COSATU Constitution as amended at the 4th National Congress
- COSATU
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/135027 , vital:37228
- Description: We the Trade Union representatives here present firmly commit ourselves to a unified democratic South Africa, free of oppression and economic exploitation. We believe that this could only be achieved under the leadership of a united working class. Our history has taught us that to achieve this goal we will have to carry out the following tasks : Organise the unorganised and build effective trade unions based on the democratic organisation of workers in the factories, mines, shops, farms and other workplaces. Organise national industrial trade unions, financed and controlled by their worker members through democratically committees. Unify these industrial unions into a national worker controlled federation. Combat the divisions amongst the workers of South Africa and unite them into a strong and confident working class. Encourage democratic worker organisation and leadership in all spheres of our society together with other progressive sectors of the community. Reinforce and encourage progressive international worker contact and solidarity so as to assist one another in our struggle. We call on all those who identify with this commitment to join us and the workers whom we represent, as comrades in the struggle ahead. We call on all trade unions to strive to unite their members in their ranks without discrimination and prejudice, and therefore resolve that this federation shall determinedly seek to further and protect the interests of all workers and that its guiding motto shall be the universal slogan of working class solidarity: "An injury to one is an injury to all".
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: COSATU
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: COSATU
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/135027 , vital:37228
- Description: We the Trade Union representatives here present firmly commit ourselves to a unified democratic South Africa, free of oppression and economic exploitation. We believe that this could only be achieved under the leadership of a united working class. Our history has taught us that to achieve this goal we will have to carry out the following tasks : Organise the unorganised and build effective trade unions based on the democratic organisation of workers in the factories, mines, shops, farms and other workplaces. Organise national industrial trade unions, financed and controlled by their worker members through democratically committees. Unify these industrial unions into a national worker controlled federation. Combat the divisions amongst the workers of South Africa and unite them into a strong and confident working class. Encourage democratic worker organisation and leadership in all spheres of our society together with other progressive sectors of the community. Reinforce and encourage progressive international worker contact and solidarity so as to assist one another in our struggle. We call on all those who identify with this commitment to join us and the workers whom we represent, as comrades in the struggle ahead. We call on all trade unions to strive to unite their members in their ranks without discrimination and prejudice, and therefore resolve that this federation shall determinedly seek to further and protect the interests of all workers and that its guiding motto shall be the universal slogan of working class solidarity: "An injury to one is an injury to all".
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Design, development and evaluation of encapsulated oral controlled release theophylline mini-tablets
- Authors: Munday, Dale Leslie
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Drugs -- Administration , Drugs -- Bioavailability , Drugs -- Controlled release , Drugs -- Dosage forms , Tablets (Medicine) , Biopharmaceutics , Drugs -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3777 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003255 , Drugs -- Administration , Drugs -- Bioavailability , Drugs -- Controlled release , Drugs -- Dosage forms , Tablets (Medicine) , Biopharmaceutics , Drugs -- Testing
- Description: Conventional solid dosage forms often lead to fluctuations which exceed the maximum safe therapeutic level and/or decline below the minimum effective level. It is recognised that many drugs for chronic administration should be administered on a schedule that maintains plasma drug concentration within the therapeutic window. Research in controlled release dosage forms aims at designing a system with a zero-order input (eg, ideally to deliver 8.33% of the dose per hour over a 12 hour duration), producing steady state plasma drug levels. Oral dministration of drugs prepared as a controlled release formulation is extremely popular, and has attracted the attention of pharmaceutical scientists during the last decade. This has been due to the simultaneous convergence of various factors (eg, discovery of novel polymers and devices, better understanding of formulation and physiological constraints, expiration of existing patents, prohibitive cost of developing new drug entities), involved in the development of these delivery systems. Controlled release oral products can be formulated as single or multiple unit dosage forms and the relative merits of multiple unit forms with their own rate controlling systems are well established. This work describes the development of a relatively inexpensive multiple-unit capsule dosage form of theophylline containing coated mini-tablets for drug delivery throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Preformulation studies on theophylline anhydrous included solubility and dissolution rate determinations. Techniques including X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning colorimetry and infrared spectroscopy provided no evidence of true polymorphism after recrystallisation from various solvents. However, scanning electron micrographs showed the effects of solvent polarity and cooling rate on the size and shape of recrystallised particles. Theophylline granules were manufactured by using various binders and were film coated by fluidised bed technology with various proportions of ethylcellulose, containing varying amounts of PEG 1540. In vitro release rates were dependent upon coating thickness and the proportion of PEG, which, being water soluble, created pores in the coating during dissolution studies as observed by a scanning electron microscope. However, substantial proportions of the drug remained unreleased from the granules. In order to overcome the problems of drug retention, plain granules were used and theophylline mini-tablets (3 mm diameter, weighing 15 - 20 mg) were manufactured and film coated with various Eudragits ® and other polymeric mixtures (soluble and insoluble). In vitro dissolution profiles from samples enclosed in hard gelatin capsules were determined using the USPXXI paddle apparatus in test media at pH 1.2 (HCI), pH 5.4 and 7.4 (phosphate buffers) at 37'C. Monitoring of in vitro theophylline release over 12 h, under identical hydrodynamic conditions, showed that the dissolution rate at pH 1.2 is substantially greater (95% of total drug content released in < 10 h) than that in phosphate buffers. The maximum release after 12 h was approximately 20 and 30% of total drug content of the tablet at pH 5.4 and 7.4, respectively. However, in vivo bioavailability after oral administration of tablets to rabbits corresponded to over 95% of total drug, compared with the same dose administered intravenously. The retarded drug release during in vitro dissolution in phosphate buffer was attributed to a possible interaction of phosphate ions with theophylline molecules at the tablet core-coat interface. These findings indicate that both rate and extent of theophylline release from the slow release coated mini-tablets are highly sensitive to phosphate buffers. The data also emphasise the usefulness of an animal model for assessment of in vivo drug release and subsequent absorption during the development of modified release dosage forms. Mini-tablets were subjected to isothermal and cyclic stresses to reach conditions for up to 6 months at different temperatures and relative humidity. The film integrity was maintained but ageing of the coating occurred which impeded dissolution. Reduced drug release was temperature related while the effect of relative humidi% was insignific~t. Encapsulated mini-tablets (uncoated and coated with Eudragit RL and RS 2% w/w) equivalent to a 300 mg dose, were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using beagle dogs. The pharmacokinetic parameters from single and multiple dose studies showed several advantages over Theo-Dur® 300 mg tablets. Precise dosage titration is possible by careful adjustment of the number of encapsulated mini-tablets. This multiple unit mini-tablet delivery system will allow for greater flexibility in dosage adjustment compared to the currently available preparations, allowing individualised fine dose titration in those patients requiring therapeutic drug monitoring. The developmentof the multiple unit mini-tablet formulation appears to provide an optimal dosage form with maximum flexibility in respect of dose, duration range and ease of production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Design, development and evaluation of encapsulated oral controlled release theophylline mini-tablets
- Authors: Munday, Dale Leslie
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Drugs -- Administration , Drugs -- Bioavailability , Drugs -- Controlled release , Drugs -- Dosage forms , Tablets (Medicine) , Biopharmaceutics , Drugs -- Testing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3777 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003255 , Drugs -- Administration , Drugs -- Bioavailability , Drugs -- Controlled release , Drugs -- Dosage forms , Tablets (Medicine) , Biopharmaceutics , Drugs -- Testing
