A multiple case study exploration into community members’ ecopsychological responses to environmental degradation in South Africa
- Authors: Barnwell, Garret
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Environmental psychology -- South Africa , Environmental degradation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/54892 , vital:48377
- Description: The psychological impact of environmental degradation in South Africa and its impact on communities’ relationships to the natural world is an understudied area. This study’s main aim was to explore community members’ reactions and responses to different forms of environmental degradation in South Africa by analysing two case studies: Rustenburg in the North West province and Limpopo province’s Vhembe District. The qualitative case studies relied on emplaced individual and focus group interviews. The findings from this study are presented in this doctoral thesis by publication. The first case study of Rustenburg in the North West’s platinum mining belt was selected due to the extractive industry’s historical impact on the natural environment, which is interlinked with the identity and heritage of host mining communities who could be considered land and environmental defenders. Two publications have been published on this case study. The first article, Critical reflections from South Africa: Using the Power Threat Meaning Framework to place climate-related distress in its socio-political context, was published in the British Psychology Society’s Clinical Psychology Forum Special Issue: Psychology and the Climate and Environmental Crisis in August 2020 and provides a critical reflection on psychological distress in Rustenburg, and questions whether popular terms used, such as “climate anxieties”, are useful for communities confronted by ecological crises. The paper concludes that there is danger in the dehistoricisation and medicalisation of distress that is rooted in climate, land and environmental injustices. The paper sets the scene for papers to follow that examine the interrelationship between place attachments and psychological responses to environmental degradation associated with slow violence. The second article, ’Nothing green can grow without being on the land’: Mine-affected communities’ psychological experiences of ecological degradation and resistance in Rustenburg, South Africa, was published in Community Psychology in Global Perspective Special Issue: Communities reclaiming power and social justice in the face of climate change and presents a broad overview of psychological responses to ecological degradation associated with environmental injustices. The paper suggests that psychological distress is attributed to environmental injustices. Furthermore, the process of place severing – the psychological threats, harms and disruptions to place-based dialogues – contributes to distress experienced in extractive settings. The two articles in this case study concluded by demonstrating how community resistance plays a part in addressing cumulative ecological harms and restoring the ancestral relationship with place. The second case study in the Vhembe District was selected due to the community’s psycho-spiritual connection to the sacred sites in the area and the histories of environmental degradation in the area. Article three, ‘Mupo is life’: Intergenerational community identity and safeguarding of sacred natural sites is in press in the journal Ecopsychology. The paper found that place plays a role in shaping and transferring intergenerational community identities. Furthermore, Zwifho shape worldviews about Mupo, i.e. all of existence, that underpin land and environmental defenders’ responses to environmental degradation and place severing. The fourth article, “Restoring roots”: Lived experiences of place severing and dialogical resurgence associated with deforestation and land dispossession in Limpopo province, South Africa, is under review by AWRY: Journal of Critical Psychology. The article demonstrates that place severing is rooted in histories of colonialism and that distress is related to losses and cumulative ecological harm. Furthermore, the article shows how decolonial dialogical resurgence responds to the mechanisms that drive place severing. The fifth and final publication, Grounding community psychology in ecopsychosocial accompaniment, is a chapter that explores opportunities for community psychologists to accompany others, specifically in relationship with people who have experienced displacement and environmental justice struggles. Collectively, these four articles and book chapter present the first publications of a larger research study that spans two South African case studies and that should yield several more publications. These publications draw on critical psychologies, including decolonial theory, liberation psychology, critical community psychology and radical ecopsychology. Within this thesis, the journal articles and book chapter are consolidated by an overarching discussion chapter that situates these five publications within the context of existing literature, and describes how existing theory and methodology have been advanced. The study demonstrates the interconnectedness between histories of colonialism, land injustices and environmental degradation that contribute to intergenerational psychological distress. Grassroots community organising groups play a critical role in addressing the resulting cumulative environmental harms through place-based resistance and dialogical resurgence. Moreover, the study suggests that critical psychologies have important roles to play in supporting land and environmental justice struggles through critical research, evaluations and assessments, and litigation. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Barnwell, Garret
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Environmental psychology -- South Africa , Environmental degradation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/54892 , vital:48377
- Description: The psychological impact of environmental degradation in South Africa and its impact on communities’ relationships to the natural world is an understudied area. This study’s main aim was to explore community members’ reactions and responses to different forms of environmental degradation in South Africa by analysing two case studies: Rustenburg in the North West province and Limpopo province’s Vhembe District. The qualitative case studies relied on emplaced individual and focus group interviews. The findings from this study are presented in this doctoral thesis by publication. The first case study of Rustenburg in the North West’s platinum mining belt was selected due to the extractive industry’s historical impact on the natural environment, which is interlinked with the identity and heritage of host mining communities who could be considered land and environmental defenders. Two publications have been published on this case study. The first article, Critical reflections from South Africa: Using the Power Threat Meaning Framework to place climate-related distress in its socio-political context, was published in the British Psychology Society’s Clinical Psychology Forum Special Issue: Psychology and the Climate and Environmental Crisis in August 2020 and provides a critical reflection on psychological distress in Rustenburg, and questions whether popular terms used, such as “climate anxieties”, are useful for communities confronted by ecological crises. The paper concludes that there is danger in the dehistoricisation and medicalisation of distress that is rooted in climate, land and environmental injustices. The paper sets the scene for papers to follow that examine the interrelationship between place attachments and psychological responses to environmental degradation associated with slow violence. The second article, ’Nothing green can grow without being on the land’: Mine-affected communities’ psychological experiences of ecological degradation and resistance in Rustenburg, South Africa, was published in Community Psychology in Global Perspective Special Issue: Communities reclaiming power and social justice in the face of climate change and presents a broad overview of psychological responses to ecological degradation associated with environmental injustices. The paper suggests that psychological distress is attributed to environmental injustices. Furthermore, the process of place severing – the psychological threats, harms and disruptions to place-based dialogues – contributes to distress experienced in extractive settings. The two articles in this case study concluded by demonstrating how community resistance plays a part in addressing cumulative ecological harms and restoring the ancestral relationship with place. The second case study in the Vhembe District was selected due to the community’s psycho-spiritual connection to the sacred sites in the area and the histories of environmental degradation in the area. Article three, ‘Mupo is life’: Intergenerational community identity and safeguarding of sacred natural sites is in press in the journal Ecopsychology. The paper found that place plays a role in shaping and transferring intergenerational community identities. Furthermore, Zwifho shape worldviews about Mupo, i.e. all of existence, that underpin land and environmental defenders’ responses to environmental degradation and place severing. The fourth article, “Restoring roots”: Lived experiences of place severing and dialogical resurgence associated with deforestation and land dispossession in Limpopo province, South Africa, is under review by AWRY: Journal of Critical Psychology. The article demonstrates that place severing is rooted in histories of colonialism and that distress is related to losses and cumulative ecological harm. Furthermore, the article shows how decolonial dialogical resurgence responds to the mechanisms that drive place severing. The fifth and final publication, Grounding community psychology in ecopsychosocial accompaniment, is a chapter that explores opportunities for community psychologists to accompany others, specifically in relationship with people who have experienced displacement and environmental justice struggles. Collectively, these four articles and book chapter present the first publications of a larger research study that spans two South African case studies and that should yield several more publications. These publications draw on critical psychologies, including decolonial theory, liberation psychology, critical community psychology and radical ecopsychology. Within this thesis, the journal articles and book chapter are consolidated by an overarching discussion chapter that situates these five publications within the context of existing literature, and describes how existing theory and methodology have been advanced. The study demonstrates the interconnectedness between histories of colonialism, land injustices and environmental degradation that contribute to intergenerational psychological distress. Grassroots community organising groups play a critical role in addressing the resulting cumulative environmental harms through place-based resistance and dialogical resurgence. Moreover, the study suggests that critical psychologies have important roles to play in supporting land and environmental justice struggles through critical research, evaluations and assessments, and litigation. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
