An assessment of the cost effectiveness and impact of introducing a laboratory electronic gatekeeping system at an academic hospital in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Mayekiso, Zoliswa
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Medicine and Health Scienes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13042 , vital:76864
- Description: Monitoring laboratory expenditure is crucial to ensure that laboratory services remain sustainable and affordable. In South Africa, the National Department of Health (NDoH) and its partner, the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) collaborated to introduce Electronic Gate Keeping (EGK) systems across the country. Countries across the globe report an increase in expenditure associated with medical laboratory testing. In 2020, the United States Department of Health and Human Services reported that laboratory test expenditures increased by $459 million from $7.1 billion in 2018. In South Africa, laboratory testing expenditure in the public sector increased from $415 million (R4.5 billion) in 2014 to $723 million (R10.7 billion) in 2021. Many countries, including South Africa, are developing, and testing new methods to reduce the excessive demand for medical laboratory tests for patient investigations to reduce the burden of rising laboratory costs on national budgets. The aim of the study is to assess the cost-effectiveness and impact of introducing a laboratory electronic gate keeping system at an academic hospital in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Objectives: This study addressed four goals which are: (i) Evaluated the impact of the EGK intervention by obtaining the number of inappropriately requested test investigations averted and cost associated (cost savings) at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital (NMAH), Eastern Cape, between 1st June 2015 to 31st May 2017. (ii) Determined the costs associated with inappropriately requested test investigations analysed prior to the implementation of EGK at NMAH, Eastern Cape, from 1st June 2013 to 31st May 2015. (iii) Determined the costs associated with inappropriately xxxiii requested test investigations analysed during the implementation of EGK at NMAH, Eastern Cape, from 1st June 2015 to 31st May 2017. (iv) Evaluated the costs and cost effectiveness analysis of introducing and implementing EGK at NMAH, Eastern Cape, between 1st June 2015 to 31st May 2017. Methods: In addressing the four objectives, this study was undergone in four phases, making use of secondary data on laboratory expenditure, primarily collected electronically by the NHLS and supplied to NMAH on monthly basis. In objective 1 and phase 1 of the study, a cross sectional study design to retrospectively audit EGK subjected tests at the NHLS in Mthatha by Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital over 24 months was employed. In objective 2 and 3 and phase 2 of the study, a cross-sectional study using an interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) to determine the impact of the EGK intervention was employed. In this phase, two periods comparing laboratory expenditure before and during the EGK intervention were analysed over a period of 24 months. In objective 4 and phase 3 of the study, a cross-sectional study that used cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) to evaluate a cost effectiveness of EGK intervention over 24 months was done. Results: In the first phase, we found that out of 448 028 tests requested, 17,480 (3.9%) were rejected after being identified as unnecessary through the EGK system. This rejection rate of 3.9% generated cost savings of $51,967.07 (R807,110.95). The top three tests that generated the most savings were the c-reactive protein with $6,077.68 (R94,393.59), free thyroxine with $5,199.92 (R80,760.94) and hepatitis A IgM with $3,813.61 (R59,229.98). In the second phase, our results demonstrated that xxxiv there was a significant reduction (211,928 fewer tests) in the number of tests performed during the intervention (434,790) compared to before the intervention (646,718). Laboratory test expenditure was $1,663,756.72 (R24,823,250.26) before the intervention period and $1,105,036.88 (R1,567,150.25) during the intervention period, demonstrating a cost savings of $558,719.84 (R8,336,100.01). In the last phase 3, results showed that implementing EGK resulted in lower costs - $515,114.96 (R7,685,515.20) and 212 fewer tests, resulting in an Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) of USD 2,430.00 (R36,255.60) which is evidence is needed to evaluate the cost effectiveness of EGK in South Africa from a societal perspective. , Thesis Phd -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
- Authors: Mayekiso, Zoliswa
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Medicine and Health Scienes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13042 , vital:76864
- Description: Monitoring laboratory expenditure is crucial to ensure that laboratory services remain sustainable and affordable. In South Africa, the National Department of Health (NDoH) and its partner, the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) collaborated to introduce Electronic Gate Keeping (EGK) systems across the country. Countries across the globe report an increase in expenditure associated with medical laboratory testing. In 2020, the United States Department of Health and Human Services reported that laboratory test expenditures increased by $459 million from $7.1 billion in 2018. In South Africa, laboratory testing expenditure in the public sector increased from $415 million (R4.5 billion) in 2014 to $723 million (R10.7 billion) in 2021. Many countries, including South Africa, are developing, and testing new methods to reduce the excessive demand for medical laboratory tests for patient investigations to reduce the burden of rising laboratory costs on national budgets. The aim of the study is to assess the cost-effectiveness and impact of introducing a laboratory electronic gate keeping system at an academic hospital in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Objectives: This study addressed four goals which are: (i) Evaluated the impact of the EGK intervention by obtaining the number of inappropriately requested