- Description: Conventional solid dosage forms often lead to fluctuations which exceed the maximum safe therapeutic level and/or decline below the minimum effective level. It is recognised that many drugs for chronic administration should be administered on a schedule that maintains plasma drug concentration within the therapeutic window. Research in controlled release dosage forms aims at designing a system with a zero-order input (eg, ideally to deliver 8.33% of the dose per hour over a 12 hour duration), producing steady state plasma drug levels. Oral dministration of drugs prepared as a controlled release formulation is extremely popular, and has attracted the attention of pharmaceutical scientists during the last decade. This has been due to the simultaneous convergence of various factors (eg, discovery of novel polymers and devices, better understanding of formulation and physiological constraints, expiration of existing patents, prohibitive cost of developing new drug entities), involved in the development of these delivery systems. Controlled release oral products can be formulated as single or multiple unit dosage forms and the relative merits of multiple unit forms with their own rate controlling systems are well established. This work describes the development of a relatively inexpensive multiple-unit capsule dosage form of theophylline containing coated mini-tablets for drug delivery throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Preformulation studies on theophylline anhydrous included solubility and dissolution rate determinations. Techniques including X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning colorimetry and infrared spectroscopy provided no evidence of true polymorphism after recrystallisation from various solvents. However, scanning electron micrographs showed the effects of solvent polarity and cooling rate on the size and shape of recrystallised particles. Theophylline granules were manufactured by using various binders and were film coated by fluidised bed technology with various proportions of ethylcellulose, containing varying amounts of PEG 1540. In vitro release rates were dependent upon coating thickness and the proportion of PEG, which, being water soluble, created pores in the coating during dissolution studies as observed by a scanning electron microscope. However, substantial proportions of the drug remained unreleased from the granules. In order to overcome the problems of drug retention, plain granules were used and theophylline mini-tablets (3 mm diameter, weighing 15 - 20 mg) were manufactured and film coated with various Eudragits ® and other polymeric mixtures (soluble and insoluble). In vitro dissolution profiles from samples enclosed in hard gelatin capsules were determined using the USPXXI paddle apparatus in test media at pH 1.2 (HCI), pH 5.4 and 7.4 (phosphate buffers) at 37'C. Monitoring of in vitro theophylline release over 12 h, under identical hydrodynamic conditions, showed that the dissolution rate at pH 1.2 is substantially greater (95% of total drug content released in < 10 h) than that in phosphate buffers. The maximum release after 12 h was approximately 20 and 30% of total drug content of the tablet at pH 5.4 and 7.4, respectively. However, in vivo bioavailability after oral administration of tablets to rabbits corresponded to over 95% of total drug, compared with the same dose administered intravenously. The retarded drug release during in vitro dissolution in phosphate buffer was attributed to a possible interaction of phosphate ions with theophylline molecules at the tablet core-coat interface. These findings indicate that both rate and extent of theophylline release from the slow release coated mini-tablets are highly sensitive to phosphate buffers. The data also emphasise the usefulness of an animal model for assessment of in vivo drug release and subsequent absorption during the development of modified release dosage forms. Mini-tablets were subjected to isothermal and cyclic stresses to reach conditions for up to 6 months at different temperatures and relative humidity. The film integrity was maintained but ageing of the coating occurred which impeded dissolution. Reduced drug release was temperature related while the effect of relative humidi% was insignific~t. Encapsulated mini-tablets (uncoated and coated with Eudragit RL and RS 2% w/w) equivalent to a 300 mg dose, were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using beagle dogs. The pharmacokinetic parameters from single and multiple dose studies showed several advantages over Theo-Dur® 300 mg tablets. Precise dosage titration is possible by careful adjustment of the number of encapsulated mini-tablets. This multiple unit mini-tablet delivery system will allow for greater flexibility in dosage adjustment compared to the currently available preparations, allowing individualised fine dose titration in those patients requiring therapeutic drug monitoring. The developmentof the multiple unit mini-tablet formulation appears to provide an optimal dosage form with maximum flexibility in respect of dose, duration range and ease of production.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Difficulties in psychotherapy with a residual schizophrenic
- Authors: Schock, Sandra Lynn
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Schizophrenics , Schizophrenia -- Treatment , Psychotherapy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3149 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007457 , Schizophrenics , Schizophrenia -- Treatment , Psychotherapy
- Description: This work addresses some of the difficulties encountered while working in psychotherapy with a residual schizophrenic. While there is an abundance of literature on psychotherapy for schizophrenia, both supporting and also refuting its merit, what the literature fails to reveal is that there appears to be a class of schizophrenic who, while apsychotic and able to communicate in the everyday sense of the word, is in a psychic space which speaks of a break with the basic relational elements of the human order. The quality of the patient's psychic life is such that almost nothing of what the literature describes as useful and appropriate in working with schizophrenics seems to help in the psychotherapeutic work with this type of patient. This study describes these issues with relevance to a particular residual schizophrenic. The Illustrative-didactic case-study method was used to discuss the four-and- a-half month psychotherapy with this patient. The patient's early developmental history, premorbid personality functioning, family and interpersonal relationships, mental state, diagnosis and a rationale for psychotherapy were presented and considered in detail. The structure of the psychotherapeutic process was reviewed in depth. The hermeneutic guidelines to understanding the case were drawn from Object-Relations Psychoanalytic theory, particularly Balint, Khan, Karon & VandenBos, Bollas, Romanyshyn, Perry, Symington, Fordham and others. Various psychic and personality features, as unveiled through the psychotherapeutic process, were elaborated and the implications of these for the therapeutic endeavour were considered as follows: Firstly, the psychic space of the patient, which precluded mirroring, symbolization find object-relationship - and which made psychotherapy untenable, was discussed. Secondly, therapeutic ambivalence and other counter-transference issues were reviewed. Thirdly, the shadow sides of both therapeutic optimism and of psychotherapeutic change were considered. Fourthly, the issues of therapeutic failure and of other treatment possibilities for a residual schizophrenic patient were examined. It was concluded that there needs to be an important countertransference shift with regard to the psychotherapeutic goals for those patients whose condition may be chronic, and for whom it appears that psychotherapy is not going to be of any therapeutic benefit - find where an 'empathic accompaniment' might be as much as it is possible to hope for or achieve.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Schock, Sandra Lynn
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Schizophrenics , Schizophrenia -- Treatment , Psychotherapy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3149 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007457 , Schizophrenics , Schizophrenia -- Treatment , Psychotherapy
- Description: This work addresses some of the difficulties encountered while working in psychotherapy with a residual schizophrenic. While there is an abundance of literature on psychotherapy for schizophrenia, both supporting and also refuting its merit, what the literature fails to reveal is that there appears to be a class of schizophrenic who, while apsychotic and able to communicate in the everyday sense of the word, is in a psychic space which speaks of a break with the basic relational elements of the human order. The quality of the patient's psychic life is such that almost nothing of what the literature describes as useful and appropriate in working with schizophrenics seems to help in the psychotherapeutic work with this type of patient. This study describes these issues with relevance to a particular residual schizophrenic. The Illustrative-didactic case-study method was used to discuss the four-and- a-half month psychotherapy with this patient. The patient's early developmental history, premorbid personality functioning, family and interpersonal relationships, mental state, diagnosis and a rationale for psychotherapy were presented and considered in detail. The structure of the psychotherapeutic process was reviewed in depth. The hermeneutic guidelines to understanding the case were drawn from Object-Relations Psychoanalytic theory, particularly Balint, Khan, Karon & VandenBos, Bollas, Romanyshyn, Perry, Symington, Fordham and others. Various psychic and personality features, as unveiled through the psychotherapeutic process, were elaborated and the implications of these for the therapeutic endeavour were considered as follows: Firstly, the psychic space of the patient, which precluded mirroring, symbolization find object-relationship - and which made psychotherapy untenable, was discussed. Secondly, therapeutic ambivalence and other counter-transference issues were reviewed. Thirdly, the shadow sides of both therapeutic optimism and of psychotherapeutic change were considered. Fourthly, the issues of therapeutic failure and of other treatment possibilities for a residual schizophrenic patient were examined. It was concluded that there needs to be an important countertransference shift with regard to the psychotherapeutic goals for those patients whose condition may be chronic, and for whom it appears that psychotherapy is not going to be of any therapeutic benefit - find where an 'empathic accompaniment' might be as much as it is possible to hope for or achieve.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Discovering the meaning of stress: a qualitative approach
- Authors: Crowley, Michelle Laureen
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Stress (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:2957 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002466 , Stress (Psychology)