An analysis of technical efficiency and service effectiveness for freight railways in African and European countries
- Mfiyo, Azania https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-9756
- Authors: Mfiyo, Azania https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-9756
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Freight and freightage , Railroads -- Freight
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20186 , vital:45406
- Description: For the past decades, technical efficiency and service effectiveness have become topical as performance measures in various sectors. However, a comparison of technical efficiency and service effectiveness for freight rail transport has received less attention in African and European countries. To address this challenge the current study seeks to analyse technical efficiency and service effectiveness of rail freight in African and European countries. Due to data unavailability in other countries, this study selected four African countries (South Africa, Morocco, Democratic Republic of Congo and Algeria) and four European countries (Lithuania, Austria, France and Germany). The data has been collected from the World Bank, International Union of Railway Statistics and Knoema for the period 2017. Input oriented and output oriented data envelope analysis (DEA) were used to analyze technical efficiency and service effectiveness, respectively. The application of DEA requires the selection of appropriate inputs, production and output variables. This study selected a number of employees and length of rail lines as input variables, gross train tonne kilometres (km) as production variable, tonnes carried and tonne kilometres (km) as output variables. The result shows that five out of eight countries were technical efficient and their services effective with values equal to 1.00. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyse the relationship between technical efficiency and service effectiveness. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between technical efficiency and service effectiveness. To determine the impact exogenous variables on technical efficiency and service effectiveness, a Tobit regression analysis was conducted. The results show that technical efficiency and service effectiveness are not significantly affected by exogenous variables. On the other hand, technical efficiency is significantly affected by the number of employees while service effectiveness is significantly affected by gross train tonne km. This study recommends the use of less labour intensive assets and monitoring of gross train tonne km should be viewed as important strategies to improve technical efficiency and service effectiveness, respectively. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Mfiyo, Azania https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0967-9756
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Freight and freightage , Railroads -- Freight
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20186 , vital:45406
- Description: For the past decades, technical efficiency and service effectiveness have become topical as performance measures in various sectors. However, a comparison of technical efficiency and service effectiveness for freight rail transport has received less attention in African and European countries. To address this challenge the current study seeks to analyse technical efficiency and service effectiveness of rail freight in African and European countries. Due to data unavailability in other countries, this study selected four African countries (South Africa, Morocco, Democratic Republic of Congo and Algeria) and four European countries (Lithuania, Austria, France and Germany). The data has been collected from the World Bank, International Union of Railway Statistics and Knoema for the period 2017. Input oriented and output oriented data envelope analysis (DEA) were used to analyze technical efficiency and service effectiveness, respectively. The application of DEA requires the selection of appropriate inputs, production and output variables. This study selected a number of employees and length of rail lines as input variables, gross train tonne kilometres (km) as production variable, tonnes carried and tonne kilometres (km) as output variables. The result shows that five out of eight countries were technical efficient and their services effective with values equal to 1.00. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyse the relationship between technical efficiency and service effectiveness. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between technical efficiency and service effectiveness. To determine the impact exogenous variables on technical efficiency and service effectiveness, a Tobit regression analysis was conducted. The results show that technical efficiency and service effectiveness are not significantly affected by exogenous variables. On the other hand, technical efficiency is significantly affected by the number of employees while service effectiveness is significantly affected by gross train tonne km. This study recommends the use of less labour intensive assets and monitoring of gross train tonne km should be viewed as important strategies to improve technical efficiency and service effectiveness, respectively. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
An Updated Catalogue and Review of Afrotherian (Afroplacentalia) Mammals in the Amathole Museum Collection, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Mahala, Buyiswa
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Mammals
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20741 , vital:46513
- Description: The Mammalogy Collection of the Amathole Museum is one of the most comprehensive mammal collections in Africa, with a specialisation in southern African fauna. It was accumulated over almost 100 years, in some instances from areas that no longer support sustainable populations of wildlife. The collection, therefore, is irreplaceable. A museum collection is only as good as its accessibility to students and researchers for it to perform its functions as a biodiversity archive. Accessibility, in turn, depends on up-to-date taxonomy and classification; good curation practices; public awareness of the collection; and electronic access to the details of the collection’s composition. The higher-level taxonomy of the Class Mammalia has undergone extensive changes since the adoption of molecular systematic techniques. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on large DNA sequence databases consistently group placental mammals into four superorders: Laurasiatheria (carnivores, bats, ungulates, whales); Euarchontoglires, a super-clade that includes primates (apes, monkeys and allies), rodents (mouse, rat and guinea pig), lagomorphs, (rabbit and hares), dermopterans (flying lemurs or colugos) and scandentians (tree shrew); Xenarthra (armadillos, anteaters, sloths), and Afrotheria (elephants, sea cows, tenrecs, aardvarks, sengis, golden moles, hyraxes). New relationships have been recognised that have required the erection of new taxonomic groups. Most of the Amathole Museum mammal collection was assembled and accessioned long before this new system was devised, and I undertook this project to begin the re-organisation of the collection according to the new information. I conducted and audit and inventory of all specimens of Afrotheria, or the mammals of African origin, housed in the Amathole Museum collection. I photographed the specimens and corrected and updated their taxonomic details. As we now live in an age of digital information, natural history collections need to be available online to extend public access. Specimen details were entered into Excel files, and their localities were mapped. This kind of information has the possibility of transforming biological curricula to include more authentic and inquiry-driven educational experiences. My future goals are to acquire Malagasy tenrecs for the Amathole Afrotheria collection, and to investigate the taxonomic validity of the Amathole hyrax collection, as many specimens were found with confusing and out-of-date classifications. , Thesis (MSc) (Zoology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Mahala, Buyiswa
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Mammals
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20741 , vital:46513
- Description: The Mammalogy Collection of the Amathole Museum is one of the most comprehensive mammal collections in Africa, with a specialisation in southern African fauna. It was accumulated over almost 100 years, in some instances from areas that no longer support sustainable populations of wildlife. The collection, therefore, is irreplaceable. A museum collection is only as good as its accessibility to students and researchers for it to perform its functions as a biodiversity archive. Accessibility, in turn, depends on up-to-date taxonomy and classification; good curation practices; public awareness of the collection; and electronic access to the details of the collection’s composition. The higher-level taxonomy of the Class Mammalia has undergone extensive changes since the adoption of molecular systematic techniques. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on large DNA sequence databases consistently group placental mammals into four superorders: Laurasiatheria (carnivores, bats, ungulates, whales); Euarchontoglires, a super-clade that includes primates (apes, monkeys and allies), rodents (mouse, rat and guinea pig), lagomorphs, (rabbit and hares), dermopterans (flying lemurs or colugos) and scandentians (tree shrew); Xenarthra (armadillos, anteaters, sloths), and Afrotheria (elephants, sea cows, tenrecs, aardvarks, sengis, golden moles, hyraxes). New relationships have been recognised that have required the erection of new taxonomic groups. Most of the Amathole Museum mammal collection was assembled and accessioned long before this new system was devised, and I undertook this project to begin the re-organisation of the collection according to the new information. I conducted and audit and inventory of all specimens of Afrotheria, or the mammals of African origin, housed in the Amathole Museum collection. I photographed the specimens and corrected and updated their taxonomic details. As we now live in an age of digital information, natural history collections need to be available online to extend public access. Specimen details were entered into Excel files, and their localities were mapped. This kind of information has the possibility of transforming biological curricula to include more authentic and inquiry-driven educational experiences. My future goals are to acquire Malagasy tenrecs for the Amathole Afrotheria collection, and to investigate the taxonomic validity of the Amathole hyrax collection, as many specimens were found with confusing and out-of-date classifications. , Thesis (MSc) (Zoology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Assessing the invasive status and reproductive ecology of two Crataegus species in South Africa; Crataegus monogyna Jacq and C. mexicana DC
