Environmental niche patterns of native and non-native fishes within an invaded African river system
- Kadye, Wilbert T, Booth, Anthony J
- Authors: Kadye, Wilbert T , Booth, Anthony J
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124407 , vital:35605 , https://doi.10.1111/jfb.13988
- Description: To test ecological niche theory, this study investigated the spatial patterns and the environmental niches of native and non-native fishes within the invaded Great Fish River system, South Africa. For the native fishes, there were contrasting environmental niche breadths that varied from being small to being large and overlapped for most species, except minnows that were restricted to headwater tributaries. In addition, there was high niche overlap in habitat association among fishes with similar distribution. It was therefore inferred that habitat filtering-driven spatial organization was important in explaining native species distribution patterns. In comparison, most non-native fishes were found to have broad environmental niches and these fishes showed high tolerance to environmental conditions, which generally supported the niche opportunity hypothesis. The proliferation of multiple non-native fishes in the mainstem section suggest that they form a functional assemblage that is probably facilitated by the anthropogenic modification of flow regimes through inter-basin water transfer. Based on the distribution patterns observed in the study, it was inferred that there was a likelihood of negative interactions between native and nonnative fishes. Such effects are likely to be exacerbated by altered flow regime that was likely to have negative implications for native ichthyofauna.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Kadye, Wilbert T , Booth, Anthony J
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124407 , vital:35605 , https://doi.10.1111/jfb.13988
- Description: To test ecological niche theory, this study investigated the spatial patterns and the environmental niches of native and non-native fishes within the invaded Great Fish River system, South Africa. For the native fishes, there were contrasting environmental niche breadths that varied from being small to being large and overlapped for most species, except minnows that were restricted to headwater tributaries. In addition, there was high niche overlap in habitat association among fishes with similar distribution. It was therefore inferred that habitat filtering-driven spatial organization was important in explaining native species distribution patterns. In comparison, most non-native fishes were found to have broad environmental niches and these fishes showed high tolerance to environmental conditions, which generally supported the niche opportunity hypothesis. The proliferation of multiple non-native fishes in the mainstem section suggest that they form a functional assemblage that is probably facilitated by the anthropogenic modification of flow regimes through inter-basin water transfer. Based on the distribution patterns observed in the study, it was inferred that there was a likelihood of negative interactions between native and nonnative fishes. Such effects are likely to be exacerbated by altered flow regime that was likely to have negative implications for native ichthyofauna.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Epibenthic biodiversity, habitat characterisation and anthropogenic pressure mapping of unconsolidated sediment habitats in Algoa Bay, South Africa
- Authors: Truter, Hannah Jessie
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Aquatic ecology , Marine sciences Conservation biology Ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43812 , vital:37049
- Description: Implementation of an ecosystem-based management approach for marine systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical marine environment and the cumulative human impacts at different spatio-temporal scales. In Algoa Bay, South Africa, this study describes the epibenthic communities occurring in unconsolidated marine habitats. It further investigates the potential abiotic factors that influence their distribution and abundance, compares epibenthic communities with existing habitat information and evaluates the protection status of the marine environment in the Bay. Seabed imagery, covering a total area of 171.4m², and sediment samples were collected from 13 stations from which 106 epibenthic species were identified. Multivariate analyses revealed two statistically distinct communities that did not align with the Algoa Bay benthic habitat types defined in the current National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA, 2012). Further assessment indicated that community differences were driven by the presence of rock substrate. A range of abiotic factors were tested against the epibenthic communities to explore patterns and identify potential drivers. The combination of abiotic factors depth, mean grain size, mean bottom temperature and mean bottom current explained 55% fitted variation in epibenthic data. The degree of long-term variability in several of these parameters were likewise identified as explanatory variables, including bottom temperature, current speed and dissolved oxygen. The link between abiotic factors and the epibenthic communities observed indicate that these variables can act as surrogates for habitat mapping in the future. The existing and proposed Marine Protected Area (MPA) in conjunction with the NBA 2012 habitat types does well in protecting the majority of habitats in the Bay, however there remain habitats that lack protection. Utilising the benthic communities and potential drivers identified in this study, the proposed MPA boundary delineations should be somewhat altered to include missing habitat types.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Truter, Hannah Jessie
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Aquatic ecology , Marine sciences Conservation biology Ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43812 , vital:37049
- Description: Implementation of an ecosystem-based management approach for marine systems requires a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical marine environment and the cumulative human impacts at different spatio-temporal scales. In Algoa Bay, South Africa, this study describes the epibenthic communities occurring in unconsolidated marine habitats. It further investigates the potential abiotic factors that influence their distribution and abundance, compares epibenthic communities with existing habitat information and evaluates the protection status of the marine environment in the Bay. Seabed imagery, covering a total area of 171.4m², and sediment samples were collected from 13 stations from which 106 epibenthic species were identified. Multivariate analyses revealed two statistically distinct communities that did not align with the Algoa Bay benthic habitat types defined in the current National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA, 2012). Further assessment indicated that community differences were driven by the presence of rock substrate. A range of abiotic factors were tested against the epibenthic communities to explore patterns and identify potential drivers. The combination of abiotic factors depth, mean grain size, mean bottom temperature and mean bottom current explained 55% fitted variation in epibenthic data. The degree of long-term variability in several of these parameters were likewise identified as explanatory variables, including bottom temperature, current speed and dissolved oxygen. The link between abiotic factors and the epibenthic communities observed indicate that these variables can act as surrogates for habitat mapping in the future. The existing and proposed Marine Protected Area (MPA) in conjunction with the NBA 2012 habitat types does well in protecting the majority of habitats in the Bay, however there remain habitats that lack protection. Utilising the benthic communities and potential drivers identified in this study, the proposed MPA boundary delineations should be somewhat altered to include missing habitat types.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Equal pay for work of equal value
- Authors: Leo, Aloshea Doreen
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Equal pay for equal work -- Law and Legislation -- South Africa , Pay equity -- South Africa Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/40445 , vital:36166
- Description: Since the end of the Apartheid Regime, various labour legislation has been enacted over the years to eliminate discrimination and grant everyone in South Africa the right to fair labour practices, including the prohibition of unfair payment practices in terms of item 2(1)(a) of Schedule 7 of the Labour Relations Act.1 The above item was repealed and replaced with an express provision strictly prohibiting unfair discrimination in any employment practice or policy.2 However, even though this express provision strictly prohibited unfair discrimination in employment, the International Labour Organisation criticised South Africa for the failure to include an express provision dealing specifically with equal remuneration in terms of the Employment Equity Act.3 Because of this criticism, sections 6(4) and (5)4 were introduced. Section 6(4) amendments were obviously not been successful as intended, as numerous employees still are facing unfair discrimination based on the wages. Looking at Case law in the United Kingdom, there are clearly principles and successes that South Africa can learn from and incorporate in South African labour law. Some successes include the proactivity of employers who identify groups of employees, which are performing work that is of equal value, comparing their salaries, and by investigating and removing pay gap causes. Another success is the use of reports of independent experts who can assess the value of different occupations. If South Africa does this, it will alleviate the pressure placed upon courts that do not have the necessary expertise to decide on the value.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Leo, Aloshea Doreen
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Equal pay for equal work -- Law and Legislation -- South Africa , Pay equity -- South Africa Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/40445 , vital:36166
- Description: Since the end of the Apartheid Regime, various labour legislation has been enacted over the years to eliminate discrimination and grant everyone in South Africa the right to fair labour practices, including the prohibition of unfair payment practices in terms of item 2(1)(a) of Schedule 7 of the Labour Relations Act.1 The above item was repealed and replaced with an express provision strictly prohibiting unfair discrimination in any employment practice or policy.2 However, even though this express provision strictly prohibited unfair discrimination in employment, the International Labour Organisation criticised South Africa for the failure to include an express provision dealing specifically with equal remuneration in terms of the Employment Equity Act.3 Because of this criticism, sections 6(4) and (5)4 were introduced. Section 6(4) amendments were obviously not been successful as intended, as numerous employees still are facing unfair discrimination based on the wages. Looking at Case law in the United Kingdom, there are clearly principles and successes that South Africa can learn from and incorporate in South African labour law. Some successes include the proactivity of employers who identify groups of employees, which are performing work that is of equal value, comparing their salaries, and by investigating and removing pay gap causes. Another success is the use of reports of independent experts who can assess the value of different occupations. If South Africa does this, it will alleviate the pressure placed upon courts that do not have the necessary expertise to decide on the value.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Establishing baseline data of Cradock and Tarkastad’s communities’ disease profile ahead of hydraulic fracturing and shale gas development
- Authors: Olivera, Shanene
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Medical care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Diseases -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Statistics, Medical Surveys
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43088 , vital:36734
- Description: The South African government is investigating alternative ways to address the electricity crisis and has identified fracking as an alternative energy source. Specific areas have been identified for the implementation of Shale Gas Development. Various research studies have connected fracking to the incidence of certain diseases. Since Cradock and Tarkastad have been identified as prospective areas for the implementation of fracking, the primary aim of this study was to determine the disease profile of the community members in Cradock and Tarkastad. This baseline data could be utilised at a later stage as a benchmark when similar studies are conducted after the implementation of Shale Gas Development in these communities. A quantitative approach utilising a comparative descriptive survey design was adopted to conduct this study. The research population comprised all community members in Cradock and Tarkastad. A multi-staged sampling process was applied namely, cluster, convenient and stratified random sampling process; 489 respondents were included in the research sample. Two structured questionnaires and checklists were developed and administered by Registered Nurses, who were recruited as fieldworkers, to collect the data for the study. One questionnaire and checklist were designed and used for the age groups five-year and under population (n=43), and the other questionnaire and checklist were used for the over five-year population group (n=446). This allowed for the establishment of a disease profile of all ages in both areas. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, and a pilot study was conducted before the primary study. The results of the study revealed the current disease profile in Tarkastad and Cradock. One of the objectives of the study was to compare the prevalence of diseases and abnormalities found in Cradock and Tarkastad. Thereafter the disease profiles were combined in a single profile for both Cradock and Tarkastad. Statistical analysis among the five-year-old and under population group indicated significant associations between area and physiological status, birthweight and physical conditions identified and monthly household income and physiological status (p<0.05). The over five-year-old population group revealed a greater significance between the independent and dependent variable categories than in the age group five years and under. The study revealed that South Africa’s burden of disease is evident in these findings with HIV/AIDS topping the list. The prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS and Hypertention are higher than the national prevalence rates, in Cradock and Tarkastad. It was also worthwhile to mention that Tarkastad faces more socio-economic challenges compared to Cradock. Recommendations were made for nursing practice, nursing education and further development of nursing research based on the research findings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Olivera, Shanene
