion and the various independent variables reveals that the primary variables affecting the spatial variation in soil erosion are land use, dominant soil type, geology, veld type and mean annual precipitation. All of these variables are readily quantifiable at the regional scale for large areas of Ciskei. An erosion hazard assessment model for use in central Ciskei is developed based on the results of the statistical analyses. The model is tested in separate study areas and is shown to provide an efficient method of identifying areas of differing susceptibility to soil erosion. The derived model is simple to operate and has input requirements which are easily met. It can be applied without the aid of computers, or where large areas are to be mapped it is well suited to computerisation
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Weaver, Alex van Breda
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Soil erosion -- South Africa -- Ciskei
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4792 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001892
- Description: The study examines the relationship between the spatial variation in soil erosion and various natural and anthropogenic attributes of the region between the coastal plateau and the Winterberg escarpment of Ciskei. A raster-based geographical information system is derived for four separate study catchments and data on soil erosion and various soil erosion hazard indices are read into a computerised data matrix. The independent variables (soil erosion hazard indices) used in the study are selected on the basis of a review of the literature and on the availability of data in the Ciskei region. Multivariate analyses of the relationship between soil erosion and the various independent variables reveals that the primary variables affecting the spatial variation in soil erosion are land use, dominant soil type, geology, veld type and mean annual precipitation. All of these variables are readily quantifiable at the regional scale for large areas of Ciskei. An erosion hazard assessment model for use in central Ciskei is developed based on the results of the statistical analyses. The model is tested in separate study areas and is shown to provide an efficient method of identifying areas of differing susceptibility to soil erosion. The derived model is simple to operate and has input requirements which are easily met. It can be applied without the aid of computers, or where large areas are to be mapped it is well suited to computerisation
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
An explication of the dual nature of narcissism in Patrick White's novel The solid mandala
- Authors: Watts, Jacqueline Anne
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: White, Patrick, 1912-1990. The Solid Mandala White, Patrick, 1912-1990 -- Criticism and interpretation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2907 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002072
- Description: The focus of this thesis has been to engage in a hermeneutic dialogue with Patrick White's novel The solid mandala, to provide an explication of the dual nature of narcissistic wounding. To this end a brief review of Patrick White's novels is given, which traces a thematic development of the hero's strivings to attain wholeness and merger with an idealized image. This struggle is understood to reflect man's strivings to return to a state of omnipotent fusion with the maternal image, be it God, nature, the idealized other, or the self. Literature which reflects the dual nature of narcissistic wounding is reviewed, and the concept of narcissism is traced from the historical roots of Freud, to current understandings of the function and experience of narcissism. Emphasis is given to understanding the experiential nature of narcissistic wounding. As such it is implied that narcissism is a normal developmental component which requires the facilitation of containment and reflection for its transformation into appropriate adult functioning. The importance of the maternal environment is discussed, together with the various theoretical conceptualizations of the consequences of failure of the environment. The hermeneutic dialogue with the novel's description of the experiences of the twins, Waldo and Arthur provides the basis for an amplification of the experience of narcissistic wounding. This amplification is used as clinical material from which a number of psychoanalytic formulations are drawn. These formulations are supported by a number of clinical examples from the researcher's own practice. There appears to be evidence for the value of focusing on the dual nature of the experience of narcissistic wounding. This focus reveals two aspects of experience, a damaged, positive, libidinal aspect and a defensive, pathological destructive aspect. Amplification of these two aspects of experience contribute to further the understanding of the conflictual experience of narcissistic wounding, and suggest the necessity for such an understanding for effective therapeutic intervention
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Watts, Jacqueline Anne
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: White, Patrick, 1912-1990. The Solid Mandala White, Patrick, 1912-1990 -- Criticism and interpretation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2907 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002072
- Description: The focus of this thesis has been to engage in a hermeneutic dialogue with Patrick White's novel The solid mandala, to provide an explication of the dual nature of narcissistic wounding. To this end a brief review of Patrick White's novels is given, which traces a thematic development of the hero's strivings to attain wholeness and merger with an idealized image. This struggle is understood to reflect man's strivings to return to a state of omnipotent fusion with the maternal image, be it God, nature, the idealized other, or the self. Literature which reflects the dual nature of narcissistic wounding is reviewed, and the concept of narcissism is traced from the historical roots of Freud, to current understandings of the function and experience of narcissism. Emphasis is given to understanding the experiential nature of narcissistic wounding. As such it is implied that narcissism is a normal developmental component which requires the facilitation of containment and reflection for its transformation into appropriate adult functioning. The importance of the maternal environment is discussed, together with the various theoretical conceptualizations of the consequences of failure of the environment. The hermeneutic dialogue with the novel's description of the experiences of the twins, Waldo and Arthur provides the basis for an amplification of the experience of narcissistic wounding. This amplification is used as clinical material from which a number of psychoanalytic formulations are drawn. These formulations are supported by a number of clinical examples from the researcher's own practice. There appears to be evidence for the value of focusing on the dual nature of the experience of narcissistic wounding. This focus reveals two aspects of experience, a damaged, positive, libidinal aspect and a defensive, pathological destructive aspect. Amplification of these two aspects of experience contribute to further the understanding of the conflictual experience of narcissistic wounding, and suggest the necessity for such an understanding for effective therapeutic intervention
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Aspekte van die prosa van Boerneef met spesifieke verwysing na die bundel Boplaas
- Authors: Meintjes, William Godfrey
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Boerneef, 1897-1967 , Boplaas
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3570 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002093
- Description: This thesis is a report on a "rereading" (in the sense in which Roland Barthes uses the word) of the short texts of Boerneef (Izak Wilhelmus van der Merwe 1897-1967) published under the title Boplaas in 1938. Boerneef's prose is explored with specific reference to this one volume. The unity of the volume of texts is examined and textual indications of relations with other texts in the oeuvre are explored. In this way the thesis indicates how transtextuality determines meaning both in the individual texts as well as in the volume as a whole. The process of (re)reading in this thesis traces how, as a result of the exploration of the textual elements, a Boplaas code is generated. This Boplaas code signifies both the space and the ethos of Boplaas. Paternalism, feudalism and racism manifest themselves as important aspects of the ethos. The social disintegration which is endemic in this ethos is not caused, but merely accelerated by external impulses. The analysis indicates how, as a result of the specific organization of the narrative material, the text questions the feudal status quo. A process of demythologising of the vroegre boere-paradijs is therefore already present in the earliest Boerneef texts. However, the examination of Boerneef's prose also indicates that these texts go beyond the socio-politico-economic aspects by encoding the existential aspects of man's existence. , Hierdie proefskrif is die vers lag van 'n "rereading" (in die Barthesiaanse sin) van Boerneef (Izak Wi lhelmus van der Merwe 1897- 1967) se bundel Boplaas (1938). Die prosa van Boerneef word verken met spesifieke toespitsing op die een bundel . Die bundel-eenheid word ondersoek en tekstuele leidrade wat geledinge met ander tekste in die oeuvre aandui , word gevolg. Hierdeur word aangetoon hoe die betekenis en die be-tekenisprosesse van die tekste onderling, en die bundel as 'n geheel, op transtekstuele samehang berus. In hierdie leesproses word nagegaan hoe, deur middel van die ontginning van die tekstuele elemente, 'n Boplaas-kode in die narratiewe proses tot stand kom. Hierdie Boplaas-kode beteken 'n Boplaas-ruimte asook 'n Boplaas-etos. Paternalisme, feodalisme en rassisme word as belangrike aspekte van hierdie bestel geenkodeer en die tekste toon aan dat sosiale versplintering endemies aan die betrokke orde is en slegs deur impulse van buite verhaas word. In die bundel-analise word aangetoon hoe, as gevolg van die organisasie van die vertel stof, hierdie bundel bevraagtekenend ten opsigte van die feodale status quo staan. As gevolg hiervan is daar dus alreeds in die vroegste prosa van Boerneef 'n demitologisering van die "vroegre boere- paradijs" ingebed. Die ondersoek toon egter ook aan dat die Boplaas-tekste by die sosiopolitiko- ekonomiese dimensies verby óók die eksistensële aspekte van die mens se betstaan be-teken.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Meintjes, William Godfrey
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Boerneef, 1897-1967 , Boplaas
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3570 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002093
