Listening to silenced voices: The lived experiences of Xhosa mothers during the initiation period of their sons
- Authors: Makupula, Mahlodi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Ethnocentrism Circumcision
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15815 , vital:40529
- Description: The aim of this study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of Xhosa mothers during the initiation period of their sons. The male rite of initiation among the amaXhosa has various taboos that prohibit women from getting involved in decision-making regarding the ritual. This creates a challenge as the number of female-headed households are increasing. The rationale for this study was to give Xhosa mothers a voice to relate their narratives of how they experienced the initiation period of their sons. In order to carry out this aim, the paradigm of Afrocentricity was used to anchor the study. Afrocentricity is a paradigm that supports the agency of African people in a study conducted about their issues. It also aims to give the previously oppressed groups a voice so that they can speak for themselves. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as set out by Jonathan Smith was used as a qualitative research methodology in this study. Data was generated, recorded and transcribed from semi-structured interviews with eight selected participants. The biological mothers of Xhosa initiates, that experienced the initiation of their sons, took part in this study. The over-arching inclusion criteria were that the mothers gave permission for their sons to be initiated, and that their sons did not experience any major complications during the ritual. They met the inclusion criteria as set out by the researcher. The findings of the study indicated that the mothers’ experiences were multifaceted. They included the spiritual, psychological and emotional experiences, as well as their experiences as women, and, more especially, as mothers. The challenges that mothers faced during this period included lack of feedback regarding the health of their sons. This led to the experiencing of somatic symptoms like lack of sleep, poor appetite, and anxiety. In order to deal with their symptoms, the main coping mechanism that the participants used, was prayer. LISTENING TO SILENCED VOICES ii This study has highlighted the importance of listening to previously silenced voices in order to contribute to local knowledge. It is envisaged that the findings of this study will contribute to policy decisions that affect women, by ensuring the involvement of women in higher decision-making bodies. This is particularly important with the high number of femaleheaded households in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Makupula, Mahlodi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Ethnocentrism Circumcision
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15815 , vital:40529
- Description: The aim of this study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of Xhosa mothers during the initiation period of their sons. The male rite of initiation among the amaXhosa has various taboos that prohibit women from getting involved in decision-making regarding the ritual. This creates a challenge as the number of female-headed households are increasing. The rationale for this study was to give Xhosa mothers a voice to relate their narratives of how they experienced the initiation period of their sons. In order to carry out this aim, the paradigm of Afrocentricity was used to anchor the study. Afrocentricity is a paradigm that supports the agency of African people in a study conducted about their issues. It also aims to give the previously oppressed groups a voice so that they can speak for themselves. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as set out by Jonathan Smith was used as a qualitative research methodology in this study. Data was generated, recorded and transcribed from semi-structured interviews with eight selected participants. The biological mothers of Xhosa initiates, that experienced the initiation of their sons, took part in this study. The over-arching inclusion criteria were that the mothers gave permission for their sons to be initiated, and that their sons did not experience any major complications during the ritual. They met the inclusion criteria as set out by the researcher. The findings of the study indicated that the mothers’ experiences were multifaceted. They included the spiritual, psychological and emotional experiences, as well as their experiences as women, and, more especially, as mothers. The challenges that mothers faced during this period included lack of feedback regarding the health of their sons. This led to the experiencing of somatic symptoms like lack of sleep, poor appetite, and anxiety. In order to deal with their symptoms, the main coping mechanism that the participants used, was prayer. LISTENING TO SILENCED VOICES ii This study has highlighted the importance of listening to previously silenced voices in order to contribute to local knowledge. It is envisaged that the findings of this study will contribute to policy decisions that affect women, by ensuring the involvement of women in higher decision-making bodies. This is particularly important with the high number of femaleheaded households in the country.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Characterization and electrocatalytic applications of metallophthalocyanine-single walled carbon nanotube conjugates
- Authors: Mugadza, Tawanda
- Date: 2011 , 2011-03-30
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines Pesticides Nanotubes Electrocatalysis Electrochemistry Transmission electron microscopy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4419 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006855