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Medical care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Diseases -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Statistics, Medical Surveys
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43088 , vital:36734
- Description: The South African government is investigating alternative ways to address the electricity crisis and has identified fracking as an alternative energy source. Specific areas have been identified for the implementation of Shale Gas Development. Various research studies have connected fracking to the incidence of certain diseases. Since Cradock and Tarkastad have been identified as prospective areas for the implementation of fracking, the primary aim of this study was to determine the disease profile of the community members in Cradock and Tarkastad. This baseline data could be utilised at a later stage as a benchmark when similar studies are conducted after the implementation of Shale Gas Development in these communities. A quantitative approach utilising a comparative descriptive survey design was adopted to conduct this study. The research population comprised all community members in Cradock and Tarkastad. A multi-staged sampling process was applied namely, cluster, convenient and stratified random sampling process; 489 respondents were included in the research sample. Two structured questionnaires and checklists were developed and administered by Registered Nurses, who were recruited as fieldworkers, to collect the data for the study. One questionnaire and checklist were designed and used for the age groups five-year and under population (n=43), and the other questionnaire and checklist were used for the over five-year population group (n=446). This allowed for the establishment of a disease profile of all ages in both areas. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data, and a pilot study was conducted before the primary study. The results of the study revealed the current disease profile in Tarkastad and Cradock. One of the objectives of the study was to compare the prevalence of diseases and abnormalities found in Cradock and Tarkastad. Thereafter the disease profiles were combined in a single profile for both Cradock and Tarkastad. Statistical analysis among the five-year-old and under population group indicated significant associations between area and physiological status, birthweight and physical conditions identified and monthly household income and physiological status (p<0.05). The over five-year-old population group revealed a greater significance between the independent and dependent variable categories than in the age group five years and under. The study revealed that South Africa’s burden of disease is evident in these findings with HIV/AIDS topping the list. The prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS and Hypertention are higher than the national prevalence rates, in Cradock and Tarkastad. It was also worthwhile to mention that Tarkastad faces more socio-economic challenges compared to Cradock. Recommendations were made for nursing practice, nursing education and further development of nursing research based on the research findings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Establishing computational approaches towards identifying malarial allosteric modulators: a case study of plasmodium falciparum hsp70s
- Amusengeri, Arnold, Astl, Lindy, Lobb, Kevin A, Verkhivker, Gennady M, Tastan Bishop, Özlem
- Authors: Amusengeri, Arnold , Astl, Lindy , Lobb, Kevin A , Verkhivker, Gennady M , Tastan Bishop, Özlem
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/163000 , vital:41003 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225574
- Description: Combating malaria is almost a never-ending battle, as Plasmodium parasites develop resistance to the drugs used against them, as observed recently in artemisinin-based combination therapies. The main concern now is if the resistant parasite strains spread from Southeast Asia to Africa, the continent hosting most malaria cases. To prevent catastrophic results, we need to find non-conventional approaches. Allosteric drug targeting sites and modulators might be a new hope for malarial treatments. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are potential malarial drug targets and have complex allosteric control mechanisms. Yet, studies on designing allosteric modulators against them are limited. Here, we identified allosteric modulators (SANC190 and SANC651) against P. falciparum Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-x, affecting the conformational dynamics of the proteins, delicately balanced by the endogenous ligands. Previously, we established a pipeline to identify allosteric sites and modulators. This study also further investigated alternative approaches to speed up the process by comparing all atom molecular dynamics simulations and dynamic residue network analysis with the coarse-grained (CG) versions of the calculations. Betweenness centrality (BC) profiles for PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp70-x derived from CG simulations not only revealed similar trends but also pointed to the same functional regions and specific residues corresponding to BC profile peaks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Amusengeri, Arnold , Astl, Lindy , Lobb, Kevin A , Verkhivker, Gennady M , Tastan Bishop, Özlem
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/163000 , vital:41003 , https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225574
- Description: Combating malaria is almost a never-ending battle, as Plasmodium parasites develop resistance to the drugs used against them, as observed recently in artemisinin-based combination therapies. The main concern now is if the resistant parasite strains spread from Southeast Asia to Africa, the continent hosting most malaria cases. To prevent catastrophic results, we need to find non-conventional approaches. Allosteric drug targeting sites and modulators might be a new hope for malarial treatments. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are potential malarial drug targets and have complex allosteric control mechanisms. Yet, studies on designing allosteric modulators against them are limited. Here, we identified allosteric modulators (SANC190 and SANC651) against P. falciparum Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-x, affecting the conformational dynamics of the proteins, delicately balanced by the endogenous ligands. Previously, we established a pipeline to identify allosteric sites and modulators. This study also further investigated alternative approaches to speed up the process by comparing all atom molecular dynamics simulations and dynamic residue network analysis with the coarse-grained (CG) versions of the calculations. Betweenness centrality (BC) profiles for PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp70-x derived from CG simulations not only revealed similar trends but also pointed to the same functional regions and specific residues corresponding to BC profile peaks.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluating Livestock Development Programmes through the Production Risk Interface: Case of the Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo (KyD) Scheme in South Africa
- Authors: Ngarava, Saul
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Livestock projects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15730 , vital:40513
- Description: Livestock is significant in the livelihoods of the rural poor, providing a plethora of benefits. Livestock Development Programmes (LDPs) can transform smallholder farmers’ production for increased production and poverty reduction. The Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo (KyD) Scheme is a LDP implemented in South Africa with the aim of assisting smallholder farmers to attain economic and sustainable beef production. The literature shows that most evaluations of LDPs have been quantitative based on measurable and quantifiable metrics. Furthermore, various socio-economic and institutional factors have a bearing on the decision to participate in LDPs and eventually adopting the practices. Impact assessments of LDPs have been devoid of risk consideration as well as ascertaining how risk introduced by participating in LDPs has impacted productivity. The overall objective of the study was therefore to evaluate LDPs, focussing on benefits, participation and risk. The specific objectives of the study entailed developing a conceptual tool for measuring the qualitative and secondary benefits. Secondly, it was to determine factors influencing participation decisions in the KyD Scheme. Thirdly, the study sought to measure and compare calving rate and off-take rate risk between KyD Scheme participants and non-participants. Lastly, the study highlighted the variability (risk) introduced by participating in a LDP and its impact on production. The study utilised a cross-sectional survey of KyD Scheme participants and nonparticipants in KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. Non-probability convenience sampling method was utilised in selecting a sample of 164 KyD Scheme participants and 81 non-participants. A semi-structured questionnaire was the data collection tool utilised. A conceptual “Livelihood Effect Benefit Index”; Probit, Tobit and Ordered Probit models; Just and Pope Production function; Propensity Score Matching; and Monte Carlo Simulations were utilised to analyse data. Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 24, STATA 13 and @Risk Decision Tool were the analytical packages utilised in analysing the data. The study found that the Scheme provided low qualitative benefits, mainly through social capital. Furthermore, socio-economic and institutional factors have significant impact on the decision to participate in the Scheme, extent of participation and decision to continue practicing Scheme experiences. In comparing the two groups of Scheme and Scheme non-participants, calving and off-take risk for KyD Scheme participants was lower than that of Scheme non-participants. In comparing individuals with similar characteristics between the two groups, Scheme participants reduced calving risk whilst increasing the off-take risk. Page | vi The study concluded that the Scheme exhibited low qualitative benefits. Furthermore, the decisions to participate and the extent of participation in the KyD Scheme were influenced by various socio-economic and institutional factors, which were however more favourable to resource endowed smallholder farmers. In addition, the Scheme had significant impact on production risk. The risk reducing determinants appeared to also favour more resource endowed smallholder farmers who had more farming experience. The study’s recommendations were subdivided into short term, medium term and long term. The short term recommendations included targeting farmers within a distance of between 30km and 90km from a formal market, promoting dipping services-based training and extension, and providing information and training concerning calving i.e. animal health, husbandry and breed selection for herd maximization. Participation in the Scheme and the extent of participation can be improved through enhancing awareness of the Scheme at various points where stock feed are available to farmers. Furthermore, enhanced cooperation with extension workers provides a conduit in improving awareness of the Scheme and enhancing participation. The medium term recommendations pertained to initiatives such as promoting other livelihood options to enhance benefits of the programme, and promoting social capital enhancing initiatives such as mentoring and providing social capital objectives that can be integrated into the overall livestock sector strategy. The long-term recommendations include initiatives such as subsidizing increase in herd size to between 50 and 120 cattle, maintaining a monthly frequency of farmer-extension contact of between 2 and 5 times per month, as well as incorporating calving and off-take risk in policy formulation, implementation and evaluation
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Ngarava, Saul
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Livestock projects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15730 , vital:40513
