Dietary aspects of establishing a mainland-based colony of the endangered African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) in St Francis Bay, South Africa
- Authors: Voogt, Nina Margaret
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: African penguin -- South Africa -- Cape Saint Francis , African penguin -- Food -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , African penguin -- Habitat suitability index models -- South Africa -- Cape Saint Francis , Stable isotopes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5875 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013115
- Description: Cape St Francis, Eastern Cape, has been identified as one of four potential sites for establishing a mainland-based African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) colony. This thesis comprises three main components: a verification of a preparation method for stable isotope samples from penguin feathers; a dietary analysis of the penguins on Bird Island, Algoa Bay, though stable isotope analysis of whole blood and feathers (2012 and 2013); and an estimation of available fish surplus that could potentially support a colony of penguins at Cape St Francis. Each component contributes towards the next, all building towards answering the main research question: Will there be enough food around St Francis Bay to support a colony of penguins and sustain the already established fisheries industry within the bay? Stable isotope analysis of whole blood and feathers from breeding adults and whole blood from juveniles provided insight into the variability of African penguins’ diets at different stages in their life history. Stable isotope mixing models indicated that the predicted proportions that each prey species could potentially contribute to diet conflicted with published stomach sample data. This might arise from inaccurate trophic enrichment factors used in the model, or from systematic biases in the published stomach sampling techniques, or both. Dietary sexual dimorphism was not demonstrated by the isotope signatures of breeding penguins. Based on official catch data, the fisheries activity on the south coast, and especially around the potential colony site at St Francis, is much lower than around the west coast’s penguin colonies. The model provided a first-order estimate for fish supply around the potential colony site at St Francis both at a large coastal scale and a local small scale. At both scales the estimate indicated an ample availability of fish at current fishing levels. The model in Chapter 4 can also be applied to refining the assessments of other potential colony sites on the south coast. In conclusion, the south coast is a promising area for a new colony of penguins in terms of food availability. There is relatively low fishing activity in the area and, as suggested by the large-scale model in Chapter 4, an ample fish resource. The final chapter briefly discusses factors that need to be considered before attempting to establish a mainland-based colony of African penguins.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Voogt, Nina Margaret
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: African penguin -- South Africa -- Cape Saint Francis , African penguin -- Food -- South Africa -- Algoa Bay , African penguin -- Habitat suitability index models -- South Africa -- Cape Saint Francis , Stable isotopes
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5875 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013115
- Description: Cape St Francis, Eastern Cape, has been identified as one of four potential sites for establishing a mainland-based African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) colony. This thesis comprises three main components: a verification of a preparation method for stable isotope samples from penguin feathers; a dietary analysis of the penguins on Bird Island, Algoa Bay, though stable isotope analysis of whole blood and feathers (2012 and 2013); and an estimation of available fish surplus that could potentially support a colony of penguins at Cape St Francis. Each component contributes towards the next, all building towards answering the main research question: Will there be enough food around St Francis Bay to support a colony of penguins and sustain the already established fisheries industry within the bay? Stable isotope analysis of whole blood and feathers from breeding adults and whole blood from juveniles provided insight into the variability of African penguins’ diets at different stages in their life history. Stable isotope mixing models indicated that the predicted proportions that each prey species could potentially contribute to diet conflicted with published stomach sample data. This might arise from inaccurate trophic enrichment factors used in the model, or from systematic biases in the published stomach sampling techniques, or both. Dietary sexual dimorphism was not demonstrated by the isotope signatures of breeding penguins. Based on official catch data, the fisheries activity on the south coast, and especially around the potential colony site at St Francis, is much lower than around the west coast’s penguin colonies. The model provided a first-order estimate for fish supply around the potential colony site at St Francis both at a large coastal scale and a local small scale. At both scales the estimate indicated an ample availability of fish at current fishing levels. The model in Chapter 4 can also be applied to refining the assessments of other potential colony sites on the south coast. In conclusion, the south coast is a promising area for a new colony of penguins in terms of food availability. There is relatively low fishing activity in the area and, as suggested by the large-scale model in Chapter 4, an ample fish resource. The final chapter briefly discusses factors that need to be considered before attempting to establish a mainland-based colony of African penguins.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