- Description: This thesis is a report on a "rereading" (in the sense in which Roland Barthes uses the word) of the short texts of Boerneef (Izak Wilhelmus van der Merwe 1897-1967) published under the title Boplaas in 1938. Boerneef's prose is explored with specific reference to this one volume. The unity of the volume of texts is examined and textual indications of relations with other texts in the oeuvre are explored. In this way the thesis indicates how transtextuality determines meaning both in the individual texts as well as in the volume as a whole. The process of (re)reading in this thesis traces how, as a result of the exploration of the textual elements, a Boplaas code is generated. This Boplaas code signifies both the space and the ethos of Boplaas. Paternalism, feudalism and racism manifest themselves as important aspects of the ethos. The social disintegration which is endemic in this ethos is not caused, but merely accelerated by external impulses. The analysis indicates how, as a result of the specific organization of the narrative material, the text questions the feudal status quo. A process of demythologising of the vroegre boere-paradijs is therefore already present in the earliest Boerneef texts. However, the examination of Boerneef's prose also indicates that these texts go beyond the socio-politico-economic aspects by encoding the existential aspects of man's existence. , Hierdie proefskrif is die vers lag van 'n "rereading" (in die Barthesiaanse sin) van Boerneef (Izak Wi lhelmus van der Merwe 1897- 1967) se bundel Boplaas (1938). Die prosa van Boerneef word verken met spesifieke toespitsing op die een bundel . Die bundel-eenheid word ondersoek en tekstuele leidrade wat geledinge met ander tekste in die oeuvre aandui , word gevolg. Hierdeur word aangetoon hoe die betekenis en die be-tekenisprosesse van die tekste onderling, en die bundel as 'n geheel, op transtekstuele samehang berus. In hierdie leesproses word nagegaan hoe, deur middel van die ontginning van die tekstuele elemente, 'n Boplaas-kode in die narratiewe proses tot stand kom. Hierdie Boplaas-kode beteken 'n Boplaas-ruimte asook 'n Boplaas-etos. Paternalisme, feodalisme en rassisme word as belangrike aspekte van hierdie bestel geenkodeer en die tekste toon aan dat sosiale versplintering endemies aan die betrokke orde is en slegs deur impulse van buite verhaas word. In die bundel-analise word aangetoon hoe, as gevolg van die organisasie van die vertel stof, hierdie bundel bevraagtekenend ten opsigte van die feodale status quo staan. As gevolg hiervan is daar dus alreeds in die vroegste prosa van Boerneef 'n demitologisering van die "vroegre boere- paradijs" ingebed. Die ondersoek toon egter ook aan dat die Boplaas-tekste by die sosiopolitiko- ekonomiese dimensies verby óók die eksistensële aspekte van die mens se betstaan be-teken.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Biological studies of insect herbivores associated with some species of Solanum L
- Authors: Olckers, Terence
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Solanum -- Control -- South Africa Phytophagous insects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5593 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002043
- Description: Solanum mauritianum Scop. (bugweed), a serious exotic weed in South Africa, supports a depauperate herbivore fauna relative to indigenous Solanum species. These comprise mainly polyphagous, and some oligophagous, species. The greater diversity of insect herbivores on Solanum hermannii Dun., relative to other indigenous Solanum species in the eastern Cape, suggests that the plant is indigenous and not exotic as has been suggested. Five oligophagous species seasonally caused a high incidence of damage to S.hermannii and other indigenous Solanum species in the eastern Cape, during the study period. Galls of the flowers, stems and leaves of some indigenous Solanum plants are described and biological data on the gall-formers and their natural enemies presented. The tortoise beetle, (Chrysomelidae), defoliates a Conchyloctenia tigrina wide range of indigenous Olivo Solanum species. The exotic S.mauritianum and S.elaeagnifolium Cav. were unfavourable for growth and survival. S.hermannii proved the most favourable of the indigenous hosts tested, for growth and survival, providing further evidence that it is indigenous. Extensive studies on different field populations of the beetle revealed no evidence of host adaptation (host races). All populations tested displayed greater fitness when reared on S.hermannii. South African Solanum faunas are characterized by a scarcity of endophagous and monophagous herbivores, vacant feeding niches and low numbers of species relative to other plant taxa. This may suggest evolutionary immaturity of the insect-plant associations, although comparative studies of solanums from other parts of the world are needed for confirmation. Alternatively, these characteristics may simply be a feature of the genus Solanum in general. The depauperate herbivore fauna of S.mauritianum reflects a lack of local herbivores suitably preadapted to overcome its defences. This appears to be accentuated by absence of any close relatives of bugweed in South Africa. The greater diversity of herbivores in its native South America suggests that biological control may be a potentially useful means of control for bugweed. The potential for biological control is, however, threatened by the susceptability of the cultivated eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) to attack by Solanum-feeding insects. Possible solutions to this problem are discussed
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Olckers, Terence
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Solanum -- Control -- South Africa Phytophagous insects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5593 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002043
- Description: Solanum mauritianum Scop. (bugweed), a serious exotic weed in South Africa, supports a depauperate herbivore fauna relative to indigenous Solanum species. These comprise mainly polyphagous, and some oligophagous, species. The greater diversity of insect herbivores on Solanum hermannii Dun., relative to other indigenous Solanum species in the eastern Cape, suggests that the plant is indigenous and not exotic as has been suggested. Five oligophagous species seasonally caused a high incidence of damage to S.hermannii and other indigenous Solanum species in the eastern Cape, during the study period. Galls of the flowers, stems and leaves of some indigenous Solanum plants are described and biological data on the gall-formers and their natural enemies presented. The tortoise beetle, (Chrysomelidae), defoliates a Conchyloctenia tigrina wide range of indigenous Olivo Solanum species. The exotic S.mauritianum and S.elaeagnifolium Cav. were unfavourable for growth and survival. S.hermannii proved the most favourable of the indigenous hosts tested, for growth and survival, providing further evidence that it is indigenous. Extensive studies on different field populations of the beetle revealed no evidence of host adaptation (host races). All populations tested displayed greater fitness when reared on S.hermannii. South African Solanum faunas are characterized by a scarcity of endophagous and monophagous herbivores, vacant feeding niches and low numbers of species relative to other plant taxa. This may suggest evolutionary immaturity of the insect-plant associations, although comparative studies of solanums from other parts of the world are needed for confirmation. Alternatively, these characteristics may simply be a feature of the genus Solanum in general. The depauperate herbivore fauna of S.mauritianum reflects a lack of local herbivores suitably preadapted to overcome its defences. This appears to be accentuated by absence of any close relatives of bugweed in South Africa. The greater diversity of herbivores in its native South America suggests that biological control may be a potentially useful means of control for bugweed. The potential for biological control is, however, threatened by the susceptability of the cultivated eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) to attack by Solanum-feeding insects. Possible solutions to this problem are discussed
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Emergency law: judicial control of executive power under the states of emergency in South Africa
- Authors: Grogan, John
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: War and emergency legislation -- South Africa , Internal security -- South Africa , Civil rights -- South Africa , Executive power -- South Africa , Judicial review of administrative acts -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3674 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003189 , War and emergency legislation -- South Africa , Internal security -- South Africa , Civil rights -- South Africa , Executive power -- South Africa , Judicial review of administrative acts -- South Africa
- Description: This work examines the legal effects of a declaration of a state of emergency under the Public Safety Act 3 of 1953 and the exercise of legislative and administrative powers pursuant thereto. The general basis of judicial control over executive action and the various devices used to limit or oust the court's jurisdiction are set out and explained. Against this background, the courts' performance of their supervisory role under the special circumstances of emergency rule is critically surveyed and assessed. The legal issues raised by the exercise of emergency powers is examined at the various levels of their deployment: first, the declaration of a state of emergency; second, the making of emergency regulations; third, their execution by means of administrative action, including detention, banning, censorship and the use of force. The major cases concerning emergency issues, both reported and unreported, are analysed in their appropriate contexts, and an overview provided of the effects of emergency regulations and orders on such freedoms as South Africans enjoy under the 'ordinary' law. Finally, an attempt is made to assess how these decisions have affected the prospect of judicial review of executive action, both in the emergency context and in the field of administrative law generally. The conclusion is that, however far the Appellate Division may appear to have gone towards eliminating the role of the law in the emergency regime, grounds remain for the courts to exercise a more vigorous supervisory role should they choose to do so in future.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Grogan, John
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: War and emergency legislation -- South Africa , Internal security -- South Africa , Civil rights -- South Africa , Executive power -- South Africa , Judicial review of administrative acts -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3674 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003189 , War and emergency legislation -- South Africa , Internal security -- South Africa , Civil rights -- South Africa , Executive power -- South Africa , Judicial review of administrative acts -- South Africa