- Description: Livestock is significant in the livelihoods of the rural poor, providing a plethora of benefits. Livestock Development Programmes (LDPs) can transform smallholder farmers’ production for increased production and poverty reduction. The Kaonafatso ya Dikgomo (KyD) Scheme is a LDP implemented in South Africa with the aim of assisting smallholder farmers to attain economic and sustainable beef production. The literature shows that most evaluations of LDPs have been quantitative based on measurable and quantifiable metrics. Furthermore, various socio-economic and institutional factors have a bearing on the decision to participate in LDPs and eventually adopting the practices. Impact assessments of LDPs have been devoid of risk consideration as well as ascertaining how risk introduced by participating in LDPs has impacted productivity. The overall objective of the study was therefore to evaluate LDPs, focussing on benefits, participation and risk. The specific objectives of the study entailed developing a conceptual tool for measuring the qualitative and secondary benefits. Secondly, it was to determine factors influencing participation decisions in the KyD Scheme. Thirdly, the study sought to measure and compare calving rate and off-take rate risk between KyD Scheme participants and non-participants. Lastly, the study highlighted the variability (risk) introduced by participating in a LDP and its impact on production. The study utilised a cross-sectional survey of KyD Scheme participants and nonparticipants in KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. Non-probability convenience sampling method was utilised in selecting a sample of 164 KyD Scheme participants and 81 non-participants. A semi-structured questionnaire was the data collection tool utilised. A conceptual “Livelihood Effect Benefit Index”; Probit, Tobit and Ordered Probit models; Just and Pope Production function; Propensity Score Matching; and Monte Carlo Simulations were utilised to analyse data. Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 24, STATA 13 and @Risk Decision Tool were the analytical packages utilised in analysing the data. The study found that the Scheme provided low qualitative benefits, mainly through social capital. Furthermore, socio-economic and institutional factors have significant impact on the decision to participate in the Scheme, extent of participation and decision to continue practicing Scheme experiences. In comparing the two groups of Scheme and Scheme non-participants, calving and off-take risk for KyD Scheme participants was lower than that of Scheme non-participants. In comparing individuals with similar characteristics between the two groups, Scheme participants reduced calving risk whilst increasing the off-take risk. Page | vi The study concluded that the Scheme exhibited low qualitative benefits. Furthermore, the decisions to participate and the extent of participation in the KyD Scheme were influenced by various socio-economic and institutional factors, which were however more favourable to resource endowed smallholder farmers. In addition, the Scheme had significant impact on production risk. The risk reducing determinants appeared to also favour more resource endowed smallholder farmers who had more farming experience. The study’s recommendations were subdivided into short term, medium term and long term. The short term recommendations included targeting farmers within a distance of between 30km and 90km from a formal market, promoting dipping services-based training and extension, and providing information and training concerning calving i.e. animal health, husbandry and breed selection for herd maximization. Participation in the Scheme and the extent of participation can be improved through enhancing awareness of the Scheme at various points where stock feed are available to farmers. Furthermore, enhanced cooperation with extension workers provides a conduit in improving awareness of the Scheme and enhancing participation. The medium term recommendations pertained to initiatives such as promoting other livelihood options to enhance benefits of the programme, and promoting social capital enhancing initiatives such as mentoring and providing social capital objectives that can be integrated into the overall livestock sector strategy. The long-term recommendations include initiatives such as subsidizing increase in herd size to between 50 and 120 cattle, maintaining a monthly frequency of farmer-extension contact of between 2 and 5 times per month, as well as incorporating calving and off-take risk in policy formulation, implementation and evaluation
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluating the benefits of the extended public works programme in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
- Authors: Lindani-Beni, Bulelwa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Public service employment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Job creation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Public works -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/40555 , vital:36182
- Description: Public Works Programmes (PWPs) are interventions implemented by the government to overcome the high levels of unemployment and to provide the poor with salaries so that they can meet their basic needs. This was done in response to the United Nations (UN) call to meet the sustainable development goals adopted in 2015. The study defines PWPs and gives an overview of the categories of the intervention programmes. Different countries use the PWPs for different aims from poverty reduction, response to economic shocks and guaranteed employment. Most of the countries, like South Africa, use these programmes as a temporary relief. Unemployment remains a challenge in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) and the municipality has always been unsuccessful in reaching the targets expected in job creation. The study compares the South African Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) with the two other international programmes, India and Malawi. The analysis of the three phases of the South African EPWP since its inception in 2004 is done in this study. The paper analysed the BCMM’s EPWP projects in the Eastern Cape where there is a high level of unemployment and a high degree of rural-urban migration. An overview of the Malawi Social Action Fund (MASAF) and India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA) is also presented in this study. The researcher analysed documents and desktop reviews for the study. The available information such as the programme strategic plans, logical frameworks, policy documents, implementation reports, academic journals and media reports were consulted for this study. The study highlighted challenges in the South African EPWP which contributes towards the inefficiency of the programme in reducing the high levels of unemployment in the BCMM. The researcher provided recommendations that may improve the effectiveness of the public works programme in South Africa. One recommendation is the development of a Management Information System for EPWP that can assist the government in monitoring and evaluating the whole programme in the different departments and municipalities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Lindani-Beni, Bulelwa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Public service employment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Job creation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Public works -- South Africa -- Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/40555 , vital:36182
- Description: Public Works Programmes (PWPs) are interventions implemented by the government to overcome the high levels of unemployment and to provide the poor with salaries so that they can meet their basic needs. This was done in response to the United Nations (UN) call to meet the sustainable development goals adopted in 2015. The study defines PWPs and gives an overview of the categories of the intervention programmes. Different countries use the PWPs for different aims from poverty reduction, response to economic shocks and guaranteed employment. Most of the countries, like South Africa, use these programmes as a temporary relief. Unemployment remains a challenge in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) and the municipality has always been unsuccessful in reaching the targets expected in job creation. The study compares the South African Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) with the two other international programmes, India and Malawi. The analysis of the three phases of the South African EPWP since its inception in 2004 is done in this study. The paper analysed the BCMM’s EPWP projects in the Eastern Cape where there is a high level of unemployment and a high degree of rural-urban migration. An overview of the Malawi Social Action Fund (MASAF) and India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA) is also presented in this study. The researcher analysed documents and desktop reviews for the study. The available information such as the programme strategic plans, logical frameworks, policy documents, implementation reports, academic journals and media reports were consulted for this study. The study highlighted challenges in the South African EPWP which contributes towards the inefficiency of the programme in reducing the high levels of unemployment in the BCMM. The researcher provided recommendations that may improve the effectiveness of the public works programme in South Africa. One recommendation is the development of a Management Information System for EPWP that can assist the government in monitoring and evaluating the whole programme in the different departments and municipalities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluating the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV Services in the Eastern Cape: subtitle if needed. If no subtitle follow instructions in manual
- Authors: Sigovana, Khuthala
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/3176 , vital:43182
- Description: Abstract text To effectively reduce HIV transmission to newborns requires a reduction of HIV prevalence among pregnant women and a full understanding of its epidemiology. There is however, a literature gap: few recent HIV studies focus on women attending antenatal care in rural areas in South Africa. A Cross-sectional study of women attending antenatal care in four Primary Care facilities was conducted. An interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and medical history was used. Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with HIV and to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). The 95% confidence interval (CI) is used for precision of estimates; p≤0.05 for statistical significance. A total of 343 participants were recruited. Most participants (n = 341 or 99.42%; CI: 97.91 – 99.93) knew their HIV status. The antenatal HIV prevalence was 38.19% (CI: 33.17 – 43.48). Participants older than 40 years were 3.99 and 3.81 times more likely to be HIV positive compared to teenagers (PR = 3.99; CI: 1.11 – 14.30; pstxvalue = 0.034) and those in the 20-29 age group (PR = 3.81; CI: 1.07 – 13.60; pstxvaluevalue = 0.039) respectively; and this was statistically significant. Unemployed participants were 34% (PR = 1.34; CI: 1.16 – 1.55; p-value less than 0.0001) and 41 percent (PR = 1.41; CI: 1.23 – 1.61; p-value less than 0.0001) more likely to be HIV positive when compared to tertiary students and self-employed individuals respectively. The antenatal HIV prevalence remains high and is increasing in this population. However, findings suggest a changing and maturing epidemic. , Thesis (MMED) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Sigovana, Khuthala
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/3176 , vital:43182
- Description: Abstract text To effectively reduce HIV transmission to newborns requires a reduction of HIV prevalence among pregnant women and a full understanding of its epidemiology. There is however, a literature gap: few recent HIV studies focus on women attending antenatal care in rural areas in South Africa. A Cross-sectional study of women attending antenatal care in four Primary Care facilities was conducted. An interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and medical history was used. Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with HIV and to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). The 95% confidence interval (CI) is used for precision of estimates; p≤0.05 for statistical significance. A total of 343 participants were recruited. Most participants (n = 341 or 99.42%; CI: 97.91 – 99.93) knew their HIV status. The antenatal HIV prevalence was 38.19% (CI: 33.17 – 43.48). Participants older than 40 years were 3.99 and 3.81 times more likely to be HIV positive compared to teenagers (PR = 3.99; CI: 1.11 – 14.30; pstxvalue = 0.034) and those in the 20-29 age group (PR = 3.81; CI: 1.07 – 13.60; pstxvaluevalue = 0.039) respectively; and this was statistically significant. Unemployed participants were 34% (PR = 1.34; CI: 1.16 – 1.55; p-value less than 0.0001) and 41 percent (PR = 1.41; CI: 1.23 – 1.61; p-value less than 0.0001) more likely to be HIV positive when compared to tertiary students and self-employed individuals respectively. The antenatal HIV prevalence remains high and is increasing in this population. However, findings suggest a changing and maturing epidemic. , Thesis (MMED) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluation of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design Principles at the University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus
- Authors: Mditshwa, Abongile Sisanda
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Crime prevention
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc.Sci (Criminology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17695 , vital:41137
