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Effect of grazing systems on growth performance, carcass characteristic, meat quality of beef cattle and economic performance of the enterprise

  • Authors: Dayimani, Siyavuya
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Grazing -- Environmental aspects Meat -- Quality
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17294 , vital:40873
  • Description: Under conditions of adaptive Holistic Management™, we tested whether rotational grazing approaches such as holistic planned grazing (HPG) and four-camp grazing (FCG) influence growth, carcass and meat quality attributes of beef steers compared to continuous, seasonlong (SLG) grazing. Thirty steers (250 ±19.56 kg, 16-17-month-old) were randomly assigned to SLG, HPG and FCG systems (10 steers/ treatment) at a private farm in Cedarville, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa where grazing was managed using an adaptive approach involving inter alia planned grazing charts, seasonal movement of cattle, and supplemental feeding. The steers were slaughtered at 40-41 months for carcass measurements and longissimus et lumborum was sampled for meat quality analyses. All the grazing systems had comparable live weights and average daily gain. All the investigated carcass attributes were also similar across grazing treatments (P > 0.05). Meat from steers on the SLG system had higher (P<0.05) drip loss, protein and fat contents and lower (P <0.05) shear force, moisture and ash contents than the two rotational grazing approaches (HPG and FCG). The HPG had higher (P < 0.05) total running and capital costs compared to SLG and FCG grazing systems. The SLG system had greater (P ≤ 0.05) gross and net income compared to FCG and HPG systems, respectively. Overall, all the grazing systems had comparable growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality but rotational grazing systems had lower gross income relative to the SLG grazing system.
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  • Date Issued: 2019

Students’ perceived experiences of a flipped classroom at a traditional South African university in comparison to the traditional classroom

  • Authors: Cilliers, Liezel
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Teaching -- trends Flipped classrooms
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15881 , vital:40545
  • Description: The purpose of this study was to explore students’ perceived experiences of flipped classrooms at a traditional South African university in comparison to the traditional classroom. Universities across the world are confronted with a variety of problems. One of these challenges include the massification of higher education as more students now have access to universities resulting in larger class sizes and lower through put rates. Universities have traditionally made use of the face-to-face model of lectures and tutorials as a passive mode of course instruction and delivery. However, due to the massification of higher education, it has become very difficult for lecturers to communicate and collaborate with students. One of the ways that lecturers have attempted to overcome the problem of massification is to make use of technology to increase the delivery of course content. When lectures are made available online while the traditional class time is used to build conceptual understanding and cognitive skills among students, the approach is known as ‘flipping’ the classroom. Several studies have shown that this type of active classroom approach can perform better than traditional lectures when learning outcomes are compared. There is also a very limited body of knowledge available regarding students’ perceived experiences of flipped classrooms at traditional South African universities. The theoretical frameworks guiding this study are the Activity Theory and Constructivism, whilst a pragmatic paradigm was employed. The flipped classroom was used in one course of the Management and Commerce Faculty at a traditional university in South Africa. The study was divided into three cycles: The first cycle involved 4 weeks of traditional lectures, the second cycle of 4 weeks introduced blended learning into the course, while the third cycle of 4 weeks changed the content delivery method to a flipped classroom. At the end of each cycle a formal evaluation through focus groups interviews (with 10 students per cycle) and a questionnaire (that was administered to the class) was conducted to inform the next cycle. Throughout the research process, the researcher also kept detailed field notes to as an account of the planning, execution and reflection for each class. The researcher also observed the behavior of the students during the various research cycles to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the classes. The results of the study suggest that students prefer the use of the flipped classroom is it enables them to communicate with their peers and the lecturer, and providing them with opportunities to better understand learning content through discussions and reasoning, rather than the means of receiving information. Barriers that were identified included difficulty with learning strategies and technical assistance when students needed assistance. However, students were positive about both the use of the flipped classroom as opposed to the use of the traditional classroom.
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  • Date Issued: 2019

The effect of fresh seaweed and a formulated diet supplemented with seaweed on the growth and gonad quality of the collector sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla under farm conditions

  • Authors: Onomu , Abigail John
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Marine algae Algae
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14682 , vital:40044
  • Description: This study investigates the effect of two fresh seaweeds, a formulated diet and different feeding regimes on the growth (weight, diameter and height) and gonad quality (gonadosomatic index, colour, texture, firmness and gonad maturity) of the collector sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla under farm conditions for eighteen weeks. The gonad enhancement study was divided into two sections. The first section investigated the effect of feeds on the somatic growth and gonad quality for 12 weeks. The feeds investigated during this phase of the study were fresh Ulva (U); a 50:50 mixture of fresh Ulva and Gracilaria (UG); fresh Gracilaria (G) and a formulated diet, which contained 200g of dried Ulva per kg (designated as 20U). The second section or phase of this study started for a period of 6 weeks and investigated the effect of a change of diet on urchins previously fed the various feeds from section 1. The feeding regimes used were (U-20U) i.e urchins previously fed with Ulva were subsequently fed 20U diet, similarly, (UG-20U); (G-20U) and (20U- 20U). For the first section of the experiment, no differences were observed in the growth (weight, diameter and height) of urchins fed both fresh diets and the formulated diet. However, urchins fed the formulated diet produced gonad weight of 50.72 ± 5.4g which was significantly higher (P<0.001) than those fed fresh diets. The gonads of urchins fed the Gracilaria diet were significantly darker (P= 0.023) in colour compared with those examined from urchins fed the formulated diet, but were not significantly different from any of the other fresh diets tested (Ulva and Ulva mixed with Gracilaria). Gonad from each of the feed treatments were similar in terms of the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) as well as the texture and firmness. The gonad maturities of urchins fed the various diets were not significantly different from each other. By the end of the second section/phase of the study (6 week period following the diet change), somatic growth (weight, height and diameter) of urchins in all treatment groups did not differ significantly from each other (ANOVA, P= 0.784; P= 0.988; P= 0.28 respectively). Gonad weight of urchins in treatment groups UG-20U and G-20U became similar to those fed the 20U diet at the end of the trial (week18). However, the gonad weight of urchins in the 20U treatment group remained significantly greater than urchins in the U-20U group at the end of the trial (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, P= 0.002). Gonad colour of urchins in the G-20U treatment became significantly lighter (ANOVA, P= 0.029) than those in the U-20U group after the change of diet. However, gonad lightness (L*) of urchins in treatment groups U-20U and G–20U did not differ significantly from those in the UG-20U and 20U treatment groups. All feed regimes were similar in terms of the gonad‟s redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), texture and firmness as well as gonad maturity at the end of the trial. This gonad enhancement study on wild collected adult T. gratilla has shown that somatic growth (urchin weight, test diameter and height) does not differ between the dietary treatments (fresh seaweeds and a formulated diet) tested in this study. The formulated feed (20U diet) does however enhance gonad growth of T. gratilla under farm conditions, supporting previous laboratory trials conducted on this species fed similar diets, indicating that sea urchins gonad enhancement can be cultured under farm conditions in South Africa.
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  • Date Issued: 2019