- Description: This work examines the legal effects of a declaration of a state of emergency under the Public Safety Act 3 of 1953 and the exercise of legislative and administrative powers pursuant thereto. The general basis of judicial control over executive action and the various devices used to limit or oust the court's jurisdiction are set out and explained. Against this background, the courts' performance of their supervisory role under the special circumstances of emergency rule is critically surveyed and assessed. The legal issues raised by the exercise of emergency powers is examined at the various levels of their deployment: first, the declaration of a state of emergency; second, the making of emergency regulations; third, their execution by means of administrative action, including detention, banning, censorship and the use of force. The major cases concerning emergency issues, both reported and unreported, are analysed in their appropriate contexts, and an overview provided of the effects of emergency regulations and orders on such freedoms as South Africans enjoy under the 'ordinary' law. Finally, an attempt is made to assess how these decisions have affected the prospect of judicial review of executive action, both in the emergency context and in the field of administrative law generally. The conclusion is that, however far the Appellate Division may appear to have gone towards eliminating the role of the law in the emergency regime, grounds remain for the courts to exercise a more vigorous supervisory role should they choose to do so in future.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Ethical issues in human movement research
- Authors: Olivier, Stephen Chris
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Human mechanics , Human mechanics -- Research -- Moral and ethical aspects , Research -- Moral and ethical aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5156 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015402
- Description: In acknowledging past abuses of humans in research contexts, and recognising the potential for malpractices in Human Movement Studies (HMS), this study evaluated the extent to which ethical issues are addressed in the discipline. The primary method consisted of the standard techniques of philosophic analysis, with empirical data complementing the conclusions. In general, the study contends that insufficient attention is paid to ethical issues in HMS research. In response to a set of specifically constructed, ethically problematic research proposals, only 1.8% of comments from senior researchers advocated rejection of the proposals on ethical grounds. Also, a journal search indicated that consideration of ethical issues in published research may largely be absent. Questionnaire responses revealed that South African HMS departments may be deficient in terms of accountability towards ethical guidelines. Whilst noting the existence of utilitarian ethics in HMS research, it is advocated that deontologic principles should take precedence. Further, only a sound educative effort will produce improvements. In conclusion, this study advocates a deontology-based approach to research ethics. This is consistent with the contention that the use of humans in research is a privilege, and that the rights of participants ought to outweigh the desire of researchers to conduct research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Olivier, Stephen Chris
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Human mechanics , Human mechanics -- Research -- Moral and ethical aspects , Research -- Moral and ethical aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5156 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015402
- Description: In acknowledging past abuses of humans in research contexts, and recognising the potential for malpractices in Human Movement Studies (HMS), this study evaluated the extent to which ethical issues are addressed in the discipline. The primary method consisted of the standard techniques of philosophic analysis, with empirical data complementing the conclusions. In general, the study contends that insufficient attention is paid to ethical issues in HMS research. In response to a set of specifically constructed, ethically problematic research proposals, only 1.8% of comments from senior researchers advocated rejection of the proposals on ethical grounds. Also, a journal search indicated that consideration of ethical issues in published research may largely be absent. Questionnaire responses revealed that South African HMS departments may be deficient in terms of accountability towards ethical guidelines. Whilst noting the existence of utilitarian ethics in HMS research, it is advocated that deontologic principles should take precedence. Further, only a sound educative effort will produce improvements. In conclusion, this study advocates a deontology-based approach to research ethics. This is consistent with the contention that the use of humans in research is a privilege, and that the rights of participants ought to outweigh the desire of researchers to conduct research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Op hom die groot hosannas : enkele aspekte van die modern Christelike poësie in Afrikaans
- Authors: Bosman, Maria Elizabeth
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Afrikaans poetry -- History and criticism , Religious poetry, Afrikaans -- History and criticism , Christian poetry, Afrikaans , Calvinism in literature , Blum, Peter, 1925-1990 , Rousseau, Ina , Cussons, Sheila , De Villiers, I. L., 1936-2009 , Cloete, T. T. (Theunis Theodorus), 1924-2015 , Spies, Lina , Müller, Petra, 1935-
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3566 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002089 , Afrikaans poetry -- History and criticism , Religious poetry, Afrikaans -- History and criticism
- Description: This study is concerned with modern Christian poetry in Afrikaans. Afrikaans poetry, which initially carried the clear stamp of the Afrikaner's Calvinistic view of life, gradually assumed a new image to the extent that it could no longer be recognised as religious and specifically Calvinistic poetry. To the contrary, modern Afrikaans Christian poetry is the expression of a contemporary conceptualisation of the very same gospel. The occasional violent reaction especially of conservative institutions to so called "unchristian" modern poetry in Afrikaans during the past three decades, has prompted this study which attempts to illustrate that modern Afrikaans poetry still exhibits a strong Christian element. The essential qualities of contemporary Christian poetry in Afrikaans are illustrated in the discussion of the works of particular leading Afrikaans poets. Chapter 3 attempts to indicate a transitional stage between traditional and modern Christian poetry by means of an overview of the latest tendencies and approaches, with brief references to the recent poetry of the Louws, the poetry of Peter Blum as the initial exponent of the poetry of the Sixties, and the poetry of Ina Rousseau. The work of Sheila Cussons, eminent Roman Catholic (and thus also Christian) poet who is probably the most impressive contemporary exponent of metaphysical/mystic poetry in Afrikaans, is discussed in chapter 4. Chapter 5 illustrates the traditional Calvinistic Christian point of view and Christian experience as represented in the poetry of I.L. de Villiers. The poetification of the ministry adds new dimension to religions poetry in Afrikaans. Chapter 6 constitutes a discussion of the works of T.T . Cloete, the most significant contemporary Reformed poet in Afrikaans indicating the extent to which the many related facets embodied in his poetry consistently reflect a Christian attitude and are unified in and encompassed by the principle of Soli Deo Gloria. Chapter 7, by way of conclusion, reviews the religious poetry of Lina Spies and Petra Müller who write accessible popular poetry, nevertheless exploring interesting references. In conjunction with the poetry of Ina Rosseau, this poetry represents a contribution to modern Afrikaans religious poetry from a feminine point of view
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Bosman, Maria Elizabeth
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Afrikaans poetry -- History and criticism , Religious poetry, Afrikaans -- History and criticism , Christian poetry, Afrikaans , Calvinism in literature , Blum, Peter, 1925-1990 , Rousseau, Ina , Cussons, Sheila , De Villiers, I. L., 1936-2009 , Cloete, T. T. (Theunis Theodorus), 1924-2015 , Spies, Lina , Müller, Petra, 1935-
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3566 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002089 , Afrikaans poetry -- History and criticism , Religious poetry, Afrikaans -- History and criticism
- Description: This study is concerned with modern Christian poetry in Afrikaans. Afrikaans poetry, which initially carried the clear stamp of the Afrikaner's Calvinistic view of life, gradually assumed a new image to the extent that it could no longer be recognised as religious and specifically Calvinistic poetry. To the contrary, modern Afrikaans Christian poetry is the expression of a contemporary conceptualisation of the very same gospel. The occasional violent reaction especially of conservative institutions to so called "unchristian" modern poetry in Afrikaans during the past three decades, has prompted this study which attempts to illustrate that modern Afrikaans poetry still exhibits a strong Christian element. The essential qualities of contemporary Christian poetry in Afrikaans are illustrated in the discussion of the works of particular leading Afrikaans poets. Chapter 3 attempts to indicate a transitional stage between traditional and modern Christian poetry by means of an overview of the latest tendencies and approaches, with brief references to the recent poetry of the Louws, the poetry of Peter Blum as the initial exponent of the poetry of the Sixties, and the poetry of Ina Rousseau. The work of Sheila Cussons, eminent Roman Catholic (and thus also Christian) poet who is probably the most impressive contemporary exponent of metaphysical/mystic poetry in Afrikaans, is discussed in chapter 4. Chapter 5 illustrates the traditional Calvinistic Christian point of view and Christian experience as represented in the poetry of I.L. de Villiers. The poetification of the ministry adds new dimension to religions poetry in Afrikaans. Chapter 6 constitutes a discussion of the works of T.T . Cloete, the most significant contemporary Reformed poet in Afrikaans indicating the extent to which the many related facets embodied in his poetry consistently reflect a Christian attitude and are unified in and encompassed by the principle of Soli Deo Gloria. Chapter 7, by way of conclusion, reviews the religious poetry of Lina Spies and Petra Müller who write accessible popular poetry, nevertheless exploring interesting references. In conjunction with the poetry of Ina Rosseau, this poetry represents a contribution to modern Afrikaans religious poetry from a feminine point of view