- Description: The University of Fort Hare Alice campus experiences high crime rates. To address this problem, and add to the literature, this study applied the Crime Prevention through Environmental design (CPTED) model to measure the effectiveness of the crime prevention strategies at the University of Fort Hare (Alice campus). The aim of this study was to evaluate the sufficiency of surveillance and visibility, target hardening, maintenance and management at the University of Fort Hare, which contribute to the reduction of criminal activities around campus. The study further sought to evaluate the perceptions of students regarding their safety on campus by way of soliciting their experiences and observations. This study used the quantitative method, and questionnaires were distributed to the students in the Alice campus to collect data. The study found that whilst a marginal majority of students felt safe, a large proportion of students felt unsafe on campus. The study also found that students were dissatisfied with the service and found the security officers to be incompetent and un-trained. The study evaluated the sufficiency of crime prevention measures implemented within the university. One crucial aspect that emerged from the study is that CPTED principles were not sufficiently implemented to their fullest and the perception of the majority of students was that security personnel were not functioning in the way that they should, and measures such as adequate lighting were lacking. As a result, students felt unsafe on campus, especially during the night .The study concluded that there are clear increased feelings of vulnerability among students at the University of Fort Hare. The measures that are currently in place are not sufficient; therefore there is need for implementation of CPTED principles. It was recommended that the University increases number of CCTV surveillance cameras on campus, Social gathering places be surrounded by security guards for patrols, lighting recommendations that are modern and in proper design, keep up with repairs, make necessary replacements, paint, trim, current campus buildings e updated to meet recent CPTED practises etc.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mditshwa, Abongile Sisanda
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Crime prevention
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc.Sci (Criminology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17695 , vital:41137
- Description: The University of Fort Hare Alice campus experiences high crime rates. To address this problem, and add to the literature, this study applied the Crime Prevention through Environmental design (CPTED) model to measure the effectiveness of the crime prevention strategies at the University of Fort Hare (Alice campus). The aim of this study was to evaluate the sufficiency of surveillance and visibility, target hardening, maintenance and management at the University of Fort Hare, which contribute to the reduction of criminal activities around campus. The study further sought to evaluate the perceptions of students regarding their safety on campus by way of soliciting their experiences and observations. This study used the quantitative method, and questionnaires were distributed to the students in the Alice campus to collect data. The study found that whilst a marginal majority of students felt safe, a large proportion of students felt unsafe on campus. The study also found that students were dissatisfied with the service and found the security officers to be incompetent and un-trained. The study evaluated the sufficiency of crime prevention measures implemented within the university. One crucial aspect that emerged from the study is that CPTED principles were not sufficiently implemented to their fullest and the perception of the majority of students was that security personnel were not functioning in the way that they should, and measures such as adequate lighting were lacking. As a result, students felt unsafe on campus, especially during the night .The study concluded that there are clear increased feelings of vulnerability among students at the University of Fort Hare. The measures that are currently in place are not sufficient; therefore there is need for implementation of CPTED principles. It was recommended that the University increases number of CCTV surveillance cameras on campus, Social gathering places be surrounded by security guards for patrols, lighting recommendations that are modern and in proper design, keep up with repairs, make necessary replacements, paint, trim, current campus buildings e updated to meet recent CPTED practises etc.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluation of groundwater potential based on hybrid approach of geology, geophysics, and geoinformatics: Case study of Buffalo Catchment area, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Owolabi,Solomon T
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Hydrogeology Geology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Geology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12238 , vital:39218
- Description: This study focuses on the feasibility of exploring potential groundwater zones through assessment of catchment geo-hydrodynamic processes, using hydro-statistic principles and geographic information system-based approaches. The research work integrated analysis of hydrologic variables, geologic structures, and geomorpho-tectonic processes that provide information on spatial variability of hydrologic units in a watershed. The study is aimed at improving conceptual knowledge and presenting the technical feasibility of exploring potential groundwater zones through geo-hydrodynamic perspectives in hydrogeologically challenged environments. The study adopted a case design approach at the Buffalo hydrologic basin headwater in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The methods used in this study include: field mapping of geologic units and structures, digital processing of aeromagnetic map, cross-section profiling of borehole logs, auto-extraction of lineament, streamflow variability and recession assessment, geomorpho-tectonic analysis of surficial drainage pattern, vertical electrical sounding for imaging shallow subsurface layers, and geospatial integration of thematic maps of groundwater multi-influencing factors. The results indicate that the hydrogeological settings of Buffalo watershed comprised of good, moderate, fair, poor and very poor groundwater potential zones which cover 187 km2 , 338 km2 , 406 km2 , 185 km2 , and 121 km2 respectively. The results report that the groundwater system of Buffalo watershed is mainly hosted by the well-drained fractured dolerite and the shallow unconfined sandstone aquifer. The aquifer is bounded by two parallel impermeable valley walls in the north and south. Also, the Buffalo drainage system constitutes a variable head boundary as a groundwater discharge zone. The groundwater discharge which mostly occurs at the Tshoxa upper course, Mgqakwebe, Quencwe, Yellowwoods upper course and the Buffalo River center influence the status of the Buffalo River as a perennial river system. vi The groundwater recharge occurs through the networks of surficial lineaments and fractures concentrated on the sandstone lithosome, mostly in the northern half of the watershed. The surficial tectonic features trend in a WNW-ESE and E-W direction. The groundwater flow system is controlled by the subsurface lineaments which are oriented in west-northwest – eastsoutheast direction. Most of the groundwater recharge is driven by rain which is extreme at the north. The hydro-climatic pattern of the region influences the dendritic drainage system of Buffalo watershed. The geologic characterization and geomorpho-tectonic analysis indicate that the geologic settings are made up of upward-fining lithologic material and siliciclastic materials that were deposited as fill in paleochannels by braided and meandering fluvial systems. The variability in dissection property and the fluvial system indicates that Buffalo hydrologic and geomorphic systems are heterogeneous and complex. The possible impact of these variabilities aligns with the report of geoelectric sections which revealed the heterogeneity of the aquifer intrinsic properties and variability in groundwater yield. The electric resistivity tomography revealed the existence of a fault system and variation in the thickness of the aquifer. Hydrologic characterization indicates the vulnerability status of the rivers within the watershed. In particular, the Ngqokweni River is vulnerable to diminution while Quencwe River has the potential for a flash flood. Buffalo station is an important surface water capture zone. Delineation of groundwater potential zone should incorporate geologic, hydrologic, geophysical, geomorphotectonic, and environmental perspectives due to the inherent relationship among influencing factors. The study therefore identifies groundwater capture zones which can be further explored for groundwater development and to mitigate the stake of water shortage. The study therefore recommends the approach here to the department of water affairs for adoption to map the zones of groundwater potential at a regional scale. The study also provides resourceful information on vii groundwater recharge zones and therefore recommends that the environment and water stakeholders work together to protect the recharge zones from groundwater contamination due to land use
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Owolabi,Solomon T
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Hydrogeology Geology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Geology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12238 , vital:39218
- Description: This study focuses on the feasibility of exploring potential groundwater zones through assessment of catchment geo-hydrodynamic processes, using hydro-statistic principles and geographic information system-based approaches. The research work integrated analysis of hydrologic variables, geologic structures, and geomorpho-tectonic processes that provide information on spatial variability of hydrologic units in a watershed. The study is aimed at improving conceptual knowledge and presenting the technical feasibility of exploring potential groundwater zones through geo-hydrodynamic perspectives in hydrogeologically challenged environments. The study adopted a case design approach at the Buffalo hydrologic basin headwater in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The methods used in this study include: field mapping of geologic units and structures, digital processing of aeromagnetic map, cross-section profiling of borehole logs, auto-extraction of lineament, streamflow variability and recession assessment, geomorpho-tectonic analysis of surficial drainage pattern, vertical electrical sounding for imaging shallow subsurface layers, and geospatial integration of thematic maps of groundwater multi-influencing factors. The results indicate that the hydrogeological settings of Buffalo watershed comprised of good, moderate, fair, poor and very poor groundwater potential zones which cover 187 km2 , 338 km2 , 406 km2 , 185 km2 , and 121 km2 respectively. The results report that the groundwater system of Buffalo watershed is mainly hosted by the well-drained fractured dolerite and the shallow unconfined sandstone aquifer. The aquifer is bounded by two parallel impermeable valley walls in the north and south. Also, the Buffalo drainage system constitutes a variable head boundary as a groundwater discharge zone. The groundwater discharge which mostly occurs at the Tshoxa upper course, Mgqakwebe, Quencwe, Yellowwoods upper course and the Buffalo River center influence the status of the Buffalo River as a perennial river system. vi The groundwater recharge occurs through the networks of surficial lineaments and fractures concentrated on the sandstone lithosome, mostly in the northern half of the watershed. The surficial tectonic features trend in a WNW-ESE and E-W direction. The groundwater flow system is controlled by the subsurface lineaments which are oriented in west-northwest – eastsoutheast direction. Most of the groundwater recharge is driven by rain which is extreme at the north. The hydro-climatic pattern of the region influences the dendritic drainage system of Buffalo watershed. The geologic characterization and geomorpho-tectonic analysis indicate that the geologic settings are made up of upward-fining lithologic material and siliciclastic materials that were deposited as fill in paleochannels by braided and meandering fluvial systems. The variability in dissection property and the fluvial system indicates that Buffalo hydrologic and geomorphic systems are heterogeneous and complex. The possible impact of these variabilities aligns with the report of geoelectric sections which revealed the heterogeneity of the aquifer intrinsic properties and variability in groundwater yield. The electric resistivity tomography revealed the existence of a fault system and variation in the thickness of the aquifer. Hydrologic characterization indicates the vulnerability status of the rivers within the watershed. In particular, the Ngqokweni River is vulnerable to diminution while Quencwe River has the potential for a flash flood. Buffalo station is an important surface water capture zone. Delineation of groundwater potential zone should incorporate geologic, hydrologic, geophysical, geomorphotectonic, and environmental perspectives due to the inherent relationship among influencing factors. The study therefore identifies groundwater capture zones which can be further explored for groundwater development and to mitigate the stake of water shortage. The study therefore recommends the approach here to the department of water affairs for adoption to map the zones of groundwater potential at a regional scale. The study also provides resourceful information on vii groundwater recharge zones and therefore recommends that the environment and water stakeholders work together to protect the recharge zones from groundwater contamination due to land use
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluation of pre-treatment methods on production of bioethanol from bagasse and sugarcane trash
- Authors: Dodo, Charlie Marembo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Lignocellulose
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15387 , vital:40403