The implementation of performance management systems: Chris Hani District Municipality

  • Authors: Zazi, Luzuko
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Performance -- Management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Chris Hani District Municipality , Employees -- Rating of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Chris Hani District Municipality Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Chris Hani District Municipality
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/44301 , vital:37150
  • Description: This study stemmed from the researcher’s observations about the seemingly ‘obvious’ under performance of the Chris Hani District Municipality and the Lukhanji Local Municipality. As a resident of Komani – under the now Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality, the researcher noticed the rampant water cuts and electric power outages, among other issues, experienced in the district; and sort to understand the underlying causes to these. To understand the root-cause, this study aimed to describe the implementation of performance management systems within the Chris Hani District Municipality; neglecting the Lukhanji Local Municipality as it was in the process of amalgamation to form the Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality. The process was finalised in August 2017, proving the municipality ‘too new’ to study. As a descriptive, qualitative study following the constructivist paradigm, focus was placed on the role senior management plays in the performance management processes, with six operational staff’s perceptions about this process interrogated through a focus group. As custodians and drivers of quality service delivery, five directors and senior managers were interviewed through semi-structured interviews to gather thick, descriptive narratives about the process. The study found performance management was implemented at management level only, with ‘loose’ performance arrangements between supervisors and subordinates. This made it difficult to manage performance or account for poor performance as there are not strict, contractual targets. At management level, critical issues found included poor performance information collection, management not owning their respective targets on their portfolios of evidence, non-alignment of targets with the Integrated Development Plan, and Council not holding persons responsible for irregular expenditure accountable - as no investigations were done in order to recover the monies. This, the Auditor General says promotes a general culture of unaccountability; thus, confirming the researcher’s observations and identifying the root-cause. Recommendations included a ‘back-to-basics’ philosophical approach to municipal governance. These included an adoption of a comprehensive performance management policy; management empowerment in the collection and use of performance information; a change in organisational culture from both side of the political-administrative dichotomy; and an introduction of a community-based monitoring mechanism supplemented with a non-partisan voter education initiative. Furthermore, the strengthening of intergovernmental relations was recommended insofar as this pertains to the delivering of basics services and infrastructure, developing the local economy, and improving the quality of life within the district.
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  • Date Issued: 2019

Barriers to picking and packing in pharmaceutical warehousing and distribution in South Africa

  • Authors: Kemp, Nicholas
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Pharmaceutical industry -- Materials management , Warehouses -- Management Pharmaceutical industry -- South Africa Physical distribution of goods -- Management
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MPharm
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30627 , vital:30994
  • Description: Barriers within the supply chain play an evident role in decreasing its efficiency. The supply chain system is not well documented in the pharmaceutical sector. The aim of this study was to identify any barriers to the movement of picking and packing operators within 6 distribution facilities throughout South Africa using a time and motion analysis. A pilot study was initially conducted to choose the stopwatch application for Android® devices and to ensure reliability of the tools utilised. The motions during the processes of fulfilling an order were identified during the case picking, bulk picking and packing processes by direct observation of operators. The direct observation was performed using a stopwatch application for Android® devices and a tool on Microsoft Excel®. The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel®, using a student’s T-test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach to identify similarities and differences between the facilities. The data was further analysed using a descriptive statistics approach to identify the common barriers amongst the distribution centres. Thereafter, the data was analysed by identifying a value-quotient. The value-quotient was used to identify how much time was spent on value-adding activities with each facility. The observation of the operators was done randomly at each facility to avoid subjectivity and bias. Results: The pilot study identified which stopwatch application was to be utilised. The pilot study aided to improve upon the design of the data collection tool used for the transcribing of the timing operation. The student’s T-test and ANOVA revealed that there were statistically significant differences in case picking amongst facilities, namely using the radio frequency identification devices (RFID), picking and transfer of stock. In the bulk picking process, there was a statistically significant difference amongst the facilities, namely using the RFID, pick and transfer of stock. In the packing process there was a statistically significant difference amongst the facilities in the packing process. The analysis of barriers within the distribution centres revealed that the 16 common barriers amongst the picking processes at the facilities included raising the platform, waiting for colleagues to depart an aisle, RFID malfunctions and answering their phones. No common barriers during the packing process was identified. The value-quotient revealed that most of the facilities spent more than 50 percent of their time on value-adding activities during the case picking, bulk picking and packing processes. A time and motion analysis proved to be an effective method to identify similarities and barriers between the six facilities. It was recommended to investigate a few of the basic operations to improve upon, as well as the possibility of implementing a barcoded system to the stock.
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  • Date Issued: 2018