The diet of black-backed jackal (Canis Mesomelas) on two contrasting land-use types in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and the validation of a new analytical method of mammalian hair identification
- Authors: Forbes, Ross William
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Black-backed jackal -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- Food , Mammals -- Identification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5661 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005345 , Black-backed jackal -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- Food , Mammals -- Identification
- Description: Diet assessments are critical for understanding the foraging behaviour, habitat use and trophic separation of mammalian predators and are vital for gaining insight into how predators influence prey populations. The aim of this research was to qualitatively describe the diet of black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas, Schreber 1775) using scat analysis on two contrasting land-use types in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Scats were collected on a monthly basis from November 2009 to October 2010 from two game reserves (Great Fish River Reserve and Shamwari Private Game Reserve) and two neighbouring livestock farms. The relative frequency of occurrence of mammal hair (33 – 47 %) and vegetation (32 – 45%)dominated jackal diet throughout the year across the four study sites. Other important prey items included invertebrates (8 – 21 %) and fruit and seeds (3 – 11 %). Birds and reptiles constituted ≤ 2 % of the diet and were only recorded on the game reserves. Significant seasonal dietary shifts were observed on the game reserves but not on the farms. Fruit and seeds were significantly more frequent in the diet during autumn at Great Fish River Reserve and invertebrates were significantly less common in the diet during winter on both reserves. In addition, vegetation was significantly more common in the diet during winter at Shamwari Private Game Reserve. The significant temporal variation of certain prey items is testament to black-backed jackals being opportunistic generalists, foraging on those food items which are most abundant, accessible and energetically beneficial. Land-use type also influenced the diet of black-backed jackals with significantly more invertebrates and, fruit and seeds being recorded on the game reserves than on the farms. By contrast, significantly more mammal hair and vegetation were present in the diet on the farms compared with the game reserves. The mammalian component of the diet was dominated by ruminants and rodents on the game reserves and by ruminants and livestock on the farms. The presence of livestock in the diet of black-backed jackals on the farms highlights their potential impact on the livestock industry in the region and may assist farmers in determining which predators are responsible for stock loss. Previous approaches for identifying mammalian hairs from predator scats have utilised dichotomous keys and reference collections but these are often time-consuming and require a trained individual to carry out the identification. Thus, I also tested the efficacy of an automated pattern recognition programme (HairSnap) for identifying mammalian hairs from black-backed jackal scats. The overall accuracy of the programme was 38 % with black-backed jackal, Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus) hairs being accurately identified more often (70 – 80 %) than any other species tested. It is likely that both the size and species composition of the sample resulted in the poor accuracy of the programme. However, with the implementation of several improvement measures (e.g. adjustment of the algorithm) the programme may offer a superior, bias-free method of mammalian hair identification. The dietary information gathered here furthers our knowledge of the biology of the blackbacked jackals, especially in the locally important thicket biome. Moreover, understanding their foraging habits allows for more effective management of the species on both game reserves and farmlands. I recommend that future research should focus on quantitatively assessing the diet of black-backed jackals in the Eastern Cape Province and elsewhere. This will compliment the dietary description provided in this study and may offer a biologically more meaningful indication of the relative importance of the prey items.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Forbes, Ross William
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Black-backed jackal -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- Food , Mammals -- Identification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5661 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005345 , Black-backed jackal -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Jackals -- Food , Mammals -- Identification