- Authors: Tshilingalinga, Sydney
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Crataegus monogyna , Nonindigenous pests , Biological invasions
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20904 , vital:46740
- Description: In South Africa different species, from the genus Crataegus, including Crataegus monogyna Jacq and C. mexicana DC have been introduced for various reasons in the past. Populations of these plants have now established in multiple provinces. However, the invasive status, risk and insect pollinators that promote their reproduction and dispersal have never been studied in South Africa. This study was aimed at 1) Assessing the risk of, and mapping two Crataegus species, Crataegus monogyna Jacq and C. mexicana DC in South Africa, 2) Determining the role and effectiveness of insects pollinators to fruiting of C. monogyna and C. mexicana, 3) Identifying flower visitors of C. monogyna and C. mexicana, and 4) documenting potential dispersal vectors for both species in the Eastern Cape Province. A framework entitled “Framework and guideline for conducting risk analysis under NEM: BA Alien and Invasive Species Regulation of 2014” was used to assess the risk of the two Crataegus spp, and we conducted field trips to various provinces in SA to map their distribution. The author conducted an exclusion experiment to determine the role and effectiveness of insect pollinators. Observations were conducted to identify flower visitors and potential dispersal vectors for both species. The risk analysis results suggested that both species pose a high risk of becoming invasive in South Africa. The eradication feasibility of both species was found to be medium with C. monogyna having an eradication feasibility score of 5 and C. mexicana having an eradication feasibility score of 4. This meant that there was a 50 percent chance for both species to be eradicated in South Africa currently. After a thorough risk analysis, it was recommended that both species be listed under category 1b on the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act. Category 1b species are invasive species that need to be controlled, and if possible, they must be eradicated, trading of species from this category is not allowed. Crataegus mexicana was found to be widespread in South Africa with ten relatively small populations distributed in 5 provinces; Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State and Eastern Cape Province. Crataegus monogyna was found not to be widespread in South Africa, with only three populations found in the Eastern Cape Province. Insect pollinators contribute to the fruiting of both species in SA. However, the exotic plants were also observed to be able to self-pollinate when insects are excluded. Flowers of C. monogyna were visited by various insect species from orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, while C. mexicana is visited by species from the order Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Seventy-seven percent (77 percent) of potential dispersal vectors observed for C. monogyna were birds, and 15 percent were mammals. For C. mexicana, 71 percent of potential dispersal vectors observed were mammals, and 29 percent were birds. Crataegus monogyna and C. mexicana are emerging invasive alien species in South Africa, and not much is known about them. Although the two species are listed as invasive weeds in South Africa, very little is known about their invasive status in other parts of the world. This study has managed to give baseline information and data about both species which are already in South Africa. The baseline information and data include the population structure of both species, their distribution, the risk they pose to South Africa biodiversity and their reproduction ecology. Currently, there are no management plans in place for both species in South Africa, and this is because they are not listed yet in the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act of South Africa. However, this study recommends that current populations continue to be monitored, awareness of both species in various provinces be initiated to help in the discovery of new and emerging populations, and management options of large populations developed in the future. , Thesis (MSc) (Entomology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Tshilingalinga, Sydney
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Crataegus monogyna , Nonindigenous pests , Biological invasions
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20904 , vital:46740
- Description: In South Africa different species, from the genus Crataegus, including Crataegus monogyna Jacq and C. mexicana DC have been introduced for various reasons in the past. Populations of these plants have now established in multiple provinces. However, the invasive status, risk and insect pollinators that promote their reproduction and dispersal have never been studied in South Africa. This study was aimed at 1) Assessing the risk of, and mapping two Crataegus species, Crataegus monogyna Jacq and C. mexicana DC in South Africa, 2) Determining the role and effectiveness of insects pollinators to fruiting of C. monogyna and C. mexicana, 3) Identifying flower visitors of C. monogyna and C. mexicana, and 4) documenting potential dispersal vectors for both species in the Eastern Cape Province. A framework entitled “Framework and guideline for conducting risk analysis under NEM: BA Alien and Invasive Species Regulation of 2014” was used to assess the risk of the two Crataegus spp, and we conducted field trips to various provinces in SA to map their distribution. The author conducted an exclusion experiment to determine the role and effectiveness of insect pollinators. Observations were conducted to identify flower visitors and potential dispersal vectors for both species. The risk analysis results suggested that both species pose a high risk of becoming invasive in South Africa. The eradication feasibility of both species was found to be medium with C. monogyna having an eradication feasibility score of 5 and C. mexicana having an eradication feasibility score of 4. This meant that there was a 50 percent chance for both species to be eradicated in South Africa currently. After a thorough risk analysis, it was recommended that both species be listed under category 1b on the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act. Category 1b species are invasive species that need to be controlled, and if possible, they must be eradicated, trading of species from this category is not allowed. Crataegus mexicana was found to be widespread in South Africa with ten relatively small populations distributed in 5 provinces; Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State and Eastern Cape Province. Crataegus monogyna was found not to be widespread in South Africa, with only three populations found in the Eastern Cape Province. Insect pollinators contribute to the fruiting of both species in SA. However, the exotic plants were also observed to be able to self-pollinate when insects are excluded. Flowers of C. monogyna were visited by various insect species from orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, while C. mexicana is visited by species from the order Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Seventy-seven percent (77 percent) of potential dispersal vectors observed for C. monogyna were birds, and 15 percent were mammals. For C. mexicana, 71 percent of potential dispersal vectors observed were mammals, and 29 percent were birds. Crataegus monogyna and C. mexicana are emerging invasive alien species in South Africa, and not much is known about them. Although the two species are listed as invasive weeds in South Africa, very little is known about their invasive status in other parts of the world. This study has managed to give baseline information and data about both species which are already in South Africa. The baseline information and data include the population structure of both species, their distribution, the risk they pose to South Africa biodiversity and their reproduction ecology. Currently, there are no management plans in place for both species in South Africa, and this is because they are not listed yet in the National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act of South Africa. However, this study recommends that current populations continue to be monitored, awareness of both species in various provinces be initiated to help in the discovery of new and emerging populations, and management options of large populations developed in the future. , Thesis (MSc) (Entomology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Civil protests and their impact on human rights in the Republic of South Africa
- Authors: Melvin, Kokwe Sonwabo
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Protest movements -- South Africa , Human rights -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/28184 , vital:73806