test investigations averted and cost associated (cost savings) at Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital (NMAH), Eastern Cape, between 1st June 2015 to 31st May 2017. (ii) Determined the costs associated with inappropriately requested test investigations analysed prior to the implementation of EGK at NMAH, Eastern Cape, from 1st June 2013 to 31st May 2015. (iii) Determined the costs associated with inappropriately xxxiii requested test investigations analysed during the implementation of EGK at NMAH, Eastern Cape, from 1st June 2015 to 31st May 2017. (iv) Evaluated the costs and cost effectiveness analysis of introducing and implementing EGK at NMAH, Eastern Cape, between 1st June 2015 to 31st May 2017. Methods: In addressing the four objectives, this study was undergone in four phases, making use of secondary data on laboratory expenditure, primarily collected electronically by the NHLS and supplied to NMAH on monthly basis. In objective 1 and phase 1 of the study, a cross sectional study design to retrospectively audit EGK subjected tests at the NHLS in Mthatha by Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital over 24 months was employed. In objective 2 and 3 and phase 2 of the study, a cross-sectional study using an interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) to determine the impact of the EGK intervention was employed. In this phase, two periods comparing laboratory expenditure before and during the EGK intervention were analysed over a period of 24 months. In objective 4 and phase 3 of the study, a cross-sectional study that used cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) to evaluate a cost effectiveness of EGK intervention over 24 months was done. Results: In the first phase, we found that out of 448 028 tests requested, 17,480 (3.9%) were rejected after being identified as unnecessary through the EGK system. This rejection rate of 3.9% generated cost savings of $51,967.07 (R807,110.95). The top three tests that generated the most savings were the c-reactive protein with $6,077.68 (R94,393.59), free thyroxine with $5,199.92 (R80,760.94) and hepatitis A IgM with $3,813.61 (R59,229.98). In the second phase, our results demonstrated that xxxiv there was a significant reduction (211,928 fewer tests) in the number of tests performed during the intervention (434,790) compared to before the intervention (646,718). Laboratory test expenditure was $1,663,756.72 (R24,823,250.26) before the intervention period and $1,105,036.88 (R1,567,150.25) during the intervention period, demonstrating a cost savings of $558,719.84 (R8,336,100.01). In the last phase 3, results showed that implementing EGK resulted in lower costs - $515,114.96 (R7,685,515.20) and 212 fewer tests, resulting in an Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) of USD 2,430.00 (R36,255.60) which is evidence is needed to evaluate the cost effectiveness of EGK in South Africa from a societal perspective. , Thesis Phd -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
Factors influencing digital marketing adoption for female interpreneurs in small and medium enterprices of OR Thambo Municipality
- Authors: Maduna, Siyasanga
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Digital Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10065 , vital:74935
- Description: The rise of the Internet has transformed the business landscape, leading to the rapid growth of major online retailers and service providers like Amazon, Facebook, and Google, all of which play significant roles in the digital economy (Kannan, 2017). Global internet usage continues to grow, with South Africa not an exception. The research seeks to explore the factors influencing digital marketing adoption for female entrepreneurs on small and medium enterprise in OR Tambo municipality. This dissertation employs a quantitative research design. The study employs structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques to analyse a comprehensive dataset gathered from 313 female entrepreneurs. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between adoption of digital marketing and business performance. The SEM results indicate that H4, have a positive influence on adoption of digital marketing, and H5, have a positive influence on business performance. The hypotheses H1; H2 and H3 had negative relationship on adoption on adoption of digital marketing hence they were rejection. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of factors that influence the adoption of digital marketing on enhancing business performance for SME’s. The dissertation contributes to inclusive economic development, policy implications; educational interventions; strategic business imperative and social impact. Beyond the economic aspects, the study contributes to social impact by challenging and potentially reshaping societal norms and expectations regarding women's roles in business. This research not only advances the theoretical understanding of the link between adoption of digital marketing and business performance but also provides valuable insights for designing effective marketing strategies to improve business performance on female entrepreneurs. The dissertation concludes with suggestions for future research directions to further refine an understanding of the intricate dynamics involved in the relationship between adoption of digital marketing and business performance. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Financial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
- Authors: Maduna, Siyasanga
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Digital Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10065 , vital:74935
