Prevalence and antibiogram of some swine associated Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli Serogroups and Salmonella species in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Iwu, Chinwe Juliana
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salmonella infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water quality management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11294 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021273 , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salmonella infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water quality management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Gastrointestinal illnesses have continually become a global public health issue. Exposure to zoonotic food borne pathogens such as Salmonella and diarrhoegenic E. coli either by direct or indirect contact through the consumption of food producing animals is likely an important mode of infection to humans. More so, the use of antibiotics in farm animals similar to those used in humans can select for resistance in bacteria frequently harboured by them. These resistant strains can be passed on to humans through contaminated meat products and water leading to resistant infections with consequences such as prolonged illnesses, treatment failures, and increased morbidity and mortality. In animals, these can lead to reduced productivity. Monitoring the level of resistance among bacteria from animal isolates will help in generating data that could be used to create awareness of their presence in the environment and aid in preventing a potential epidemic in the community. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli serogroups and Salmonella species in faecal samples collected from pigs in Nkonkobe Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa between April – July, 2014. A total of 310 presumptive Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were confirmed as E. coli spp using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique by amplification of the uidA gene, out of which 179 (58%) were confirmed positive. Approximately, serogrougs O157:H7, O145 and O26 made up 24% (n=43), 8% (n=14) and 20% (n=35) of the E. coli population respectively. Only E. coli O26 was positive for stx2 gene in 31% of the isolates harbouring the gene, while the other serogroups were non-pathogenic. Susceptibility of the isolates to 18 antibiotics was carried out in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Similarly, a relatively high susceptibility was observed in norfloxacin (83-100%), ciprofloxacin (63-100%), gentamycin (77-100%), and chloramphenicol (77-100%). However, all the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and its long acting counterpart oxytetracycline. Resistances observed against other antimicrobials are as follows: ampicillin (84-91%), streptomycin (14-100%), erythromycin (91-100%), ceftazidime (35%). Multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns and indices ranged from 3 to 12 and 0.2 to 0.7 to respectively. Genes encoding resistances to ampicillin (ampC), streptomycin (strA) and tetracycline (tetA) were frequently detected in 50-100%, 22-29% and 40-86% of the resistant isolates respectively. In the other arm of the dissertation, two hundred and fifty eight presumptive isolates of Salmonella were recovered from the faecal samples of pigs. Specific primers targeting serogroups A, B, C1, C2, and D were used to delineate the isolates into different serogroups using PCR. Only serogroup A (n=48) was detected. These isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method using 18 antibiotics. The results showed that a large proportion of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (100%), oxytetracycline (100%), ampicillin (75%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (75%) and streptomycin (75%). Majority of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistances with the predominant multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotype being against eleven antibiotics. A high multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index in a range of 0.3- 0.6 was observed. The incidence of genes encoding resistance against tetracycline (tetA), streptomycin (stra), and ampicillin (ampC) were 54%, 44% and 61% respectively. These findings reveal that pigs within the Nkonkobe Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province could harbour Shiga toxins and multidrug resistant serogroups of E. coli as well as resistant Salmonella which could be transmitted to humans through the food chain. To ensure public health safety, continuous monitoring and sufficient sanitation in swine industries must be ensured.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Iwu, Chinwe Juliana
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salmonella infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water quality management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11294 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021273 , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Salmonella infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water -- Pollution -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli infections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water quality management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Gastrointestinal illnesses have continually become a global public health issue. Exposure to zoonotic food borne pathogens such as Salmonella and diarrhoegenic E. coli either by direct or indirect contact through the consumption of food producing animals is likely an important mode of infection to humans. More so, the use of antibiotics in farm animals similar to those used in humans can select for resistance in bacteria frequently harboured by them. These resistant strains can be passed on to humans through contaminated meat products and water leading to resistant infections with consequences such as prolonged illnesses, treatment failures, and increased morbidity and mortality. In animals, these can lead to reduced productivity. Monitoring the level of resistance among bacteria from animal isolates will help in generating data that could be used to create awareness of their presence in the environment and aid in preventing a potential epidemic in the community. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli serogroups and Salmonella species in faecal samples collected from pigs in Nkonkobe Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa between April – July, 2014. A total of 310 presumptive Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were confirmed as E. coli spp using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique by amplification of the uidA gene, out of which 179 (58%) were confirmed positive. Approximately, serogrougs O157:H7, O145 and O26 made up 24% (n=43), 8% (n=14) and 20% (n=35) of the E. coli population respectively. Only E. coli O26 was positive for stx2 gene in 31% of the isolates harbouring the gene, while the other serogroups were non-pathogenic. Susceptibility of the isolates to 18 antibiotics was carried out in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem. Similarly, a relatively high susceptibility was observed in norfloxacin (83-100%), ciprofloxacin (63-100%), gentamycin (77-100%), and chloramphenicol (77-100%). However, all the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and its long acting counterpart oxytetracycline. Resistances observed against other antimicrobials are as follows: ampicillin (84-91%), streptomycin (14-100%), erythromycin (91-100%), ceftazidime (35%). Multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns and indices ranged from 3 to 12 and 0.2 to 0.7 to respectively. Genes encoding resistances to ampicillin (ampC), streptomycin (strA) and tetracycline (tetA) were frequently detected in 50-100%, 22-29% and 40-86% of the resistant isolates respectively. In the other arm of the dissertation, two hundred and fifty eight presumptive isolates of Salmonella were recovered from the faecal samples of pigs. Specific primers targeting serogroups A, B, C1, C2, and D were used to delineate the isolates into different serogroups using PCR. Only serogroup A (n=48) was detected. These isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility by disc diffusion method using 18 antibiotics. The results showed that a large proportion of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline (100%), oxytetracycline (100%), ampicillin (75%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (75%) and streptomycin (75%). Majority of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistances with the predominant multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotype being against eleven antibiotics. A high multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index in a range of 0.3- 0.6 was observed. The incidence of genes encoding resistance against tetracycline (tetA), streptomycin (stra), and ampicillin (ampC) were 54%, 44% and 61% respectively. These findings reveal that pigs within the Nkonkobe Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province could harbour Shiga toxins and multidrug resistant serogroups of E. coli as well as resistant Salmonella which could be transmitted to humans through the food chain. To ensure public health safety, continuous monitoring and sufficient sanitation in swine industries must be ensured.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Risk preferences of smallholder irrigation farmers in the former Ciskei homelands of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Itumeleng, Mathlo
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Risk-return relationships -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops -- Irrigation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11214 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016206 , Risk-return relationships -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops -- Irrigation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Although several studies have investigated on commercial farmers’ risk preferences, there is still lack of information on the risk attitudes and risk preferences of smallholder farmers in South Africa. Risks associated with the adoption of new agricultural technology need to be explored in order to address the transition from homestead food gardening to smallholder irrigated farming. This study seeks to understand risk perception of smallholder irrigation farmers by linking constraints to commercialisation, adoption of new agricultural technologies and risk preferences of smallholder farmers in the former Ciskei Homelands of the Eastern Cape. A total of 101 respondents were surveyed, consisting of 38 smallholder farmers and 63 homestead food gardeners in the Eastern Cape. Questionnaires were used to record household activities, socio-economic and institutional data as well as household demographics through personal interviews. The probit results indicated that older farmers are less risk averse thus more willing to take risk. The risk analysis indicates that farmers who are employed elsewhere are more willing to take risk as income is playing a major role in risk preferences. The results also prove that factors such as tenure system and years in farming have a major influence on farmers’ decision to take risk and adopt new agricultural technology. According to the multi-logit model the major factors influencing technology adoption and risk taking are household size, water rate and type of irrigation system used by the farmers. This study provides useful practical insights for policy makers, farm advisers and researchers in the design of effective and efficient policies, programmes and projects which can affect the adoption of technology, increase smallholder farmers capacity to manage risk and drive growth in the food market.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Itumeleng, Mathlo