- Description: This mini dissertation investigates civil protests and their impact on human rights in the Republic of South Africa. South Africa is a democratic country that subscribes to representative democracy. Its civilians vote for political parties that elect members to represent them in parliament or in government. Civilians are not members of armed forces, such as police, soldiers, or fire fighters. These people are ordinary citizen with no power or authority to engage in war as they do not have arms or gear to do so. Whenever they feel aggrieved with situation or action by authorities (political leaders, government, or employers), they embark on protest to voice their grievances or disapproval. However, in the process of protest there have been developments of intimidation, vandalism, abuse, and violation of other people's rights. This happens even though the right to protest is enshrined to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Section 17 of the constitution guarantees civilians the right to protest. It further stipulates the way in which protests should be conducted. The fact that protest is recognised as a right, means it plays an important role in assisting civilians expressing dissatisfaction with current situations and assert demands for social, political, and economic change. Additionally, the right to protest gives citizens right to participate in discourse. It is the individual and/or collective exercise of existing and universally recognised human rights that affords civilians opportunity to demand dignity, freedom of association and expression from authorities. Although this right is fundamental, it has its limitations, and its impact is crucial to human rights. This is so because every protest is human right inclined. Hence, this mini dissertation attempts to contribute to academic discourse by bringing forth human rights perspective on the impact of civil protest. The discourse has been majorly influenced by the following disciplines: sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, economics, and public administration. The existence of this study attempts to conscientize civilians about the importance of respecting, supporting, and protecting human rights. The study found that violent protests have negative impact on human rights. The negative impact is not only experienced by non-protesting civilians, but by protesting civilians. Because of the interdependency of rights, the study has also found that infringement of one right can lead to the violation of other rights. For instance, the burning of infrastructure such as clinic does not violate the right to access health only, but also violate the right to life, education, and security. Therefore, the study concludes that civilian's use of violence during protest action does not advance section 17 of the Constitution. Instead, it violates the same section or right. Moreover, negative impact of violent protests cost civilians dearly. Because after destroying property, the same civilians that destroy property are the ones who suffers. For instance, burning of police vehicles, makes it difficult for police to attend civilian's calls for help. Lastly, this mini dissertation concludes by recommending areas where government and civilians need to consider in respecting, supporting, and protecting human rights in a protest. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Melvin, Kokwe Sonwabo
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Protest movements -- South Africa , Human rights -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/28184 , vital:73806
- Description: This mini dissertation investigates civil protests and their impact on human rights in the Republic of South Africa. South Africa is a democratic country that subscribes to representative democracy. Its civilians vote for political parties that elect members to represent them in parliament or in government. Civilians are not members of armed forces, such as police, soldiers, or fire fighters. These people are ordinary citizen with no power or authority to engage in war as they do not have arms or gear to do so. Whenever they feel aggrieved with situation or action by authorities (political leaders, government, or employers), they embark on protest to voice their grievances or disapproval. However, in the process of protest there have been developments of intimidation, vandalism, abuse, and violation of other people's rights. This happens even though the right to protest is enshrined to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Section 17 of the constitution guarantees civilians the right to protest. It further stipulates the way in which protests should be conducted. The fact that protest is recognised as a right, means it plays an important role in assisting civilians expressing dissatisfaction with current situations and assert demands for social, political, and economic change. Additionally, the right to protest gives citizens right to participate in discourse. It is the individual and/or collective exercise of existing and universally recognised human rights that affords civilians opportunity to demand dignity, freedom of association and expression from authorities. Although this right is fundamental, it has its limitations, and its impact is crucial to human rights. This is so because every protest is human right inclined. Hence, this mini dissertation attempts to contribute to academic discourse by bringing forth human rights perspective on the impact of civil protest. The discourse has been majorly influenced by the following disciplines: sociology, social psychology, anthropology, political science, economics, and public administration. The existence of this study attempts to conscientize civilians about the importance of respecting, supporting, and protecting human rights. The study found that violent protests have negative impact on human rights. The negative impact is not only experienced by non-protesting civilians, but by protesting civilians. Because of the interdependency of rights, the study has also found that infringement of one right can lead to the violation of other rights. For instance, the burning of infrastructure such as clinic does not violate the right to access health only, but also violate the right to life, education, and security. Therefore, the study concludes that civilian's use of violence during protest action does not advance section 17 of the Constitution. Instead, it violates the same section or right. Moreover, negative impact of violent protests cost civilians dearly. Because after destroying property, the same civilians that destroy property are the ones who suffers. For instance, burning of police vehicles, makes it difficult for police to attend civilian's calls for help. Lastly, this mini dissertation concludes by recommending areas where government and civilians need to consider in respecting, supporting, and protecting human rights in a protest. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Dynamics of agricultural micro, small and medium enterprise life-cycle financing and implications for sector development in Zimbabwe
- Kichini, Gilbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-1023
- Authors: Kichini, Gilbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-1023
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- Zimbabwe , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20296 , vital:45648
- Description: Small, micro and medium-scale enterprises (SMMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth, employment and boosting the livelihoods of the poor in Zimbabwe. In the context of the Fast-track Land Reform and Re-distribution programme, agricultural SMMEs are viewed as the main pillar that anchors the recovery of the agricultural sector. Despite the key role they play, these SMMEs operate in a financially constrained environment in which access to funding is limited. In such a context, the ability of the SMMEs to perform their role depends on the strategic use of limited funding. One way to achieve this is to ensure that the funding used at each of the life-cycle stages of the business is the most suitable in addressing the main threats to business success. Much has been studied about how the supply-side factors have constrained growth and development. However, very limited focus has been placed on how SMME owners use the limited funding secured to address the main operational problems faced. The funding behaviour of the owners has to support the supply-side initiatives if the SMMEs are to survive and fulfil their envisaged role in the economy. This study thus analyses the use of funding by the owners along the business life-cycle based on a six-stage life-cycle model. It further analyses the suitability of such funding given the unique operational needs and challenges per stage as well as best practices. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the level of knowledge that SMME owners have about the financing options available and which ones are mostly used, determine the use and suitability of life-cycle financing focusing on agricultural SMMEs and also determine the most suitable life-cycle funding in terms of best practices for sector development. A cross-sectional survey research design was used given the lack of accurate time-series data and it followed a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. The owners or managers of agricultural SMMEs and the institutions providing funding constituted the two populations studied. A multiple-stage sampling strategy was used to determine a final sample of 320 owners of agricultural SMMEs while purposive sampling was used to draw a sample of 12 main SMME financing institutions. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the owners while an administered semi- structured questionnaire was used for financing institutions. The unit of analysis was the funding used along the business life-cycle. Frequency, binary logistic regression, Chi-Square tests of association and Odds-ratio analysis were used for quantitative data analysis while Qualitative-failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (Q-FMECA) and thematic analysis were used to analyse qualitative data. Results show a persistent rather than transitory reliance on internal funding contrary to theoretical propositions on life-cycle financing. Overall, life-cycle funding used was not in line with best practices for funding SMMEs especially in financially constrained environments where funding should be effectively and efficiently used. The study adds to literature on agricultural SMMEs funding in financially constrained environments and makes offers some policy recommendations to improve financing for development of the key subsector. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Kichini, Gilbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-1023
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- Zimbabwe , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20296 , vital:45648