Synthesis, characterization and photophysical studies of RU(II)bipyridyl-dithiocarbamate complexes as sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells

  • Authors: Fudo, Zintle
  • Date: 2018
  • Subjects: Dye-sensitized solar cells Renewable energy sources
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6168 , vital:29498
  • Description: The depletion of fossil fuels and the increasing energy demand for energy has led to the search for better and improved technologies with special focus renewable energy, especially solar cells. The first generation solar cells based on silicon are expensive, hence dye sensitized solar cells come in as a better alternative as these solar cells are environmental friendly, they have moderately good conversion efficiency and they are relatively cheap to produce. Dithiocarbamate ligands have been widely used in many research fields, as these are versatile ligands. Coordination of dithiocarbamates with metals such as ruthenium has produced high conversion efficiency and have the ability to extend the MLCT absorptions, and this can further extend their wavelength. In this study five dithiocarbamate sodium salt ligands were prepared and were coded as FL1= Aniline, FL2= p- toluidine, FL3= p- anisidine, FL4=dibenzyl, FL5=diphenyl. These ligands were used to synthesize Ru(II) metal complexes which were formulated as [Ru(FLx)(dcbpy)(NCS)] and [Ru(FLx)2(dcbpy)] where FLx is the dithiocarbamate ligand and dcbpy is 2,2-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid and the complexes were coded as FCx. The synthesized compounds were characterized using techniques such as the melting point, molar conductivity, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. For spectroelectrochemical studies of the metal complexes, techniques such as UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy were carried out. Furthermore, redox properties of the complexes were analyzed using cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The FT-IR displayed all the expected peaks of interest both in the dithiocarbamate ligands and in the metal complexes. The electronic spectra confirmed the successful coordination of ligand to the metal centre, the electronic spectra of the complexes also confirmed the six coordinate octahedral geometry of the complexes. The complexes exhibited some photoluminescence properties that are suitable for dye sensitization. The cyclic voltammogram of the complexes displayed more reduction potentials that could be attributed to the π-conjugation in the ligands incorporated during synthesis. The square wave voltammogram of the complexes is in agreement with the results obtained in cyclic voltammetry.
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  • Date Issued: 2018

An investigation of the contribution of street vending on livelihoods : case of street vendors in Nkonkobe Municipality

  • Authors: Dube, Thulani
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Economic conditions Vending stands -- Economic aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6068 , vital:29488
  • Description: The informal sector thrives in a context of high unemployment, underemployment, poverty, gender inequality and precarious work. It plays a significant role in such circumstances, especially in income generation and in contributing to the livelihood of those engaged in it. The study investigated the contribution of street vending to the livelihood of street vendors in Nkonkobe Municipality. The aim of the study was to investigate whether street vending has the potential to sustain the lives of those engaged in it. In order to reach its objectives, the study employed a qualitative research approach whereby a non-probability sampling design in the form of a purposive sampling method was adopted and considered appropriate for this study. In terms of data collection, the study made use of structured questionnaires as a data collection method whereby questionnaires were administered and distributed to 40 street venders. The Upper Bound Poverty Line (UBPL) was used as a measurement to assess whether the participants’ incomes were above the poverty datum line in order to determine the sector’s contribution to the traders’ livelihood. From this study, it was found that street vending has both positive and negative impacts with regard to the success and profit-earning potential of these traders. Thus, the study concluded that street vending is a vital community development tool and a major source of livelihood as it plays a very important socio-economic role in Nkonkobe and in South Africa in general. The sector provides a livelihood for a huge population mainly comprised of the poor and other impoverished groups of society.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

Differential regulation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) callose synthases during Russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia)infestation