- Description: Diet assessments are critical for understanding the foraging behaviour, habitat use and trophic separation of mammalian predators and are vital for gaining insight into how predators influence prey populations. The aim of this research was to qualitatively describe the diet of black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas, Schreber 1775) using scat analysis on two contrasting land-use types in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Scats were collected on a monthly basis from November 2009 to October 2010 from two game reserves (Great Fish River Reserve and Shamwari Private Game Reserve) and two neighbouring livestock farms. The relative frequency of occurrence of mammal hair (33 – 47 %) and vegetation (32 – 45%)dominated jackal diet throughout the year across the four study sites. Other important prey items included invertebrates (8 – 21 %) and fruit and seeds (3 – 11 %). Birds and reptiles constituted ≤ 2 % of the diet and were only recorded on the game reserves. Significant seasonal dietary shifts were observed on the game reserves but not on the farms. Fruit and seeds were significantly more frequent in the diet during autumn at Great Fish River Reserve and invertebrates were significantly less common in the diet during winter on both reserves. In addition, vegetation was significantly more common in the diet during winter at Shamwari Private Game Reserve. The significant temporal variation of certain prey items is testament to black-backed jackals being opportunistic generalists, foraging on those food items which are most abundant, accessible and energetically beneficial. Land-use type also influenced the diet of black-backed jackals with significantly more invertebrates and, fruit and seeds being recorded on the game reserves than on the farms. By contrast, significantly more mammal hair and vegetation were present in the diet on the farms compared with the game reserves. The mammalian component of the diet was dominated by ruminants and rodents on the game reserves and by ruminants and livestock on the farms. The presence of livestock in the diet of black-backed jackals on the farms highlights their potential impact on the livestock industry in the region and may assist farmers in determining which predators are responsible for stock loss. Previous approaches for identifying mammalian hairs from predator scats have utilised dichotomous keys and reference collections but these are often time-consuming and require a trained individual to carry out the identification. Thus, I also tested the efficacy of an automated pattern recognition programme (HairSnap) for identifying mammalian hairs from black-backed jackal scats. The overall accuracy of the programme was 38 % with black-backed jackal, Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus) hairs being accurately identified more often (70 – 80 %) than any other species tested. It is likely that both the size and species composition of the sample resulted in the poor accuracy of the programme. However, with the implementation of several improvement measures (e.g. adjustment of the algorithm) the programme may offer a superior, bias-free method of mammalian hair identification. The dietary information gathered here furthers our knowledge of the biology of the blackbacked jackals, especially in the locally important thicket biome. Moreover, understanding their foraging habits allows for more effective management of the species on both game reserves and farmlands. I recommend that future research should focus on quantitatively assessing the diet of black-backed jackals in the Eastern Cape Province and elsewhere. This will compliment the dietary description provided in this study and may offer a biologically more meaningful indication of the relative importance of the prey items.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Development and assessment of minocycline sustained release capsule formulations
- Sachikonye, Tinotenda Chipo Victoria
- Authors: Sachikonye, Tinotenda Chipo Victoria
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Drugs -- Controlled release , Drugs -- Dosage forms , Capsules (Pharmacy) , Drugs -- Administration , Acne -- Treatment , Tetracyclines , Antibiotics -- Side effects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3854 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013127
- Description: The use of minocycline for the treatment of a broad range of systemic infections and for severe acne has been associated with vestibular side effects. The severity of side effects may lead to poor adherence to therapy by patients. The use of sustained release formulations of minocycline that display slow dissolution of minocycline following administration may be beneficial in reducing the incidence and severity of side effects. Therefore, sustained release capsule dosage forms containing 100 mg minocycline (base) were manufactured and assessed for use as sustained release oral dosage forms of minocycline. Minocycline sustained release capsules were manufactured based on matrix technologies using hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and Compritol® as release retarding polymers. The rate and extent of minocycline release from the capsules was evaluated using USP Apparatus 1 and samples were analysed using a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Differences in the rate and extent of minocycline release from formulations manufactured using HPMC or Compritol® were influenced by the concentration of polymer used in the formulations. The rate and extent of minocycline release was faster and greater when low concentrations of polymer were used in formulations. The effect of different excipients on the release pattern(s) of minocycline and particularly their potential to optimise minocycline release from experimental formulations was investigated. The use of diluents such as lactose and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) revealed