- Description: The rise of the Internet has transformed the business landscape, leading to the rapid growth of major online retailers and service providers like Amazon, Facebook, and Google, all of which play significant roles in the digital economy (Kannan, 2017). Global internet usage continues to grow, with South Africa not an exception. The research seeks to explore the factors influencing digital marketing adoption for female entrepreneurs on small and medium enterprise in OR Tambo municipality. This dissertation employs a quantitative research design. The study employs structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques to analyse a comprehensive dataset gathered from 313 female entrepreneurs. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between adoption of digital marketing and business performance. The SEM results indicate that H4, have a positive influence on adoption of digital marketing, and H5, have a positive influence on business performance. The hypotheses H1; H2 and H3 had negative relationship on adoption on adoption of digital marketing hence they were rejection. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of factors that influence the adoption of digital marketing on enhancing business performance for SME’s. The dissertation contributes to inclusive economic development, policy implications; educational interventions; strategic business imperative and social impact. Beyond the economic aspects, the study contributes to social impact by challenging and potentially reshaping societal norms and expectations regarding women's roles in business. This research not only advances the theoretical understanding of the link between adoption of digital marketing and business performance but also provides valuable insights for designing effective marketing strategies to improve business performance on female entrepreneurs. The dissertation concludes with suggestions for future research directions to further refine an understanding of the intricate dynamics involved in the relationship between adoption of digital marketing and business performance. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Financial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
Government expenditure on health services and economic development in South Africa
- Authors: Magida, Ngesisa
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Government expenditure on health services
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10146 , vital:74943
- Description: Economic development relates to economic growth and improvements in the living standards of people. South Africa is ranked among the slow developing countries in the world, based on the high percentage of people living under poor conditions. This study examines the relationship between government health expenditure and economic development in South Africa between 1994 and 2022. Human development index (HDI), government health expenditure (GHE), inflation, population growth, and unemployment are the variables used to investigate this relationship. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) and Granger causality were employed to examine this relationship. Government expenditure on health services and inflation were found to have a positive short-run and long-run relationship with human development index, whereas unemployment and population growth showed a negative relationship with HDI in the long-run. Granger causality results highlighted a unidirectional causality between HDI and GHE in South Africa, among other explanatory variables. HDI Granger causes GHE and vice versa. Continuous increment and monitoring of GHE distribution, to ensure that the growing population receives proper healthcare to boost the life expectancy of the citizens and to fund the preventative measures against health epidemics in South Africa is the policy recommendation to improve HDI in South Africa. Keywords: , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Financial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
- Authors: Magida, Ngesisa
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Government expenditure on health services
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10146 , vital:74943
- Description: Economic development relates to economic growth and improvements in the living standards of people. South Africa is ranked among the slow developing countries in the world, based on the high percentage of people living under poor conditions. This study examines the relationship between government health expenditure and economic development in South Africa between 1994 and 2022. Human development index (HDI), government health expenditure (GHE), inflation, population growth, and unemployment are the variables used to investigate this relationship. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) and Granger causality were employed to examine this relationship. Government expenditure on health services and inflation were found to have a positive short-run and long-run relationship with human development index, whereas unemployment and population growth showed a negative relationship with HDI in the long-run. Granger causality results highlighted a unidirectional causality between HDI and GHE in South Africa, among other explanatory variables. HDI Granger causes GHE and vice versa. Continuous increment and monitoring of GHE distribution, to ensure that the growing population receives proper healthcare to boost the life expectancy of the citizens and to fund the preventative measures against health epidemics in South Africa is the policy recommendation to improve HDI in South Africa. Keywords: , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Financial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
Household food security status and its determinantsin Mthata Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Nodo, Asive
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Food Security
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10156 , vital:74945