- Description: Metallophthalocyanine-single walled carbon nanotube conjugates were successfully synthesized and applied in the electrochemical characterizations of pesticides (amitrole and diuron) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). The formation of conjugates was confirmed through the use of the following analytical techniques: UV-vis, FTIR, Raman and XRD spectroscopies, atomic force and transmission electron microscopies and voltammetry. Chemically linking SWCNT to MPcs created platforms that offered efficient transfer of electrons and this was confirmed through electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) and voltammetry as shown by lower ΔEp values observed in conjugates. Carboxy carrying MPcs have very poor electron transfer kinetics (both tetrasubstituted and low symmetry), but the presence of SWCNTs activates their catalysis. All electrochemical studies were done at pH 4. Cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry and EIS were used in the electrochemical characterization of 2-ME and the pesticides on poly-Ni(OH)TAPc and MPc-SWCNT modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). High Tafel slopes were observed for the pesticides relative to 2-ME, an indication of the passivating nature of their oxidation products. However, conjugates showed very high resistances to passivation and were easily regenerated by shaking in methanol. Improved catalysis of the conjugates is also indicated by the high catalytic rate constants for the analytes, observed on these electrodes. Conjugates of low symmetry MPcs with SWCNTs gave the highest catalytic rate constants, confirming better catalysis on these electrode surfaces. The nature of SWCNT functionalization also affected catalysis, with amine functionalized SWCNTs inducing better catalytic properties into the MPcs than carboxylic acid terminated CNTs. The presence of amine functionalized SWCNTs activates the catalysis of non-catalytic carboxy-carrying MPcs and this is more pronounced in conjugates of tetrasubstituted MPcs relative to those of low symmetry Pcs. Ethylene amine (EA) functionalized SWCNTs reduced redox overpotentials of the MPcs more than the phenyl-amine (PA) functionalized counterparts. Poly-NiTAPc was successfully converted to poly-Ni(OH)TAPc through cyclisation in pH 4 buffer and showed very good catalytic properties towards diuron, relative to the former.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Mugadza, Tawanda
- Date: 2011 , 2011-03-30
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines Pesticides Nanotubes Electrocatalysis Electrochemistry Transmission electron microscopy
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4419 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006855
- Description: Metallophthalocyanine-single walled carbon nanotube conjugates were successfully synthesized and applied in the electrochemical characterizations of pesticides (amitrole and diuron) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). The formation of conjugates was confirmed through the use of the following analytical techniques: UV-vis, FTIR, Raman and XRD spectroscopies, atomic force and transmission electron microscopies and voltammetry. Chemically linking SWCNT to MPcs created platforms that offered efficient transfer of electrons and this was confirmed through electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) and voltammetry as shown by lower ΔEp values observed in conjugates. Carboxy carrying MPcs have very poor electron transfer kinetics (both tetrasubstituted and low symmetry), but the presence of SWCNTs activates their catalysis. All electrochemical studies were done at pH 4. Cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry and EIS were used in the electrochemical characterization of 2-ME and the pesticides on poly-Ni(OH)TAPc and MPc-SWCNT modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs). High Tafel slopes were observed for the pesticides relative to 2-ME, an indication of the passivating nature of their oxidation products. However, conjugates showed very high resistances to passivation and were easily regenerated by shaking in methanol. Improved catalysis of the conjugates is also indicated by the high catalytic rate constants for the analytes, observed on these electrodes. Conjugates of low symmetry MPcs with SWCNTs gave the highest catalytic rate constants, confirming better catalysis on these electrode surfaces. The nature of SWCNT functionalization also affected catalysis, with amine functionalized SWCNTs inducing better catalytic properties into the MPcs than carboxylic acid terminated CNTs. The presence of amine functionalized SWCNTs activates the catalysis of non-catalytic carboxy-carrying MPcs and this is more pronounced in conjugates of tetrasubstituted MPcs relative to those of low symmetry Pcs. Ethylene amine (EA) functionalized SWCNTs reduced redox overpotentials of the MPcs more than the phenyl-amine (PA) functionalized counterparts. Poly-NiTAPc was successfully converted to poly-Ni(OH)TAPc through cyclisation in pH 4 buffer and showed very good catalytic properties towards diuron, relative to the former.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
A social realist account of the emergence of a formal academic staff development programme at a South African university
- Authors: Quinn, Lynn
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Teachers -- Training of -- South Africa Education, Higher -- South Africa Graduate students -- South Africa Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Graduate work
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1321 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003954