- Description: Small, micro and medium-scale enterprises (SMMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth, employment and boosting the livelihoods of the poor in Zimbabwe. In the context of the Fast-track Land Reform and Re-distribution programme, agricultural SMMEs are viewed as the main pillar that anchors the recovery of the agricultural sector. Despite the key role they play, these SMMEs operate in a financially constrained environment in which access to funding is limited. In such a context, the ability of the SMMEs to perform their role depends on the strategic use of limited funding. One way to achieve this is to ensure that the funding used at each of the life-cycle stages of the business is the most suitable in addressing the main threats to business success. Much has been studied about how the supply-side factors have constrained growth and development. However, very limited focus has been placed on how SMME owners use the limited funding secured to address the main operational problems faced. The funding behaviour of the owners has to support the supply-side initiatives if the SMMEs are to survive and fulfil their envisaged role in the economy. This study thus analyses the use of funding by the owners along the business life-cycle based on a six-stage life-cycle model. It further analyses the suitability of such funding given the unique operational needs and challenges per stage as well as best practices. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the level of knowledge that SMME owners have about the financing options available and which ones are mostly used, determine the use and suitability of life-cycle financing focusing on agricultural SMMEs and also determine the most suitable life-cycle funding in terms of best practices for sector development. A cross-sectional survey research design was used given the lack of accurate time-series data and it followed a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. The owners or managers of agricultural SMMEs and the institutions providing funding constituted the two populations studied. A multiple-stage sampling strategy was used to determine a final sample of 320 owners of agricultural SMMEs while purposive sampling was used to draw a sample of 12 main SMME financing institutions. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the owners while an administered semi- structured questionnaire was used for financing institutions. The unit of analysis was the funding used along the business life-cycle. Frequency, binary logistic regression, Chi-Square tests of association and Odds-ratio analysis were used for quantitative data analysis while Qualitative-failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (Q-FMECA) and thematic analysis were used to analyse qualitative data. Results show a persistent rather than transitory reliance on internal funding contrary to theoretical propositions on life-cycle financing. Overall, life-cycle funding used was not in line with best practices for funding SMMEs especially in financially constrained environments where funding should be effectively and efficiently used. The study adds to literature on agricultural SMMEs funding in financially constrained environments and makes offers some policy recommendations to improve financing for development of the key subsector. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Factors contributing to unsafe practices in Eskom power division projects
- Authors: Dingilizwe, Nondumiso
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Power-plants
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/59226 , vital:60314
- Description: Health and safety is accepted as an integral element of the built environment. As construction within the electricity and power supply industry is inevitable, alongside other regulatory systems aimed at ensuring sustainable power supply, health and safety measures, policies, training, management, and incidences become important indicators for the delivery of power supply. This research study explores the health and safety management challenges that are experienced by the construction division of Eskom, South Africa’s national power utility with its head offices in Johannesburg, South Africa. The research explores and identifies factors that affect workers’ on-site behaviour regarding the compliance and adherence to health and safety statutory practices. Using a qualitative research method, and thematic data analysis, the research findings draw on salient emerging themes that allude to the inadequate and insufficient documentation of Eskom procedures, and the failure to make use of recorded past incidents in establishing improved pro-active health and safety management practice and management thereof, are but some of the illuminated factors that emerge from the study findings. For a power utility of its scale and the volume of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution, the compliance to internationally recognised health and safety standards within an appropriate legal framework, are factors that may hinder the successful implementation of its core function. Notwithstanding the fact that the electricity sector of industry, in terms of overall current health, safety and performance, is generally considered to be a lower risk than other industries within the South African economy. Yet this study, in taking cognisance of all four sectors of the energy and power value chain (generation, transmission, distribution and retail), attempts to address the unanswered questions if why and how Eskom, despite its health and safety policies and general compliance to statutory workplace health and safety framework, continues to experience a high level of workplace fatalities in the delivery of its projects. Against a backdrop of reported and documented incidences of time, this research found that the usage of reports to benchmark and re-calibrate policy and preventative procedure is carried out periodically, but in an unstructured manner. The risk this presents is evident in the potential failure to identify proper risk analysis, appropriate health and safety vi performance indicators, and a slow migration to the new ISO 45001 quality standard. Study findings also suggest a lack of training programmes for contractors and employees within Eskom construction projects, as a primary contributing hindrance factor to attaining an improved health and safety management system. Finally, the study also considered new hazards and risks that have, and may still, arise from the uptake and expansion of new technologies, cleaner energy, as well as future trends that would collectively influence health and safety standards along the electricity value chain. The research findings suggest for a more focused goal-setting and the building of competencies to recognise and mitigate risks, especially new risks, and to engage more participatory approaches to setting standards that can be effectively managed and which can contribute to injury reduction through behavioural change. What remains to be explored, will be the changing nature of doing business as the year 2020 witnesses a new confounding pandemic, the Coronavirus (covid-19). Its impact on health and safety in the workplace, and on the entire construction value chain, cost of construction, project management and timeframes, is yet to be determined and factored into the business processes of a large scale public entity such as Eskom. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Engineering, the Built Environment, and Technology, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Dingilizwe, Nondumiso
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Power-plants
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/59226 , vital:60314
- Description: Health and safety is accepted as an integral element of the built environment. As construction within the electricity and power supply industry is inevitable, alongside other regulatory systems aimed at ensuring sustainable power supply, health and safety measures, policies, training, management, and incidences become important indicators for the delivery of power supply. This research study explores the health and safety management challenges that are experienced by the construction division of Eskom, South Africa’s national power utility with its head offices in Johannesburg, South Africa. The research explores and identifies factors that affect workers’ on-site behaviour regarding the compliance and adherence to health and safety statutory practices. Using a qualitative research method, and thematic data analysis, the research findings draw on salient emerging themes that allude to the inadequate and insufficient documentation of Eskom procedures, and the failure to make use of recorded past incidents in establishing improved pro-active health and safety management practice and management thereof, are but some of the illuminated factors that emerge from the study findings. For a power utility of its scale and the volume of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution, the compliance to internationally recognised health and safety standards within an appropriate legal framework, are factors that may hinder the successful implementation of its core function. Notwithstanding the fact that the electricity sector of industry, in terms of overall current health, safety and performance, is generally considered to be a lower risk than other industries within the South African economy. Yet this study, in taking cognisance of all four sectors of the energy and power value chain (generation, transmission, distribution and retail), attempts to address the unanswered questions if why and how Eskom, despite its health and safety policies and general compliance to statutory workplace health and safety framework, continues to experience a high level of workplace fatalities in the delivery of its projects. Against a backdrop of reported and documented incidences of time, this research found that the usage of reports to benchmark and re-calibrate policy and preventative procedure is carried out periodically, but in an unstructured manner. The risk this presents is evident in the potential failure to identify proper risk analysis, appropriate health and safety vi performance indicators, and a slow migration to the new ISO 45001 quality standard. Study findings also suggest a lack of training programmes for contractors and employees within Eskom construction projects, as a primary contributing hindrance factor to attaining an improved health and safety management system. Finally, the study also considered new hazards and risks that have, and may still, arise from the uptake and expansion of new technologies, cleaner energy, as well as future trends that would collectively influence health and safety standards along the electricity value chain. The research findings suggest for a more focused goal-setting and the building of competencies to recognise and mitigate risks, especially new risks, and to engage more participatory approaches to setting standards that can be effectively managed and which can contribute to injury reduction through behavioural change. What remains to be explored, will be the changing nature of doing business as the year 2020 witnesses a new confounding pandemic, the Coronavirus (covid-19). Its impact on health and safety in the workplace, and on the entire construction value chain, cost of construction, project management and timeframes, is yet to be determined and factored into the business processes of a large scale public entity such as Eskom. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Engineering, the Built Environment, and Technology, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Features of Graduate Underemployment in South Africa: A Study in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province