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Social structure and rural economic development
- Authors: Berger, Guy
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Social structure -- Developing countries , Rural development-- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2864 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007643
- Description: New concepts and a synthesis of existing theories may assist in studying the relationship between social structure, development and rural development. The concept of social structure encompasses the concept of economic structure which may be analysed in terms of three "Moments" of production. On this basis, one can distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous relations of production structures. "Homogeneous relations" together with "system dynamics" and ''reproduction", define the concept of a mode of production. "Development" refers to the expansion of total productive capacity, premissed on advanced means of production, and corresponding to the particular relations and forces of production in an economic system. The capitalist mode of production has both tendencies and countertendencies to development. The latter prevail in the Third World due to the admixture and heterogeneity of production relations there, and to their subordinate articulation within an international capitalist economic system. In this context, underdevelopment is the result of the specific factors of monopoly competition, dependence-extraversion, disarticulation-unevenness, the three-tier structure of the peripheral economy, surplus transfer, and class structures and struggles. Rural development can be understood in terms of the specific contribution of agriculture to development, theorized as the "Agrarian Question". Agrarian capitalism has been slow to develop in the Third World, and the state of agriculture remains a problem there. "Rural development" has emerged as a deliberate and interventionist state strategy designed to restructure agrarian relations for development. This has contributed to the formation of particular heterogeneous relations of production articulated to the capitalist mode. In this context, the character of the associated classes has left the Agrarian Question unresolved. "Rural development" continues because it has an important~ and even primary, political significance - although this is not without contradictions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Berger, Guy
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Social structure -- Developing countries , Rural development-- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2864 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007643
- Description: New concepts and a synthesis of existing theories may assist in studying the relationship between social structure, development and rural development. The concept of social structure encompasses the concept of economic structure which may be analysed in terms of three "Moments" of production. On this basis, one can distinguish between heterogeneous and homogeneous relations of production structures. "Homogeneous relations" together with "system dynamics" and ''reproduction", define the concept of a mode of production. "Development" refers to the expansion of total productive capacity, premissed on advanced means of production, and corresponding to the particular relations and forces of production in an economic system. The capitalist mode of production has both tendencies and countertendencies to development. The latter prevail in the Third World due to the admixture and heterogeneity of production relations there, and to their subordinate articulation within an international capitalist economic system. In this context, underdevelopment is the result of the specific factors of monopoly competition, dependence-extraversion, disarticulation-unevenness, the three-tier structure of the peripheral economy, surplus transfer, and class structures and struggles. Rural development can be understood in terms of the specific contribution of agriculture to development, theorized as the "Agrarian Question". Agrarian capitalism has been slow to develop in the Third World, and the state of agriculture remains a problem there. "Rural development" has emerged as a deliberate and interventionist state strategy designed to restructure agrarian relations for development. This has contributed to the formation of particular heterogeneous relations of production articulated to the capitalist mode. In this context, the character of the associated classes has left the Agrarian Question unresolved. "Rural development" continues because it has an important~ and even primary, political significance - although this is not without contradictions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Synthetic studies of swazinecic acid dilactone
- Authors: Liddell, James Richard
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Phrrolizidines Alkaloids -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4298 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004668
- Description: The occurrence and syntheses of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids from 1976 to March 1988 is reviewed, and a stereoselective total synthesis of swazinecic acid dilactone was attempted. One approach involved an asymmetric synthesis of the allylic α-hydroxy acid 2-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-3-butenoic acid employing oxazolines as chiral auxilaries. The oxazoline, (4S,5S)-2-(1-bromoethyl)-4-methoxymethyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline, was obtained by direct halogenation of the 2-ethyl oxazoline analogue. This was condensed with acetone in a Darzens type reaction and the resultant epoxy oxazoline rearranged to an allylic α-hydroxy oxazoline which was then hydrolysed to the chiral hydroxy acid in low enantiomeric excess. The hydroxy acid, as the O-silylated ethyl ester, was elaborated by allylic diethyl malonate to bromination and condensation with diethyl 5-carboethoxy-2-methyl-3- methylene-2-0-tert-butyldimethylsilylhexanedioate. Removal of the silyl protecting group and epoxidation provided an epoxy triester, which on hydrolysis provided a mixture of acids of uncertain structures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Liddell, James Richard
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Phrrolizidines Alkaloids -- Synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4298 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004668
- Description: The occurrence and syntheses of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids from 1976 to March 1988 is reviewed, and a stereoselective total synthesis of swazinecic acid dilactone was attempted. One approach involved an asymmetric synthesis of the allylic α-hydroxy acid 2-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-3-butenoic acid employing oxazolines as chiral auxilaries. The oxazoline, (4S,5S)-2-(1-bromoethyl)-4-methoxymethyl-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline, was obtained by direct halogenation of the 2-ethyl oxazoline analogue. This was condensed with acetone in a Darzens type reaction and the resultant epoxy oxazoline rearranged to an allylic α-hydroxy oxazoline which was then hydrolysed to the chiral hydroxy acid in low enantiomeric excess. The hydroxy acid, as the O-silylated ethyl ester, was elaborated by allylic diethyl malonate to bromination and condensation with diethyl 5-carboethoxy-2-methyl-3- methylene-2-0-tert-butyldimethylsilylhexanedioate. Removal of the silyl protecting group and epoxidation provided an epoxy triester, which on hydrolysis provided a mixture of acids of uncertain structures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
The ballads of Carl Loewe : examined within their cultural, human and aesthetic context
- Authors: Mierowska, Jean Elaine Nora
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Loewe, Carl, 1796-1869. Songs. Selections Loewe, Carl, 1796-1869. Songs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2649 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002314
- Description: This thesis has been written in order to provide, especially for the non-German-reading musician, a fuller picture of Loewe and his ballads than has been available up to now. This picture is developed within the literary background history of the ballad poems, and the literary, mental, and musical climate at the beginning of the Romantic era; further, Loewe's life, as revealed in his many letters, his diaries, and his autobiography, provides the human context from which the ballads emerge as a logical extension of his personality. These earlier parts of the thesis have considerable bearing on the appreciation of Loewe's timely position in musical history, treating as they do with the popularity of the ballad poems, the rapid expansion of the means of musical/emotional expression, and the complete acceptance of that most romantic and versatile of soloinstruments, the piano. Loewe's temperamental affinity with the poetry of the ballads is shown to have affected his choice of subject, and in many cases the ultimate quality of the music is obviously dependent upon the strength or otherwise of his attraction. After observations on Loewe's vocal and piano writing, the thesis treats the ballads primarily with regard to their feeling and emotional content, and investigates the musical means by which this is conveyed. Categories are suggested, and ballads of similar dramatic, pictorial, or emotional type are discussed and compared. Certain formal characteristics are examined, in particular Loewe's use of highly organised motivic work in certain ballads, which foreshadows its later use by Liszt, Wagner and others. Over one hundred of Loewe's 120 ballads are dealt with, some in extensive detail~ and copious musical examples are given. The few comparatively well-known ballads receive due attention, but it was regarded as important to bring to light some of the more neglected or unknown ballads, many of which possess great beauty and originality, amply repaying study and, still more, performance. As a corollary, the approach of the performer is considered, and the Conclusion argues for an informed :esthetic appreciation of Loewe's ballads and their place in teday's vocal repertoire.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Mierowska, Jean Elaine Nora
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Loewe, Carl, 1796-1869. Songs. Selections Loewe, Carl, 1796-1869. Songs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2649 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002314