  • Authors: Ngwenya, Nompilo
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Russian wheat aphid Wheat -- Diseases and pests
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8100 , vital:31522
  • Description: Plant production serves as the primary food source for all living beings and is continuously being affected by many biotic and abiotic factors. Wheat, one of the most consumed cereal crops in the world and the second most cultivated crop after maize in South Africa, is continuously being affected by Russian wheat aphid (RWA) since 1978. To counteract the effect of this aphid, the first resistant wheat cultivar was developed in 1984 in South Africa containing the Dn1 resistance gene. However, the mechanism of action of the resistance is still not fully understood to date. The feeding of the RWA on the wheat induces callose deposition especially in susceptible wheat cultivars, linking the β-1.3-polysaccharide (callose) to the resistance mechanism. Callose is synthesized by callose synthases, also known as glucan synthase-like genes (GSL). Not much is known about the mechanism of action of callose synthases or how they are regulated in response to the RWA. Bioinformatics tools, such as those available at NCBI, were used to identify the wheat callose synthases genes. The proteins encoded by the identified wheat callose synthases genes, were then analyzed for conserved domain motifs using the MEME suite and InterproScan, sequence similarities using ClustaL Omega and transmembrane domains using HMMTOP and ProtCamp. These were then compared with those of the already characterized Arabidopsis callose synthase proteins in an attempt to identify the wheat callose synthase(s) that responds to aphid feeding. Further bioinformatics studies were carried out to identify the presence of biotic stress associated cis-acting regulatory elements found in the 1.5 kbp upstream region of the start codon of the Arabidopsis callose synthase genes. Eight partial wheat callose synthase sequences were identified and two of these (TaGSL2 and TaGSL22) showed high similarities to the AtGSL5, which is up-regulated in response to aphid feeding in Arabidopsis. Six of the wheat callose synthase genes were mediated to code for the functional callose synthases proteins: TaGSL3, 8, 12, 19, 22 and 23, and analyzed for conserved protein motifs. Based on the sequence similarities and conserved protein domains, TaGSL2 and TaGSL22 were found to be the most similar to AtGSL5 and most likely to respond to RWA infestation. Cis-acting regulatory element analyses confirmed the possibility of TaGSL22 being responsible for callose deposition in wheat as biotic stress associated cis-acting regulatory elements, Box W1, TC- rich element and W- box were all found in the 1.5 kbp upstream of the TaGSL22 coding region. Callose was quantified in both susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars using the aniline blue fluorescence method. When infested with RWA-SA1, the susceptible wheat cultivar (Tugela) deposited significantly higher amounts of callose, compared to the resistant wheat cultivar (Tugela DN), which deposited little, to no callose with respect to the control samples. Transcription analysis, of the TaGSL2 and TaGSL22 in RWA-SA2 infested Tugela and Tugela DN wheat cultivars, was performed using real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Both TaGSL2 and TaGSL22 genes were up-regulated in Tugela and Tugela DN wheat cultivars in response to RWA-SA2 infestation, with TaGSL22 being more expressed than TaGSL2 in both cultivars, indicating that RWA-SA2 is able to overcome the resistance of Tugela DN and cause callose deposition. However, significantly higher expression of both genes was still observed in the susceptible, Tugela wheat cultivar. This study therefore confirms that callose deposition is associated with RWA-SA1 feeding, only in the susceptible wheat cultivar, Tugela and not the resistant cultivar, Tugela DN. However, during RWA-SA2 feeding, two of the eight identified callose synthases in wheat, are up-regulated in response to RWA-SA2 feeding, in both the resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars with higher levels observed in the susceptible wheat cultivar when compared to the resistant wheat cultivar. TaGSL2 and TaGSL22 are therefore implicated in the callose deposition observed in the susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars, after RWA-SA2 infestation. Further studies are required to confirm the differential regulation of the two wheat callose synthases proteins during RWA infestation and their possible role in the resistance mechanism of the resistant wheat cultivar, Tugela DN.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

Species composition and seasonal population dynamics of free-living and engorged cattle ticks in three agro-ecological zones of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

  • Authors: Yawa, Mandla
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Ticks Boophilus microplus
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9067 , vital:34224
  • Description: This study was conducted to determine species composition and seasonal population dynamics of free-living and engorged cattle ticks in three agro-ecological zones (Bedford dry grassland, Kowie thicket and Bisho thornveld) of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The occurrence of ticks on cattle was studied monthly from April 2016 and March 2017. Tick collections were performed on 360 selected cattle in each agro-ecological zones. During tick collections, 10 randomly selected cattle were sampled at each locality and more attention was given to African blue tick and the presence of Asian blue tick. A half body tick collection was performed from cattle and visible ticks were collected by means of fine-forceps after the animals had been restrained. Body regions that were examined includes the ear, head, neck, chest, abdomen, flank, front and hind leg and feet, tail, and peri-anal region. At each locality, six replicate drags of 100 m, approximately 50 m apart, were performed to collect ticks from vegetation. All ticks collected per cattle and from vegetation were stored in labelled sample tubes containing 70percent ethanol, subsequently counted and identified to genus and species level using a standard stereomicroscope. A total of 31425 ticks belonging to ten species were collected during the study. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, was the most observed tick species (32.50percent), all other ticks like R. evertsi evertsi (18.84percent), R. appendiculatus (17.26percent), A. hebraeum (16.27percent), R. simus (7.69percent) were also commonly collected. Ixodes pilosus (3.84percent), H. rufipes (3.46percent), R. follis (0.08percent) together with Haemaphysalis silacea (0.02percent) were sporadic infestation. Haemaphysalis elliptica (0.04percent) was only found on the vegetation. No H. rufipes was collected in the thicket vegetation. Agro-ecological zones differ significantly (P<0.05) in tick species and distribution. Significantly more R. (B.) decoloratus were collected in thicket during summer compared to thornveld and dry grassland regions (P<0.05). Free-living ticks were widely distributed across different seasons but with of R. (B.) decoloratus larvae were significantly higher (P<0.05) in thornveld region during the spring season. In conclusion, agro-ecological differences and seasonal variations had an influence on ticks abundance and distribution. From this study, it is of interest to note the absence of R. (B.) microplus, whose trend to invade new areas previously colonised by R. (B.) decoloratus has been observed in Africa. In conclusion, agro-ecological differences and seasonal variations had an influence on ticks abundance and distribution. The aforementioned absence of R. (B.) microplus in this study highlights the importance of further research as this tick invades new areas previously colonised by R. (B.) decoloratus in the continent.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

The experiences of young adults raised in single-parent families in the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa

  • Authors: Makoni, Mavis
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Single-parent families , Children of single parents Young adults
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5292 , vital:29184
  • Description: Although the single-parent family is becoming an increasingly common family structure, it is associated with a great many hardships. Owing to the heavy responsibilities which fall on single parents, most fail to meet all of the needs of their children, particularly with respect to the financial needs which are entailed by providing educational necessities, safe, stable and permanent accommodation, adequate food and nutrition and healthcare. This study adopted the parental loss perspective, the economic hardship perspective and the interparental conflict perspective in investigating the experiences of young adults who were raised in single-parent families. A qualitative approach was adopted to conduct the research and data was collected from 26 male and female participants between the ages of 22 and 39 years who resided within the Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. The researcher sought permission to conduct this study from all the community leaders including the councillors and chiefs, thereby acquiring the first referrals. The study made use of purposive sampling and snowballing to select the research sample. The data was collected by using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions and analysed through the use of thematic analysis. The principal findings of the study indicate that although children who are raised in single-parent homes can attain high levels of education and have solid functional relationships in later life, a lack of finance and active parental involvement in their educational activities and social lives can serve to limit their development. As single-mother households face more economic hardships than any other family structures, financial assistance from both the government and their communities would undoubtedly increase the likelihood of children in single-mother families attaining their true academic potential. In addition, free counselling services would also help children who are forced to live under these circumstances overcome the emotional burden which inevitably accompanies either losing or being separated from one parent.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