- Description: The aim of the study was to understand the meaning of stress, and towards this end eleven individuals who claimed to have experienced the phenomenon during the six months prior to data collection were asked to describe their experience. These transcribed protocols were explicated in terms of a phenomenological praxis, and the emotional content of descriptions subjected to taxonomic analysis. In addition, a literature review for the purposes of tracing the development of contemporary stress models and related constructs was conducted. The latter critiqued current conceptualisations of stress, and attempted to highlight some important contributions. Explication in terms of phenomenological praxis identified seven central features associated with lived stress, namely, lived stress as : the perception of personal cost; a sense of entrapment; persistent coping efforts; learned helplessness; embodiment; and, poor social relations. In addition, the unfolding nature of the experience suggested stress as a continuous process of adjustment to worldly demands, and furthermore, highliJhted several variations of structure. The latter themes were used to develop a more inclusive model of lived stress as a dynamic and unfolding process. Dialogue with existing literature was able to confirm the self-world split proposed by the transactional approach to stress as legitimate, and furthermore, confirmed the primacy of cognition for the stress phenomenon. In addition, the link between stress and personality factors, psychopathological conditions and related fields of enquiry (such as anxiety and burnout) as well as more positive modes of being (such as creativity) were discussed. Furthermore, lived stress was shown to involve a threat to the individual's continued existence, both with respect to his/her the desired self and its unfolding and his/her physicality, while the presence of mutual hostility between self and world was also noted. The study concludes with reflection concerning the methodologies employed, and suggests that while qualitative and interpretive methods are both cumbersome and time consuming if rigorously applied, they do enrich the understanding of complex experiential phenomena. Finally, several suggestions are made for further research and refinement in the stress field, the most pertinent of which appears to be that of establishing the relationship between lived stress and the development of more debilitating psychopathological conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Crowley, Michelle Laureen
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Stress (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:2957 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002466 , Stress (Psychology)
- Description: The aim of the study was to understand the meaning of stress, and towards this end eleven individuals who claimed to have experienced the phenomenon during the six months prior to data collection were asked to describe their experience. These transcribed protocols were explicated in terms of a phenomenological praxis, and the emotional content of descriptions subjected to taxonomic analysis. In addition, a literature review for the purposes of tracing the development of contemporary stress models and related constructs was conducted. The latter critiqued current conceptualisations of stress, and attempted to highlight some important contributions. Explication in terms of phenomenological praxis identified seven central features associated with lived stress, namely, lived stress as : the perception of personal cost; a sense of entrapment; persistent coping efforts; learned helplessness; embodiment; and, poor social relations. In addition, the unfolding nature of the experience suggested stress as a continuous process of adjustment to worldly demands, and furthermore, highliJhted several variations of structure. The latter themes were used to develop a more inclusive model of lived stress as a dynamic and unfolding process. Dialogue with existing literature was able to confirm the self-world split proposed by the transactional approach to stress as legitimate, and furthermore, confirmed the primacy of cognition for the stress phenomenon. In addition, the link between stress and personality factors, psychopathological conditions and related fields of enquiry (such as anxiety and burnout) as well as more positive modes of being (such as creativity) were discussed. Furthermore, lived stress was shown to involve a threat to the individual's continued existence, both with respect to his/her the desired self and its unfolding and his/her physicality, while the presence of mutual hostility between self and world was also noted. The study concludes with reflection concerning the methodologies employed, and suggests that while qualitative and interpretive methods are both cumbersome and time consuming if rigorously applied, they do enrich the understanding of complex experiential phenomena. Finally, several suggestions are made for further research and refinement in the stress field, the most pertinent of which appears to be that of establishing the relationship between lived stress and the development of more debilitating psychopathological conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Economic conditions among blacks in rural Ciskei
- Authors: Roux, Andre , Gilmour, David
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Black people -- South Africa -- Ciskei -- Economic conditions Black people -- South Africa -- Ciskei -- Social conditions Manpower policy -- South Africa -- Ciskei Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Ciskei (South Africa) -- Rural conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1674 , vital:20215 , ISBN 0868102245
- Description: This report is based on fieldwork which was conducted in 1984. A number of factors, beyond the control of the Development Studies Unit, have delayed the publication of the research findings until now. Though the data may be somewhat dated, the work deals with a much neglected research area, and is published in this Working Paper in the interests of a wider understanding of the nature of the circumstances which characterise the living environments of disadvantaged rural African communities in the Eastern Cape region. As the country enters a period of socio-political transition, rapidly rising social and economic expectations abound. The challenge is to devise appropriate strategies which can be applied in order to initiate a process of development aimed at improving the life-chances and livelihoods of all of the people. In this regard, a strong case can be formulated for some priority to be accorded to marginalised African rural communities. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Roux, Andre , Gilmour, David
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Black people -- South Africa -- Ciskei -- Economic conditions Black people -- South Africa -- Ciskei -- Social conditions Manpower policy -- South Africa -- Ciskei Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Ciskei (South Africa) -- Rural conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1674 , vital:20215 , ISBN 0868102245
- Description: This report is based on fieldwork which was conducted in 1984. A number of factors, beyond the control of the Development Studies Unit, have delayed the publication of the research findings until now. Though the data may be somewhat dated, the work deals with a much neglected research area, and is published in this Working Paper in the interests of a wider understanding of the nature of the circumstances which characterise the living environments of disadvantaged rural African communities in the Eastern Cape region. As the country enters a period of socio-political transition, rapidly rising social and economic expectations abound. The challenge is to devise appropriate strategies which can be applied in order to initiate a process of development aimed at improving the life-chances and livelihoods of all of the people. In this regard, a strong case can be formulated for some priority to be accorded to marginalised African rural communities. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Economic conditions among Blacks on Eastern Cape farms
- Authors: Roux, Andre
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Agricultural laborers -- South Africa Black people -- South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1686 , vital:20216 , ISBN 0868102253
- Description: This report is based on fieldwork which was conducted in 1984. A number of factors, beyond the control of the Development Studies Unit, have delayed the publication of the research findings until now. Though the data may be somewhat dated, the work deals with a much neglected research area, and is published in this Working Paper in the interests of a wider understanding of the nature of the circumstances which characterise the living environments of disadvantaged rural African communities in the Eastern Cape region. As the country enters a period of socio-political transition, rapidly rising social and economic expectations abound. The challenge is to devise appropriate strategies which can be applied in order to initiate a process of development aimed at improving the life-chances and livelihoods of all of the people. In this regard, a strong case can be formulated for some priority to be accorded to marginalised African rural communities. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Roux, Andre
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Agricultural laborers -- South Africa Black people -- South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1686 , vital:20216 , ISBN 0868102253
- Description: This report is based on fieldwork which was conducted in 1984. A number of factors, beyond the control of the Development Studies Unit, have delayed the publication of the research findings until now. Though the data may be somewhat dated, the work deals with a much neglected research area, and is published in this Working Paper in the interests of a wider understanding of the nature of the circumstances which characterise the living environments of disadvantaged rural African communities in the Eastern Cape region. As the country enters a period of socio-political transition, rapidly rising social and economic expectations abound. The challenge is to devise appropriate strategies which can be applied in order to initiate a process of development aimed at improving the life-chances and livelihoods of all of the people. In this regard, a strong case can be formulated for some priority to be accorded to marginalised African rural communities. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the Karoo