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Risk-return relationships -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops -- Irrigation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11214 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016206 , Risk-return relationships -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Crops -- Irrigation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Irrigation farming -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Although several studies have investigated on commercial farmers’ risk preferences, there is still lack of information on the risk attitudes and risk preferences of smallholder farmers in South Africa. Risks associated with the adoption of new agricultural technology need to be explored in order to address the transition from homestead food gardening to smallholder irrigated farming. This study seeks to understand risk perception of smallholder irrigation farmers by linking constraints to commercialisation, adoption of new agricultural technologies and risk preferences of smallholder farmers in the former Ciskei Homelands of the Eastern Cape. A total of 101 respondents were surveyed, consisting of 38 smallholder farmers and 63 homestead food gardeners in the Eastern Cape. Questionnaires were used to record household activities, socio-economic and institutional data as well as household demographics through personal interviews. The probit results indicated that older farmers are less risk averse thus more willing to take risk. The risk analysis indicates that farmers who are employed elsewhere are more willing to take risk as income is playing a major role in risk preferences. The results also prove that factors such as tenure system and years in farming have a major influence on farmers’ decision to take risk and adopt new agricultural technology. According to the multi-logit model the major factors influencing technology adoption and risk taking are household size, water rate and type of irrigation system used by the farmers. This study provides useful practical insights for policy makers, farm advisers and researchers in the design of effective and efficient policies, programmes and projects which can affect the adoption of technology, increase smallholder farmers capacity to manage risk and drive growth in the food market.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Stratigraphy, sedimentary facies and diagenesis of the ECCA group, Karoo supergroup in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Nyathi, Nonhlanhla
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Geology)
- Identifier: vital:11528 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019776
- Description: This is a MSc research project, and is aimed at the new insight on the stratigraphy, sedimentary facies, diagenesis and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province. Methodologies used in this research include field investigation, stratigraphic logging, thin-section microscope study, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group is divided into five formations, namely the Prince Albert Formation, Whitehill Formation, Collingham Formation, Rippon Formation and the Fort Brown Formation from bottom upward. Based on the field investigation and laboratory correlation, the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, and Fort Brown Formations can each be subdivided into two new members, i.e. lower member and upper member; whereas three new members have been proposed for the Rippon Formation, i.e. lower, middle and upper members. The Ecca Group sediments were accumulated in various depositional environments, from bottom of deep marine environment, passed through the middle of deltaic environment, and ended in a lacustrine environment. The Prince Albert Formation, Whitehill Formation and the Collingham Formation were all deposited in a deep marine basin, whilst the Rippon Formation was laid down in a deltaic environment. As the climate gradually became warmer and drier, the top Fort Brown Formation was lastly deposited in a lacustrine environment. The stratigraphic succession of the Ecca Group constitutes a perfect regression sequence, indicating that the marine water gradually retreated and the sea-level gradually dropped. The rocks in the Ecca Group are mainly terrigenous sandstone and mudstone with some coarse grain-sized siliciclastic rock of conglomerate. The sandstones are dominated by feldspathic graywackes with minor quartz-wackes, and there are no arenites in the Ecca Group. Whereas the mudstones are dominated by grayish mudrocks and black shales, purer claystone was found in the turbidite facies of the Collingham Formation, which probably has economic significance for the future since the reserve is quite large. Optical microscope, XRD and SEM analyses demonstrated that the minerals in the Ecca Group include detrital minerals of quartz, orthoclase, microcline, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite; and clay minerals (smectite, kaolinite, illite and sericite). These minerals constitute the rock framework grains and cements whereas; the authigenic