- Description: A variety of methods have been researched on for bioethanol preparation from different feedstocks. Amongst the available feedstock, one such feedstock is the sugarcane plant. In most of the research on bioethanol preparation with sugarcane the sugary juice has been widely used, with the bagasse and trash having been discarded as waste. The “waste” bagasse and trash are usually removed and thrown away or burnt during harvesting or in sugar mills to supplement energy requirements. This research on lignocellulosic bagasse and trash was done so as not to discard them but to rather find ways in which to use this biomass constructively. Alternatives to burning that can potentially add value to this biomass need to be researched on by evaluating their hydrolysis content. The different lignocellulose pretreatment methods of concentrated and dilute acid pretreatment, with subsequent enzyme hydrolysis as well as alkali and oxidative alkali pretreatment with enzyme hydrolysis were experimented on the bagasse and trash for hydrolysis efficiency and effectiveness. There are two types of acid hydrolysis which were investigated on which are concentrated and dilute sulphuric acid pretreatments. Use of concentrated sulphuric acid yielded the highest amounts of reducing sugars but also resulted in the highest amounts of downstream process inhibitors formation. This resulted in the need for neutralisation steps which in turn increase the overall costs of using this method to obtain reducing sugars. It has however the advantage of occurring at a faster rate, within minutes or hours, than using biological enzymes which took days, up to 72 hours to obtain the highest reducing sugar amounts. Dilute sulphuric acid pretreatment offered the advantage of using fewer chemicals which are therefore less severe on equipment and result in fewer fermentation inhibitors being formed. Dilute sulphuric acid hydrolysis also takes a relatively shorter period than biological methods of pretreatment. A challenge of fermentation inhibitors formed during acid hydrolysis was countered by using the methods of overliming (calcium hydroxide) and comparing it to neutralization with sodium hydroxide. Alkali pretreatment with sodium hydroxide was researched on by applying different pretreatment concentrations during experiments on the lignocellulosic biomass. There was an increase in the available quantities of cellulose with a significant reduction in lignin with pretreatment. Alkali pretreatment proved effective in exposing the cellulose which made v more cellulose surface area available to cellulase enzymes for enzyme hydrolysis. The highest yield of reducing sugars was obtained from hydrolysates pretreated with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide for 60 min and a period of 72 h of enzyme hydrolysis. In general the longer the pretreatment time the more reducing sugars were produced from the enzyme hydrolysis. Alkali peroxide pretreatment also resulted in significant reductions in lignin quantities of lignocellulose material. In this method sodium hydroxide in combination with hydrogen peroxide were used in pretreating the biomass. Hydrolysates with even fewer fermentation inhibitors were produced as a result. The highest percentage concentration of cellulose of 63% (g/g) was achieved after pretreatment of bagasse with 5% alkali hydrogen peroxide and trash with 0,25M sodium hydroxide pretreatment. Pretreatment of biomass using alkali with subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis gave the highest yields of fermentable sugars of 38% (g/g) using 7% (v/v) alkali peroxide pre-treated trash than 36% (g/g) for 5% (v/v) with the least inhibitors. Reducing sugar yields of 25% (g/g) and 22% (g/g) were obtained after pretreatment with concentrated and dilute acid respectively. Neutralization of the acid hydrolysates was necessary to reduce inhibitors formed with neutralisation by sodium hydroxide resulting in low dilutions and loss of fermentable sugars as unlike in the case of overliming. Subsequent steps of fermenting the reducing sugars resulting from pretreatment into bioethanol were based on using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae. Pretreatment hydrolysates from alkali peroxide experiments produced higher bioethanol yields of 13.7 (g/l) after enzyme hydrolysates versus 6.9 (g/l) bioethanol from dilute acid hydrolyzates. A comparison of the effects of time showed there was more bioethanol yield of 13.7 (g/l) after 72 h of fermentation with the yeast versus 7.0 (g/l) bioethanol after pretreatment for 24 h. The only drawback is the longer fermentation period which thus reduces the process and so reduces the value of the increase in yield
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Dodo, Charlie Marembo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Lignocellulose
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15387 , vital:40403
- Description: A variety of methods have been researched on for bioethanol preparation from different feedstocks. Amongst the available feedstock, one such feedstock is the sugarcane plant. In most of the research on bioethanol preparation with sugarcane the sugary juice has been widely used, with the bagasse and trash having been discarded as waste. The “waste” bagasse and trash are usually removed and thrown away or burnt during harvesting or in sugar mills to supplement energy requirements. This research on lignocellulosic bagasse and trash was done so as not to discard them but to rather find ways in which to use this biomass constructively. Alternatives to burning that can potentially add value to this biomass need to be researched on by evaluating their hydrolysis content. The different lignocellulose pretreatment methods of concentrated and dilute acid pretreatment, with subsequent enzyme hydrolysis as well as alkali and oxidative alkali pretreatment with enzyme hydrolysis were experimented on the bagasse and trash for hydrolysis efficiency and effectiveness. There are two types of acid hydrolysis which were investigated on which are concentrated and dilute sulphuric acid pretreatments. Use of concentrated sulphuric acid yielded the highest amounts of reducing sugars but also resulted in the highest amounts of downstream process inhibitors formation. This resulted in the need for neutralisation steps which in turn increase the overall costs of using this method to obtain reducing sugars. It has however the advantage of occurring at a faster rate, within minutes or hours, than using biological enzymes which took days, up to 72 hours to obtain the highest reducing sugar amounts. Dilute sulphuric acid pretreatment offered the advantage of using fewer chemicals which are therefore less severe on equipment and result in fewer fermentation inhibitors being formed. Dilute sulphuric acid hydrolysis also takes a relatively shorter period than biological methods of pretreatment. A challenge of fermentation inhibitors formed during acid hydrolysis was countered by using the methods of overliming (calcium hydroxide) and comparing it to neutralization with sodium hydroxide. Alkali pretreatment with sodium hydroxide was researched on by applying different pretreatment concentrations during experiments on the lignocellulosic biomass. There was an increase in the available quantities of cellulose with a significant reduction in lignin with pretreatment. Alkali pretreatment proved effective in exposing the cellulose which made v more cellulose surface area available to cellulase enzymes for enzyme hydrolysis. The highest yield of reducing sugars was obtained from hydrolysates pretreated with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide for 60 min and a period of 72 h of enzyme hydrolysis. In general the longer the pretreatment time the more reducing sugars were produced from the enzyme hydrolysis. Alkali peroxide pretreatment also resulted in significant reductions in lignin quantities of lignocellulose material. In this method sodium hydroxide in combination with hydrogen peroxide were used in pretreating the biomass. Hydrolysates with even fewer fermentation inhibitors were produced as a result. The highest percentage concentration of cellulose of 63% (g/g) was achieved after pretreatment of bagasse with 5% alkali hydrogen peroxide and trash with 0,25M sodium hydroxide pretreatment. Pretreatment of biomass using alkali with subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis gave the highest yields of fermentable sugars of 38% (g/g) using 7% (v/v) alkali peroxide pre-treated trash than 36% (g/g) for 5% (v/v) with the least inhibitors. Reducing sugar yields of 25% (g/g) and 22% (g/g) were obtained after pretreatment with concentrated and dilute acid respectively. Neutralization of the acid hydrolysates was necessary to reduce inhibitors formed with neutralisation by sodium hydroxide resulting in low dilutions and loss of fermentable sugars as unlike in the case of overliming. Subsequent steps of fermenting the reducing sugars resulting from pretreatment into bioethanol were based on using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae. Pretreatment hydrolysates from alkali peroxide experiments produced higher bioethanol yields of 13.7 (g/l) after enzyme hydrolysates versus 6.9 (g/l) bioethanol from dilute acid hydrolyzates. A comparison of the effects of time showed there was more bioethanol yield of 13.7 (g/l) after 72 h of fermentation with the yeast versus 7.0 (g/l) bioethanol after pretreatment for 24 h. The only drawback is the longer fermentation period which thus reduces the process and so reduces the value of the increase in yield
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluation of SNPs of G6PD, with regard to the 3D conformational, structural and stability alterations, in order to investigate the clinical implications and potential applications
- Authors: Sanabria, Natasha Mary-Anne
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76500 , vital:30574
- Description: Expected release date-April 2020
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Sanabria, Natasha Mary-Anne
- Date: 2019
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76500 , vital:30574
- Description: Expected release date-April 2020
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluation of some Eastern beach bacteria for high activity laccase production
- Authors: Ntlatywa, Nonkolisi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Laccase
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , vital:40025
- Description: Laccases are multi-copper oxidases endowed with huge applicability and versatility. They are found in nature, fungi, insects, archaea and bacteria; however, there is a dearth of information regarding bacterial laccases. Thus, the search for novel bacterial laccases becomes crucial. Therefore, the broad aim of the study was the assessment of some bacteria on marine water isolated from Eastern beach for the production of high activity laccases. In this study, marine water samples obtained from the Eastern beach in East London were investigated for bacterial laccase-producing isolates. The samples were analysed using different microbiological media and varied substrates via qualitative methods. The isolates were tested for laccase activity using ABTS (2, 2’- azinobis 3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonate), as a substrate. The present study also dealt with the optimization of culture conditions for laccase production and characterization of laccase. A total of forty-eight (48) bacterial isolates were obtained, which were identified based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Many of the isolates (42) were categorized as Gram positive and a few (6) as Gram negative upon subjecting to microscopic examination. Result showed that on average, laccase activity ranged from 5.33 – 6.5 U/L as demonstrated by three bacterial isolates (Bacillus sp. NFN1, Bacillus sp. NLN and Escherichia coli LO). Laccase production was highly enhanced by the supplementation with vanillic acid by Bacillus sp. strain NLN with yield of 15.83 ± 0.7 U/L, Bacillus sp. strain NFN1, 12.72 ± 0.21 U/L. However, Escherichia coli LO demonstrated enhanced laccase production with guaiacol (12.84 ± 1.12 U/L) followed by ferrulic acid (12.8 ± 0.36 U/L). While optimization results revealed that the laccase yield was enhanced under the following conditions: 72 h of incubation, pH 5, 0.5mg/L lactose as a carbon source, 1. 5 mg/L yeast extract as a nitrogen source as well as in the presence of corn stover and mandarin peels as lignocellulosic substrates depending on the bacteria.The time course and stability of laccase against temperature, pH, metal ions and organic solvents were investigated using previously described methods. In the findings obtained for the time course, the laccase activity ranged from 22.2- 23.98 U/L. In general, the optimum parameters for the optimum laccase activities depended on the bacterial isolates and the time of incubation and included 80 °C and 70 °C, pH 3 and 9 while, the thermal stability was over 100%. Overall, NaCl, ZnSO4, NiCl and 20% acetone demonstrated positive effect on the residual activity of the laccases of all the bacterial isolates (Bacillus sp. NFN1, Bacillus v sp. NLN and Escherichia coli LO). In conclusion the findings of the study, suggest that marine water of the Eastern beach is a rich source for laccase producing bacteria with potential of high activity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Ntlatywa, Nonkolisi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Laccase
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , vital:40025