- Description: This thesis has been written in order to provide, especially for the non-German-reading musician, a fuller picture of Loewe and his ballads than has been available up to now. This picture is developed within the literary background history of the ballad poems, and the literary, mental, and musical climate at the beginning of the Romantic era; further, Loewe's life, as revealed in his many letters, his diaries, and his autobiography, provides the human context from which the ballads emerge as a logical extension of his personality. These earlier parts of the thesis have considerable bearing on the appreciation of Loewe's timely position in musical history, treating as they do with the popularity of the ballad poems, the rapid expansion of the means of musical/emotional expression, and the complete acceptance of that most romantic and versatile of soloinstruments, the piano. Loewe's temperamental affinity with the poetry of the ballads is shown to have affected his choice of subject, and in many cases the ultimate quality of the music is obviously dependent upon the strength or otherwise of his attraction. After observations on Loewe's vocal and piano writing, the thesis treats the ballads primarily with regard to their feeling and emotional content, and investigates the musical means by which this is conveyed. Categories are suggested, and ballads of similar dramatic, pictorial, or emotional type are discussed and compared. Certain formal characteristics are examined, in particular Loewe's use of highly organised motivic work in certain ballads, which foreshadows its later use by Liszt, Wagner and others. Over one hundred of Loewe's 120 ballads are dealt with, some in extensive detail~ and copious musical examples are given. The few comparatively well-known ballads receive due attention, but it was regarded as important to bring to light some of the more neglected or unknown ballads, many of which possess great beauty and originality, amply repaying study and, still more, performance. As a corollary, the approach of the performer is considered, and the Conclusion argues for an informed :esthetic appreciation of Loewe's ballads and their place in teday's vocal repertoire.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
The drift from the farms to town : a case study of migration from white-owned farms in the Eastern Cape to Grahamstown
- Authors: Manona, Cecil Wele
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Rural-urban migration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Agricultural laborers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Economic conditions Agricultural laborers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Social conditions Government, Resistance to -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Grahamstown (South Africa) -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002651
- Description: The study deals with the migration of large numbers of black workers from white-owned farms in the Albany and Bathurst districts to Grahamstown. In South Africa the migration of farm residents to the towns has not yet received much attention from researchers. Instead, most migrant studies have concentrated on the migration from the 'homeland' areas and for this reason little is known about the people who have been associated with the farms in some cases for five generations. From the 1940s these farms were rapidly losing labour largely on account of the introduction of mechanization and land rationalization. At that time many farm dwellers were migrating to Grahamstown and, to same extent, Port Elizabeth. The past few decades witnessed a massive further migration from these farms and this, together with natural increase, contributed to the 53,9% increase in Graharnstown's black population in the 1970-80 decade. The study has these aims: 1. To consider the factors that have promoted the move away from the farms , especially as from the end of the Second World War. 2. To account for the overwhelming attraction of Grahamstown as a destination among those who must, or decide to, migrate. 3. To assess the mode of adaptation of those who settle in Grahamstown pennanently. Those who have been in town for several decades provide a background for the central focus of the study, the new irrmigrants who came to town a decade ago or more recently. The latter include people who migrated to town from August 1984, i.e. during a period of extra-ordinary political developments and serious unrest in Grahamstown. The study places an emphasis on the way the imnigrants themselves perceive the process. The aims of the study which have been mentioned above revolve around the impoverishment of rural inhabitants who must now work for wages with hardly any measure of autonomy over the major aspects of their lives while those who go and live in town must contend with a competitive urban economy in which economic opportunities are scarce. This is the central problem of this thesis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Manona, Cecil Wele
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Rural-urban migration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Agricultural laborers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Economic conditions Agricultural laborers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Social conditions Government, Resistance to -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Grahamstown (South Africa) -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002651
- Description: The study deals with the migration of large numbers of black workers from white-owned farms in the Albany and Bathurst districts to Grahamstown. In South Africa the migration of farm residents to the towns has not yet received much attention from researchers. Instead, most migrant studies have concentrated on the migration from the 'homeland' areas and for this reason little is known about the people who have been associated with the farms in some cases for five generations. From the 1940s these farms were rapidly losing labour largely on account of the introduction of mechanization and land rationalization. At that time many farm dwellers were migrating to Grahamstown and, to same extent, Port Elizabeth. The past few decades witnessed a massive further migration from these farms and this, together with natural increase, contributed to the 53,9% increase in Graharnstown's black population in the 1970-80 decade. The study has these aims: 1. To consider the factors that have promoted the move away from the farms , especially as from the end of the Second World War. 2. To account for the overwhelming attraction of Grahamstown as a destination among those who must, or decide to, migrate. 3. To assess the mode of adaptation of those who settle in Grahamstown pennanently. Those who have been in town for several decades provide a background for the central focus of the study, the new irrmigrants who came to town a decade ago or more recently. The latter include people who migrated to town from August 1984, i.e. during a period of extra-ordinary political developments and serious unrest in Grahamstown. The study places an emphasis on the way the imnigrants themselves perceive the process. The aims of the study which have been mentioned above revolve around the impoverishment of rural inhabitants who must now work for wages with hardly any measure of autonomy over the major aspects of their lives while those who go and live in town must contend with a competitive urban economy in which economic opportunities are scarce. This is the central problem of this thesis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
The initial years (ca. 1528-1565) of Claude le Jeune : Huguent and musical humanist
- Potgieter, Johann Hendrik Loedolff Smuts
- Authors: Potgieter, Johann Hendrik Loedolff Smuts
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Le Jeune, Claude, d. 1600 Music -- France -- 16th century -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2673 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007392
- Description: Claude Le Jeune (born at Valenciennes , ca. 1528; died at Paris, 1600) was a towering figure in French Renaissance music. In spite of this, few biographical details have survived the turmoils of his time , which was marked primarily by the Wars of Religion, the last years of the reign of the Valois, and the struggle of Henry IV for the crown of France. In order, therefore, to attain a more complete picture of Le Jeune's life and work, the general historical and spiritual background, circumstantial evidence, is considered more implicating much intensely than usual. The two dominating beacons in Le Jeune's life are his allegiance to the Reformed Faith , involving close connections to leading Huguenot figures, and his inclination towards Humanism, confirmed by his association, from 1570 onwards, with the Academie de Poesie et de Musique of Jean-Antoine De Baïf. The present study is concerned with the initial years of Claude Le Jeune, covering the thirty- seven years of his life from 1528 (the assumed year of birth) intil 1565. In terms of publications, this period includes his "youthful" works : four early chansons from 1552, the Dix Pseaumes with a dialogue for seven voices , Mais qui es-tu,of 1564, and a single motet à 3, Nigra sum sed formosa, published in 1565. The background of his northern homeland is screened with particular attention to the involvement of the members of the Le Jeune family in the religious affairs of the time. Also the general cultural and musical milieu of the Netherlands is investigated within this and Le Jeune's first published works are considered biographical framework. These works still bear the stodginess and gaucheness of an apprentice. The probability of a sojourn in Italy is explored with positive findings. This visit most likely brought Le Jeune within the circle of the ageing Willaert at Venice, Major focus is placed upon the Dix Pseaumes, the first comprehensive collection to appear entirely under Le Jeunes ' s own name and dominating the initial period of his creative life. Detailed analyses reveal the hand of a now asserted composer. well-versed in technical matters and in possession of a fine perception for both the tenets of Calvinism and the aspirations of musical Humanism . As far as the latter is concerned. pertinent attention is given to its roots in the rhetorical and philosophical traditions. and how Le Jeune accommodated issues which sprouted from these and occupied the theorists of his time. Musical text expression holds. since the Dix Pseaumes. a central place in Le Jeune's works in which he maintains a fresh and subtle approach steering clear of the dogmatism of some contemporary theorists. Using various musical devices (modes, chiavette, melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, and even structure) to serve text expression. Le Jeune' s parlance gradually develops a currency in its own right. often expressing the meaning or implication of a text more comprehensively than can be attained by means of a linguistic medium. Appropriate to this particular trait of development in language. recognition is given Le Jeune's musical language. Included into the discussion are concordances of works by other composers where these exist as well as references to the relevant musical topography. A concluding summary of the moulding forces in the initial years of Claude Le Jeune's life as well as the gradual formulation of his distinct musical language concludes this study which can be regarded as an introduction to a more comprehensive programme of research on the life, times and works of Claude Le Jeune, Huguenot and Musical Humanist. A general bibliography is included while the folling appendices are included. 1 . A Bibliography of the works of Claude Le Jeune (all printed editions from 1552-1775). complete with descriptions . text incipits. sources. and class nubers; 2 . some relevant documents; 3. the literary texts of the works discussed; and 4. the "youthful" works. all of these (except the chanson spirituelle. Mais qui es- tu,as yet not republished . Various portraits. maps and other relevant illustrations are intended to enhance the presentation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Potgieter, Johann Hendrik Loedolff Smuts