- Mayekiso, Cwenga, Obioha, Emeka E
- Authors: Mayekiso, Cwenga , Obioha, Emeka E
- Date: 2021-03
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7451 , vital:53966 , https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.31920/2634-3649/2021/v11n1a8
- Description: This paper articulates the patterns and feel of graduate underemployment in Mthatha, a South African town in the Eastern Cape Province. Foregrounded on Peter Blua’s Social Exchange Theory, this study adopted a quantitative approach. A sample of 60 respondents was drawn from underemployed graduate population through a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques. Data collected from survey (questionnaire) were analysed with appropriate tools in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The study found that majority of underemployed graduates are between 21 and 25 years of age, married, hold bachelor’s degrees in Social Sciences. Gender, qualification type and level of qualification have no significant influence on determining underemployed graduates’ choice of occupation as single and combined variables or factors. While only very few (5%) of the underemployed graduates are never happy at work, femaleness, older graduates, Africans, higher qualification, higher basic salary and longer years of underemployment best predict happiness at work, although not at significant level, except for basic salary. A majority of graduates (73.3%) do sometimes consider leaving their current jobs, even when there are no alternatives. This is influenced by maleness, older graduates, being Whites, higher qualification, lower basic salary and lower years of underemployment. Lack of networking was found to be the most important factor in graduate underemployment, followed by lack of experience and gender not being significant. This study recommends policy intervention by state, where there is legislation that provides for entry level jobs that may not require previous experience. Also, there should be another legislation that protects the underemployed through salary regulation and incentivising of employers that engage workers in such capacity. Keywords: Underemployment, Youth, Graduates, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Mayekiso, Cwenga , Obioha, Emeka E
- Date: 2021-03
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7451 , vital:53966 , https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.31920/2634-3649/2021/v11n1a8
- Description: This paper articulates the patterns and feel of graduate underemployment in Mthatha, a South African town in the Eastern Cape Province. Foregrounded on Peter Blua’s Social Exchange Theory, this study adopted a quantitative approach. A sample of 60 respondents was drawn from underemployed graduate population through a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques. Data collected from survey (questionnaire) were analysed with appropriate tools in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The study found that majority of underemployed graduates are between 21 and 25 years of age, married, hold bachelor’s degrees in Social Sciences. Gender, qualification type and level of qualification have no significant influence on determining underemployed graduates’ choice of occupation as single and combined variables or factors. While only very few (5%) of the underemployed graduates are never happy at work, femaleness, older graduates, Africans, higher qualification, higher basic salary and longer years of underemployment best predict happiness at work, although not at significant level, except for basic salary. A majority of graduates (73.3%) do sometimes consider leaving their current jobs, even when there are no alternatives. This is influenced by maleness, older graduates, being Whites, higher qualification, lower basic salary and lower years of underemployment. Lack of networking was found to be the most important factor in graduate underemployment, followed by lack of experience and gender not being significant. This study recommends policy intervention by state, where there is legislation that provides for entry level jobs that may not require previous experience. Also, there should be another legislation that protects the underemployed through salary regulation and incentivising of employers that engage workers in such capacity. Keywords: Underemployment, Youth, Graduates, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Multi-grade teaching strategies used by rural primary school teachers at Amatole East Education district
- Masebe, Nocawe https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4809-4643
- Authors: Masebe, Nocawe https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4809-4643
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Combination of grades , Resource programs (Education)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20068 , vital:45105
- Description: The purpose of the study was to assess multi-grade classroom teaching strategies in rural primary schools at Amatole East Education District. The lens with which to view pedagogical practices of multi-grade teaching was through Bronfenbrenner Ecological System on Human Development and Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory. An interpretivist paradigm within a qualitative research approach was chosen as befitting the study. The study sampled four primary schools in Amathole East Education District, with eight participants purposively selected. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and documents. Data gathering instruments utilised were Interview Schedule, Observation Sheets and Document Checklist. Data was analysed and interpreted through thematic and content analysis. Peer tutoring, self-directed learning and group-work were found to be the most effective teaching strategies in classroom-based teaching. Instructional techniques that involved teacher–directed activities and learner-directed learning activities were viewed as most beneficial for learners in multi-grade settings. However, multi-grade teachers struggled in coping with the utilisation of time and resources in teaching learners of different grade levels combined in the same classroom. The study concludes that during separate grade teaching, grade-by-grade approach, thematic teaching or individual seatwork utilisation of differentiated tasks accommodate application of a variety of teaching strategies. Thus the study suggests that pedagogical practices can be differentiated to address learners’ diverse learning needs, paying more attention to struggling learners. It is further recommended that teachers in multi-grade situations be equipped with special multi-grade teacher training through in-service training programs to overcome challenges of teaching in multi-grade settings. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Masebe, Nocawe https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4809-4643
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Combination of grades , Resource programs (Education)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20068 , vital:45105
- Description: The purpose of the study was to assess multi-grade classroom teaching strategies in rural primary schools at Amatole East Education District. The lens with which to view pedagogical practices of multi-grade teaching was through Bronfenbrenner Ecological System on Human Development and Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory. An interpretivist paradigm within a qualitative research approach was chosen as befitting the study. The study sampled four primary schools in Amathole East Education District, with eight participants purposively selected. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and documents. Data gathering instruments utilised were Interview Schedule, Observation Sheets and Document Checklist. Data was analysed and interpreted through thematic and content analysis. Peer tutoring, self-directed learning and group-work were found to be the most effective teaching strategies in classroom-based teaching. Instructional techniques that involved teacher–directed activities and learner-directed learning activities were viewed as most beneficial for learners in multi-grade settings. However, multi-grade teachers struggled in coping with the utilisation of time and resources in teaching learners of different grade levels combined in the same classroom. The study concludes that during separate grade teaching, grade-by-grade approach, thematic teaching or individual seatwork utilisation of differentiated tasks accommodate application of a variety of teaching strategies. Thus the study suggests that pedagogical practices can be differentiated to address learners’ diverse learning needs, paying more attention to struggling learners. It is further recommended that teachers in multi-grade situations be equipped with special multi-grade teacher training through in-service training programs to overcome challenges of teaching in multi-grade settings. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Production performance, socioeconomic benefits, and agricultural extension services support of scavenging chicken farmers in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province
- Fentele, Ziphozethu https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7939-2964
- Authors: Fentele, Ziphozethu https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7939-2964
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Broilers (Chickens) , Poultry -- Breeding
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21490 , vital:48751