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4794 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001894
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4794 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001894
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the Karoo
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4175 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002023
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Hobson, Colin Desmond
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Botany, Economic Plant introduction -- South Africa -- Karoo Plants, Cultivated
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4175 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002023
- Description: This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Environmental education : a quest for the future : inaugural lecture delivered at Rhodes University
- Irwin, P.R. (Patrick Roger), 1944-
- Authors: Irwin, P.R. (Patrick Roger), 1944-
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Environmental education
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:640 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020709 , ISBN 0686102148
- Description: Inaugural lecture delivered at Rhodes University , Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Irwin, P.R. (Patrick Roger), 1944-
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Environmental education
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:640 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020709 , ISBN 0686102148
- Description: Inaugural lecture delivered at Rhodes University , Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Evaluating an English department: the use of illuminative evaluation procedures in descriptive and diagnostic analysis of English teaching programmes in high schools
- Authors: Thorpe, Robert Nicholas
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Evaluation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1522 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003404
- Description: To evaluate what is actually happening within a High School subject curriculum, the annual parade of marks, percentages and symbol distributions is not by itself adequate, especially in assessing progress towards such English syllabus goals as: That pupils expand their experience of life, gain empathetic understanding of people and develop moral awareness. (3.1. 4 HG) How too, from examination results alone, can a subject head of English assess the success of his objective "to woo his pupils into the reading habit"? (School 1: Goals 1988) Decisions on English department policy and procedures are frequently based on personal hunches and examination results. Few subject departments engage in proper evaluations of their curricula to support decisions made, or to impart meaning upon the countless daily transactions between child and adult, individual and institution in the learning process. This study demonstrates the efficacy of "illuminative evaluation" techniques in opening out an educational innovation (1986 First Language English syllabi of the Cape Education Department) at two High Schools for comment and appraisal. The array of information gathered should be useful in planning and implementing further curricula initiatives. The inherent flexibility of illuminative evaluation procedures and their freedom from large-scale data base requirements needed for 'scientific' models of evaluation are advantageous in investigating the untidy complexities of English teaching. Both 'closed' and 'open' response questionnaires, interviews, and perusal of relevant documents informed the researcher of the views of pupils, parents, English teachers, other subject heads, the two school principals and the education authorities on what waS and ought to be happening in English classes. From the considerable array of information generated, the distress of conscientious English teachers facing unreasonable work-loads emerged clearly. Such teachers are likely to occupy key roles in the non-racial state schools of the future and cannot be regarded as expendable. 'Open schools' present new challenges to existing curricula and the position of English may prove to be critical. Thus it is submitted that English subject heads should be concerned with evaluating their departments so that informed decisions can be taken on future directions. Illuminative evaluation is demonstrably useful in such analyses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Thorpe, Robert Nicholas
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa English language -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Evaluation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1522 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003404
- Description: To evaluate what is actually happening within a High School subject curriculum, the annual parade of marks, percentages and symbol distributions is not by itself adequate, especially in assessing progress towards such English syllabus goals as: That pupils expand their experience of life, gain empathetic understanding of people and develop moral awareness. (3.1. 4 HG) How too, from examination results alone, can a subject head of English assess the success of his objective "to woo his pupils into the reading habit"? (School 1: Goals 1988) Decisions on English department policy and procedures are frequently based on personal hunches and examination results. Few subject departments engage in proper evaluations of their curricula to support decisions made, or to impart meaning upon the countless daily transactions between child and adult, individual and institution in the learning process. This study demonstrates the efficacy of "illuminative evaluation" techniques in opening out an educational innovation (1986 First Language English syllabi of the Cape Education Department) at two High Schools for comment and appraisal. The array of information gathered should be useful in planning and implementing further curricula initiatives. The inherent flexibility of illuminative evaluation procedures and their freedom from large-scale data base requirements needed for 'scientific' models of evaluation are advantageous in investigating the untidy complexities of English teaching. Both 'closed' and 'open' response questionnaires, interviews, and perusal of relevant documents informed the researcher of the views of pupils, parents, English teachers, other subject heads, the two school principals and the education authorities on what waS and ought to be happening in English classes. From the considerable array of information generated, the distress of conscientious English teachers facing unreasonable work-loads emerged clearly. Such teachers are likely to occupy key roles in the non-racial state schools of the future and cannot be regarded as expendable. 'Open schools' present new challenges to existing curricula and the position of English may prove to be critical. Thus it is submitted that English subject heads should be concerned with evaluating their departments so that informed decisions can be taken on future directions. Illuminative evaluation is demonstrably useful in such analyses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Feministiese vertelstrategieë in 'n metafiksionele teks van Jeanne Goosen
- Authors: Mackenzie, Leonore
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Goosen, Jeanne Afrikaans fiction -- 20th century -- History and criticism Feminism and literature
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3576 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002100
- Description: Die roman Ons is nie almal so nie (1990) deur Jeanne Goosen word aangebied in 'n realistiese (oftewel tradisionele) vertelvorm. Feministiese vakkundigheid verwys na die narratiewe tipe as patriargaal of fallosentries. As sodanig, is daar 'n ingrypende verskil tussen die vertelwyse van hierdie teks en die van die outeur se vroeere tekste. Hierdie verskuiwing dien as stimulus vir 'n evaluasie van bogenoemde teks binne 'n raamwerk van die feministiese literere teorie en kritiek. Genoemde verskuiwing beteken ook 'n behoefte na 'n ondersoek van die feministiese literatuur en vakkunde in verhouding tot die heersende manlike "stem" van tradisionele redevoering. Dit word beklemtoon dat elkeen van die feministiese teoretiese standpunte die onvoorwaardelike politieke doelstellings van alle feministiese tekste aan die lig bring. Daar word onder andere te kenne gegee dat patriargale mag nie net op persoonlike vlak voorkom nie, maar ook op die vlak van instellings en sosiale gebruike. Patriargale beheer is dus nie 'n onveranderliknatuurlike gegewe nie; dit is vatbaar vir teoretiese analise en praktiese wysiging. Vanwee die feministiese literere teoriee se preokkupasie met patriargale mag, word hierdie teoriee dikwels gekritiseer as synde onbetrokke by strydvrae ten opsigte van rassisme en klasseverdeling. Dit word erken dat die feministiese literere kritiek die geskil met betrekking tot seksisme moet transendeer; dat die toekoms van die feministiese literere teoriee gelee is in 'n deurdringende gesprekvoering met materialisme. Dit is die uitdruklike doelstelling van die marxisties-feministiese kritiese standpunt om rekening te hou, nie net met vraagpunte ten opsigte van taal en "gender" nie, maar ook van klas en ras. Goosen se teks is besonder ontvanklik vir 'n ondersoek van hierdie verwante probleme. * * * The novel Ons is nie almal so nie (1990) by Jeanne Goosen is presented in a realistic (or traditional) narrative form. In feminist terms this narrative form is referred to as patriarchal or phallocentric. As such, the text differs radically from the narrative mode in which the author's previous texts are presented. This shift invites an assessment of the text within a framework of feminist theory and criticism. Moreover, it indicates the need for an investigation into the relationship of feminist literature and scholarship to the dominant male voice of traditional discourse. It is stressed that each of the feminist theoretical positions reveals the unreservedly political purpose of all feminist writing. It is further suggested that patriarchal power exists in institutions and social practices, not merely in individual intentions. Patriarchal power is therefore not a part of immutable nature, but open to effective theoretical analyses and practical change. Due to their preoccupation with patriarchal power, feminist literary theories are often criticised as being blind to issues of race and/or class. It is recognised that feminist literary theory must transcend the issue of sexism; that its future lies in a far more articulated dialogue with materialism. The express purpose of the marxist-feminist critical position is to take into account questions not only of language and gender, but also of class and race. Goosen's text is particularly receptive to an exploration of these interrelated problems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Mackenzie, Leonore