- Description: Using social realist theory and particularly the morphogenetic/morphostatic methodology advocated by Margaret Archer, this study offers a critical examination of the emergence of a formal academic staff development programme at a small South African university (SSAU). Archer’s morphogenetic approach enabled an investigation of the interface between culture, structure and agency (at macro, mezo and micro levels) in order to theorize about the material, ideational and agential conditions that obtained and which in turn enabled the emergence of the Postgraduate Diploma of Higher Education (PGDHE) at the SSAU. The study therefore advances concrete propositions about the cultural, structural and agential conditions for transformation which existed at a particular time in the history of higher education (and the subfield of educational development) which enabled the introduction of the PGDHE. Analysis of the data suggests that what occurred at SSAU was a disruption of the morphostatic synchrony between structure and culture brought about by new discourses and structures emanating from the broader international and national higher education context. In particular, it seems that attempts at reconciling the constraining contradictions between the discourses and structures related to quality assurance on the one hand and educational development on the other resulted in a conjunction between transformation at the levels of both the cultural system and social structure. This conjunction, along with the actions of key Institutional agents and the morphogenesis of the staff of the Educational Development Unit, created sufficiently enabling conditions in the Institution for the introduction of the PGDHE. The research adds to knowledge through insights into the contribution that the ideas, beliefs, values, ideologies and theories about higher education broadly and about educational development specifically make to enabling or constraining conditions for the professionalization of academic staff in higher education institutions. It uncovers how relevant structures at the international, national and institutional levels can shape the practice of educational development and specifically staff development. It has generated insights into how the relevant people and the positions they hold can impact on staff development practices. In summary, the research could contribute towards emancipatory knowledge which could be used by SSAU and educational development practitioners elsewhere to inform future planning and decision making in relation to educational development and more specifically staff development practices in their contexts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Quinn, Lynn
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Teachers -- Training of -- South Africa Education, Higher -- South Africa Graduate students -- South Africa Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Graduate work
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1321 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003954
- Description: Using social realist theory and particularly the morphogenetic/morphostatic methodology advocated by Margaret Archer, this study offers a critical examination of the emergence of a formal academic staff development programme at a small South African university (SSAU). Archer’s morphogenetic approach enabled an investigation of the interface between culture, structure and agency (at macro, mezo and micro levels) in order to theorize about the material, ideational and agential conditions that obtained and which in turn enabled the emergence of the Postgraduate Diploma of Higher Education (PGDHE) at the SSAU. The study therefore advances concrete propositions about the cultural, structural and agential conditions for transformation which existed at a particular time in the history of higher education (and the subfield of educational development) which enabled the introduction of the PGDHE. Analysis of the data suggests that what occurred at SSAU was a disruption of the morphostatic synchrony between structure and culture brought about by new discourses and structures emanating from the broader international and national higher education context. In particular, it seems that attempts at reconciling the constraining contradictions between the discourses and structures related to quality assurance on the one hand and educational development on the other resulted in a conjunction between transformation at the levels of both the cultural system and social structure. This conjunction, along with the actions of key Institutional agents and the morphogenesis of the staff of the Educational Development Unit, created sufficiently enabling conditions in the Institution for the introduction of the PGDHE. The research adds to knowledge through insights into the contribution that the ideas, beliefs, values, ideologies and theories about higher education broadly and about educational development specifically make to enabling or constraining conditions for the professionalization of academic staff in higher education institutions. It uncovers how relevant structures at the international, national and institutional levels can shape the practice of educational development and specifically staff development. It has generated insights into how the relevant people and the positions they hold can impact on staff development practices. In summary, the research could contribute towards emancipatory knowledge which could be used by SSAU and educational development practitioners elsewhere to inform future planning and decision making in relation to educational development and more specifically staff development practices in their contexts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Camphor-derived chiral auxiliaries: a synthetic, mechanistic and computational study