Evaluation of Fungcoal as a bioprocess technology for self-cladding of waste coal dumps

  • Authors: Sekhohola, Lerato M
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Coal mine waste , Fungi -- Biotechnology , Coal -- Biodegradation , Bermuda grass -- Biotechnology
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:5959 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019992
  • Description: Low-grade coal, a poor source of energy, has long been regarded as waste material by the coal mining industry. Biological degradation of this coal material by ligninolytic fungal strains presents a viable strategy towards eliminating this unusable fossil fuel. To this end, a novel and patented bioprocess termed Fungcoal was developed. Fungcoal is a biological process utilised in the in situ treatment of waste coal and is based on the mutualistic relationship between the fungus Neosartorya fischeri and the graminaceous species Cynodon dactylon. The process facilitates the rapid conversion of waste coal into soil-like material that stimulates establishment of vegetation for eventual coal dump rehabilitation. While a number of in vitro studies have identified various fungal strains as efficient coal degraders, the mechanisms involved in the Fungcoal-stimulated degradation process have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, implementation of Fungcoal at both pilot and commercial scale has not been achieved. Thus the objective of this work was to investigate Fungcoal as a bioprocess via examining the role of coal degrading fungi (CDF) and grasses as biocatalysts in coal biodegradation and for the self-cladding of waste coal dumps. Initially, waste coal degradation by N. fischeri, strain ECCN 84, was investigated, specifically focusing on the mechanisms underpinning the process. In vitro studies showed the addition of waste coal induced active fungal colonisation resulting in increased fungal biomass. Increased extracellular laccase (LAC) activity, occuring concomitantly with an increase in hyphal peroxisome proliferation, was also observed in the coal supplied fungal cultures. Analysis of the colonised waste coal revealed a time dependent reduction in the percentage weight of elemental carbon coupled with an increase in elemental oxygen. The results supported metabolism and degradation of waste coal by N. fischeri strain ECCN 84 and involvement of fungal extracellular laccase. The contribution of C. dactylon, a C4 grass species to in situ biodegradation of waste coal in the presence of coal degrading and mycorrhizal fungi (MF) was also investigated. Enhanced degradation of the waste coal into a humic soil-like material was observed within the rhizosphere. Analysis of the resultant substrate revealed an increased concentration of highly oxidised humic-like substances (HS). Fungi remained viable in the rhizosphere up to 47 weeks post-inoculation and cultivation of C. dactylon, indicating the resultant humic substance-rich rhizosphere provided an environment conducive for microbial proliferation and activity. Furthermore, humic substance enrichment of waste coal substrates supported germination and seedling emergence of several agronomic species including Zea mays (corn), Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), Pisum sativum (pea), and Spinacia oleracea (spinach). Use of various cladding materials to support coal biodegradation, by fungus-grass mutualism and rehabilitation of waste dumps was evaluated at commercial scale. While substantial physico-chemical changes were not evident in the absence of cladding or where waste coal was used as cladding material, successful establishment of grass cover and diversity was achieved within three hydrological cycles on dumps cladded with weathered coal. Work presented in this thesis successfully demonstrates the degradation of waste coal by N. fischeri. The biodegradation process included enhanced extracellular LAC activity coupled with increased 3 waste coal oxidation. Increased HS concentration of waste coal substrate supported germination and early seedling establishment of several agronomic species. At commercial scale a co-substrate in the form of carbon-rich weathered coal was essential to support fungus-grass mutualism and Fungcoal-induced rehabilitation. These findings support the developed Fungcoal concept and the underpinning rationale that the phyto-biodegradation of waste coal indeed depends on the mutualistic interactions between grass root exudates and the ligninolytic and mycorrhizal fungi. Taken together, these findings provide practical evidence of the contribution of fungi and grasses as mutualists in the biodegradation of waste coal and sustainable rehabilitation of waste coal dumps
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  • Date Issued: 2016

The design of a bamboo processing plant in the Ibhayi township

  • Authors: Maré, Kimon Brain
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: Bamboo construction -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Sustainable architecture -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MArch
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/38896 , vital:35011
  • Description: This dissertation investigates the potential of architecture as a regenerative device, originating from an ecological, social and economic concern for the heavily polluted Swartkops estuary situated east of the Ibhayi district, Port Elizabeth, as well as a preoccupation with Bamboo and the benefi ts thereof, not only as an ecological mediator but as a sustainable source of building fi ber. For years surrounding factories and urban runoff has polluted the river, causing severe damage to the ecology of the Estuary. The poisonous pollution poured into the Swartkops River has degraded the estuary to such a degree that the fi sh caught in the river is not fi t for human consumption. Not only killing surrounding fauna but driving humans and animals away. [Enviro-Fish Africa 2011.] In the Apartheid era, black communities were relocated to the Ibhayi precinct, with limited job opportunities and lack of infrastructure, the river is not only a source of water to the community but a source of food. The area has become one of the worst, economically and socially in Port Elizabeth. [Census 2011.] Therefore, I propose to re-purpose the fl ooded salt pans just south of the Marina Salt factory, to a bamboo processing plant along with a plantation. The bamboo species is capable of cleansing the air and soil better than trees are able to, in addition to attracting bird life. [Stéphane Schröder 2016.] Proposing to plant bamboo clusters along the Chatty river, not only creates an opportunity for recreational space, but restoring the estuary’s ecology, with the added benefi t of providing raw materials with numerous uses by the community, for the community. Bamboo is one of the most versatile and eco-friendly sources of material with over a thousand uses, requiring a minimum of a 1ha bamboo plantation to create a viable business model. I wish to create a building that can both improve the physical and economical nature of the Ibhayi precinct.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