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Le Jeune, Claude, d. 1600 Music -- France -- 16th century -- History and criticism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2673 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007392
- Description: Claude Le Jeune (born at Valenciennes , ca. 1528; died at Paris, 1600) was a towering figure in French Renaissance music. In spite of this, few biographical details have survived the turmoils of his time , which was marked primarily by the Wars of Religion, the last years of the reign of the Valois, and the struggle of Henry IV for the crown of France. In order, therefore, to attain a more complete picture of Le Jeune's life and work, the general historical and spiritual background, circumstantial evidence, is considered more implicating much intensely than usual. The two dominating beacons in Le Jeune's life are his allegiance to the Reformed Faith , involving close connections to leading Huguenot figures, and his inclination towards Humanism, confirmed by his association, from 1570 onwards, with the Academie de Poesie et de Musique of Jean-Antoine De Baïf. The present study is concerned with the initial years of Claude Le Jeune, covering the thirty- seven years of his life from 1528 (the assumed year of birth) intil 1565. In terms of publications, this period includes his "youthful" works : four early chansons from 1552, the Dix Pseaumes with a dialogue for seven voices , Mais qui es-tu,of 1564, and a single motet à 3, Nigra sum sed formosa, published in 1565. The background of his northern homeland is screened with particular attention to the involvement of the members of the Le Jeune family in the religious affairs of the time. Also the general cultural and musical milieu of the Netherlands is investigated within this and Le Jeune's first published works are considered biographical framework. These works still bear the stodginess and gaucheness of an apprentice. The probability of a sojourn in Italy is explored with positive findings. This visit most likely brought Le Jeune within the circle of the ageing Willaert at Venice, Major focus is placed upon the Dix Pseaumes, the first comprehensive collection to appear entirely under Le Jeunes ' s own name and dominating the initial period of his creative life. Detailed analyses reveal the hand of a now asserted composer. well-versed in technical matters and in possession of a fine perception for both the tenets of Calvinism and the aspirations of musical Humanism . As far as the latter is concerned. pertinent attention is given to its roots in the rhetorical and philosophical traditions. and how Le Jeune accommodated issues which sprouted from these and occupied the theorists of his time. Musical text expression holds. since the Dix Pseaumes. a central place in Le Jeune's works in which he maintains a fresh and subtle approach steering clear of the dogmatism of some contemporary theorists. Using various musical devices (modes, chiavette, melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, and even structure) to serve text expression. Le Jeune' s parlance gradually develops a currency in its own right. often expressing the meaning or implication of a text more comprehensively than can be attained by means of a linguistic medium. Appropriate to this particular trait of development in language. recognition is given Le Jeune's musical language. Included into the discussion are concordances of works by other composers where these exist as well as references to the relevant musical topography. A concluding summary of the moulding forces in the initial years of Claude Le Jeune's life as well as the gradual formulation of his distinct musical language concludes this study which can be regarded as an introduction to a more comprehensive programme of research on the life, times and works of Claude Le Jeune, Huguenot and Musical Humanist. A general bibliography is included while the folling appendices are included. 1 . A Bibliography of the works of Claude Le Jeune (all printed editions from 1552-1775). complete with descriptions . text incipits. sources. and class nubers; 2 . some relevant documents; 3. the literary texts of the works discussed; and 4. the "youthful" works. all of these (except the chanson spirituelle. Mais qui es- tu,as yet not republished . Various portraits. maps and other relevant illustrations are intended to enhance the presentation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
The life and times of Ethel Tawse Jollie : a case study of the transference and adaptation of British social and political ideas of the Edwardian era to a colonial society
- Authors: Lowry, Daniel William
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Jollie, Ethel Tawse, 1876-1950 Zimbabwe -- History -- 1890-1965
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2525 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001854
- Description: This is an appraisal of the career of Ethel Tawse Jollie (1876-1950), the first woman parliamentarian in Southern Rhodesia, and the British Empire overseas, prolific writer and leading intellectual of her political generation who played a key role in the achievement of responsible government in Southern Rhodesia in 1923. As the founder and principal organiser of the Responsible Government Association she imported from Britain a singular political philosophy which made a lasting impression on Rhodesia's political character and social identity. She was an influential figure in British imperialist circles and in the women's suffrage controversy. No other Rhodesian politician had achieved such prominence in the metropole, or possessed such a thoroughly formed, comprehensive ideology, and the propaganda skills necessary to give it effect. The study traces the formation of her ideas within the intellectual milieu of pre-1914 Britain and - through her - its subsequent adaptation in Rhodesia; how, through her marriage to Archibald Colquhoun - explorer, writer and Cecil Rhodes's first Administrator of Mashonaland - she became steeped in the ideology of the Edwardian Radical Right - that reaction to imperial decline denoted by the slogan 'National Efficiency'. By 1915. when she arrived in Rhodesia, she had come to believe that by 1915, when she arrived in Rhodesia, she had come to believe that the salvation of the Empire lay in its 'patriotic' periphery where it was possible to create new societies on Radical Right principles. Both in and out of parliament she gave to Rhodesian public policy and identity a distinct Radical Right hue, which she further enhanced by her involvement in various extra parliamentary pressure groups. It is a life and times study and considerable use is made of contemporary ballads and novels in the belief that immersion in the atmosphere of the period is particularly useful in an intellectual biography of this kind. Comparisons are also made with other British peripheries notably Ulster, Canada and New Zealand. The study challenges the traditional view of Rhodesia as a neo-Victorian intellectual backwater; seeing it rather as a society which continued to import selectively ideas from elsewhere in the Empire. It should interest Commonwealth and - because of its central character - women's historians.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Lowry, Daniel William
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Jollie, Ethel Tawse, 1876-1950 Zimbabwe -- History -- 1890-1965
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2525 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001854
- Description: This is an appraisal of the career of Ethel Tawse Jollie (1876-1950), the first woman parliamentarian in Southern Rhodesia, and the British Empire overseas, prolific writer and leading intellectual of her political generation who played a key role in the achievement of responsible government in Southern Rhodesia in 1923. As the founder and principal organiser of the Responsible Government Association she imported from Britain a singular political philosophy which made a lasting impression on Rhodesia's political character and social identity. She was an influential figure in British imperialist circles and in the women's suffrage controversy. No other Rhodesian politician had achieved such prominence in the metropole, or possessed such a thoroughly formed, comprehensive ideology, and the propaganda skills necessary to give it effect. The study traces the formation of her ideas within the intellectual milieu of pre-1914 Britain and - through her - its subsequent adaptation in Rhodesia; how, through her marriage to Archibald Colquhoun - explorer, writer and Cecil Rhodes's first Administrator of Mashonaland - she became steeped in the ideology of the Edwardian Radical Right - that reaction to imperial decline denoted by the slogan 'National Efficiency'. By 1915. when she arrived in Rhodesia, she had come to believe that by 1915, when she arrived in Rhodesia, she had come to believe that the salvation of the Empire lay in its 'patriotic' periphery where it was possible to create new societies on Radical Right principles. Both in and out of parliament she gave to Rhodesian public policy and identity a distinct Radical Right hue, which she further enhanced by her involvement in various extra parliamentary pressure groups. It is a life and times study and considerable use is made of contemporary ballads and novels in the belief that immersion in the atmosphere of the period is particularly useful in an intellectual biography of this kind. Comparisons are also made with other British peripheries notably Ulster, Canada and New Zealand. The study challenges the traditional view of Rhodesia as a neo-Victorian intellectual backwater; seeing it rather as a society which continued to import selectively ideas from elsewhere in the Empire. It should interest Commonwealth and - because of its central character - women's historians.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