- Description: Scavenging chicken production plays a significant role in the lives of rural farmers as it ensures food security by providing eggs and meat to rural farmers almost in all developing nations. Rural farmers not only consume scavenging chickens, they also sell live chickens to customers to generate immediate income and are able to acquire other products using the money from the sales. The purpose of this study was to investigate production performance, socioeconomic benefits, and agricultural extension services support for scavenging chicken producers. The study was carried out in eight villages in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This study employed the multistage sampling technique for data collection from respondents between October and November 2018. The study used descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages and multiple linear regression models to analyse quantitative data that was collected from a survey of 161 rural farmers that rear scavenging chickens. The results reveal that the majority (68.3percent) of the respondents in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality were women, while 52percent were married. Forty-eight percent of the respondents had attained high school education. The majority (53.4percent) relied on social grants and a further majority (68.3percent) had 1 to 10 years of experience in scavenging chicken production. The majority (84.5percent) of the households had between 1 and 50 chickens, with an overwhelming majority (95percent) practising free range system. Most (74.5percent) of the chicken houses were built with scrap material found within the community. The supplementary feed that was mostly offered to scavenging chickens was maize. The majority (95.7percent) of respondents experienced disease outbreaks, the most dominant of which was the Newcastle disease. Most (94.4percent) of the farmers offered a variety of indigenous medicines, mainly Aloe Ferrox. In addition, the majority (88.8percent) of the respondents experienced predation challenges The primary purpose of rearing scavenging chickens was consumption. Chickens were slaughtered for home consumption while forty-two percent at most. Most (50.9percent) of the respondents indicated that they offered chickens as gifts and as friendly gestures. The majority (82.0percent) indicated that they did not use chicken for any cultural rituals. A large (88.2percent) number of the respondents felt food secured as a result of rearing scavenging chickens, as they access products such as eggs and meat. The majority (98.8percent) of the respondents had never received any form of training from agricultural extension services. The results of the multiple linear regression model revealed that independent variables such as number of chickens, type of cockerels, number of hens, type of housing, type of training and cost of trainings had strong statistical significant values (p<0.001) zero-order correlation with production performance,while age and gender had statistical significant values at (p<0.05) and (p<0.010). For the improvement of the production performance of scavenging chicken production of rural farmers, the study recommends massive campaign among the farmers by agricultural extension services to create awareness on the dangers inherent in the use of unorthodox approaches to treating pests and diseases in scavenging chicken. Scavenging chicken farmers could be supported with simple technologies that are affordable on housing, medication and feed supplements. Training should focus on housing, disease management and feeding of scavenging chickens. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Fentele, Ziphozethu https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7939-2964
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Broilers (Chickens) , Poultry -- Breeding
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21490 , vital:48751
- Description: Scavenging chicken production plays a significant role in the lives of rural farmers as it ensures food security by providing eggs and meat to rural farmers almost in all developing nations. Rural farmers not only consume scavenging chickens, they also sell live chickens to customers to generate immediate income and are able to acquire other products using the money from the sales. The purpose of this study was to investigate production performance, socioeconomic benefits, and agricultural extension services support for scavenging chicken producers. The study was carried out in eight villages in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. This study employed the multistage sampling technique for data collection from respondents between October and November 2018. The study used descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages and multiple linear regression models to analyse quantitative data that was collected from a survey of 161 rural farmers that rear scavenging chickens. The results reveal that the majority (68.3percent) of the respondents in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality were women, while 52percent were married. Forty-eight percent of the respondents had attained high school education. The majority (53.4percent) relied on social grants and a further majority (68.3percent) had 1 to 10 years of experience in scavenging chicken production. The majority (84.5percent) of the households had between 1 and 50 chickens, with an overwhelming majority (95percent) practising free range system. Most (74.5percent) of the chicken houses were built with scrap material found within the community. The supplementary feed that was mostly offered to scavenging chickens was maize. The majority (95.7percent) of respondents experienced disease outbreaks, the most dominant of which was the Newcastle disease. Most (94.4percent) of the farmers offered a variety of indigenous medicines, mainly Aloe Ferrox. In addition, the majority (88.8percent) of the respondents experienced predation challenges The primary purpose of rearing scavenging chickens was consumption. Chickens were slaughtered for home consumption while forty-two percent at most. Most (50.9percent) of the respondents indicated that they offered chickens as gifts and as friendly gestures. The majority (82.0percent) indicated that they did not use chicken for any cultural rituals. A large (88.2percent) number of the respondents felt food secured as a result of rearing scavenging chickens, as they access products such as eggs and meat. The majority (98.8percent) of the respondents had never received any form of training from agricultural extension services. The results of the multiple linear regression model revealed that independent variables such as number of chickens, type of cockerels, number of hens, type of housing, type of training and cost of trainings had strong statistical significant values (p<0.001) zero-order correlation with production performance,while age and gender had statistical significant values at (p<0.05) and (p<0.010). For the improvement of the production performance of scavenging chicken production of rural farmers, the study recommends massive campaign among the farmers by agricultural extension services to create awareness on the dangers inherent in the use of unorthodox approaches to treating pests and diseases in scavenging chicken. Scavenging chicken farmers could be supported with simple technologies that are affordable on housing, medication and feed supplements. Training should focus on housing, disease management and feeding of scavenging chickens. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biological studies of cholesterol-based carriers as potential therapeutic agents
- Authors: Ruwizhi, Ngonidzashe
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Drug delivery systems , Cholesterol
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20708 , vital:46443
- Description: Malaria, cancer and bacterial infections are numbered among the highest causes of fatalities. Most of the drugs used to combat these diseases suffer from resistance, poor absorption and bioavailability and high toxicity. Therefore, delivering a drug requires an excellent drug delivery system that must provide the medication at the site of action in the minimum time possible. Cholesterol is a sterol that is abundantly found in the human body and forms a part in the structure and organization of cell membranes. Many researchers have used cholesterol, especially in organic synthesis, because of its ready availability, low cost and functional groups that can be readily derivatized. In this research, different therapeutic agents (anticancer, antimalarial and antibacterial) were conjugated to cholesterol, and the synthesized compounds were characterized using FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, Mass Spectroscopy, 2D 1H-13C, HSQC NMR and tested for in vitro biological activity. Thirteen compounds were successfully synthesized. CHS-Cur was the most effective against all Gram-positive bacterial strains, while CHS-Cur, CHS-ZD and C-CAC-ZD were effective against all the bacterial strains. C-CAC-Pyr showed good antiplasmodial activity with 97.75 and 97.83% inhibition at 20 and 10 μg/ml concentrations, respectively. The biological activity of some of the compounds was increased by the conjugation of cholesterol, while others displayed reduced biological activity. In vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds on HeLa (cervical cancer) cells showed that compounds 2 (7.559 μg/mL), 3 (5.840 μg/mL), 5 (1.44 mg/mL), 7 (4.308 μg/mL) and 11 (3.295 μg/mL) exhibited some good anticancer activity with IC50 values of less than 10 μg/mL. Treating T3T fibroblast cells with compounds 2, 4, 5, 6, and 10 did not reveal a cytotoxic effect on the normal cells when compared to the control, cisplatin. , Thesis (MSc) (Chemistry) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Ruwizhi, Ngonidzashe
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Drug delivery systems , Cholesterol
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20708 , vital:46443
