Bioprospectin of medicinal cannabis from Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Odieka, Anwuli, Endurance
- Date: 2024-02
- Subjects: Organic chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9427 , vital:73532
- Description: Cannabis sativa L. (Family Cannabaceae) has continued to attract much interest among natural product scientists in recent time because of its known medicinal values and remarkable chemical diversity. This study reports the investigation of C. sativa cultivated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, with a view to obtaining its chemical fingerprint and isolating compounds from its stem bark for possible biological applications. Fresh and dried leaves, flowers, stem barks and roots of two Cannabis cultivars were obtained under permit NO. PIA-HP-EC-2022-0023. The fresh and dried plant materials were extracted for their essential oils (EOs), using hydro-distillation method on a Clevenger apparatus set at optimum extraction condition. The EOs were characterized by a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The chemical components of the EOs were elucidated based on their retention indices, as well as with reference to literature report. Other portions of the dried leaf, inflorescence and stem bark of each cultivar were extracted with methanol. The methanol extract was profiled for its cannabinoid content using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) based metabolomics approach, with reference to standard cannabinoids (∆9-THC, ∆9-THCA, and CBD). Lastly, the dried stem bark of Cultivar II was investigated for its compounds. The stem bark powder was subjected to sequential extraction at room temperature with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Based on the TLC analysis, the afforded n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were further individually fractionated on a repeated column chromatography, using silica gel and Sephadex LH20 as stationary phases. The column fractionation process led to the isolation of seven compounds, E1-E4, A20, A21, and A23. The isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to a mass spectrometer, respectively. The results from the study showed that the EOs of the C. sativa cultivars contain majorly sesquiterpenes in their oxygenated and non-oxygenated forms. Caryophyllene (0.6421.4%), caryophyllene oxide (1.27-20.34%), -pinene (0.35-13.21%), D-limonene (0.51-10.99%), humulene (0.37-10.56%), humulene-1,2-epoxide (0.45-5.98%), pinene (0.16-5.22%), nerolidol (0.32-4.99%), -myrcene (0.31-4.23%), -selinene (0.92-2.51%), and trans--bergamotene (0.50-2.70%), were the main terpene constituents of the EOs in both cultivars. Neutral cannabinoids were also detected in both cultivars with cannabidiol found in significant amount up to 85.03% in the fresh stem oil (LSO) of Cultivar I (Lifter). LC-MS fingerprints revealed that Cultivar I had the highest accumulation of cannabinoids with CBDA having the highest amount (88.65%) in the stembark and CBD at about 23% in the leaves. The inflorescence (flower) contained 51.55% of CBDA. Cultivar II had the least number of cannabinoids but contains the highest amount of ∆9-THCA (94.8%) in the leaf sample. Cultivar II showed ∆9-THCA and ∆9-THC dominant profiles with less than 2% of ∆8-THC. ∆9-THC, ∆8- THC were the only neutral cannabinoids detected in Cultivar II while CBD, ∆9-THC, and ∆8- THC were found in significant amounts in Cultivar I. The compounds isolated from the stem bark of Cultivar II were elucidated as five triterpenoids: Sativalenic acid ethyl ester (E1), Phyllanthone (E2), Friedelin (E3), Sativalonone (A20) and Sativaol (A23); an alkaloid, Sativacherine (E4); and a fatty acid ester, Ethyl stearate (A21). Four of these compounds are newly described, while all the compounds are reported for the first time from the Eastern Cape Cultivar (Cherrywine) of C. sativa stem. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Natural Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-02
- Authors: Odieka, Anwuli, Endurance
- Date: 2024-02
- Subjects: Organic chemistry
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/9427 , vital:73532
- Description: Cannabis sativa L. (Family Cannabaceae) has continued to attract much interest among natural product scientists in recent time because of its known medicinal values and remarkable chemical diversity. This study reports the investigation of C. sativa cultivated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, with a view to obtaining its chemical fingerprint and isolating compounds from its stem bark for possible biological applications. Fresh and dried leaves, flowers, stem barks and roots of two Cannabis cultivars were obtained under permit NO. PIA-HP-EC-2022-0023. The fresh and dried plant materials were extracted for their essential oils (EOs), using hydro-distillation method on a Clevenger apparatus set at optimum extraction condition. The EOs were characterized by a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The chemical components of the EOs were elucidated based on their retention indices, as well as with reference to literature report. Other portions of the dried leaf, inflorescence and stem bark of each cultivar were extracted with methanol. The methanol extract was profiled for its cannabinoid content using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) based metabolomics approach, with reference to standard cannabinoids (∆9-THC, ∆9-THCA, and CBD). Lastly, the dried stem bark of Cultivar II was investigated for its compounds. The stem bark powder was subjected to sequential extraction at room temperature with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Based on the TLC analysis, the afforded n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were further individually fractionated on a repeated column chromatography, using silica gel and Sephadex LH20 as stationary phases. The column fractionation process led to the isolation of seven compounds, E1-E4, A20, A21, and A23. The isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to a mass spectrometer, respectively. The results from the study showed that the EOs of the C. sativa cultivars contain majorly sesquiterpenes in their oxygenated and non-oxygenated forms. Caryophyllene (0.6421.4%), caryophyllene oxide (1.27-20.34%), -pinene (0.35-13.21%), D-limonene (0.51-10.99%), humulene (0.37-10.56%), humulene-1,2-epoxide (0.45-5.98%), pinene (0.16-5.22%), nerolidol (0.32-4.99%), -myrcene (0.31-4.23%), -selinene (0.92-2.51%), and trans--bergamotene (0.50-2.70%), were the main terpene constituents of the EOs in both cultivars. Neutral cannabinoids were also detected in both cultivars with cannabidiol found in significant amount up to 85.03% in the fresh stem oil (LSO) of Cultivar I (Lifter). LC-MS fingerprints revealed that Cultivar I had the highest accumulation of cannabinoids with CBDA having the highest amount (88.65%) in the stembark and CBD at about 23% in the leaves. The inflorescence (flower) contained 51.55% of CBDA. Cultivar II had the least number of cannabinoids but contains the highest amount of ∆9-THCA (94.8%) in the leaf sample. Cultivar II showed ∆9-THCA and ∆9-THC dominant profiles with less than 2% of ∆8-THC. ∆9-THC, ∆8- THC were the only neutral cannabinoids detected in Cultivar II while CBD, ∆9-THC, and ∆8- THC were found in significant amounts in Cultivar I. The compounds isolated from the stem bark of Cultivar II were elucidated as five triterpenoids: Sativalenic acid ethyl ester (E1), Phyllanthone (E2), Friedelin (E3), Sativalonone (A20) and Sativaol (A23); an alkaloid, Sativacherine (E4); and a fatty acid ester, Ethyl stearate (A21). Four of these compounds are newly described, while all the compounds are reported for the first time from the Eastern Cape Cultivar (Cherrywine) of C. sativa stem. , Thesis (PHD) -- Faculty of Natural Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-02
Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards hand hygine practice amongst students at a nursing colledge, Lesotho
- Authors: Ntaote, Malehlohonolo
- Date: 2024-02
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13000 , vital:76187
- Description: Hands are critical vectors for microorganisms that cause hospital acquired infections, hand hygiene, being done the right way, at the right time and being given the right priority at health care setting is an effective strategy to reduce hospital acquired infections and costs. Different strategies have been put in place to help improve hand hygiene compliance among health care workers, amongst them; continuous training is advised at all levels of care. This study aimed to describe the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards hand hygiene in nursing students in Maluti College Berea Lesotho Methods This study was a quantitative cross-sectional study; 114 questionnaires were distributed and 103 were filled and returned by available willing students in Maluti College, that was 90% response rate. Results Females were more than males at 88% (91). Age range of the respondents were 18-35 years, with a mean of 22 years, 57% (59) were between ages 20-24 years. The students were distributed in four different class levels, lowest was third years at 19% (19) and highest was the nurse midwives at 32% (33). 75% (77) had hand hygiene training in the past three years. 62% (64) had moderate knowledge, all had positive attitudes and 61% (63) had a positive perception towards hand hygiene. There was a significant (p value=0.012) association between knowledge and training. Conclusion and recommendations The study has demonstrated a significant association between knowledge and training, indicating the pivotal role of education in shaping practices related to hand hygiene among healthcare workers. These findings underscore the importance of integrating insights garnered from this study into the existing teaching curriculum for healthcare 3 professionals. Furthermore, the results provide valuable input for enhancing the World Health Organization's (WHO) hand hygiene multimodal strategy, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions that address knowledge and training gaps. Additionally, the study findings advocate for incorporation of evidence-based practices into initiatives such as the SAFE LIFE Clean YOUR HAND campaign, thereby reinforcing the importance of continuous education and training to promote effective hand hygiene practices and mitigate the spread of healthcare-associated infections. This calls for a concerted effort from policymakers, healthcare institutions, and educational stakeholders to implement strategies that prioritize knowledge dissemination and training programs to improve hand hygiene practices among healthcare workers worldwide. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-02
- Authors: Ntaote, Malehlohonolo
- Date: 2024-02
- Language: English
- Type: Masters theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/13000 , vital:76187
- Description: Hands are critical vectors for microorganisms that cause hospital acquired infections, hand hygiene, being done the right way, at the right time and being given the right priority at health care setting is an effective strategy to reduce hospital acquired infections and costs. Different strategies have been put in place to help improve hand hygiene compliance among health care workers, amongst them; continuous training is advised at all levels of care. This study aimed to describe the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards hand hygiene in nursing students in Maluti College Berea Lesotho Methods This study was a quantitative cross-sectional study; 114 questionnaires were distributed and 103 were filled and returned by available willing students in Maluti College, that was 90% response rate. Results Females were more than males at 88% (91). Age range of the respondents were 18-35 years, with a mean of 22 years, 57% (59) were between ages 20-24 years. The students were distributed in four different class levels, lowest was third years at 19% (19) and highest was the nurse midwives at 32% (33). 75% (77) had hand hygiene training in the past three years. 62% (64) had moderate knowledge, all had positive attitudes and 61% (63) had a positive perception towards hand hygiene. There was a significant (p value=0.012) association between knowledge and training. Conclusion and recommendations The study has demonstrated a significant association between knowledge and training, indicating the pivotal role of education in shaping practices related to hand hygiene among healthcare workers. These findings underscore the importance of integrating insights garnered from this study into the existing teaching curriculum for healthcare 3 professionals. Furthermore, the results provide valuable input for enhancing the World Health Organization's (WHO) hand hygiene multimodal strategy, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions that address knowledge and training gaps. Additionally, the study findings advocate for incorporation of evidence-based practices into initiatives such as the SAFE LIFE Clean YOUR HAND campaign, thereby reinforcing the importance of continuous education and training to promote effective hand hygiene practices and mitigate the spread of healthcare-associated infections. This calls for a concerted effort from policymakers, healthcare institutions, and educational stakeholders to implement strategies that prioritize knowledge dissemination and training programs to improve hand hygiene practices among healthcare workers worldwide. , Thesis (Masters) -- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2024
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2024-02
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