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Goosen, Jeanne Afrikaans fiction -- 20th century -- History and criticism Feminism and literature
- Language: Afrikaans
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3576 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002100
- Description: Die roman Ons is nie almal so nie (1990) deur Jeanne Goosen word aangebied in 'n realistiese (oftewel tradisionele) vertelvorm. Feministiese vakkundigheid verwys na die narratiewe tipe as patriargaal of fallosentries. As sodanig, is daar 'n ingrypende verskil tussen die vertelwyse van hierdie teks en die van die outeur se vroeere tekste. Hierdie verskuiwing dien as stimulus vir 'n evaluasie van bogenoemde teks binne 'n raamwerk van die feministiese literere teorie en kritiek. Genoemde verskuiwing beteken ook 'n behoefte na 'n ondersoek van die feministiese literatuur en vakkunde in verhouding tot die heersende manlike "stem" van tradisionele redevoering. Dit word beklemtoon dat elkeen van die feministiese teoretiese standpunte die onvoorwaardelike politieke doelstellings van alle feministiese tekste aan die lig bring. Daar word onder andere te kenne gegee dat patriargale mag nie net op persoonlike vlak voorkom nie, maar ook op die vlak van instellings en sosiale gebruike. Patriargale beheer is dus nie 'n onveranderliknatuurlike gegewe nie; dit is vatbaar vir teoretiese analise en praktiese wysiging. Vanwee die feministiese literere teoriee se preokkupasie met patriargale mag, word hierdie teoriee dikwels gekritiseer as synde onbetrokke by strydvrae ten opsigte van rassisme en klasseverdeling. Dit word erken dat die feministiese literere kritiek die geskil met betrekking tot seksisme moet transendeer; dat die toekoms van die feministiese literere teoriee gelee is in 'n deurdringende gesprekvoering met materialisme. Dit is die uitdruklike doelstelling van die marxisties-feministiese kritiese standpunt om rekening te hou, nie net met vraagpunte ten opsigte van taal en "gender" nie, maar ook van klas en ras. Goosen se teks is besonder ontvanklik vir 'n ondersoek van hierdie verwante probleme. * * * The novel Ons is nie almal so nie (1990) by Jeanne Goosen is presented in a realistic (or traditional) narrative form. In feminist terms this narrative form is referred to as patriarchal or phallocentric. As such, the text differs radically from the narrative mode in which the author's previous texts are presented. This shift invites an assessment of the text within a framework of feminist theory and criticism. Moreover, it indicates the need for an investigation into the relationship of feminist literature and scholarship to the dominant male voice of traditional discourse. It is stressed that each of the feminist theoretical positions reveals the unreservedly political purpose of all feminist writing. It is further suggested that patriarchal power exists in institutions and social practices, not merely in individual intentions. Patriarchal power is therefore not a part of immutable nature, but open to effective theoretical analyses and practical change. Due to their preoccupation with patriarchal power, feminist literary theories are often criticised as being blind to issues of race and/or class. It is recognised that feminist literary theory must transcend the issue of sexism; that its future lies in a far more articulated dialogue with materialism. The express purpose of the marxist-feminist critical position is to take into account questions not only of language and gender, but also of class and race. Goosen's text is particularly receptive to an exploration of these interrelated problems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Georg Gruber : his contribution to music education in South Africa and an evaluation of selected vocal compositions and arrangements
- Authors: Matier, Rosemary
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Gruber, Georg, 1904-1979 Musicians -- South Africa Music teachers -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MMus
- Identifier: vital:2647 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002312
- Description: In this thesis I have given a factual account of Georg Gruber's contribution to music education in South Africa by giving a short biography and studying a) his philosophy of music education, b) the content of the music courses offered at Rhodes University during his occupancy of the Chair (1955-1972), c) the content of the music courses offered at the University of Fort Hare from 1974-1977, d) his contribution to choral education, e) his publications in the field of music education. I have given an evaluation of selected vocal compositions: a) Two masses, b) Terra Nova , c) Two African cantatas, i) Ukucula Ematola and ii) Izango ZakwaNtu , and seven arrangements of real folksongs from several different countries: a) Coventry Carol and Sweet Nightingale, b) Die Alibama, c) Merck tog hoe sterck, d) Entre Ie Boeuf et l'Ane gris, e) Aba Heidschi-bum-beidschi and f) Cheder Katan. Through the above study I have drawn conclusions regarding his compositional techniques prior to coming to South Africa as shown in the two mass compositions a nd the changes which occurred after being exposed to African music. The attention to detail in his arrangements and their sheer simplicity show his skill and craftsmanship also in this genre. Appendices of the works discussed have been submitted in a separate file and Appendix 8 lists all his available folksong arrangements.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Matier, Rosemary
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Gruber, Georg, 1904-1979 Musicians -- South Africa Music teachers -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MMus
- Identifier: vital:2647 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002312
- Description: In this thesis I have given a factual account of Georg Gruber's contribution to music education in South Africa by giving a short biography and studying a) his philosophy of music education, b) the content of the music courses offered at Rhodes University during his occupancy of the Chair (1955-1972), c) the content of the music courses offered at the University of Fort Hare from 1974-1977, d) his contribution to choral education, e) his publications in the field of music education. I have given an evaluation of selected vocal compositions: a) Two masses, b) Terra Nova , c) Two African cantatas, i) Ukucula Ematola and ii) Izango ZakwaNtu , and seven arrangements of real folksongs from several different countries: a) Coventry Carol and Sweet Nightingale, b) Die Alibama, c) Merck tog hoe sterck, d) Entre Ie Boeuf et l'Ane gris, e) Aba Heidschi-bum-beidschi and f) Cheder Katan. Through the above study I have drawn conclusions regarding his compositional techniques prior to coming to South Africa as shown in the two mass compositions a nd the changes which occurred after being exposed to African music. The attention to detail in his arrangements and their sheer simplicity show his skill and craftsmanship also in this genre. Appendices of the works discussed have been submitted in a separate file and Appendix 8 lists all his available folksong arrangements.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Glasnost and glaciers, yurts and yaks : a scientist in Soviet Central Asia
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6707 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006744
- Description: Why are glaciers retreating, and are all glaciers retreating? There is much evidence to suggest that, globally, mean annual air temperatures are rising. Yet not all areas of the world have experienced temperature increases. In 1989 a Joint UNESCO/IGCP research project, Project 297, was initiated in order to identify and correlate geocryological features in mountain areas. A visit to the Alpine Geocryology station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to study rock glaciers afforded the author a glimpse of Soviet Asian evidence of climatic change and caused him to revise his interpretation of rock glacier and other geocryological remains in the eastern Cape Drakensberg.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6707 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006744
- Description: Why are glaciers retreating, and are all glaciers retreating? There is much evidence to suggest that, globally, mean annual air temperatures are rising. Yet not all areas of the world have experienced temperature increases. In 1989 a Joint UNESCO/IGCP research project, Project 297, was initiated in order to identify and correlate geocryological features in mountain areas. A visit to the Alpine Geocryology station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR to study rock glaciers afforded the author a glimpse of Soviet Asian evidence of climatic change and caused him to revise his interpretation of rock glacier and other geocryological remains in the eastern Cape Drakensberg.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1991
Gold mineralization in an archaean granite-greenstone remnant west of Melmoth, Natal ore genesis and implications for exploration
- Authors: Bullen, Warwick David
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4967 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005579 , Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Description: The previously undifferentiated, "Melmoth Granite-Greenstone Remnant" (MGGR¹) crops out over an area of about 360 km² in northern Natal, South Africa. The greenstone sequence is comprised mainly of mafic metalavas with lesser serpentinite, talc schist, dacitic tuff, quartz-muscovite schist, quartzite and calc-silicate rocks. The greenstones are intruded by syntectonic trondhjemitic gneisses, late-tectonic granodioritic gneisses and post-tectonic granite dykes. Four phases of deformation and metamorphism are recognized. Epigenetic, disseminated and quartz vein-hosted gold mineralization is associated with D₂ shearing - a positive correlation existing between the intensity of the shearing, the thickness of the shear zone and the grade of ore it contains. Auriferous quartz veins are distinguished from an earlier generation of barren vein quartz on the basis of mineralogy, texture and relationship to the s-fabric. The mineralization occurs in zones of dilation associated with shear zone refraction. Associated wall rock alteration includes sericitization, argillization and chloritization. An ore genesis model based on the aforementioned parameters, is proposed. Finally, an exploration programme has been devised in order to locate undiscovered gold deposits in the MGGR. The programme could probably be applied, with minor modifications, to shear zone-hosted gold deposits in other granite-greenstone remnants in northern Natal. ¹- Name suggested by writer.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Bullen, Warwick David