- Description: Laccases are multi-copper oxidases endowed with huge applicability and versatility. They are found in nature, fungi, insects, archaea and bacteria; however, there is a dearth of information regarding bacterial laccases. Thus, the search for novel bacterial laccases becomes crucial. Therefore, the broad aim of the study was the assessment of some bacteria on marine water isolated from Eastern beach for the production of high activity laccases. In this study, marine water samples obtained from the Eastern beach in East London were investigated for bacterial laccase-producing isolates. The samples were analysed using different microbiological media and varied substrates via qualitative methods. The isolates were tested for laccase activity using ABTS (2, 2’- azinobis 3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonate), as a substrate. The present study also dealt with the optimization of culture conditions for laccase production and characterization of laccase. A total of forty-eight (48) bacterial isolates were obtained, which were identified based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Many of the isolates (42) were categorized as Gram positive and a few (6) as Gram negative upon subjecting to microscopic examination. Result showed that on average, laccase activity ranged from 5.33 – 6.5 U/L as demonstrated by three bacterial isolates (Bacillus sp. NFN1, Bacillus sp. NLN and Escherichia coli LO). Laccase production was highly enhanced by the supplementation with vanillic acid by Bacillus sp. strain NLN with yield of 15.83 ± 0.7 U/L, Bacillus sp. strain NFN1, 12.72 ± 0.21 U/L. However, Escherichia coli LO demonstrated enhanced laccase production with guaiacol (12.84 ± 1.12 U/L) followed by ferrulic acid (12.8 ± 0.36 U/L). While optimization results revealed that the laccase yield was enhanced under the following conditions: 72 h of incubation, pH 5, 0.5mg/L lactose as a carbon source, 1. 5 mg/L yeast extract as a nitrogen source as well as in the presence of corn stover and mandarin peels as lignocellulosic substrates depending on the bacteria.The time course and stability of laccase against temperature, pH, metal ions and organic solvents were investigated using previously described methods. In the findings obtained for the time course, the laccase activity ranged from 22.2- 23.98 U/L. In general, the optimum parameters for the optimum laccase activities depended on the bacterial isolates and the time of incubation and included 80 °C and 70 °C, pH 3 and 9 while, the thermal stability was over 100%. Overall, NaCl, ZnSO4, NiCl and 20% acetone demonstrated positive effect on the residual activity of the laccases of all the bacterial isolates (Bacillus sp. NFN1, Bacillus v sp. NLN and Escherichia coli LO). In conclusion the findings of the study, suggest that marine water of the Eastern beach is a rich source for laccase producing bacteria with potential of high activity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Evaluation of the photosensitizing properties of zinc and indium tetra cinnamic acid phthalocyanines linked to magnetic nanoparticles on human breast adenocarcinoma cells
- Matlou, Gauta G, Oluwole, David O, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Matlou, Gauta G , Oluwole, David O , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187582 , vital:44673 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.09.054"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis, photophysico-chemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of novel zinc (1) and indium (2) tetra substituted cinnamic acid phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes linked to amino functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) through an amide bond. Asymmetric ZnPc complex (3) showed better triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields as compared to its symmetrical analogues (1 and 2). The AMNPs (1-AMNPs and 2-AMNPs) linked conjugates depicted increased triplet quantum yields in comparison to their unlinked Pcs, while 3-AMNPs showed a decrease compared to 3. The complexes showed increased in-vitro photo-cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells with an increase in drug concentration. At 80 µg/mL, 2 and 3, 2-AMNPs and 3-AMNPs with higher singlet oxygen quantum yields caused more cytotoxic effect on the cancer cells in the presence of light as compared to 1 and 1-AMNPs respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Matlou, Gauta G , Oluwole, David O , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187582 , vital:44673 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.09.054"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis, photophysico-chemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of novel zinc (1) and indium (2) tetra substituted cinnamic acid phthalocyanine (Pc) complexes linked to amino functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (AMNPs) through an amide bond. Asymmetric ZnPc complex (3) showed better triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields as compared to its symmetrical analogues (1 and 2). The AMNPs (1-AMNPs and 2-AMNPs) linked conjugates depicted increased triplet quantum yields in comparison to their unlinked Pcs, while 3-AMNPs showed a decrease compared to 3. The complexes showed increased in-vitro photo-cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells with an increase in drug concentration. At 80 µg/mL, 2 and 3, 2-AMNPs and 3-AMNPs with higher singlet oxygen quantum yields caused more cytotoxic effect on the cancer cells in the presence of light as compared to 1 and 1-AMNPs respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Examination of teacher mediation and its impact on foundational reading skills in Grade-R classrooms in Namibia
- Authors: Nzwala, Kenneth
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Reading (Elementary) -- Namibia -- Case studies , Elementary school teachers -- Namibia -- Case studies , Early childhood education -- Curricula -- Namibia , Vygotskiĭ, L. S. (Lev Semenovich), 1896-1934
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/92291 , vital:30700
- Description: Grounded in the Sociocultural Theory (SCT) of Lev Vygotsky, this study examined teacher mediation and its impact on development of foundational reading skills in six Grade-R classrooms in the Zambezi Region of Namibia. It was a multiple case study with a mixed methods approach. Six Grade R classes attached to primary schools were studied to facilitate following of the same learners to Grade One. A purposive sampling technique was used to draw a sample of six Grade-R and Grade-One teachers. Learners were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected by means of interviews, observation of Grade R lessons, and an emergent Early Grade Reading Assessment (eEGRA) test. eEGRA facilitated benchmarking teacher efficacy in mediating Grade R learners’ foundational reading skills. Nine Grade One learners per teacher per school took part in the test at the beginning of Grade One. Three 35-minute lessons, per Grade-R teacher, were observed. Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA with thematic qualitative analysis of interview data against document analysis of curricula, teacher planning and learner exercise books. The study established that teachers had no understanding of ‘emergent literacy’, did not promote a love of books, or promote learning through play. There was evidence of a language barrier during lessons, which potentially reduced the efficacy of teacher mediation. The curriculum was found to be inappropriate as it lacked guidance relevant to Grade R teachers. This point was particularly pertinent as all teachers in this study had not received Grade-R training and were therefore looking to the curriculum for support. The difference between what teachers said and what they did was revealed in their classroom practice. Lesson planning was found to be superficial and non-reflective, with a marked discrepancy between what was planned and what was done. The style of pedagogy was primarily transmissive and authoritarian. Finally, the socio-economic distribution of the schools did not demonstrate significant impact on learner performance in the benchmark test. This study concludes that the Grade-R curriculum needs to be revised to be culturally and age appropriate. Teachers should be trained to understand the speciality of Grade R, and support should be given to current teachers to adopt a child-centred, play-based approach to pedagogy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Nzwala, Kenneth
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Reading (Elementary) -- Namibia -- Case studies , Elementary school teachers -- Namibia -- Case studies , Early childhood education -- Curricula -- Namibia , Vygotskiĭ, L. S. (Lev Semenovich), 1896-1934
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/92291 , vital:30700
- Description: Grounded in the Sociocultural Theory (SCT) of Lev Vygotsky, this study examined teacher mediation and its impact on development of foundational reading skills in six Grade-R classrooms in the Zambezi Region of Namibia. It was a multiple case study with a mixed methods approach. Six Grade R classes attached to primary schools were studied to facilitate following of the same learners to Grade One. A purposive sampling technique was used to draw a sample of six Grade-R and Grade-One teachers. Learners were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected by means of interviews, observation of Grade R lessons, and an emergent Early Grade Reading Assessment (eEGRA) test. eEGRA facilitated benchmarking teacher efficacy in mediating Grade R learners’ foundational reading skills. Nine Grade One learners per teacher per school took part in the test at the beginning of Grade One. Three 35-minute lessons, per Grade-R teacher, were observed. Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA with thematic qualitative analysis of interview data against document analysis of curricula, teacher planning and learner exercise books. The study established that teachers had no understanding of ‘emergent literacy’, did not promote a love of books, or promote learning through play. There was evidence of a language barrier during lessons, which potentially reduced the efficacy of teacher mediation. The curriculum was found to be inappropriate as it lacked guidance relevant to Grade R teachers. This point was particularly pertinent as all teachers in this study had not received Grade-R training and were therefore looking to the curriculum for support. The difference between what teachers said and what they did was revealed in their classroom practice. Lesson planning was found to be superficial and non-reflective, with a marked discrepancy between what was planned and what was done. The style of pedagogy was primarily transmissive and authoritarian. Finally, the socio-economic distribution of the schools did not demonstrate significant impact on learner performance in the benchmark test. This study concludes that the Grade-R curriculum needs to be revised to be culturally and age appropriate. Teachers should be trained to understand the speciality of Grade R, and support should be given to current teachers to adopt a child-centred, play-based approach to pedagogy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Examining educators’ strategies for promoting science learning and science literacy among grade 9 learners in a South African Rural Education District
- Authors: Mtsi, Nomxolisi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Science -- Study and teaching (Elementary) Children's literature in science education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16150 , vital:40673
- Description: Science learning and Science Literacy (SL) play a crucial role in preparing learners to participate in the country’s economy with the relevant knowledge, higher order thinking and analytical reasoning to solve day-to-day problems. The purpose of this research was to examine educators’ strategies for promoting science learning and SL among grade 9 learners in a rural education district in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. Learning of science and promotion of SL complement each other and therefore science educators’ strategies are pertinent. The study used pragmatic paradigm and the mixed method approach and was informed by cognitive and social constructivism as theoretical frameworks. For data collection, the study used convenience sampling based on the proximity and comparative ease of the researcher to reach the rural schools to select 30 out of 67 schools spread over six out of the eight circuits in the selected education district. On the other hand, purposive sampling was used for the selection of learners by their educators based on academic performance, top, average and below average achievers. Since each school had only one grade 9 science educator, 30 grade 9 science educators from the selected 30 schools formed the sample for quantitative data. Out of these 30, 10 educators who volunteered first for interviews and gave permission for being observed in their classrooms were selected for qualitative data collection. Three learners in each of the 10 schools from which the educators for qualitative data collection were selected, constituted the learners’ sample (30 learners). While data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations from educators, data from learners were collected through focus group (FG) interviews. The questionnaire was structured in order to gather educators’ biographical data as well as information on educators’ strategies to promote science learning and SL. The interview schedule was similar to the questionnaire but biographical data were excluded. Observations focused on educators’ strategies for science learning, SL and assessments. The data from the questionnaire were descriptively analysed and the qualitative and transcribed observation data were thematically analysed. Final conclusions were drawn based on the triangulated data. Major findings showed that the strategies which the educators employed in the descending order of use were: Investigation at 97percent; Discussion, Presentation and Project, each at 93percent; Problem solving at 90percent; Demonstration and Question-Answer, each at 87percent; Case study and Brainstorming, each at 77percent; Role-play at 63percent; Lecture at 57percent; Modelling at 47percent, Inquiry at 27percent and Simulation at 23percent. Findings also revealed the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies used by educators. Some of the strengths were: promotion of interactive learning; stimulation of research skills; enhancement of critical thinking and development of confidence through participation. Some of the weaknesses were: learners’ tendency to rely on others; lack of resources hindering learning and promotion of plagiarism. The study recommends that all stakeholders must work together to achieve good quality education. District and Provincial officers ought to track and monitor the science curriculum implementation. Subject specialists, educator subject committees and cluster leaders must also be active in strategic planning for enhancing SL in schools by putting forward their inputs and adopting consensus-based ones. A framework for driving science content with pedagogical content knowledge and practicals-driven strategy for enhancing science content knowledge is proposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mtsi, Nomxolisi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Science -- Study and teaching (Elementary) Children's literature in science education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16150 , vital:40673