The metabolism of abscisic acid in higher plant tissues
- Authors: Cowan, Ashton Keith
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Plants -- Metabolism Plant cells and tissues Abscisic acid -- Metabolism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4176 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002024
- Description: The biosynthesis of ABA from R-[2-¹⁴C]-MVA was demonstrated in Persea americana cv. Fuerte mesocarp and in mature seeds of Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan and cv. Himalaya. Radioactivity from R-[2-¹⁴-C]-MVA was also incorporated into the 1',4'-trans ABA diol in Persea americana mesocarp and a possible role for this metabolite as a precursor of ABA in plants is discussed. The biosynthesis of ABA from MVA could not be demonstrated in either turgid and waterstressed Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan, Pisum sativum cv. Black-eyed Susan and Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Top-crop or in immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris. (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴C]-ABA was catabolised to PA, DPA and aqueous conjugates in leaves and mature seeds of Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan, seedlings and immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris and in mesocarp from ripening fruits of Persea americana. PA and DPA were identified by either microchemical methods and/or capillary GC-MS. 7'-Hydroxy ABA was characterised as a novel ABA catabolite in light-grown and etiolated leaves of Hordeum vulgare by capillary GC-MS. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that it was derived predominantly from the (R)-enantiomer of ABA. This catabolite was absent in similar studies using the dicotyledons Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris. Refeeding studies with [¹⁴C]-PA, [C]-DPA and [¹⁴C]-7'-hydroxy ABA were used to confirm the metabolic interrelationship between ABA and its catabolites in both vegetative and non-vegetative tissues from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. The methyl ester of (R,S,)-ABA was hydrolysed efficiently by light-grown leaves of Hordeum vulgare. Older, vegetative tissues catabolised (R,S,)-ABA more efficiently than their younger counterparts. In contrast, small, immature seeds of Pisum sativum catabolised (R,S,)-ABA more effectively than larger, immature seeds of this species. Light did not appear to influence ABA biosynthesis but markedly enhanced ABA catabolism. Light stimulated the overall rate of ABA catabolism in both vegetative and non-vegetative tissue. Water stress reduced ABA catabolism in Hordeum vulgare leaves but had little effect on this process in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings. Pretreatment of tissues with (R,S,)-ABA retarded the catabolism of (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴C]-ABA, negating ABA-induced conversion to PA. Cycloheximide inhibited ABA biosynthesis and catabolism but did not affect ABA conjugation. Chloramphenicol and lincomycin had little or no effect on ABA metabolism suggesting that the enzymes involved were labile and cytoplasmic in origin. Ancymidol and cycocel inhibited ABA biosynthesis while AM01618 stimulated this process. The cytokinins, benzyladenine, kinetin, isopentenyl adenine and zeatin also inhibited ABA biosynthesis. These results are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of carotenoids in ABA biosynthesis. AM01618, ancymidol andcycocel did not significantly influence the conversion of ABA to PA and DPA while cytokinins appeared to enhance this process only in vegetative tissue. The information derived from these studies was then used in attempts to develop a cell-free system from higher plants capable of metabolising ABA. A cell-free system prepared from imbibed Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan embryos biosynthesized and catabolised ABA. This is the first demonstration of a cell-free system from non-vegetative tissue capable of metabolising ABA and could prove useful for elucidating its biosynthetic route. This cell-free system generated the terpenyl pyrophosphates IPP, FPP and GGPP from MVA. ABA was produced from both MVA and IPP in the presence of 0₂ and NADPH. The biosynthesis of ABA was stimulated by the addition of the squalene 2,3-oxide cyclase and kaurene synthetase inhibitor, AM01618 and a "cold-pool trap" of (R,S,)-ABA. Ancymidol, cycocel and cytokinins reduced incorporation of label from MVA into ABA. Similar cell-free preparations, in the absence of AM01618, converted (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴-C]-ABA into PA, 7'-hydroxy ABA and water-soluble conjugates. Although the methyl ester of (R,S,)-ABA was efficiently hydrolysed in this cell-free system no DPA was generated. The possible involvement of mixed function oxidase activity and soluble oxidases is discussed in relation to ABA metabolism. While cell-free preparations from Persea americana cv. Fuerte mesocarp and immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris were unable to synthesize ABA from MVA, these tissue homogenates converted ABA into more polar acidic products. PA and DPA were identified as products of ABA catabolism in extracts from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and the l',4'-cis diol of ABA in extracts from Pisum sativum immature seeds
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Cowan, Ashton Keith
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Plants -- Metabolism Plant cells and tissues Abscisic acid -- Metabolism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4176 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002024
- Description: The biosynthesis of ABA from R-[2-¹⁴C]-MVA was demonstrated in Persea americana cv. Fuerte mesocarp and in mature seeds of Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan and cv. Himalaya. Radioactivity from R-[2-¹⁴-C]-MVA was also incorporated into the 1',4'-trans ABA diol in Persea americana mesocarp and a possible role for this metabolite as a precursor of ABA in plants is discussed. The biosynthesis of ABA from MVA could not be demonstrated in either turgid and waterstressed Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan, Pisum sativum cv. Black-eyed Susan and Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Top-crop or in immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris. (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴C]-ABA was catabolised to PA, DPA and aqueous conjugates in leaves and mature seeds of Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan, seedlings and immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris and in mesocarp from ripening fruits of Persea americana. PA and DPA were identified by either microchemical methods and/or capillary GC-MS. 7'-Hydroxy ABA was characterised as a novel ABA catabolite in light-grown and etiolated leaves of Hordeum vulgare by capillary GC-MS. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that it was derived predominantly from the (R)-enantiomer of ABA. This catabolite was absent in similar studies using the dicotyledons Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris. Refeeding studies with [¹⁴C]-PA, [C]-DPA and [¹⁴C]-7'-hydroxy ABA were used to confirm the metabolic interrelationship between ABA and its catabolites in both vegetative and non-vegetative tissues from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. The methyl ester of (R,S,)-ABA was hydrolysed efficiently by light-grown leaves of Hordeum vulgare. Older, vegetative tissues catabolised (R,S,)-ABA more efficiently than their younger counterparts. In contrast, small, immature seeds of Pisum sativum catabolised (R,S,)-ABA more effectively than larger, immature seeds of this species. Light did not appear to influence ABA biosynthesis but markedly enhanced ABA catabolism. Light stimulated the overall rate of ABA catabolism in both vegetative and non-vegetative tissue. Water stress reduced ABA catabolism in Hordeum vulgare leaves but had little effect on this process in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings. Pretreatment of tissues with (R,S,)-ABA retarded the catabolism of (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴C]-ABA, negating ABA-induced conversion to PA. Cycloheximide inhibited ABA biosynthesis and catabolism but did not affect ABA conjugation. Chloramphenicol and lincomycin had little or no effect on ABA metabolism suggesting that the enzymes involved were labile and cytoplasmic in origin. Ancymidol and cycocel inhibited ABA biosynthesis while AM01618 stimulated this process. The cytokinins, benzyladenine, kinetin, isopentenyl adenine and zeatin also inhibited ABA biosynthesis. These results are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of carotenoids in ABA biosynthesis. AM01618, ancymidol andcycocel did not significantly influence the conversion of ABA to PA and DPA while cytokinins appeared to enhance this process only in vegetative tissue. The information derived from these studies was then used in attempts to develop a cell-free system from higher plants capable of metabolising ABA. A cell-free system prepared from imbibed Hordeum vulgare cv. Dyan embryos biosynthesized and catabolised ABA. This is the first demonstration of a cell-free system from non-vegetative tissue capable of metabolising ABA and could prove useful for elucidating its biosynthetic route. This cell-free system generated the terpenyl pyrophosphates IPP, FPP and GGPP from MVA. ABA was produced from both MVA and IPP in the presence of 0₂ and NADPH. The biosynthesis of ABA was stimulated by the addition of the squalene 2,3-oxide cyclase and kaurene synthetase inhibitor, AM01618 and a "cold-pool trap" of (R,S,)-ABA. Ancymidol, cycocel and cytokinins reduced incorporation of label from MVA into ABA. Similar cell-free preparations, in the absence of AM01618, converted (R,S,)-[2-¹⁴-C]-ABA into PA, 7'-hydroxy ABA and water-soluble conjugates. Although the methyl ester of (R,S,)-ABA was efficiently hydrolysed in this cell-free system no DPA was generated. The possible involvement of mixed function oxidase activity and soluble oxidases is discussed in relation to ABA metabolism. While cell-free preparations from Persea americana cv. Fuerte mesocarp and immature seeds of Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris were unable to synthesize ABA from MVA, these tissue homogenates converted ABA into more polar acidic products. PA and DPA were identified as products of ABA catabolism in extracts from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and the l',4'-cis diol of ABA in extracts from Pisum sativum immature seeds
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
The thermodynamics of binary liquid mixtures of compounds containing multiple bonds.