minerals of calcite and hematite were formed during diagenesis. Accessory minerals such as rutile and zircon are the heavy minerals present in the strata, and occur only in a small amount. Based on the lithologies, sedimentary structures and sequence stacking patterns, ten sedimentary facies have been recognised, namely 1) Grayish laminated and thin bedded shale facies, 2) Grayish laminated shale and intercalated chert facies, 3) Grayish rhythmite facies (all the three facies above were deposited in deep marine water); 4) Flat and lenticular bedded graywacke facies, 5) Grayish alternating mudstone and sandstone facies, 6) Dark organic rich mudstone facies, 7) Fossil bearing mudstone facies, 8) Laminated and thin bedded black mudstone with lenticular siltstone facies, 9) Interbedded grayish sandstone and mudstone facies (above Facies 4-9 were deposited in deltaic environment and appeared in the Rippon Formation); and 10) Varved rhythmic mudstone facies, which occurs only in the Fort Brown Formation and represents lacustrine sediments. Four types of cements have been identified in the rocks of the Ecca Group, including quartz, smectite, calcite and feldspar cements. The first three cement types are the major cement types, whilst the feldspar cement is minor and occurs only locally. Recrystallisation in Ecca sediments includes quartz, feldspar, clay mineral recrystallisation and conversion from smectite and kaolinite to illite and then to sericite. Replacement involves calcite replacing quartz, feldspar and clay matrix; accompanied by albitization, i.e. albite replacing other feldspar minerals in a deep burial environment. Dissolution in the Ecca Group involved calcite and kaolinite dissolving and leaching, which created more pore-space and increased porosity. The sediments of the Ecca Group went through three stages of digenesis, namely the early stage, the late stage and the up lift stage which led the rocks being exposed on the Earth’s surface and being weathered. In each stage, some minerals became unstable, then replaced by a more stable mineral suitable for the new diagenetic environment. Precipitation of cements and formation of authigenic minerals mostly occurred in the early diagenetic stage, which led the soft sediments becoming a hard rock; whilst recrystallisation, replacement, and dissolution took place mostly in the later diageneti
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Nyathi, Nonhlanhla
- Date: 2014
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Geology)
- Identifier: vital:11528 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019776
- Description: This is a MSc research project, and is aimed at the new insight on the stratigraphy, sedimentary facies, diagenesis and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province. Methodologies used in this research include field investigation, stratigraphic logging, thin-section microscope study, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group is divided into five formations, namely the Prince Albert Formation, Whitehill Formation, Collingham Formation, Rippon Formation and the Fort Brown Formation from bottom upward. Based on the field investigation and laboratory correlation, the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, and Fort Brown Formations can each be subdivided into two new members, i.e. lower member and upper member; whereas three new members have been proposed for the Rippon Formation, i.e. lower, middle and upper members. The Ecca Group sediments were accumulated in various depositional environments, from bottom of deep marine environment, passed through the middle of deltaic environment, and ended in a lacustrine environment. The Prince Albert Formation, Whitehill Formation and the Collingham Formation were all deposited in a deep marine basin, whilst the Rippon Formation was laid down in a deltaic environment. As the climate gradually became warmer and drier, the top Fort Brown Formation was lastly deposited in a lacustrine environment. The stratigraphic succession of the Ecca Group constitutes a perfect regression sequence, indicating that the marine water gradually retreated and the sea-level gradually dropped. The rocks in the Ecca Group are mainly terrigenous sandstone and mudstone with some coarse grain-sized siliciclastic rock of conglomerate. The sandstones are dominated by feldspathic graywackes with minor quartz-wackes, and there are no arenites in the Ecca Group. Whereas the mudstones are dominated by grayish mudrocks and black shales, purer claystone was found in the turbidite facies of the Collingham Formation, which probably has economic significance for the future since the reserve is quite large. Optical microscope, XRD and SEM analyses demonstrated that the minerals in the Ecca Group include detrital minerals of quartz, orthoclase, microcline, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite; and clay minerals (smectite, kaolinite, illite and sericite). These minerals constitute the rock framework grains and cements whereas; the authigenic minerals of calcite and hematite were formed during diagenesis. Accessory minerals such as rutile and zircon are the heavy minerals present in the strata, and occur only in a small amount. Based on the lithologies, sedimentary structures and sequence stacking patterns, ten sedimentary facies have been recognised, namely 1) Grayish laminated and thin bedded shale facies, 2) Grayish laminated shale and intercalated chert facies, 3) Grayish rhythmite facies (all the three facies above were deposited in deep marine water); 4) Flat and lenticular bedded graywacke facies, 5) Grayish alternating mudstone and sandstone facies, 6) Dark organic rich mudstone facies, 7) Fossil