- Description: Food security remains a critical issue worldwide, and South Africa is no exception. This national challenge is especially acute in the Eastern Cape Province, known as one of the poorest regions in the country. The highest rates of poverty are observed in the Eastern Cape Province, with the population largely dependent on social grants to secure their food needs. The primary objective of the study was to examine the household food security status and its determinants in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study was conducted in Tabase and Ncise in Mthatha. The purposive sampling technique was employed in the study and 336 data points were achieved. The study used the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II (FANTA), and leveraged Tobit regression analysis, particularly advantageous for handling censored dependent variables, to examine the determinants of food household food security. The results revealed that gender, age, crops and social grants have no statistical significant relationship with food insecurity. Education, employment status, income, livestock and dietary diversity have a statistical significant relationship with food insecurity. Results further revealed that 40.36% of households were food insecure while 4.22% were food secure, 7.83% were mildly food insecure and 40.36% were severely food insecure. The study recommends the formation of agricultural cooperatives with government support, prioritising education incentives, and strengthening existing food support initiatives. It emphasizes promoting savings clubs and subsidising nutrient-rich foods to enhance accessibility. These multifaceted recommendations aim to address household food security in Mthatha, providing a comprehensive framework for intervention and policy considerations. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Finacial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
- Authors: Nodo, Asive
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Food Security
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/10156 , vital:74945
- Description: Food security remains a critical issue worldwide, and South Africa is no exception. This national challenge is especially acute in the Eastern Cape Province, known as one of the poorest regions in the country. The highest rates of poverty are observed in the Eastern Cape Province, with the population largely dependent on social grants to secure their food needs. The primary objective of the study was to examine the household food security status and its determinants in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study was conducted in Tabase and Ncise in Mthatha. The purposive sampling technique was employed in the study and 336 data points were achieved. The study used the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), developed by the USAID-funded Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II (FANTA), and leveraged Tobit regression analysis, particularly advantageous for handling censored dependent variables, to examine the determinants of food household food security. The results revealed that gender, age, crops and social grants have no statistical significant relationship with food insecurity. Education, employment status, income, livestock and dietary diversity have a statistical significant relationship with food insecurity. Results further revealed that 40.36% of households were food insecure while 4.22% were food secure, 7.83% were mildly food insecure and 40.36% were severely food insecure. The study recommends the formation of agricultural cooperatives with government support, prioritising education incentives, and strengthening existing food support initiatives. It emphasizes promoting savings clubs and subsidising nutrient-rich foods to enhance accessibility. These multifaceted recommendations aim to address household food security in Mthatha, providing a comprehensive framework for intervention and policy considerations. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economics and Finacial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
Positioning consumer studies and intrepreneural skills acquisition in selected Eastern Cape Secondary Schools
- Mtshatsha, Nondwe Daphne Mariana
- Authors: Mtshatsha, Nondwe Daphne Mariana
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Consumer studies and Entrepreneural Skilss acquisition
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/11121 , vital:75920
- Description: To be balanced, education should enhance the development of intellectual, emotional, physical, social, moral, occupational, and financial capabilities. In South Africa's secondary education system, entrepreneurship education is aimed at developing learners’ knowledge and skills for self-sustainability and economic development. The emergence of small businesses is one of the main forces behind a country’s economy and has a significant impact on economic expansion, job creation, and the country's ability to compete internationally. Using the human capital theory, this study aimed to explore how Consumer studies can enhance the acquisition of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills among learners in selected secondary schools in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. The study is lensed within constructivism paradigm, with a qualitative research approach, case study design, and purposively sampled fourteen participants. Eight educators from eight public secondary schools (four in the Amathole Education District and four in Mnquma Education District), four principals (two from each education district) and two subject advisors (one from each education district) were sampled for the study. Data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, thematically analysed, and presented according to themes derived from the findings. The study revealed several varied views and experiences on the role of consumer studies in the enhancement of knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship. The findings revealed challenges experienced in the offering of Consumer studies, which include but are not limited to the shortage of adequately trained educators, inappropriate infrastructure, large learner numbers, minimal financial support, and a lack of instructional materials. If left unaddressed, these issues have the potential to undermine the value of Consumer studies as a vehicle for empowerment and change. Recommendations include targeted curriculum revision to streamline content, embracing learner-centred approaches, prioritising subject-oriented professional development, integrating technology for enhanced learning experiences, improving financial support and provision of relevant infrastructure. Keywords: Consumer studies, entrepreneurship, skills acquisition, secondary school. , Thesis (D.Ed) -- Faculty of Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
- Authors: Mtshatsha, Nondwe Daphne Mariana
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Consumer studies and Entrepreneural Skilss acquisition
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/11121 , vital:75920