The trophic and spatial ecology of juvenile porcupine rays Urogymnus asperrimus at the remote St. Joseph Atoll

  • Authors: Elston, Chantel
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/965 , vital:20007
  • Description: Little information exists for the widely occurring but rare porcupine ray Urogymnus asperrimus. This is a concern given that it is a vulnerable species and likely plays an important ecological role in tropical atoll ecosystems. The aims of this thesis were to investigate the trophic and spatial ecology of juvenile porcupine rays within the St. Joseph Atoll, which is hypothesized to be functioning as a nursery for this species. Specific objectives were to determine i) the dietary composition and resource selectivity displayed by juvenile porcupine rays, ii) residency to the atoll, space use, and seasonality in movements, and iii) whether environmental factors affect short-term movements. Gastric lavage was used to collect stomach contents from 55 juveniles and sediment samples were collected. Thirteen juveniles were implanted with acoustic transmitters and monitored for a year by an array of 88 acoustic receivers situated in and around the St. Joseph Atoll. Porcupine rays appeared to be generalist and opportunistic feeders, foraging predominantly on annelids with the highest environmental availability. Polychaetes of the family Capitellidae were the most important prey item (Index of Importance = 35%). Rays only fed on deep infaunal prey, likely because of their foraging behaviour, suggesting they may influence this community. There was a size-related shift in the crustacean families consumed. The tagged rays displayed high residency to the atoll (mean residency index of 64%) and restricted movements, with small core use and activity space areas (mean of 0.5km² and 3km² respectively) and the majority of detections were recorded within 1km of their tagging locations. The rays favoured the sand ats where 88% of detections occurred. Transient use of the lagoon and fringe reef peaked in the north-west monsoon season, indicating a seasonal usage of these habitats. The effects of temperature and water depth on movements were manifested as diel and tidal cyclical patterns in presence. Evidence illustrates that the St. Joseph Atoll constitutes an important nursery for this species, which has been declared a Marine Protected Area. A major determinant behind the dependence of this nursery habitat is related to predator avoidance. Thermoregulatory behaviours were identified, suggesting that this species is vulnerable to climate change.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Understanding how grade 8 Physical Science teachers make use of learners’ prior everyday knowledge when teaching static electricity: A case study

  • Authors: Iyambo, Toini
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1320 , vital:20046
  • Description: Over the last decade of my teaching I have been grappling with how to incorporate learners’ prior everyday knowledge into my Physical Science lessons to enable me to close the gap between school science and everyday knowledge. I conducted this case study in two schools, one in Omusati region and one in Ohangwena Region, Namibia. Its purpose was to investigate how grade 8 Physical Science teachers make use of learners’ prior everyday knowledge when teaching the topic of static electricity. Underpinned by an interpretive paradigm, the study made use of document analysis, observation (lessons were also video-taped) and semi-structured interviews to generate the data. Three data generating techniques were used for triangulation and validation purposes. To further validate the data, transcripts of video-taped lessons and interviews were sent back to the research participants for member checking. The main findings of my study are that teachers did incorporate learners’ prior knowledge in the lesson presentation on static electricity. It emerged from the study that, learners possess a great deal of prior everyday scientific and non-scientific knowledge and experiences about static electricity that they had acquired from their communities. Also, mobilization of learners' everyday knowledge and experiences about static electricity enabled learner engagement during the science lessons. Likewise, engaging learners in demonstrations on static electricity helped them to make meaning of the scientific concepts involved in the topic. It also emerged from this study that teachers face challenges of lack of documentation of indigenous knowledge which is potentially a form of prior knowledge, language barriers and a lack of resources. Based on my research findings, I therefore, recommend that learners' prior everyday knowledge and experiences about static electricity should be incorporated during the teaching and learning process.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

The design of veterinary clinics for three physical context types of in South Africa

  • Authors: Kruger, Azille
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Clinics -- Design and construction Health facilities -- Design and construction , Health facilities -- Planning
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MArch
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/41295 , vital:36441
  • Description: This treatise design aims to cater for the state of veterinary service provision in South Africa. With a shift in management and the implementation of the Veterinary Community Service Act, the opportunity to explore the challenge of veterinary service delivery from an architectural point of view was seized. As the daughter of a Veterinarian and a student of architecture wondering on the architectural implications and challenges faced by veterinarians, I was presented with an opportunity to investigate, and develop an approach towards formulating a solution for efficient veterinary service delivery facilities across the country. Pondering this challenge led to testing the world model of standardisation, focussing on standardisation in architecture, and the general issue of universal responses as opposed to the development of a particular architectural response. What emerged formed the basis of the challenge for the treatise: To develop a solution based on the development of a prefabricated modularized system of component veterinary clinics for three different context types and in so doing grapple with the notion of manufactured spaces’ ability to create meaningful place.
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  • Date Issued: 2015

Genetic and biological characterisation of a novel South African Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PlxyGV) isolate