bearing mudstone facies, 8) Laminated and thin bedded black mudstone with lenticular siltstone facies, 9) Interbedded grayish sandstone and mudstone facies (above Facies 4-9 were deposited in deltaic environment and appeared in the Rippon Formation); and 10) Varved rhythmic mudstone facies, which occurs only in the Fort Brown Formation and represents lacustrine sediments. Four types of cements have been identified in the rocks of the Ecca Group, including quartz, smectite, calcite and feldspar cements. The first three cement types are the major cement types, whilst the feldspar cement is minor and occurs only locally. Recrystallisation in Ecca sediments includes quartz, feldspar, clay mineral recrystallisation and conversion from smectite and kaolinite to illite and then to sericite. Replacement involves calcite replacing quartz, feldspar and clay matrix; accompanied by albitization, i.e. albite replacing other feldspar minerals in a deep burial environment. Dissolution in the Ecca Group involved calcite and kaolinite dissolving and leaching, which created more pore-space and increased porosity. The sediments of the Ecca Group went through three stages of digenesis, namely the early stage, the late stage and the up lift stage which led the rocks being exposed on the Earth’s surface and being weathered. In each stage, some minerals became unstable, then replaced by a more stable mineral suitable for the new diagenetic environment. Precipitation of cements and formation of authigenic minerals mostly occurred in the early diagenetic stage, which led the soft sediments becoming a hard rock; whilst recrystallisation, replacement, and dissolution took place mostly in the later diageneti
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
A study of psychological intervention strategies used by national soccer coaches for male teams in South Africa
- Authors: Xoxo, Thabo Daniel
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Sports -- Psychological aspects , Soccer players -- South Africa , Soccer coaches -- South Africa , Goal setting in personnel management -- South Africa , Imagery (Psychology) , Soccer -- Coaching -- South Africa , Goal setting -- Mental imagery , Mental imagery -- Team cohesion , Relaxation training -- Psychological intervention strategies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (HMS)
- Identifier: vital:11543 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006883 , Sports -- Psychological aspects , Soccer players -- South Africa , Soccer coaches -- South Africa , Goal setting in personnel management -- South Africa , Imagery (Psychology) , Soccer -- Coaching -- South Africa , Goal setting -- Mental imagery , Mental imagery -- Team cohesion , Relaxation training -- Psychological intervention strategies
- Description: The purpose of the current study was to examine the Psychological Intervention Strategies (PIS) that are used by coaches for male soccer teams in South Africa to enhance the performance of the national soccer teams. National soccer coaches for male teams (n = 4) completed a questionnaire and attended in-depth interview. Results from both the questionnaire and in-depth interview revealed a lack of knowledge of PIS which was further supported by the data from the analysis. While some of the coaches did not utilise goal setting and relaxation in their coaching responsibilities, the current results further show that these soccer coaches do not utilise mental imagery as well. These results suggest that the SAFA soccer coaches could not integrate PIS in the coaching. Although the results cannot be generalised there is evidence that the SAFA trained soccer coaches demonstrate inadequacy in using PIS in their soccer coaching. The study finds that soccer coaches are psychologically under-prepared for their arduous task of soccer coaching. By implication the players are also mentally under-prepared that they cannot face their peers competitively. Current studies point to this psychological preparedness as the psychological momentum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Xoxo, Thabo Daniel
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Sports -- Psychological aspects , Soccer players -- South Africa , Soccer coaches -- South Africa , Goal setting in personnel management -- South Africa , Imagery (Psychology) , Soccer -- Coaching -- South Africa , Goal setting -- Mental imagery , Mental imagery -- Team cohesion , Relaxation training -- Psychological intervention strategies
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (HMS)
- Identifier: vital:11543 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006883 , Sports -- Psychological aspects , Soccer players -- South Africa , Soccer coaches -- South Africa , Goal setting in personnel management -- South Africa , Imagery (Psychology) , Soccer -- Coaching -- South Africa , Goal setting -- Mental imagery , Mental imagery -- Team cohesion , Relaxation training -- Psychological intervention strategies
- Description: The purpose of the current study was to examine the Psychological Intervention Strategies (PIS) that are used by coaches for male soccer teams in South Africa to enhance the performance of the national soccer teams. National soccer coaches for male teams (n = 4) completed a questionnaire and attended in-depth interview. Results from both the questionnaire and in-depth interview revealed a lack of knowledge of PIS which was further supported by the data from the analysis. While some of the coaches did not utilise goal setting and relaxation in their coaching responsibilities, the current results further show that these soccer coaches do not utilise mental imagery as well. These results suggest that the SAFA soccer coaches could not integrate PIS in the coaching. Although the results cannot be generalised there is evidence that the SAFA trained soccer coaches demonstrate inadequacy in using PIS in their soccer coaching. The study finds that soccer coaches are psychologically under-prepared for their arduous task of soccer coaching. By implication the players are also mentally under-prepared that they cannot face their peers competitively. Current studies point to this psychological preparedness as the psychological momentum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Evaluation of water service rendering in the Amathole District Municipality