- Authors: Baxter, Rodney Charles
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Solution (Chemistry)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4531 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016079
- Description: Excess thermodynamic properties have been determined for several binary liquid mixtures with the aim of testing various thermodynamic theories and postulates. Excess molar enthalpies, HEm, have been determined using an LKB flow microcalorimeter and excess molar volumes, VEm, have been determined using an Anton Paar vibrating tube densitometer. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution ƴ∞₁₃, have been determined using an atmospheric pressure gas-liquid chromatograph. The excess molar enthalpies and the excess molar volumes have been measured at 298.15 K for systems involving the bicyclic compounds decahydronaphthalene (decalin), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), bicyclohexyl, or cyclohexylbenzene mixed with 1- hexene, 1-hexyne, 1-heptene, 1-heptyne, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4- cyclohexadiene, or benzene. These excess properties have also been measured for systems where the bicyclic compound has been replaced with benzene, cyclohexane or n-hexane. The results show defmite trends related to the size, shape, and the degree of unsaturation of the component molecules. The Flory theory has been used to predict excess molar enthalpies and excess molar volumes for {(a bicyclic compound or benzene or cyclohexane or n-hexane) +(an n-alkane or a 1-alkene or a 1-alkyne or a cycloalkane or cyclohexene or a cycloalkadiene or benzene)}. The one parameter equations offer reasonably good correlations between the predicted and the experimental results. More insight into the origins of the contnbutions to the excess thermodynamic properties for these systems has been gained by considering the approximate equations of Patterson and co-workers, which separate the interactional and the free volume contributions to the excess molar enthalpy and the excess molar volume. The one parameter equations have adequately rationalized a good deal of the observed behaviour for HEm and VEm. The theory of Liebermann and co-workers, which does not employ any adjustable parameters, has not been as successful at predicting the excess thermodynamic properties for the above systems. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution have been measured at 278.15 K, 288.15 K and 298.15 K for n-bexane, 1-bexene, 1-hexyne, n-heptane, 1-heptene, 1-heptyne, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, and benzene, in decalin, tetralin, bicyclohexyl, and cyclohexylbenzene. Solvent losses from the column have been accounted for by an extrapolation procedure. The activity coefficient results together with the HEm and VEm values have been used to calculate the partial molar excess thermodynamic properties of mixing at infinite dilution. The partial molar excess properties at infinite dilution for decalin mixtures are similar to those for bicyclohexyl mixtures. There is also a similarity between the properties of the tetralin mixtures and the cyclohexylbenzene mixtures. The cycloalkadienes, benzene and the 1-alkynes exhibit a strong dissociation effect on being mixed with the saturated solvents, decalin and bicyclohexyl, but associate strongly with tetralin and with cyclohexylbenzene. The Flory theory bas been used to predict activity coefficients at infinite dilution from the experimentally determined HEm results for { (n-bexane or 1-hexene or 1-hexyne or naheptane or 1-heptene or 1-beptyne) + (a bicyclic compound)}. The theory is much better at predicting values for mixtures where both components are either saturated molecules or are unsaturated molecules than for {saturated + unsaturated} mixtures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Baxter, Rodney Charles
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Solution (Chemistry)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4531 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016079
- Description: Excess thermodynamic properties have been determined for several binary liquid mixtures with the aim of testing various thermodynamic theories and postulates. Excess molar enthalpies, HEm, have been determined using an LKB flow microcalorimeter and excess molar volumes, VEm, have been determined using an Anton Paar vibrating tube densitometer. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution ƴ∞₁₃, have been determined using an atmospheric pressure gas-liquid chromatograph. The excess molar enthalpies and the excess molar volumes have been measured at 298.15 K for systems involving the bicyclic compounds decahydronaphthalene (decalin), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin), bicyclohexyl, or cyclohexylbenzene mixed with 1- hexene, 1-hexyne, 1-heptene, 1-heptyne, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4- cyclohexadiene, or benzene. These excess properties have also been measured for systems where the bicyclic compound has been replaced with benzene, cyclohexane or n-hexane. The results show defmite trends related to the size, shape, and the degree of unsaturation of the component molecules. The Flory theory has been used to predict excess molar enthalpies and excess molar volumes for {(a bicyclic compound or benzene or cyclohexane or n-hexane) +(an n-alkane or a 1-alkene or a 1-alkyne or a cycloalkane or cyclohexene or a cycloalkadiene or benzene)}. The one parameter equations offer reasonably good correlations between the predicted and the experimental results. More insight into the origins of the contnbutions to the excess thermodynamic properties for these systems has been gained by considering the approximate equations of Patterson and co-workers, which separate the interactional and the free volume contributions to the excess molar enthalpy and the excess molar volume. The one parameter equations have adequately rationalized a good deal of the observed behaviour for HEm and VEm. The theory of Liebermann and co-workers, which does not employ any adjustable parameters, has not been as successful at predicting the excess thermodynamic properties for the above systems. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution have been measured at 278.15 K, 288.15 K and 298.15 K for n-bexane, 1-bexene, 1-hexyne, n-heptane, 1-heptene, 1-heptyne, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, and benzene, in decalin, tetralin, bicyclohexyl, and cyclohexylbenzene. Solvent losses from the column have been accounted for by an extrapolation procedure. The activity coefficient results together with the HEm and VEm values have been used to calculate the partial molar excess thermodynamic properties of mixing at infinite dilution. The partial molar excess properties at infinite dilution for decalin mixtures are similar to those for bicyclohexyl mixtures. There is also a similarity between the properties of the tetralin mixtures and the cyclohexylbenzene mixtures. The cycloalkadienes, benzene and the 1-alkynes exhibit a strong dissociation effect on being mixed with the saturated solvents, decalin and bicyclohexyl, but associate strongly with tetralin and with cyclohexylbenzene. The Flory theory bas been used to predict activity coefficients at infinite dilution from the experimentally determined HEm results for { (n-bexane or 1-hexene or 1-hexyne or naheptane or 1-heptene or 1-beptyne) + (a bicyclic compound)}. The theory is much better at predicting values for mixtures where both components are either saturated molecules or are unsaturated molecules than for {saturated + unsaturated} mixtures.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
Towards an existential phenomenological interpretation of C.G. Jung's analytical psychology
- Authors: Brooke, Roger, 1953-
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Jung, C G (Carl Gustav), 1875-1961 Existential phenomenology Phenomenology Psychoanalysis Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3208 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011983
- Description: The central aim of this study was to interpret the psychology of C.G . Jung in the light of existential phenomenology, thereby to lay the foundations for an integrated phenomenological analytical psychology. It was recognised that although Jung introduced a poetic understanding of psychological life he tended to adhere theoretically to a Cartesian and natural scientific epistemology and ontology, in which the knower is separated from the known, and psychological life is encapsulated inside the human subject. Thus the main task, which defined generally the study's scope and limitations, was to undercut the lingering Cartesianism in Jung's thought, thereby to recover the world in which one lives as intrinsically and authentically psychological, and one's psychological life as irreducibly world-related. The ontological guidelines for this endeavour were taken primarily from Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, but it was consistently argued that this hermeneutic movement towards an existential understanding is given within Jung's work itself. Thus: Jung's method is primarily hermeneutic-phenomenological; the psyche is not "mind" or an inner realm more or less linked to the body, but is the embodied life-world, and Jung's descriptions of it - of its autonomy, spatiality and bodiliness, for instance - achieve ontological clarity when it is articulated as Dasein; the self as the totality of the psyche is interpretated in terms of Dasein, and individuation involves differentiation, personalisation and appropriation within existence itself; the complexes, archetypally grounded, are the vital densities of incarnate life, ambiguously conscious and unconscious, known and lived; the archetypes are the fundamental necessities of psychological life, autonomous imaginal structures within which both body and world are founded. Imaginal autonomy is revealed ontically as the metaphorical reality of things, but since imaginal autonomy has no ground thought about psychological life is ultimately poetic. Where relevant, recent theoretical developments in analytical psychology were discussed, particularly the Developmental and Archetypal movements. A clinical study was presented to illustrate some of the main themes of the thesis. In conclusion, the main themes of an integrated phenomenological analytical psychology were outlined, and the central contributions of analytical psychology and existential phenomenology were highlighted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1989
- Authors: Brooke, Roger, 1953-
- Date: 1989
- Subjects: Jung, C G (Carl Gustav), 1875-1961 Existential phenomenology Phenomenology Psychoanalysis Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3208 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011983
- Description: The central aim of this study was to interpret the psychology of C.G . Jung in the light of existential phenomenology, thereby to lay the foundations for an integrated phenomenological analytical psychology. It was recognised that although Jung introduced a poetic understanding of psychological life he tended to adhere theoretically to a Cartesian and natural scientific epistemology and ontology, in which the knower is separated from the known, and psychological life is encapsulated inside the human subject. Thus the main task, which defined generally the study's scope and limitations, was to undercut the lingering Cartesianism in Jung's thought, thereby to recover the world in which one lives as intrinsically and authentically psychological, and one's psychological life as irreducibly world-related. The ontological guidelines for this endeavour were taken primarily from Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, but it was consistently argued that this hermeneutic movement towards an existential understanding is given within Jung's work itself. Thus: Jung's method is primarily hermeneutic-phenomenological; the psyche is not "mind" or an inner realm more or less linked to the body, but is the embodied life-world, and Jung's descriptions of it - of its autonomy, spatiality and bodiliness, for instance - achieve ontological clarity when it is articulated as Dasein; the self as the totality of the psyche is interpretated in terms of Dasein, and individuation involves differentiation, personalisation and appropriation within existence itself; the complexes, archetypally grounded, are the vital densities of incarnate life, ambiguously conscious and unconscious, known and lived; the archetypes are the fundamental necessities of psychological life, autonomous imaginal structures within which both body and world are founded. Imaginal autonomy is revealed ontically as the metaphorical reality of things, but since imaginal autonomy has no ground thought about psychological life is ultimately poetic. Where relevant, recent theoretical developments in analytical psychology were discussed, particularly the Developmental and Archetypal movements. A clinical study was presented to illustrate some of the main themes of the thesis. In conclusion, the main themes of an integrated phenomenological analytical psychology were outlined, and the central contributions of analytical psychology and existential phenomenology were highlighted.
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- Date Issued: 1989