  • Authors: Abdulkadir, Fatima
  • Date: 2014
  • Subjects: Diamondback moth , Diamondback moth -- Control -- South Africa , Plutellidae -- Control -- South Africa , Baculoviruses , Cruciferae -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:4113 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013059
  • Description: The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide. The prolonged use of synthetic chemical insecticides as a primary means of control has resulted in the development of resistance in pest populations. In addition, the pest has also evolved resistance to the bacterial insecticidal protein of Bacillus thuringiensis which is also widely used as a method of control. Baculoviruses are considered as effective alternatives to conventional methods of control when incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. These viruses target the larval stages of insects, are generally host-specific and are safe for use in the environment. This study aimed to isolate a baculovirus from a laboratory-reared P. xylostella colony, characterise it genetically and then evaluate its virulence against neonate and fourth instar larvae. A laboratory colony of P. xylostella was established using pupae and asymptomatic larvae collected from a cabbage plantation outside Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The colony flourished in the laboratory due to prime conditions and availability of food. The duration of development from egg to adult was determined by observation and imaging of the various life stages. The mean developmental time from egg to adult was observed to be 14.59 ± 0.21 days. The population of the insects increased rapidly in number leading to overcrowding of the insect colony, and hence appearance of larvae with viral symptoms. Occlusion bodies (OBs) were extracted from symptomatic larval cadavers and purified by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Analysis of the purified OBs by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a granulovirus which was named PlxyGV-SA. The virus isolate was genetically characterised by restriction endonuclease analysis of the genomic DNA, and PCR amplification and sequencing of selected viral genes. The complete genome sequence of a Japanese P. xylostella granulovirus isolate, PlxyGV-Japan, has been deposited on the GenBank database providing a reference strain for comparison with DNA profiles and selected gene sequences of PlxyGV-SA. BLAST analysis of the granulin gene confirmed the isolation of a novel South African PlxyGV isolate. Comparison of the restriction profiles of PlxyGV-SA with profiles of PlxyGV-Japan and other documented PlxyGV profiles obtained by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically distinct isolate. The data obtained from the sequencing and alignment of ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase (egt), late expression factor 8 (lef-8) and late expression factor 9 (lef-9) genes with those of PlxyGV-Japan also showed that PlxyGV-SA is a genetically different isolate. In order to determine the biological activity of PlxyGV-SA against neonate and fourth instar P. xylostella larvae, surface dose bioassays were conducted. The median lethal concentration of the virus required to kill 50% (LC₅₀) and 90% (LC₉₀) of the larvae was estimated by feeding insects with a range of doses. In addition, the time to kill 50% of the larvae (LT₅₀) was determined by feeding insects with the LC₉₀ concentration. Larval mortality was monitored daily until pupation. The data obtained from the dose response assays were subjected to probit analysis using Proban statistical software. The time response was determined using GraphPad Prism software (version 6.0). The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values for the neonate larvae were 3.56 × 10⁵ and 1.14 × 10⁷ OBs/ml respectively. The LT₅₀ was determined to be 104 hours. The neonate larvae were found to be more susceptible to infection than the fourth instar larvae with the same virus concentration. The concentrations used for the neonate larvae assay did not have a significant effect on the fourth instar as no mortality was recorded. This is the first study to describe a novel South African PlxyGV isolate and the results suggest that PlxyGV-SA has significant potential for development as an effective biopesticide for the control of P. xylostella in the field.
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  • Date Issued: 2014

Postconcussive sequelae in contact sport : rugby versus non-contact sport controls

  • Authors: Dickinson, Arlene
  • Date: 2013-08-29
  • Subjects: Head -- Wounds and injuries -- Psychology Brain -- Concussion -- Complications Sports injuries
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:3189 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008455
  • Description: The effects of repeated mild concussive head injury on professional rugby players were examined. Data were collected for rugby players (n=26) and cricket player controls (n=21) using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery comprising five modalities (Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Verbal Fluency, Visuoperccptual Tracking and Hand Motor Dexterity) and a self-report Postconcussive Symptomology Questionnaire. Group statistical comparisons of the percentage of individuals with deficit were carried out for (i) rugby versus cricket; (ii) rugby forwards versus rugby backs; and (iii) rugby forwards versus cricket. Rugby players performed significantly poorer than controls on SA W AIS Digit Symbol Substitution subtest and on the Trail Making Test. On Digits Forward and Digit Symbol Incidental Recall, the results approached significance with the rugby players showing a tendency toward impairment on these tests. Rugby players exhibited impairment in areas of visuoperceptual tracking, speed of information processing and attention, and there are tendencies of impairment in verbal and/or visual memory. Results obtained on the self-report questionnaire strongly reinforced cognitive test results and a significant proportion of rugby players reported difficulties with sustained attention, memory and lowered frustration tolerance as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression. It was consistently noted that players in the more full contact positions (rugby forwards) were most susceptible to impairment, confirming that these players, who are exposed to repeated mild head injuries, are at greater risk of exhibiting postconcussive sequelae , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
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Female changes : the violation and violence of women in Ovid's Metamorphoses