- Authors: Mqolo, Abner Zamindawo
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal water supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply, Rural -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11639 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001248 , Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal water supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply, Rural -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The rural areas of Amathole district municipality continue to experience difficulty in accessing water services. The people experience problems despite the fact that the Amathole district municipality, since 2003 has been made a water service authority in its municipal area, which consists of eight local municipalities, namely; Mnquma, Mbashe, Nkonkobe, Amahlathi, Great Kei, Ngqushwa, Nxuba, and Buffalo City. With the water service authority powers devolved from national government to the district municipalities the intention was to speed service delivery. This study investigates the causes of the delays in water service delivery experienced in rural areas of this district municipality. The Buffalo City local municipality is excluded in the study because Buffalo City has as well been given the responsibility of being the water service authority in its municipal area. This study used the questionnaires as data collection tool, and it was distributed to these respondents; chief officials, councilors, and citizens. Due to vastness of the target population sampling was used to reduce the bulkiness of the data. The questionnaire content is based on the phases of the systems theory to see if the policy making processes of the Amathole district municipality are carried out in accordance with the systems theory. The study has found that the citizens are not adequately involved in all the policy processes including the policy analysis and evaluation. This has been found to be a contributory factor in the ineffectiveness of the municipality water service delivery.The spheres of government that operate in silos compromised policy analysis and evaluation of the municipality, and disjuncture of the delivery programs of the spheres and state enterprises caused a huge service delivery challenges for this municipality. The study has confirmed that the Amathole district municipality is experiencing problems, delays, and challenges that make it to be ineffective as a water service authority.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Mqolo, Abner Zamindawo
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal water supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply, Rural -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11639 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001248 , Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal water supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Water-supply, Rural -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The rural areas of Amathole district municipality continue to experience difficulty in accessing water services. The people experience problems despite the fact that the Amathole district municipality, since 2003 has been made a water service authority in its municipal area, which consists of eight local municipalities, namely; Mnquma, Mbashe, Nkonkobe, Amahlathi, Great Kei, Ngqushwa, Nxuba, and Buffalo City. With the water service authority powers devolved from national government to the district municipalities the intention was to speed service delivery. This study investigates the causes of the delays in water service delivery experienced in rural areas of this district municipality. The Buffalo City local municipality is excluded in the study because Buffalo City has as well been given the responsibility of being the water service authority in its municipal area. This study used the questionnaires as data collection tool, and it was distributed to these respondents; chief officials, councilors, and citizens. Due to vastness of the target population sampling was used to reduce the bulkiness of the data. The questionnaire content is based on the phases of the systems theory to see if the policy making processes of the Amathole district municipality are carried out in accordance with the systems theory. The study has found that the citizens are not adequately involved in all the policy processes including the policy analysis and evaluation. This has been found to be a contributory factor in the ineffectiveness of the municipality water service delivery.The spheres of government that operate in silos compromised policy analysis and evaluation of the municipality, and disjuncture of the delivery programs of the spheres and state enterprises caused a huge service delivery challenges for this municipality. The study has confirmed that the Amathole district municipality is experiencing problems, delays, and challenges that make it to be ineffective as a water service authority.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
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