that lactose facilitated minocycline release when HPMC was used as the polymer matrix. In contrast, the use of lactose as diluent resulted in slower release of minocycline from Compritol® based formulations. The addition of sodium starch glycolate to HPMC based formulations resulted in slower release of minocycline than when no sodium starch glycolate was used. Compritol® based formulations were observed to release minocycline faster following addition of sodium starch glycolate and Poloxamer 188 to experimental formulations. In vitro dissolution profiles were compared to a target or reference profile using the difference and similarity factors, ƒ1 and ƒ2 , and a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, the mechanism of minocycline release was elucidated following fitting of dissolution data to the Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi and Zero order models. Minocycline release kinetics were best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and the values of the release exponent, n (italics), revealed that drug release was a result of the combined effects of minocycline diffusion through matrices and erosion of the matrices. These in vitro dissolution profiles were better fit to the Higuchi model than to the Zero order model. Two formulations that displayed a fit to the Zero order model were identified for further studies as potential dosage forms for sustained release minocycline.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Sachikonye, Tinotenda Chipo Victoria
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Drugs -- Controlled release , Drugs -- Dosage forms , Capsules (Pharmacy) , Drugs -- Administration , Acne -- Treatment , Tetracyclines , Antibiotics -- Side effects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3854 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013127
- Description: The use of minocycline for the treatment of a broad range of systemic infections and for severe acne has been associated with vestibular side effects. The severity of side effects may lead to poor adherence to therapy by patients. The use of sustained release formulations of minocycline that display slow dissolution of minocycline following administration may be beneficial in reducing the incidence and severity of side effects. Therefore, sustained release capsule dosage forms containing 100 mg minocycline (base) were manufactured and assessed for use as sustained release oral dosage forms of minocycline. Minocycline sustained release capsules were manufactured based on matrix technologies using hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and Compritol® as release retarding polymers. The rate and extent of minocycline release from the capsules was evaluated using USP Apparatus 1 and samples were analysed using a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Differences in the rate and extent of minocycline release from formulations manufactured using HPMC or Compritol® were influenced by the concentration of polymer used in the formulations. The rate and extent of minocycline release was faster and greater when low concentrations of polymer were used in formulations. The effect of different excipients on the release pattern(s) of minocycline and particularly their potential to optimise minocycline release from experimental formulations was investigated. The use of diluents such as lactose and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) revealed that lactose facilitated minocycline release when HPMC was used as the polymer matrix. In contrast, the use of lactose as diluent resulted in slower release of minocycline from Compritol® based formulations. The addition of sodium starch glycolate to HPMC based formulations resulted in slower release of minocycline than when no sodium starch glycolate was used. Compritol® based formulations were observed to release minocycline faster following addition of sodium starch glycolate and Poloxamer 188 to experimental formulations. In vitro dissolution profiles were compared to a target or reference profile using the difference and similarity factors, ƒ1 and ƒ2 , and a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, the mechanism of minocycline release was elucidated following fitting of dissolution data to the Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi and Zero order models. Minocycline release kinetics were best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model and the values of the release exponent, n (italics), revealed that drug release was a result of the combined effects of minocycline diffusion through matrices and erosion of the matrices. These in vitro dissolution profiles were better fit to the Higuchi model than to the Zero order model. Two formulations that displayed a fit to the Zero order model were identified for further studies as potential dosage forms for sustained release minocycline.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
Physiological and psychophysical responses of male soldiers to changes in marching gradient, speed and load
- Authors: Todd, Andrew Ivan
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Soldiers -- South Africa -- Physiology , South Africa Army -- Physical training , Marching -- Physiological aspects , Psychophysiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5129 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005208 , Soldiers -- South Africa -- Physiology , South Africa Army -- Physical training , Marching -- Physiological aspects , Psychophysiology
