Man, machines, and society: lectures in industrial sociology
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1968
- Subjects: Industrial sociology Automation -- Social aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2576 , vital:20305
- Description: The machine had been slowly developing for centuries before it became incorporated as the leading element in a new type of civilisation significantly different from any previous society or culture the world had seen. It required a particular set of circumstances to integrate it and these circumstances determine its emergence and the specific form the emergence took. We are looking at a new and complete society in which previously existing elements are rear ranged into a new pattern. Throughout this discussion the relativity of the industrial order to other aspects of the modern society must be seen; it cannot be isolated from its complex back grounds else the effects it has upon simpler societies will not be grasped. It is a complete way of life competing with other complete ways of life and, its power being greater, it substitutes where the competition takes place. It will be observed that it is not identical with a specific kind of economic order so far as it appears to be able to operate in the great capitalist states like America and Britain and yet to function as well in a socialist order. No greater mistake could be made than to confuse industrialisation with a specific economic system although, historically , its association is greater in time than with the newer forms of society of a socialist type. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1968
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1968
- Subjects: Industrial sociology Automation -- Social aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2576 , vital:20305
- Description: The machine had been slowly developing for centuries before it became incorporated as the leading element in a new type of civilisation significantly different from any previous society or culture the world had seen. It required a particular set of circumstances to integrate it and these circumstances determine its emergence and the specific form the emergence took. We are looking at a new and complete society in which previously existing elements are rear ranged into a new pattern. Throughout this discussion the relativity of the industrial order to other aspects of the modern society must be seen; it cannot be isolated from its complex back grounds else the effects it has upon simpler societies will not be grasped. It is a complete way of life competing with other complete ways of life and, its power being greater, it substitutes where the competition takes place. It will be observed that it is not identical with a specific kind of economic order so far as it appears to be able to operate in the great capitalist states like America and Britain and yet to function as well in a socialist order. No greater mistake could be made than to confuse industrialisation with a specific economic system although, historically , its association is greater in time than with the newer forms of society of a socialist type. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1968
Macleantown: a study of a small South African community
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Macleantown (South Africa) -- Social conditions Village communities -- South Africa South Africa -- Rural conditions South Africa -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2590 , vital:20306
- Description: For some years the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Rhodes University has been engaged in an intensive study of the area of the Eastern Province of the Union of South Africa known to South Africans as the Border Region. By a singular chance an invitation from the East London Divisional Council to investigate the condition of a Border village arose when, in the course of a visit from its Secretary, sufficient data was shown concerning the conditions of village life in the region, to suggest that a special study should be made of rural problems on an intensive basis. In the first instance the enquiry directed to the Institute was administrative in the sense that difficulties were arising in the villages to warrant the establishment of sufficient authentic facts to point the way to methods of solving the immediate difficulties of the Council. While this object has not been overlooked, and it would have been less than courteous to have overlooked the demand that brought-the research into being, it has been thought necessary to widen the scope of the investigation to include materials that go beyond the administrative needs of the Council. The scope of the investigation has been widened to include an analysis of the village community as well as a co-ordinated body of brute fact. While "irreducible fact" is the basis on which the investigation rests, the attempt has been made to isolate meaning and significance of the data; it is in the latter field that deeper aspects of administrative decisions lie more often than in mountains of fact no matter how reliable. A community is an organised unit; there is no simple explanation of the way in which human social institutions work except by analysing the behaviour of people in their everyday activity. The manner in which the organisation works and be more or less efficient and there was prima facie evidence that the community of Macleantown was not organised to yield maximal efficiency. The causative factors involved in this drop in efficiency thus becomes one of the basic tasks , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1959
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Macleantown (South Africa) -- Social conditions Village communities -- South Africa South Africa -- Rural conditions South Africa -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2590 , vital:20306
- Description: For some years the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Rhodes University has been engaged in an intensive study of the area of the Eastern Province of the Union of South Africa known to South Africans as the Border Region. By a singular chance an invitation from the East London Divisional Council to investigate the condition of a Border village arose when, in the course of a visit from its Secretary, sufficient data was shown concerning the conditions of village life in the region, to suggest that a special study should be made of rural problems on an intensive basis. In the first instance the enquiry directed to the Institute was administrative in the sense that difficulties were arising in the villages to warrant the establishment of sufficient authentic facts to point the way to methods of solving the immediate difficulties of the Council. While this object has not been overlooked, and it would have been less than courteous to have overlooked the demand that brought-the research into being, it has been thought necessary to widen the scope of the investigation to include materials that go beyond the administrative needs of the Council. The scope of the investigation has been widened to include an analysis of the village community as well as a co-ordinated body of brute fact. While "irreducible fact" is the basis on which the investigation rests, the attempt has been made to isolate meaning and significance of the data; it is in the latter field that deeper aspects of administrative decisions lie more often than in mountains of fact no matter how reliable. A community is an organised unit; there is no simple explanation of the way in which human social institutions work except by analysing the behaviour of people in their everyday activity. The manner in which the organisation works and be more or less efficient and there was prima facie evidence that the community of Macleantown was not organised to yield maximal efficiency. The causative factors involved in this drop in efficiency thus becomes one of the basic tasks , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1959