  • Authors: Champanis, Leigh Alexandra
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Ovid, 43 B.C. - 17 or 18 A.D. -- Criticism and interpretation Ovid, 43 B.C. - 17 or 18 A.D. -- Metamorphoses Rape Women -- Violence against Violence in women
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:3614 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006024
  • Description: Ovid’s interest in women and their lives is apparent throughout his texts, but is especially so in the Metamorphoses. This study analyses the violation and violence of women in the Roman poet’s epic and sets out to uncover the governing social mores and values that perhaps shaped the representations of women in the text. It examines how Ovid’s narratives may betray his values and attitudes and those of his audience as well as looking at the various ways that the poet and his rape episodes have been read. After surveying the literature on rape in Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Ars Amatoria and the Fasti, a brief historical context for the Metamorphoses is provided; women’s lives in Rome, the rape laws that existed during this time, as well as Roman sexuality are then examined. After this, a close textual analysis of different rape episodes in the Metamorphoses is presented, including the episodes of nymphs as victims, the silencing of rape victims and sexually ‘aggressive’ women, in order to reveal and examine the patterns that emerge. While Ovid’s intentions and attitudes towards women, as they are found in the Metamorphoses, have been read by some as sympathetic, by others as misogynistic and still others as more neutral, it is concluded that, although there is space for various readings, as a poet, Ovid was ‘opportunistic’ in his choice of materia and, above all, he wished to stimulate and delight his audience. While his personal values may not necessarily be reflected in his works and his readers may never know the ‘true’ intentions behind the poem, the Metamorphoses does hold up a mirror to the negative treatment of women and exposes the gender inequalities that existed during Ovid’s time. As a poet, however, Ovid’s conceived role is to entertain his audience and despite his somewhat problematic treatment of women and rape victims, he does just that.
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  • Date Issued: 2013

The influence of project management service provision on role-players within the South African construction industry

  • Authors: Hefer, Andre le Roux
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Project management -- South Africa , Construction industry -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:9663 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008295 , Project management -- South Africa , Construction industry -- South Africa
  • Description: The legitimate existence of the Project Management Profession in the South African construction industry needs to relate to positive project influence on the industry roleplayers. This study assessed the perceived lack of recognition and acceptance of Project Management as a stand-alone profession relating to: · Appointments of Project Managers being questioned due to a perceived lack of influence and impact on project success. · Project Managers not being recognised as an integral part of the industry. · Project Management not being perceived as having a unique and defined function. Interviews were held with 23 industry role-players made up of clients, contractors and consultants. The interviews solicited input on the role-players’ perception and experience related to the influence of Project Management over the past 10 years, not only on a list of success criteria relative to their own role in the industry, but also their perception of the influence on the other defined role-player groups. Included in the interview questionnaire was also a range of general questions to refine the feedback and further test the hypotheses. The data were interpreted and analysed by comparing the feedback of the respondents as a combination and separately as groups. The results of the study indicate that: · Project Management could be seen as a legitimate part of the industry; · The industry role-players perceive Project Management as making an impact and having a growing influence on the industry; A specific but broad set of skills are required by Project Managers; · The Project Management function cannot be fulfilled by other consultants, but there are project related criteria which should be considered before making a final judgment. These criteria relate to project size and complexity; and · Project Management is currently perceived to be more related to a specific person’s skill than to a specific profession. The study’s aim was to influence and inform the views of industry role-players on the appointment of a Project Manager in the construction industry.
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  • Date Issued: 2012

An investigation of principals' perceptions and experiences of the implementation of the national standards and performance indicators (NSPI) for Namibian schools in the Ohangwena region

  • Authors: Johannes, Thomas Kamusheefa
  • Date: 2010
  • Subjects: Professional education -- Namibia Educational change -- Namibia Education -- Namibia Education and state -- Namibia School management and organization -- Namibia
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: vital:1640 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003522
  • Description: The post independence Namibian education system has been characterised by many reform initiatives, aimed at eradicating inequity, poor performance, and inferior education provision inherited from a pre-independence education system. This legacy posed a serious challenge to Namibia when it set out to achieve a national goal, Vision 2030. Vision 2030 inspires Namibia to be among the eveloped countries in 2030. In an attempt to achieve the goals outlined by the mission statement of Vision 2030, the Ministry of Education (MoE) introduced two national education initiatives: the Education and Training Sector Improvement Program (ETSIP), and the National Standards and Performance Indicators (NSPIs). These would be implemented in Namibian schools as, respectively, the Ministry’s strategic plan and its policy document. The NSPIs were introduced to address the fragmentation of standards and inequity in regions and schools in Namibia, as they aimed to standardise the provision of equal, quality education across the country (Namibia. MoE, 2005a, p. 1). The NSPI policy calls for schools to take quality assurance seriously, with particular emphasis on School Self-Evaluation (SSE), a process that encourages self-management (Namibia. MoE, 2007a, p. 3). Thus, the standards set out by the NSPIs became the yardstick by which internal and external school evaluators could assess whole school performance. The purpose of this present study was to investigate the perceptions and experiences of principals in the Ohangwena Region following the implementation of the NSPIs. It is a case study involving two Inspectors of Education (IoEs), twelve principals, and four Heads of Department (HODs). Interviews, document analysis, questionnaires, and a focus group interview were used to collect the data. The study found that principals acknowledge the importance of the NSPIs, and believe that they would succeed in improving the provision of quality education if they were fully implemented. The study found that schools implemented Performance Indicators 5.3 (School Administration) Aspect 5.3.2 (Storage and retrieval of information) in Key Area 5. However, the results of the study also showed that principals experienced many challenges in the implementation of the NSPIs. These included a lack of understanding among principals and teachers of the NSPIs, a lack of understanding of contemporary leadership theories (that would otherwise help principals to implement change effectively), and a lack of support in terms of skills and resources from both the Regional Office in Ohangwena and the MoE itself. The study found that the NSPIs have not yet improved school performance, and consequently that the pass rate remains the same as before the introduction of the NSPIs, four years ago. The SSE, which aims to help schools identify their strengths and weaknesses, and encourages them to establish and make use of a School Development Plan (SDP) to address weaknesses and sustain strengths, is characterised by a high degree of dishonesty. Thus, the information furnished by SSEs, SDPs, and Teachers Self-Evaluations (TSEs) is unreliable, lacks credibility, and has the further ill-effect of skewing schools’ performance targets. Therefore, this problem could be addressed when the rationale of completing the SSE is clearly explained to principals and teachers.
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  • Date Issued: 2010
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