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4967 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005579 , Gold ores -- Geology -- South Africa , Greenstone belts -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal
- Description: The previously undifferentiated, "Melmoth Granite-Greenstone Remnant" (MGGR¹) crops out over an area of about 360 km² in northern Natal, South Africa. The greenstone sequence is comprised mainly of mafic metalavas with lesser serpentinite, talc schist, dacitic tuff, quartz-muscovite schist, quartzite and calc-silicate rocks. The greenstones are intruded by syntectonic trondhjemitic gneisses, late-tectonic granodioritic gneisses and post-tectonic granite dykes. Four phases of deformation and metamorphism are recognized. Epigenetic, disseminated and quartz vein-hosted gold mineralization is associated with D₂ shearing - a positive correlation existing between the intensity of the shearing, the thickness of the shear zone and the grade of ore it contains. Auriferous quartz veins are distinguished from an earlier generation of barren vein quartz on the basis of mineralogy, texture and relationship to the s-fabric. The mineralization occurs in zones of dilation associated with shear zone refraction. Associated wall rock alteration includes sericitization, argillization and chloritization. An ore genesis model based on the aforementioned parameters, is proposed. Finally, an exploration programme has been devised in order to locate undiscovered gold deposits in the MGGR. The programme could probably be applied, with minor modifications, to shear zone-hosted gold deposits in other granite-greenstone remnants in northern Natal. ¹- Name suggested by writer.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
History resource materials in Transkei senior secondary schools : their availability and use
- Flatela, Andile Thaddeus L L
- Authors: Flatela, Andile Thaddeus L L
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: History -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Experiential learning -- Education (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Teaching -- Methodology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1556 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003438
- Description: This dissertation, which was motivated by high failure rate in senior secondary history, is primarily an attempt at identifying some of the possible causes for poor performance in high school history in Transkei schools. One possible cause of the weak performance was identified as outmoded teaching methods which were encouraged by lack of adequate facilities and resources for history teaching and learning. The investigation took the form of a survey of both human and material resources in 30 of the then 210 senior secondary schools in Transkei. The survey questionnaire, which was directed to history teachers, covered aspects on personal information about the teachers, material resources and facilities for teaching history, and teaching methods related to history teaching. A total of 55 teachers responded to the questionnaire. The survey included all the three senior secondary school class levels, that is standard 8, 9 and 10. By looking at the nature of history as a discipline and the way in which students learn, it was discovered that at school level history could be learnt best through the 'experiential' approach. This is mainly because in dealing with time-past as it has to, history usually comes up with 'strange' concepts which cannot be easily grasped by present-day senior secondary teenagers. This is because understanding of historical concepts tends to develop slower than would generally be expected, unless it is re-enforced. In Transkei schools this problem of concepts understanding is made worse by the foreign language medium (English) in which the subject is taught. It is felt that these constraints could be partly aleviated with the use of audio-visual aids and self-activity teaching methods. However, this study revealed a gross inadequacy not only in facilities for teaching history but also of both human and material resources. This automatically discourages the 'new history' approach and teachers (most of whom are underqualified) tend to cling to the old-style lecture-textbook method to the detriment of their students. This study suggests that to improve this situation it is essential to upgrade both pre-service and in-service teachers' academic and professional standards. In addition history facilities and audio-visual materials should be generously supplied to afford ample opportunities for pupil activity. This then would be line with modern history teaching theories and, hopefully, would improve performance in history in this region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Flatela, Andile Thaddeus L L
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: History -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Experiential learning -- Education (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Transkei Teaching -- Methodology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1556 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003438
- Description: This dissertation, which was motivated by high failure rate in senior secondary history, is primarily an attempt at identifying some of the possible causes for poor performance in high school history in Transkei schools. One possible cause of the weak performance was identified as outmoded teaching methods which were encouraged by lack of adequate facilities and resources for history teaching and learning. The investigation took the form of a survey of both human and material resources in 30 of the then 210 senior secondary schools in Transkei. The survey questionnaire, which was directed to history teachers, covered aspects on personal information about the teachers, material resources and facilities for teaching history, and teaching methods related to history teaching. A total of 55 teachers responded to the questionnaire. The survey included all the three senior secondary school class levels, that is standard 8, 9 and 10. By looking at the nature of history as a discipline and the way in which students learn, it was discovered that at school level history could be learnt best through the 'experiential' approach. This is mainly because in dealing with time-past as it has to, history usually comes up with 'strange' concepts which cannot be easily grasped by present-day senior secondary teenagers. This is because understanding of historical concepts tends to develop slower than would generally be expected, unless it is re-enforced. In Transkei schools this problem of concepts understanding is made worse by the foreign language medium (English) in which the subject is taught. It is felt that these constraints could be partly aleviated with the use of audio-visual aids and self-activity teaching methods. However, this study revealed a gross inadequacy not only in facilities for teaching history but also of both human and material resources. This automatically discourages the 'new history' approach and teachers (most of whom are underqualified) tend to cling to the old-style lecture-textbook method to the detriment of their students. This study suggests that to improve this situation it is essential to upgrade both pre-service and in-service teachers' academic and professional standards. In addition history facilities and audio-visual materials should be generously supplied to afford ample opportunities for pupil activity. This then would be line with modern history teaching theories and, hopefully, would improve performance in history in this region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Immigrant adaptation in South Africa
- Authors: Couper, Michael Patrick
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Immigrants -- South Africa South Africa -- Emigration and immigration -- Social aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3330 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003118
- Description: Although the immigrant flow to South Africa has been relatively small compared to that of other immigrant receiving countries, when considered in terms of the size of South Africa's population and the fact that immigrants are restricted to the White population group, the role of immigrants in this society is considerable. Despite this, few comprehensive studies of the experiences of immigrants in South Africa have been attempted. The aim of this study is to examine the adaptation of immigrants from various countries according to a number of dimensions. Adaptation is conceived of as a dynamic and multidimensional process. A mail survey of seven immigrant groups in South Africa was undertaken during 1985. A total of 3,520 completed questionnaires were obtained from respondents representing British, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, British African and Portuguese African immigrants. The relationships among dimensions of subjective adaptation (satisfaction, identification and acceptance) and objective adaptation (social, cultural, economic, religious and political adaptation) are examined. The role of settlement and citizenship intentions are also investigated, as are various factors (country of origin, length of residence, etc.) that affect immigrant adaptation in South Africa. Multivariate analyses are undertaken to explore the nature of the relationships among these variables. Following these analyses a model of immigrant adaptation in South Africa is proposed. This model is intended to serve as a framework to guide future research on the adaptation of immigrants in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Couper, Michael Patrick