- Description: Science learning and Science Literacy (SL) play a crucial role in preparing learners to participate in the country’s economy with the relevant knowledge, higher order thinking and analytical reasoning to solve day-to-day problems. The purpose of this research was to examine educators’ strategies for promoting science learning and SL among grade 9 learners in a rural education district in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province. Learning of science and promotion of SL complement each other and therefore science educators’ strategies are pertinent. The study used pragmatic paradigm and the mixed method approach and was informed by cognitive and social constructivism as theoretical frameworks. For data collection, the study used convenience sampling based on the proximity and comparative ease of the researcher to reach the rural schools to select 30 out of 67 schools spread over six out of the eight circuits in the selected education district. On the other hand, purposive sampling was used for the selection of learners by their educators based on academic performance, top, average and below average achievers. Since each school had only one grade 9 science educator, 30 grade 9 science educators from the selected 30 schools formed the sample for quantitative data. Out of these 30, 10 educators who volunteered first for interviews and gave permission for being observed in their classrooms were selected for qualitative data collection. Three learners in each of the 10 schools from which the educators for qualitative data collection were selected, constituted the learners’ sample (30 learners). While data were collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations from educators, data from learners were collected through focus group (FG) interviews. The questionnaire was structured in order to gather educators’ biographical data as well as information on educators’ strategies to promote science learning and SL. The interview schedule was similar to the questionnaire but biographical data were excluded. Observations focused on educators’ strategies for science learning, SL and assessments. The data from the questionnaire were descriptively analysed and the qualitative and transcribed observation data were thematically analysed. Final conclusions were drawn based on the triangulated data. Major findings showed that the strategies which the educators employed in the descending order of use were: Investigation at 97percent; Discussion, Presentation and Project, each at 93percent; Problem solving at 90percent; Demonstration and Question-Answer, each at 87percent; Case study and Brainstorming, each at 77percent; Role-play at 63percent; Lecture at 57percent; Modelling at 47percent, Inquiry at 27percent and Simulation at 23percent. Findings also revealed the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies used by educators. Some of the strengths were: promotion of interactive learning; stimulation of research skills; enhancement of critical thinking and development of confidence through participation. Some of the weaknesses were: learners’ tendency to rely on others; lack of resources hindering learning and promotion of plagiarism. The study recommends that all stakeholders must work together to achieve good quality education. District and Provincial officers ought to track and monitor the science curriculum implementation. Subject specialists, educator subject committees and cluster leaders must also be active in strategic planning for enhancing SL in schools by putting forward their inputs and adopting consensus-based ones. A framework for driving science content with pedagogical content knowledge and practicals-driven strategy for enhancing science content knowledge is proposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Examining mathematical reasoning through enacted visualisation
- Authors: Dongwi, Beata Lididimikeni
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Visualization , Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- Namibia , Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- Audio-visual aids , Geometry -- Study and teaching , Reasoning , Mathematical ability
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68192 , vital:29217
- Description: This study sets out to analyse the co-emergence of visualisation and reasoning processes when selected learners engaged in solving word problems. The study argues that visualisation processes and mathematical reasoning processes are closely interlinked in the process of engaging in any mathematical activity. This qualitative research project adopted a case study methodology embedded within a broader interpretative orientation. The research participants were a cohort of 17 mixedgender and mixed-ability Grade 11 learners from a private school in southern Namibia. Data was collected in three phases and comprised of one-on-one task-based interviews in the first phase, focus group task-based interviews in the second, and semi-structured reflective interviews in the third. The analytical framework was informed by elements of enactivism and consisted of a hybrid of observable visualisation and mathematical reasoning indicators. The study was framed by an enactivist perspective that served as a linking mediator to bring visualisation and reasoning processes together, and as a lens through which the coemergence of these processes was observed and analysed. The key enactivist concepts of structural coupling and co-emergence were the two mediating ideas that enabled me to discuss the links between visualisation and reasoning that emerged whilst my participants solved the set word problems. The study argues that the visualisation processes enacted by the participants when solving these problems are inseparable from the reasoning processes that the participants brought to bear; that is, they co-emerged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Dongwi, Beata Lididimikeni
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Visualization , Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- Namibia , Mathematics -- Study and teaching -- Audio-visual aids , Geometry -- Study and teaching , Reasoning , Mathematical ability
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68192 , vital:29217
- Description: This study sets out to analyse the co-emergence of visualisation and reasoning processes when selected learners engaged in solving word problems. The study argues that visualisation processes and mathematical reasoning processes are closely interlinked in the process of engaging in any mathematical activity. This qualitative research project adopted a case study methodology embedded within a broader interpretative orientation. The research participants were a cohort of 17 mixedgender and mixed-ability Grade 11 learners from a private school in southern Namibia. Data was collected in three phases and comprised of one-on-one task-based interviews in the first phase, focus group task-based interviews in the second, and semi-structured reflective interviews in the third. The analytical framework was informed by elements of enactivism and consisted of a hybrid of observable visualisation and mathematical reasoning indicators. The study was framed by an enactivist perspective that served as a linking mediator to bring visualisation and reasoning processes together, and as a lens through which the coemergence of these processes was observed and analysed. The key enactivist concepts of structural coupling and co-emergence were the two mediating ideas that enabled me to discuss the links between visualisation and reasoning that emerged whilst my participants solved the set word problems. The study argues that the visualisation processes enacted by the participants when solving these problems are inseparable from the reasoning processes that the participants brought to bear; that is, they co-emerged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Examining the cognitive learning effect on grade 10 students’ performance in physical science in selected schools in Umgungudlovu Education District
- Authors: Olorunda, David Oluyemi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Cognitive learning Learning, Psychology of
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16577 , vital:40733
- Description: The study employed a quantitative as well as a qualitative approach. Four public schools in the uMgungundlovu District participated in this study. The identities of all respondents were protected. The sample included 154 participants, four Physical science educators and four Heads of department selected purposefully across four secondary schools. The study found that themajority of the learners reported that they have interest and positive attitude for Physical science but most of learners indicated they understanding when English is used as a medium of instruction in teaching Physical science but someprefer other languages to be used for their understanding. It was obvious that most parents lacked knowledge about Physical Sciences and could not assist their children. It was also indicated that their teachers are approachable especially for personal explanation giving them attention whenever they ask for assistance, creating an atmosphere that makes it easy for the learner to learn. The study reveals that learners had a high rate of their teachers motivating them enough to like physical science, by using different method for them to understand the subject and majority follow their teacher’s method but only few learners use their own method.The educators and the heads of departments confirmed that they do give the learners different method. Many learners understands what they are taught using diagrams and illustrations in order to make them understand in all subject study showed that the head of departments indicatedthat they do check the way the teachers teach for effectiveness on the part of the teachers in ,line with the curriculum assessment policy statement from the department of education .The educators said they receive their educational in- service training and done yearly at the department of education workshop and moderations. Findings from this research reveals that learners learns one way or the other through all the strategies of learning but most learners affirms that they learn more rehearsal where they have to repeat things more and that the physical sciences teacher should have more time and explain thoroughly particular term, using diagrams and illustrations in order to make them understand in all subject. The study concluded by giving general recommendations for improving learners’ participation and attitudes towards learning physical Science. Recommendations for improvement in the areas identified were III provided and topics for future research on the curriculum of Grade 10 Physical Sciences were suggested in order to improve on physical science.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Olorunda, David Oluyemi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Cognitive learning Learning, Psychology of
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16577 , vital:40733
- Description: The study employed a quantitative as well as a qualitative approach. Four public schools in the uMgungundlovu District participated in this study. The identities of all respondents were protected. The sample included 154 participants, four Physical science educators and four Heads of department selected purposefully across four secondary schools. The study found that themajority of the learners reported that they have interest and positive attitude for Physical science but most of learners indicated they understanding when English is used as a medium of instruction in teaching Physical science but someprefer other languages to be used for their understanding. It was obvious that most parents lacked knowledge about Physical Sciences and could not assist their children. It was also indicated that their teachers are approachable especially for personal explanation giving them attention whenever they ask for assistance, creating an atmosphere that makes it easy for the learner to learn. The study reveals that learners had a high rate of their teachers motivating them enough to like physical science, by using different method for them to understand the subject and majority follow their teacher’s method but only few learners use their own method.The educators and the heads of departments confirmed that they do give the learners different method. Many learners understands what they are taught using diagrams and illustrations in order to make them understand in all subject study showed that the head of departments indicatedthat they do check the way the teachers teach for effectiveness on the part of the teachers in ,line with the curriculum assessment policy statement from the department of education .The educators said they receive their educational in- service training and done yearly at the department of education workshop and moderations. Findings from this research reveals that learners learns one way or the other through all the strategies of learning but most learners affirms that they learn more rehearsal where they have to repeat things more and that the physical sciences teacher should have more time and explain thoroughly particular term, using diagrams and illustrations in order to make them understand in all subject. The study concluded by giving general recommendations for improving learners’ participation and attitudes towards learning physical Science. Recommendations for improvement in the areas identified were III provided and topics for future research on the curriculum of Grade 10 Physical Sciences were suggested in order to improve on physical science.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Examining the influence of extrinsic factors on herbivore assemblage composition in a southern African savanna