Report on slum clearance and the ability of Europeans to pay an economic rent in a small South African city
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Slums -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Whites -- South Africa -- Economic conditions Grahamstown (South Africa) -- History Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2565 , vital:20304
- Description: In this paper an analysis is developed of the characteristics of a group of Europeans who have been declared to be living in houses unfit for habitation in terms of the criteria laid down in the Slums Act No. 53 of 1934. It is assumed, for purposes of analysis, that the group will be transferred to municipal housing and that, like the Coloured and Africans in the City of Grahamstown, economic rent scales will be applied. This paper is, therefore, concerned with the present condition of the tenants in the slum but is predictive in terms of what will most probably happen if they are transferred to better municipally owned housing under economic rentals. The specific reasons why economic rent, without subsidisation, is likely to be applied to this group need not concern us in this paper. Even if an economic rent is not applied the discussion is held to be of value so far as sets up standards and techniques by which levels of subsidisation, if applied, might be measured. Further, the data is held to be factually interesting so far as it relates to the poverty of Europeans on which, little has been written for some years. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1959
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1959
- Subjects: Slums -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Whites -- South Africa -- Economic conditions Grahamstown (South Africa) -- History Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2565 , vital:20304
- Description: In this paper an analysis is developed of the characteristics of a group of Europeans who have been declared to be living in houses unfit for habitation in terms of the criteria laid down in the Slums Act No. 53 of 1934. It is assumed, for purposes of analysis, that the group will be transferred to municipal housing and that, like the Coloured and Africans in the City of Grahamstown, economic rent scales will be applied. This paper is, therefore, concerned with the present condition of the tenants in the slum but is predictive in terms of what will most probably happen if they are transferred to better municipally owned housing under economic rentals. The specific reasons why economic rent, without subsidisation, is likely to be applied to this group need not concern us in this paper. Even if an economic rent is not applied the discussion is held to be of value so far as sets up standards and techniques by which levels of subsidisation, if applied, might be measured. Further, the data is held to be factually interesting so far as it relates to the poverty of Europeans on which, little has been written for some years. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1959
Report on the relation of economic rent and household income in municipal housing schemes for the Coloured people of Grahamstown
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1958
- Subjects: Public housing -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Colored people (South Africa) -- Housing Income -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Colored people (South Africa) -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2552 , vital:20303
- Description: The City Council's Non-European Affairs Committee honoured me in August, 1957, by permitting me to appear before it to present a research report on the transference of Coloured people to its new housing estates. The report was offered verbally, but I was asked to prepare and submit a report confined to 34 households then under eviction orders: this report on "Non-payment of rent by Coloured householders in the new housing schemes of Grahamstown Municipality" was considered at a later date by Council and various recommendations were adopted. Representatives of the City Council discussed the possible methods of meeting the situation which had arisen with Central Government officers. It was agreed later that I be asked to develop a systematic study of the problems on a wider scale and that this report be submitted to the Central Government on its completion. In conformity with this request I submit the present report. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1958
- Authors: Irving, James
- Date: 1958
- Subjects: Public housing -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Colored people (South Africa) -- Housing Income -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Colored people (South Africa) -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Grahamstown (South Africa) -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2552 , vital:20303
- Description: The City Council's Non-European Affairs Committee honoured me in August, 1957, by permitting me to appear before it to present a research report on the transference of Coloured people to its new housing estates. The report was offered verbally, but I was asked to prepare and submit a report confined to 34 households then under eviction orders: this report on "Non-payment of rent by Coloured householders in the new housing schemes of Grahamstown Municipality" was considered at a later date by Council and various recommendations were adopted. Representatives of the City Council discussed the possible methods of meeting the situation which had arisen with Central Government officers. It was agreed later that I be asked to develop a systematic study of the problems on a wider scale and that this report be submitted to the Central Government on its completion. In conformity with this request I submit the present report. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1958
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