- Description: The present study sought to investigate the effects of changes in gradient, under apparently optimal combinations of speed and load, on selected physiological, psychophysical and biophysical responses of military personnel. Subjects (n = 32) were required to march under level (0%), downhill (-10%) and uphill (+10%) conditions. Under each gradient, subjects marched with the following speed-load combinations: 4 km.h-1 carrying 50 kg, 5 km.h-1 carrying 35 kg and 6 km.h-1 carrying 20 kg, a total of nine experimental conditions. Subjects were required to march for six minutes under each condition. Physiological responses (HR, VO2, R, Br, VE, VT, EE) indicated that subjects were not overly taxed by the three speed-load combinations during level marching, which elicited submaximal demands. Furthermore, the results revealed that downhill marching with heavy loads results in similar responses to level marching, while lighter loads may result in significant reductions in physical demands compared to level marching. The physiological responses to uphill marching revealed that subjects were severely physically taxed under these conditions, regardless of speed-load combination. It is unlikely that soldiers would be able to maintain these intensities for an extended period without undue fatigue. It is evident from the psychophysical responses (Rating of Perceived Exertion and Body Discomfort) that subjects perceived the heavy load conditions, regardless of gradient, to be the most stressful on the cardiovascular and muscular systems. The positive gradient conditions also elicited elevated RPE and Body Discomfort responses, while lighter load downhill conditions were perceived to result in the least strain.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Todd, Andrew Ivan
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Soldiers -- South Africa -- Physiology , South Africa Army -- Physical training , Marching -- Physiological aspects , Psychophysiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5129 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005208 , Soldiers -- South Africa -- Physiology , South Africa Army -- Physical training , Marching -- Physiological aspects , Psychophysiology
- Description: The present study sought to investigate the effects of changes in gradient, under apparently optimal combinations of speed and load, on selected physiological, psychophysical and biophysical responses of military personnel. Subjects (n = 32) were required to march under level (0%), downhill (-10%) and uphill (+10%) conditions. Under each gradient, subjects marched with the following speed-load combinations: 4 km.h-1 carrying 50 kg, 5 km.h-1 carrying 35 kg and 6 km.h-1 carrying 20 kg, a total of nine experimental conditions. Subjects were required to march for six minutes under each condition. Physiological responses (HR, VO2, R, Br, VE, VT, EE) indicated that subjects were not overly taxed by the three speed-load combinations during level marching, which elicited submaximal demands. Furthermore, the results revealed that downhill marching with heavy loads results in similar responses to level marching, while lighter loads may result in significant reductions in physical demands compared to level marching. The physiological responses to uphill marching revealed that subjects were severely physically taxed under these conditions, regardless of speed-load combination. It is unlikely that soldiers would be able to maintain these intensities for an extended period without undue fatigue. It is evident from the psychophysical responses (Rating of Perceived Exertion and Body Discomfort) that subjects perceived the heavy load conditions, regardless of gradient, to be the most stressful on the cardiovascular and muscular systems. The positive gradient conditions also elicited elevated RPE and Body Discomfort responses, while lighter load downhill conditions were perceived to result in the least strain.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Bandwidth management and monitoring for IP network traffic : an investigation
- Authors: Irwin, Barry Vivian William
- Date: 2001
- Subjects: TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) , Computer networks , Electronic data processing -- Management , Computer networks -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4624 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006492 , TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) , Computer networks , Electronic data processing -- Management , Computer networks -- Management
- Description: Bandwidth management is a topic which is often discussed, but on which relatively little work has been done with regard to compiling a comprehensive set of techniques and methods for managing traffic on a network. What work has been done has concentrated on higher end networks, rather than the low bandwidth links which are commonly available in South Africa and other areas outside the United States. With more organisations increasingly making use of the Internet on a daily basis, the demand for bandwidth is outstripping the ability of providers to upgrade their infrastructure. This resource is therefore in need of management. In addition, for Internet access to become economically viable for widespread use by schools, NGOs and other academic institutions, the associated costs need to be controlled. Bandwidth management not only impacts on direct cost control, but encompasses the process of engineering a network and network resources in order to ensure the provision of as optimal a service as possible. Included in this is the provision of user education. Software has been developed for the implementation of traffic quotas, dynamic firewalling and visualisation. The research investigates various methods for monitoring and management of IP traffic with particular applicability to low bandwidth links. Several forms of visualisation for the analysis of historical and near-realtime traffic data are also discussed, including the use of three-dimensional landscapes. A number of bandwidth management practices are proposed, and the advantages of their combination, and complementary use are highlighted. By implementing these suggested policies, a holistic approach can be taken to the issue of bandwidth management on Internet links.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2001