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Immigrants -- South Africa South Africa -- Emigration and immigration -- Social aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3330 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003118
- Description: Although the immigrant flow to South Africa has been relatively small compared to that of other immigrant receiving countries, when considered in terms of the size of South Africa's population and the fact that immigrants are restricted to the White population group, the role of immigrants in this society is considerable. Despite this, few comprehensive studies of the experiences of immigrants in South Africa have been attempted. The aim of this study is to examine the adaptation of immigrants from various countries according to a number of dimensions. Adaptation is conceived of as a dynamic and multidimensional process. A mail survey of seven immigrant groups in South Africa was undertaken during 1985. A total of 3,520 completed questionnaires were obtained from respondents representing British, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, British African and Portuguese African immigrants. The relationships among dimensions of subjective adaptation (satisfaction, identification and acceptance) and objective adaptation (social, cultural, economic, religious and political adaptation) are examined. The role of settlement and citizenship intentions are also investigated, as are various factors (country of origin, length of residence, etc.) that affect immigrant adaptation in South Africa. Multivariate analyses are undertaken to explore the nature of the relationships among these variables. Following these analyses a model of immigrant adaptation in South Africa is proposed. This model is intended to serve as a framework to guide future research on the adaptation of immigrants in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Job creation scheme in the United States in the depression
- NUM
- Authors: NUM
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: NUM
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/169055 , vital:41679
- Description: During the 1930's the world experienced the most wide-spread and severe economic depression in its history. The beginning of the Great Depression was signalled by the great crash on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: NUM
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: NUM
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/169055 , vital:41679
- Description: During the 1930's the world experienced the most wide-spread and severe economic depression in its history. The beginning of the Great Depression was signalled by the great crash on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Land expropriation and labour extraction under Cape colonial rule : the war of 1835 and the "emancipation" of the Fingo
- Authors: Webster, Alan Charles
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Ayliff, John, 1797-1862 , Fingo (African people) -- History , Frontier War, 1834-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- History -- 1814-1852 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Gcaleka (African people) -- History , Bantu-speaking peoples -- Migrations , Rharhabe (African people) -- History , Historiography -- South Africa , D'Urban, Benjamin, Sir, 1777-1849 , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Working class -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Eminent domain -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002425
- Description: The interpretations of the war of 1835 and the identity of the Fingo that were presented by the English settlers, have remained the mainstays of all subsequent histories. They asserted that the war of 1835 was the fault purely of 'Kaffir' aggression, that it was controlled by Hintza, the paramount chief, and that the ensuing hostilities were justifiable colonial defence and punishment of the Africans. The arrival of the Fingo in the Colony, it was claimed, was unconnected with the war. It was alleged that the seventeen thousand Fingo brought into the Colony in May 1835 were all Natal refugees who had fled south from the devastations of Shaka and the 'mfecane', and who had then become oppressed by their Gca1eka hosts. Both of these 'histories' need to be inverted. The 'irruption' of December 1834 was not unprovoked Rharhabe aggression, but the final response to years of the advance of the Cape Colony. Large areas of Rharhabe land had been expropriated, and their cattle regularly raided. Their women and children had been seized and taken into the Colony as labourers. The attacks were carried out by only a section of the Rharhabe on specific areas in Albany. The damage caused, and stock taken, was vastly exaggerated by the colonists. The Cape Governor, D'Urban, and British troop reinforcements arrived in Albany in January, and the Rharhabe were invaded two months later. D'Urban later invaded the innocent Gcaleka, took cattle, wreaked havoc and killed Hintza after he refused to ally with the Colony. The Fingo made their appearance at this moment. They were not a homogenous group. There were four categories within the term: mission and refugee collaborators (who were given land at Peddie and had chiefs appointed), military auxiliaries, labourers, and later, destitute Rharhabe seeking employment in the Colony. Only a small minority of the total Fingo were from Natal. The majority of the Fingo appear to have been Rharhabe and Gcaleka women and children, captured by the troops during the war and distributed on farms in the eastern districts to ameliorate the chronic labour shortage. Thus, instead of the year 1835 being one of great loss for the eastern Cape, as claimed by the settler apologists, it was a catalyst to the economic development of the area. All Rharhabe land was seized, to be granted as settler farms. Well over sixty thousand Rharhabe and Gcaleka cattle were captured and distributed amongst the colonists. The security threat of the adjacent Rharhabe and the independent Gcaleka was removed. And a large colonial labour supply was ensured.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Webster, Alan Charles
- Date: 1991
- Subjects: Ayliff, John, 1797-1862 , Fingo (African people) -- History , Frontier War, 1834-1835 , Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) -- History -- 1814-1852 , Xhosa (African people) -- History , Gcaleka (African people) -- History , Bantu-speaking peoples -- Migrations , Rharhabe (African people) -- History , Historiography -- South Africa , D'Urban, Benjamin, Sir, 1777-1849 , Land tenure -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Working class -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope , Eminent domain -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002425
- Description: The interpretations of the war of 1835 and the identity of the Fingo that were presented by the English settlers, have remained the mainstays of all subsequent histories. They asserted that the war of 1835 was the fault purely of 'Kaffir' aggression, that it was controlled by Hintza, the paramount chief, and that the ensuing hostilities were justifiable colonial defence and punishment of the Africans. The arrival of the Fingo in the Colony, it was claimed, was unconnected with the war. It was alleged that the seventeen thousand Fingo brought into the Colony in May 1835 were all Natal refugees who had fled south from the devastations of Shaka and the 'mfecane', and who had then become oppressed by their Gca1eka hosts. Both of these 'histories' need to be inverted. The 'irruption' of December 1834 was not unprovoked Rharhabe aggression, but the final response to years of the advance of the Cape Colony. Large areas of Rharhabe land had been expropriated, and their cattle regularly raided. Their women and children had been seized and taken into the Colony as labourers. The attacks were carried out by only a section of the Rharhabe on specific areas in Albany. The damage caused, and stock taken, was vastly exaggerated by the colonists. The Cape Governor, D'Urban, and British troop reinforcements arrived in Albany in January, and the Rharhabe were invaded two months later. D'Urban later invaded the innocent Gcaleka, took cattle, wreaked havoc and killed Hintza after he refused to ally with the Colony. The Fingo made their appearance at this moment. They were not a homogenous group. There were four categories within the term: mission and refugee collaborators (who were given land at Peddie and had chiefs appointed), military auxiliaries, labourers, and later, destitute Rharhabe seeking employment in the Colony. Only a small minority of the total Fingo were from Natal. The majority of the Fingo appear to have been Rharhabe and Gcaleka women and children, captured by the troops during the war and distributed on farms in the eastern districts to ameliorate the chronic labour shortage. Thus, instead of the year 1835 being one of great loss for the eastern Cape, as claimed by the settler apologists, it was a catalyst to the economic development of the area. All Rharhabe land was seized, to be granted as settler farms. Well over sixty thousand Rharhabe and Gcaleka cattle were captured and distributed amongst the colonists. The security threat of the adjacent Rharhabe and the independent Gcaleka was removed. And a large colonial labour supply was ensured.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Looking at landscapes
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:576 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006731
- Description: [From text] Landscape, for me, is Geography, for landscape is the focus of the four great traditions of my subject: spatial; area studies; man-land relationships; earth science (Pattison, 1964,1990). Hedd Wyn and Thomas Roberts, each in his own way, was a Geographer, for each was obviously a student of landscape. My own interest in Geography originated in the view from my bedroom window. I was lucky, Dad was a clergyman, and when he came bade from the army he accepted the parish of St. Peter's Glasbury, in the Wye valley of Wales. From my bedroom window I looked out across The Vicarage lawn, beyond the yew hedge and the orchard, to a series of mounds set in parkland. They were orderly, forming the outline of a rectangle, and when a group of archaeologists excavated the site they discovered that the mounds were the remains of the walls of an Iron Age fort (Savoury, 1955). Although I did not know it at the time, the landscape was already talking to me. , Inaugural Lecture delivered at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 17 April 1991
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Lewis, Colin A