- Young, Cyanne, Smithwick, Erica
- Authors: Young, Cyanne , Smithwick, Erica
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Herbivores -- Ecology , Ungulates -- Ecology Mammal populations -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/44334 , vital:37154
- Description: Globally, herbivore populations have become threatened by the effects of a growing human population. This has resulted in over-hunting, habitat encroachment, fragmentation and degradation and competition leading to the replacement of wild herbivore populations with livestock. African herbivores, in particular, have experienced a severe decline in abundance and distribution, and vast conservation management efforts are underway to preserve herbivore populations and promote their growth. However, conservation management efforts sometimes have unintended consequences on the abundance and distribution of herbivores as a result of the complex interactions they have with their ecosystem. The aim of this study was to: 1) examine the drivers of herbivore distribution at the Satara section of Kruger National Park (hereafter ‘KNP’) at a landscape scale, to determine assemblage composition under the constraints of different environmental attributes; and 2) examine feeding selection by grazing herbivores of different morpho-physiological characteristics at a patch scale of differing environmental attributes. To achieve this, thirty-six experimental plots were established at three distances from water at Satara, and manipulated by mowing, mowing and fertilising or fertilising only over the course of a year, to account for seasonal effects. Each plot was fitted with a camera trap which ran for five weeks in each sampling season, and the data collected focussed on eleven herbivore species of differing body size, digestive strategy and feeding preference. These species were selected due to their abundance at Satara, and their representation of a variety of morpho-physiological characteristics. To achieve both aims, generalised linear models were used to determine the probability of occurrence of a functional type (for aim 1- Chapter 3), and individual species (for aim 2- Chapter 4). To construct the generalised linear models for Chapter 3, hypotheses about species’ relative distribution and abundance were developed through a literature review of forage and water availability constraints on feeding preference and body size of herbivore biomass at a landscape scale. I expected strong seasonal relationships between vegetation biomass and quality, and biomass of water-dependent herbivores with increasing distance to water. My analyses of herbivore distribution across the region confirmed broad-scale descriptions of interactions between forage requirements and water availability, across a set of species which differ in functional traits, at a landscape scale. In Chapter 4, trends in probability of occurrence by seven grazing herbivore species were determined using camera trap data at a patch scale. My results showed that season was a major determinant of species distribution, especially those which are not obligate grazers or feed exclusively in the 0.5 km to 2 km zone from water. I found that most selective feeding occurred in the late wet season when water would be more evenly distributed across the landscape and forage resources close to water would have had the chance to recover from depletion as a result of dry season use. The collective efforts of this study show that distance from water was a critical determinant of herbivore distribution across the landscape, and that forage utilisation by small mixed-feeders and large grazers in particular, altered significantly across seasons. This has important implications for the provision of artificial water, given that foraging pressure is increased closer to water. Landscape heterogeneity needs to be maintained through efficient water provision, to allow areas of forage reserve to maintained in the dry season, where species are constrained by water availability and forage quality and quantity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Young, Cyanne , Smithwick, Erica
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Herbivores -- Ecology , Ungulates -- Ecology Mammal populations -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/44334 , vital:37154
- Description: Globally, herbivore populations have become threatened by the effects of a growing human population. This has resulted in over-hunting, habitat encroachment, fragmentation and degradation and competition leading to the replacement of wild herbivore populations with livestock. African herbivores, in particular, have experienced a severe decline in abundance and distribution, and vast conservation management efforts are underway to preserve herbivore populations and promote their growth. However, conservation management efforts sometimes have unintended consequences on the abundance and distribution of herbivores as a result of the complex interactions they have with their ecosystem. The aim of this study was to: 1) examine the drivers of herbivore distribution at the Satara section of Kruger National Park (hereafter ‘KNP’) at a landscape scale, to determine assemblage composition under the constraints of different environmental attributes; and 2) examine feeding selection by grazing herbivores of different morpho-physiological characteristics at a patch scale of differing environmental attributes. To achieve this, thirty-six experimental plots were established at three distances from water at Satara, and manipulated by mowing, mowing and fertilising or fertilising only over the course of a year, to account for seasonal effects. Each plot was fitted with a camera trap which ran for five weeks in each sampling season, and the data collected focussed on eleven herbivore species of differing body size, digestive strategy and feeding preference. These species were selected due to their abundance at Satara, and their representation of a variety of morpho-physiological characteristics. To achieve both aims, generalised linear models were used to determine the probability of occurrence of a functional type (for aim 1- Chapter 3), and individual species (for aim 2- Chapter 4). To construct the generalised linear models for Chapter 3, hypotheses about species’ relative distribution and abundance were developed through a literature review of forage and water availability constraints on feeding preference and body size of herbivore biomass at a landscape scale. I expected strong seasonal relationships between vegetation biomass and quality, and biomass of water-dependent herbivores with increasing distance to water. My analyses of herbivore distribution across the region confirmed broad-scale descriptions of interactions between forage requirements and water availability, across a set of species which differ in functional traits, at a landscape scale. In Chapter 4, trends in probability of occurrence by seven grazing herbivore species were determined using camera trap data at a patch scale. My results showed that season was a major determinant of species distribution, especially those which are not obligate grazers or feed exclusively in the 0.5 km to 2 km zone from water. I found that most selective feeding occurred in the late wet season when water would be more evenly distributed across the landscape and forage resources close to water would have had the chance to recover from depletion as a result of dry season use. The collective efforts of this study show that distance from water was a critical determinant of herbivore distribution across the landscape, and that forage utilisation by small mixed-feeders and large grazers in particular, altered significantly across seasons. This has important implications for the provision of artificial water, given that foraging pressure is increased closer to water. Landscape heterogeneity needs to be maintained through efficient water provision, to allow areas of forage reserve to maintained in the dry season, where species are constrained by water availability and forage quality and quantity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Examining the position of black South African accents in English in Drama Departments within institutions in the Western Cape Province: a case study
- Authors: Seekoe, Leanetse Thato
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: English language
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16397 , vital:40716
- Description: This dissertation examines the treatment and perceptions of black South African accents in English in the drama departments of specific institutions of higher learning in the Western Cape Province. The researcher is concerned with the handling of African native cultural identities in the curriculum policy of Drama Departments in higher education institutions in the Western Cape Province. Although the focus of the research is on the institutions that are based in the Western Cape Province, the subjects that are being discussed are representatives of black people in South Africa as a whole. To portray the issue of accents appropriately, the examination does often refer to language as a relatable concept. In the literature of this dissertation, there is ample support for the claim that language differences and disagreements in South Africa are due to the historical and socio-political stance of the European native. After examining the topic of power and social control, the study points out that the native is rarely in control of the interests of the European descendent. Thus, the relationship between the two is immediately assumed before it has even been established. For the purpose of this discussion, ambiguity is appreciated when intimacy between cultures evolves for the greater good. However, it is disregarded when individual voices are diluted into neutral or standard representations of a language. And so the act of reducing black South African accents in English to mirror that of the Euro-American culture robs the natives of their individuality and imprisons them into cultural assimilation. Ultimately, this study intends to identify different groups of black South Africans who speak English with accents. For clarity has divided into two separate groups namely privileged and unprivileged. Accents that are appreciated by white South African English speakers are considered to be privileged, while accents that carry the undertones of any mother-tongue language are recognised in this research study as unprivileged. The study wishes to present this phenomenon as a social issue that will negatively affect the growth of indigenous participation in performance spaces in the Western Cape which the study assumes as the context for the research. The implication of the study is to potentially eliminate issues of inferiority to those black South African accents that have been regarded as less valuable to dramatic performances in the Western Cape, to the extent that platforms of dramatic performances will broaden in order for black South African accents to be prioritised with relevant usage
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Seekoe, Leanetse Thato
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: English language
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16397 , vital:40716
- Description: This dissertation examines the treatment and perceptions of black South African accents in English in the drama departments of specific institutions of higher learning in the Western Cape Province. The researcher is concerned with the handling of African native cultural identities in the curriculum policy of Drama Departments in higher education institutions in the Western Cape Province. Although the focus of the research is on the institutions that are based in the Western Cape Province, the subjects that are being discussed are representatives of black people in South Africa as a whole. To portray the issue of accents appropriately, the examination does often refer to language as a relatable concept. In the literature of this dissertation, there is ample support for the claim that language differences and disagreements in South Africa are due to the historical and socio-political stance of the European native. After examining the topic of power and social control, the study points out that the native is rarely in control of the interests of the European descendent. Thus, the relationship between the two is immediately assumed before it has even been established. For the purpose of this discussion, ambiguity is appreciated when intimacy between cultures evolves for the greater good. However, it is disregarded when individual voices are diluted into neutral or standard representations of a language. And so the act of reducing black South African accents in English to mirror that of the Euro-American culture robs the natives of their individuality and imprisons them into cultural assimilation. Ultimately, this study intends to identify different groups of black South Africans who speak English with accents. For clarity has divided into two separate groups namely privileged and unprivileged. Accents that are appreciated by white South African English speakers are considered to be privileged, while accents that carry the undertones of any mother-tongue language are recognised in this research study as unprivileged. The study wishes to present this phenomenon as a social issue that will negatively affect the growth of indigenous participation in performance spaces in the Western Cape which the study assumes as the context for the research. The implication of the study is to potentially eliminate issues of inferiority to those black South African accents that have been regarded as less valuable to dramatic performances in the Western Cape, to the extent that platforms of dramatic performances will broaden in order for black South African accents to be prioritised with relevant usage
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019