- Authors: Irwin, Barry Vivian William
- Date: 2001
- Subjects: TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) , Computer networks , Electronic data processing -- Management , Computer networks -- Management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4624 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006492 , TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) , Computer networks , Electronic data processing -- Management , Computer networks -- Management
- Description: Bandwidth management is a topic which is often discussed, but on which relatively little work has been done with regard to compiling a comprehensive set of techniques and methods for managing traffic on a network. What work has been done has concentrated on higher end networks, rather than the low bandwidth links which are commonly available in South Africa and other areas outside the United States. With more organisations increasingly making use of the Internet on a daily basis, the demand for bandwidth is outstripping the ability of providers to upgrade their infrastructure. This resource is therefore in need of management. In addition, for Internet access to become economically viable for widespread use by schools, NGOs and other academic institutions, the associated costs need to be controlled. Bandwidth management not only impacts on direct cost control, but encompasses the process of engineering a network and network resources in order to ensure the provision of as optimal a service as possible. Included in this is the provision of user education. Software has been developed for the implementation of traffic quotas, dynamic firewalling and visualisation. The research investigates various methods for monitoring and management of IP traffic with particular applicability to low bandwidth links. Several forms of visualisation for the analysis of historical and near-realtime traffic data are also discussed, including the use of three-dimensional landscapes. A number of bandwidth management practices are proposed, and the advantages of their combination, and complementary use are highlighted. By implementing these suggested policies, a holistic approach can be taken to the issue of bandwidth management on Internet links.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2001
The Precambrian metallogeny of Kwazulu-Natal
- Authors: Hira, Hethendra Gangaram
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Metallogeny -- South Africa , Metallogeny -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Precambrian
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4993 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005605 , Metallogeny -- South Africa , Metallogeny -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Precambrian
- Description: The Precambrian rocks of KwaZulu-Natal comprise the Archaean granite-greenstone remnants of . the Kaapvaal craton and Late Archaean volcanics and sediments of the supracratonic Pongola Supergroup. These Archaean rocks have been intruded by numerous mafic/ultramafic complexes and voluminous granitoid intrusives of various ages. To the south, the basement rocks are represented by the Mid- to Late-Proterozoic Natal Metamorphic Province (NMP). The NMP comprises three discontinuity-bound tectonostratigraphic terranes. These are, from north to south, the Tugela, Mzumbe and Margate Terranes. The Tugela Terrane has been interpreted as an ophiolite suite that was thrust northwards onto the stable Archaean craton as four nappe structures. Continued thrusting resulted in the two southern terranes being thrust northwards over each other, resulting in numerous sinistral transcurrent shear zones and mylonite belts. The greenschist facies Tugela terrane has been intruded by mafic-ultramafic complexes, alpine serpentinites, plagiogranites and a number of alkaline to peralkaline granitoids. The Mzumbe and Margate Terranes comprise arc-related, felsic to mafic supracrustal gneisses and metasediments that were intruded by syn-, late- and post-tectonic granitoids. Mineralisation in the granite-greenstones consists of structurally-hosted lode-gold deposits. These deposits have many characteristics in common with lode-gold deposits found in other granitegreenstone terranes throughout the world. The Nondweni greenstones also contain volcanogenicrelated massive sulphide deposits. The Pongola Supergroup is host to lode-gold mineralisation and placer gold mineralisation. These placer deposits have been correlated with deposits found in the similarly-aged Witwatersrand Basin in an adjacent part of the craton. The metallogeny of the NMP can be described in relation to the various stages in the tectonic evolution of the belt. The initial, rifting and extension-related stage was characterised by arcrelated magmatism and volcanic arc activity. Alkali basalt magmatism due to hot-spot activity in the oceanic basin in which the Tugela Terrane initially accumulated, produced magmatic segregation