- Description: To be balanced, education should enhance the development of intellectual, emotional, physical, social, moral, occupational, and financial capabilities. In South Africa's secondary education system, entrepreneurship education is aimed at developing learners’ knowledge and skills for self-sustainability and economic development. The emergence of small businesses is one of the main forces behind a country’s economy and has a significant impact on economic expansion, job creation, and the country's ability to compete internationally. Using the human capital theory, this study aimed to explore how Consumer studies can enhance the acquisition of entrepreneurial knowledge and skills among learners in selected secondary schools in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. The study is lensed within constructivism paradigm, with a qualitative research approach, case study design, and purposively sampled fourteen participants. Eight educators from eight public secondary schools (four in the Amathole Education District and four in Mnquma Education District), four principals (two from each education district) and two subject advisors (one from each education district) were sampled for the study. Data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, thematically analysed, and presented according to themes derived from the findings. The study revealed several varied views and experiences on the role of consumer studies in the enhancement of knowledge and skills in entrepreneurship. The findings revealed challenges experienced in the offering of Consumer studies, which include but are not limited to the shortage of adequately trained educators, inappropriate infrastructure, large learner numbers, minimal financial support, and a lack of instructional materials. If left unaddressed, these issues have the potential to undermine the value of Consumer studies as a vehicle for empowerment and change. Recommendations include targeted curriculum revision to streamline content, embracing learner-centred approaches, prioritising subject-oriented professional development, integrating technology for enhanced learning experiences, improving financial support and provision of relevant infrastructure. Keywords: Consumer studies, entrepreneurship, skills acquisition, secondary school. , Thesis (D.Ed) -- Faculty of Education, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
Vertical price transmission of wheat in South Africa
- Authors: Swapi, Asemahle
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Commerce
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/11040 , vital:75880
- Description: The ability of markets to communicate food price signals at different levels of marketing chains is critical to understanding the nature of the competition in the chain, and development of strategies to address challengers of information symmetry and food insecurity. This study examined vertical transmission of wheat price among the main value chain, looking at the pricing behaviour of certain role players in the wheat production/supply and distribution of bread which is a major staple food consumed in South Africa. A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) model was used to analyse the yearly time series data for the period of 2000 to 2022. The results of the stationarity test showed that all variables were of order one, I(1). The study used two pairs, namely farmgate price and retail price and farmgate price and wholesale price, to examine the existence of asymmetry between these prices, with rainfall and temperature as control variables. The results indicate the existence of positive long-run asymmetry of 35,9% between farmgate price of wheat and retail price of bread, and 3,49% asymmetry between farmgate price and wholesale price of wheat. In order to develop informed policies on food security, this study suggests that the government should enhance regular access to data and sustain its monitoring and communication of food price information across the whole country. The other thing that is recommended by the study is the provision of subsidies for wheat farmers to help the wheat industry, reduce the cost of bread production, and make bread more affordable and accessible for consumers. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economic and Financial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
- Authors: Swapi, Asemahle
- Date: 2024-00
- Subjects: Commerce
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/11040 , vital:75880
- Description: The ability of markets to communicate food price signals at different levels of marketing chains is critical to understanding the nature of the competition in the chain, and development of strategies to address challengers of information symmetry and food insecurity. This study examined vertical transmission of wheat price among the main value chain, looking at the pricing behaviour of certain role players in the wheat production/supply and distribution of bread which is a major staple food consumed in South Africa. A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL) model was used to analyse the yearly time series data for the period of 2000 to 2022. The results of the stationarity test showed that all variables were of order one, I(1). The study used two pairs, namely farmgate price and retail price and farmgate price and wholesale price, to examine the existence of asymmetry between these prices, with rainfall and temperature as control variables. The results indicate the existence of positive long-run asymmetry of 35,9% between farmgate price of wheat and retail price of bread, and 3,49% asymmetry between farmgate price and wholesale price of wheat. In order to develop informed policies on food security, this study suggests that the government should enhance regular access to data and sustain its monitoring and communication of food price information across the whole country. The other thing that is recommended by the study is the provision of subsidies for wheat farmers to help the wheat industry, reduce the cost of bread production, and make bread more affordable and accessible for consumers. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Economic and Financial Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-00
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