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:576 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006731
- Description: [From text] Landscape, for me, is Geography, for landscape is the focus of the four great traditions of my subject: spatial; area studies; man-land relationships; earth science (Pattison, 1964,1990). Hedd Wyn and Thomas Roberts, each in his own way, was a Geographer, for each was obviously a student of landscape. My own interest in Geography originated in the view from my bedroom window. I was lucky, Dad was a clergyman, and when he came bade from the army he accepted the parish of St. Peter's Glasbury, in the Wye valley of Wales. From my bedroom window I looked out across The Vicarage lawn, beyond the yew hedge and the orchard, to a series of mounds set in parkland. They were orderly, forming the outline of a rectangle, and when a group of archaeologists excavated the site they discovered that the mounds were the remains of the walls of an Iron Age fort (Savoury, 1955). Although I did not know it at the time, the landscape was already talking to me. , Inaugural Lecture delivered at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 17 April 1991
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
Lost generation found: black youth at leisure
- Authors: Moller, Valerie
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:542 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011554
- Description: South African society has been preoccupied with educating and finding jobs for its volatile youth generation. This Indicator SA special report looks beyond the institutional settings of school and work, focusing instead on how young people use their leisure time. The leisure prospects of black urban youth in their teens and early twenties has been researched by the Youth Centre Project (YCP) of the Centre for Social and Development Studies at the University of Natal. This seminal three year research and development project was carried out between 1988 and 1991 with sponsorship from Germany's Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Leisure might be considered a lightweight issue compared to other pressing problems in South African society. Not so, the YCP research shows that leisure has an important role to play in developing the new South Africa. Indeed, leisure is a critical issue for the youth which can either spell hope and opportunity or frustration and regression into crime and violence. Multiple phases of research were undertaken at the national and local level among rank and file black youth to address the many facets of leisure in township and peri-urban settings: • A nationwide time use survey recorded the leisure activities of young people in the 16-24 years age bracket and inquired into attitudes towards leisure and lifestyles. The study for which participants kept activity diaries, may be the first of its kind in South Africa. • Smaller scale investigations in the Durban Functional Region (DFR) looked into the leisure resources available and the human potential to make optimal use of leisure opportunities: • Youth groups and clubs operating in the DFR were the focus of a special youth self-help intervention. A regional youth group, the YCP Working Group, formed to serve the training and development needs of existing youth clubs in the DFR. • A special study was made of the particular leisure needs of young people living in four shack areas in the DFR. Several studies focused on venues for youth to meet, including the need for a regional youth centre in the Pinetown area. An inventory of DFR leisure facilities compiled for the project revealed the mismatch between existing leisure facilities and young people's views on ideal leisure venues. • A nationwide poll among all population groups confirmed the need for multi-purpose neighbourhood youth centres which offer educational as well as recreational leisure outlets. This special report addresses several leisure dilemmas facing South Africa today. Leisure is an elusive concept which is difficult to define. Our findings indicate that leisure means much more than recreation or play to young people. Educational and learning experiences are attractive but neglected leisure options which may have greater appeal than pure recreational pastimes. The evidence suggests that this is not 'a lost generation' but one starved for meaningful leisure outlets. Semi-leisure is the concept introduced to convey this more serious side to leisure activities. The inquiry concludes that marrying semi-leisure with pure leisure may go a long way towards meeting youth demands for constructive leisure at home, in youth groups, and in community centres and projects. The research findings reveal tensions between the leisure needs of young men and women, between youth in and out of jobs, between church and politicised youth, and between township and shackland youth. The dilemma is how to apply an equity solution to meet the spare time needs of youth from these diverse backgrounds. Airing these leisure dilemmas represents an important first step towards formulating a leisure policy for the new era. The case studies and commentaries in this special report demonstrate that rank and file black youth, in spite of the political violence, state repression during the emergency period, and social neglect, are amazingly adept at using their leisure creatively. Clearly, this potential calls for the formulation of an equally imaginative national leisure policy to enable South African youth to realise their dreams and aspirations. , A joint publication: Youth Centre Project, Indicator Project South Africa. Youth Centre Project: Affiliate of the Centre for Social and Development Studies, University of Natal, Durban. Editor: Graham Howe. Production/ graphics: Rob Evans. Academic researcher: Robin Richards. Community researcher: Theresa Mthembu. Copy typing: Deborah Boertje.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991
- Authors: Moller, Valerie
- Date: 1991
- Language: English
- Type: Text
- Identifier: vital:542 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011554
- Description: South African society has been preoccupied with educating and finding jobs for its volatile youth generation. This Indicator SA special report looks beyond the institutional settings of school and work, focusing instead on how young people use their leisure time. The leisure prospects of black urban youth in their teens and early twenties has been researched by the Youth Centre Project (YCP) of the Centre for Social and Development Studies at the University of Natal. This seminal three year research and development project was carried out between 1988 and 1991 with sponsorship from Germany's Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Leisure might be considered a lightweight issue compared to other pressing problems in South African society. Not so, the YCP research shows that leisure has an important role to play in developing the new South Africa. Indeed, leisure is a critical issue for the youth which can either spell hope and opportunity or frustration and regression into crime and violence. Multiple phases of research were undertaken at the national and local level among rank and file black youth to address the many facets of leisure in township and peri-urban settings: • A nationwide time use survey recorded the leisure activities of young people in the 16-24 years age bracket and inquired into attitudes towards leisure and lifestyles. The study for which participants kept activity diaries, may be the first of its kind in South Africa. • Smaller scale investigations in the Durban Functional Region (DFR) looked into the leisure resources available and the human potential to make optimal use of leisure opportunities: • Youth groups and clubs operating in the DFR were the focus of a special youth self-help intervention. A regional youth group, the YCP Working Group, formed to serve the training and development needs of existing youth clubs in the DFR. • A special study was made of the particular leisure needs of young people living in four shack areas in the DFR. Several studies focused on venues for youth to meet, including the need for a regional youth centre in the Pinetown area. An inventory of DFR leisure facilities compiled for the project revealed the mismatch between existing leisure facilities and young people's views on ideal leisure venues. • A nationwide poll among all population groups confirmed the need for multi-purpose neighbourhood youth centres which offer educational as well as recreational leisure outlets. This special report addresses several leisure dilemmas facing South Africa today. Leisure is an elusive concept which is difficult to define. Our findings indicate that leisure means much more than recreation or play to young people. Educational and learning experiences are attractive but neglected leisure options which may have greater appeal than pure recreational pastimes. The evidence suggests that this is not 'a lost generation' but one starved for meaningful leisure outlets. Semi-leisure is the concept introduced to convey this more serious side to leisure activities. The inquiry concludes that marrying semi-leisure with pure leisure may go a long way towards meeting youth demands for constructive leisure at home, in youth groups, and in community centres and projects. The research findings reveal tensions between the leisure needs of young men and women, between youth in and out of jobs, between church and politicised youth, and between township and shackland youth. The dilemma is how to apply an equity solution to meet the spare time needs of youth from these diverse backgrounds. Airing these leisure dilemmas represents an important first step towards formulating a leisure policy for the new era. The case studies and commentaries in this special report demonstrate that rank and file black youth, in spite of the political violence, state repression during the emergency period, and social neglect, are amazingly adept at using their leisure creatively. Clearly, this potential calls for the formulation of an equally imaginative national leisure policy to enable South African youth to realise their dreams and aspirations. , A joint publication: Youth Centre Project, Indicator Project South Africa. Youth Centre Project: Affiliate of the Centre for Social and Development Studies, University of Natal, Durban. Editor: Graham Howe. Production/ graphics: Rob Evans. Academic researcher: Robin Richards. Community researcher: Theresa Mthembu. Copy typing: Deborah Boertje.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1991