deposits, while volcanic-arc activity is responsible for the submarine-exhalative massive sulphide mineralisation. All the mineralisation within the NMP is structurally-related. These thrusts and shear zones were developed during obduction and thrusting during the NMP event, and created the paths necessary for the migration of mineralising fluids. Alpine-type ophiolite deposits were also emplaced along these zones. Epigenetic, shear zone-hosted gold mineralisation occurs in the Tugela and Mzumbe Terranes. Mineralisation occurs within quartz veins and is also disseminated within the sheared host-rocks. The Mzumbe Terrane also contains small showings of massive sulphide deposits that were related to volcanogenic exhalative processes during the formation of this terrane. Potential for finding further mineralisation of this type appears to be good. The massive sulphide deposits formed early in the evolution of the belt, and were deformed and metamorphosed during the later accretionary processes. The southernmost Margate Terrane is characterised by a lack of metalliferous mineralisation, but hosts the extensive, and economically important, limestone deposits of the Marble Delta. The recently discovered spodumene-rich pegmatite deposits of this terrane may also be considered for exploitation. Post-collisional magmatism and metamorphism resulted in extensive rapakivi-type granite/charnockite plutons
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1998
- Authors: Hira, Hethendra Gangaram
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Metallogeny -- South Africa , Metallogeny -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Precambrian
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4993 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005605 , Metallogeny -- South Africa , Metallogeny -- South Africa -- KwaZulu-Natal , Geology, Stratigraphic -- Precambrian
- Description: The Precambrian rocks of KwaZulu-Natal comprise the Archaean granite-greenstone remnants of . the Kaapvaal craton and Late Archaean volcanics and sediments of the supracratonic Pongola Supergroup. These Archaean rocks have been intruded by numerous mafic/ultramafic complexes and voluminous granitoid intrusives of various ages. To the south, the basement rocks are represented by the Mid- to Late-Proterozoic Natal Metamorphic Province (NMP). The NMP comprises three discontinuity-bound tectonostratigraphic terranes. These are, from north to south, the Tugela, Mzumbe and Margate Terranes. The Tugela Terrane has been interpreted as an ophiolite suite that was thrust northwards onto the stable Archaean craton as four nappe structures. Continued thrusting resulted in the two southern terranes being thrust northwards over each other, resulting in numerous sinistral transcurrent shear zones and mylonite belts. The greenschist facies Tugela terrane has been intruded by mafic-ultramafic complexes, alpine serpentinites, plagiogranites and a number of alkaline to peralkaline granitoids. The Mzumbe and Margate Terranes comprise arc-related, felsic to mafic supracrustal gneisses and metasediments that were intruded by syn-, late- and post-tectonic granitoids. Mineralisation in the granite-greenstones consists of structurally-hosted lode-gold deposits. These deposits have many characteristics in common with lode-gold deposits found in other granitegreenstone terranes throughout the world. The Nondweni greenstones also contain volcanogenicrelated massive sulphide deposits. The Pongola Supergroup is host to lode-gold mineralisation and placer gold mineralisation. These placer deposits have been correlated with deposits found in the similarly-aged Witwatersrand Basin in an adjacent part of the craton. The metallogeny of the NMP can be described in relation to the various stages in the tectonic evolution of the belt. The initial, rifting and extension-related stage was characterised by arcrelated magmatism and volcanic arc activity. Alkali basalt magmatism due to hot-spot activity in the oceanic basin in which the Tugela Terrane initially accumulated, produced magmatic segregation deposits, while volcanic-arc activity is responsible for the submarine-exhalative massive sulphide mineralisation. All the mineralisation within the NMP is structurally-related. These thrusts and shear zones were developed during obduction and thrusting during the NMP event, and created the paths necessary for the migration of mineralising fluids. Alpine-type ophiolite deposits were also emplaced along these zones. Epigenetic, shear zone-hosted gold mineralisation occurs in the Tugela and Mzumbe Terranes. Mineralisation occurs within quartz veins and is also disseminated within the sheared host-rocks. The Mzumbe Terrane also contains small showings of massive sulphide deposits that were related to volcanogenic exhalative processes during the formation of this terrane. Potential for finding further mineralisation of this type appears to be good. The massive sulphide deposits formed early in the evolution of the belt, and were deformed and metamorphosed during the later accretionary processes. The southernmost Margate Terrane is characterised by a lack of metalliferous mineralisation, but hosts the extensive, and economically important, limestone deposits of the Marble Delta. The recently discovered spodumene-rich pegmatite deposits of this terrane may also be considered for exploitation. Post-collisional magmatism and metamorphism resulted in extensive rapakivi-type granite/charnockite plutons
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- Date Issued: 1998
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