- Description: Malaria, cancer and bacterial infections are numbered among the highest causes of fatalities. Most of the drugs used to combat these diseases suffer from resistance, poor absorption and bioavailability and high toxicity. Therefore, delivering a drug requires an excellent drug delivery system that must provide the medication at the site of action in the minimum time possible. Cholesterol is a sterol that is abundantly found in the human body and forms a part in the structure and organization of cell membranes. Many researchers have used cholesterol, especially in organic synthesis, because of its ready availability, low cost and functional groups that can be readily derivatized. In this research, different therapeutic agents (anticancer, antimalarial and antibacterial) were conjugated to cholesterol, and the synthesized compounds were characterized using FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, Mass Spectroscopy, 2D 1H-13C, HSQC NMR and tested for in vitro biological activity. Thirteen compounds were successfully synthesized. CHS-Cur was the most effective against all Gram-positive bacterial strains, while CHS-Cur, CHS-ZD and C-CAC-ZD were effective against all the bacterial strains. C-CAC-Pyr showed good antiplasmodial activity with 97.75 and 97.83% inhibition at 20 and 10 μg/ml concentrations, respectively. The biological activity of some of the compounds was increased by the conjugation of cholesterol, while others displayed reduced biological activity. In vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds on HeLa (cervical cancer) cells showed that compounds 2 (7.559 μg/mL), 3 (5.840 μg/mL), 5 (1.44 mg/mL), 7 (4.308 μg/mL) and 11 (3.295 μg/mL) exhibited some good anticancer activity with IC50 values of less than 10 μg/mL. Treating T3T fibroblast cells with compounds 2, 4, 5, 6, and 10 did not reveal a cytotoxic effect on the normal cells when compared to the control, cisplatin. , Thesis (MSc) (Chemistry) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
The classification of fuzzy subgroups of some finite non-cyclic abelian p- groups of rank 3, with emphasis on the number of distinct fuzzy subgroups
- Authors: Appiah, Isaac Kwadwo
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Fuzzy sets , Commutative algebra
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20783 , vital:46563
- Description: In [6] and [7] we classi_ed fuzzy subgroups of some rank-3 abelian groups of the form G = Zpn + Zp + Zp for any _xed prime integer p and any positive integer n, using the natural equivalence relation de_ned in [40]. In this thesis, we extend our classi_cation of fuzzy subgroups in [6] to the group G = Zpn + Zpm + Zp for any _xed prime integer p; m = 2 and any positive integer n using the same natural equivalence relation studied in [40]. We present and prove explicit polynomial formulae for the number of (i) subgroups, (ii) maximal chains of subgroups of G for any n;m _ 2 and (iii) distinct fuzzy subgroups for m = 2 and n _ 2. We have also developed user-friendly polynomial formulae for the number of (iv) subgroups, (v) maximal chains for the group G = Zpn + Zpm for any n;m _ 2; any _xed prime positive integer p and (vi) distinct fuzzy subgroups of Zpn + Zpm for m equal to 2 and 3, and n _ 2 and provided their proofs. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Appiah, Isaac Kwadwo
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Fuzzy sets , Commutative algebra
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20783 , vital:46563
- Description: In [6] and [7] we classi_ed fuzzy subgroups of some rank-3 abelian groups of the form G = Zpn + Zp + Zp for any _xed prime integer p and any positive integer n, using the natural equivalence relation de_ned in [40]. In this thesis, we extend our classi_cation of fuzzy subgroups in [6] to the group G = Zpn + Zpm + Zp for any _xed prime integer p; m = 2 and any positive integer n using the same natural equivalence relation studied in [40]. We present and prove explicit polynomial formulae for the number of (i) subgroups, (ii) maximal chains of subgroups of G for any n;m _ 2 and (iii) distinct fuzzy subgroups for m = 2 and n _ 2. We have also developed user-friendly polynomial formulae for the number of (iv) subgroups, (v) maximal chains for the group G = Zpn + Zpm for any n;m _ 2; any _xed prime positive integer p and (vi) distinct fuzzy subgroups of Zpn + Zpm for m equal to 2 and 3, and n _ 2 and provided their proofs. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
The representation of women in Njabulo Ndebele’s The Cry of Winnie Mandela and Lauretta Ngcobo’s And They Didn’t Die: an African Feminist Perspective
- Authors: Mavuma, Nonkululo Liyasakha
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Feminism , Literature--Women authors
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22379 , vital:52033
- Description: This study seeks to interrogate the presentation of women in selected South African texts written by a male and female South African author, whose central thematic thrust is the role of women in their day-to-day struggles during the apartheid era. An in-depth analysis of the texts enables this dissertation to provide a comparative study of the representation of women in both texts. The study also examines the kinds of fictional representations that are found in the texts and their significance in the emancipation journey of women from the supremacy of apartheid and customary laws. This study is informed by African feminism, focusing on the stance of Obioma Nnaemeka and Molara Ogundipe-Leslie. African feminism is chosen as a framework for exploring the texts because it is a theory shaped by the resistance of African women against Western rule. The theory embraces debates about motherhood and the contestation about the roles of motherhood in a society. The theory ponders how motherhood is a source of empowerment, liberation and achievement in African societies. The theory affirms that women should equip themselves for effective resistance and participation in societal transformation. These two theorists are relevant because they are both committed to a critical investigation that seeks to differentiate present social conditions and their historical development. Their research examines the conceptualization of frameworks aimed at a social and cultural change grounded on the local and everyday experiences of women. The first chapter provides a broad overview of the study. This chapter highlights the significance of the study in terms of what it can contribute to scholarship on the representation of women in South African texts that reflect on the apartheid era, by analysing them through the lens of African feminism. The second chapter provides context to the critical reception of both novels, which outlines the focus of the research. This chapter also provides the theoretical framework, which provides an overview of the relevant theory on African Feminism that informs the study and highlights Nnaemeka and Ogundipe-Leslie’s concepts of ‘Nego-Feminism’ and ‘Stiwanism’. The third chapter focuses on analysing the portrayal of women in the texts, examining their interactions with one another, with men, and the subjugation they endure because of living in a patriarchal society. The fourth chapter provides a comparative study of the texts. Finally, the last chapter provides a conclusion, analysing the research findings. The study thus brings to the fore the similarities and differences in the representation of women in South African texts that were written in different decades by a male and female writer, that are nevertheless highlighting the same issues. Secondly, in exploring how women in the texts challenge the status quo, this research will hopefully expose how women are not constantly compliant and embracing marginalization as some texts present them but can be seen as having emancipative agency. The study, in particular, provides an analysis of the representation of women in the two novels, specifically, intending to compare and contrast the modalities of their representation in these works. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Mavuma, Nonkululo Liyasakha
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Feminism , Literature--Women authors
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22379 , vital:52033
- Description: This study seeks to interrogate the presentation of women in selected South African texts written by a male and female South African author, whose central thematic thrust is the role of women in their day-to-day struggles during the apartheid era. An in-depth analysis of the texts enables this dissertation to provide a comparative study of the representation of women in both texts. The study also examines the kinds of fictional representations that are found in the texts and their significance in the emancipation journey of women from the supremacy of apartheid and customary laws. This study is informed by African feminism, focusing on the stance of Obioma Nnaemeka and Molara Ogundipe-Leslie. African feminism is chosen as a framework for exploring the texts because it is a theory shaped by the resistance of African women against Western rule. The theory embraces debates about motherhood and the contestation about the roles of motherhood in a society. The theory ponders how motherhood is a source of empowerment, liberation and achievement in African societies. The theory affirms that women should equip themselves for effective resistance and participation in societal transformation. These two theorists are relevant because they are both committed to a critical investigation that seeks to differentiate present social conditions and their historical development. Their research examines the conceptualization of frameworks aimed at a social and cultural change grounded on the local and everyday experiences of women. The first chapter provides a broad overview of the study. This chapter highlights the significance of the study in terms of what it can contribute to scholarship on the representation of women in South African texts that reflect on the apartheid era, by analysing them through the lens of African feminism. The second chapter provides context to the critical reception of both novels, which outlines the focus of the research. This chapter also provides the theoretical framework, which provides an overview of the relevant theory on African Feminism that informs the study and highlights Nnaemeka and Ogundipe-Leslie’s concepts of ‘Nego-Feminism’ and ‘Stiwanism’. The third chapter focuses on analysing the portrayal of women in the texts, examining their interactions with one another, with men, and the subjugation they endure because of living in a patriarchal society. The fourth chapter provides a comparative study of the texts. Finally, the last chapter provides a conclusion, analysing the research findings. The study thus brings to the fore the similarities and differences in the representation of women in South African texts that were written in different decades by a male and female writer, that are nevertheless highlighting the same issues. Secondly, in exploring how women in the texts challenge the status quo, this research will hopefully expose how women are not constantly compliant and embracing marginalization as some texts present them but can be seen as having emancipative agency. The study, in particular, provides an analysis of the representation of women in the two novels, specifically, intending to compare and contrast the modalities of their representation in these works. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
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