- Authors: Duggan, Andrew Robert
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Camphor Chirality Asymmetric synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4415 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006772
- Description: A broadly based approach has been undertaken to the development and use of camphor derivatives as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric synthesis – an approach which has embraced synthetic, mechanistic and computational studies. The unambiguous characterization of mono- and dihydroxy-derivatives, obtained by reduction of chiral camphor ether dimers, has been achieved through detailed one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis. The resulting data has been used to establish both the regio- and stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups. A camphor-derived cyclic iminolactone has been shown to provide a convenient platform for the synthesis of chiral α-amino acids, stereoselective monoalkylation of the iminolactone affording a range of products in yields of 52 - 65 % with up to 85 % d.e. The attempted development of chiral bifunctional Morita-Baylis-Hillman substrates has revealed an unexpected equilibration between isomeric bornane 2,3-diol monoacrylates via acid-catalysed intramolecular transesterification. A detailed [superscript 1]H NMR-based kinetic study of the rearrangement in various media and at various temperatures has permitted the determination of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. A computational study at the DFT level has been used to explore the potential energy surfaces of the acid-catalysed and uncatalysed transesterification of the monoacrylate esters. The theoretical data supports the involvement of cyclic intermediates and has provided a rational basis for predicting the favoured reaction pathways. Novel camphor-derived phenyl sulfonate esters and N-adamantylsulfonamides have been synthesised for use as chiral auxiliaries in the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. Modeling at the Molecular Mechanics level has provided useful insights into possible conformational constraints and an adamantyl sulfonate auxiliary has been successfully used in the stereoselective synthesis of a range of products, generally in excellent yield and with up to 95 % d.e.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Duggan, Andrew Robert
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Camphor Chirality Asymmetric synthesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4415 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006772
- Description: A broadly based approach has been undertaken to the development and use of camphor derivatives as chiral auxiliaries in asymmetric synthesis – an approach which has embraced synthetic, mechanistic and computational studies. The unambiguous characterization of mono- and dihydroxy-derivatives, obtained by reduction of chiral camphor ether dimers, has been achieved through detailed one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic analysis. The resulting data has been used to establish both the regio- and stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups. A camphor-derived cyclic iminolactone has been shown to provide a convenient platform for the synthesis of chiral α-amino acids, stereoselective monoalkylation of the iminolactone affording a range of products in yields of 52 - 65 % with up to 85 % d.e. The attempted development of chiral bifunctional Morita-Baylis-Hillman substrates has revealed an unexpected equilibration between isomeric bornane 2,3-diol monoacrylates via acid-catalysed intramolecular transesterification. A detailed [superscript 1]H NMR-based kinetic study of the rearrangement in various media and at various temperatures has permitted the determination of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. A computational study at the DFT level has been used to explore the potential energy surfaces of the acid-catalysed and uncatalysed transesterification of the monoacrylate esters. The theoretical data supports the involvement of cyclic intermediates and has provided a rational basis for predicting the favoured reaction pathways. Novel camphor-derived phenyl sulfonate esters and N-adamantylsulfonamides have been synthesised for use as chiral auxiliaries in the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. Modeling at the Molecular Mechanics level has provided useful insights into possible conformational constraints and an adamantyl sulfonate auxiliary has been successfully used in the stereoselective synthesis of a range of products, generally in excellent yield and with up to 95 % d.e.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Exploring the construct-related validity of the personal-social subscale of the Griffiths Mental Development Scales-extended revised (GMDS-ER)
- Authors: Moosajee, Shaheda
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Psychological tests for children , Griffiths Scales of Mental Development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:9934 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011708 , Psychological tests for children , Griffiths Scales of Mental Development
- Description: Child assessment has become imperative today as parents and teachers recognize the need for early diagnostic assessments to adequately cater for children’s’ diverse and growing needs so that children can benefit from services and attention in a psychological or educational setting. The Griffiths Mental Development Scales, an established and well-researched instrument is reported to be one of the most carefully designed measures of child development . Studies in various parts of the world have demonstrated that the Griffiths Scales are applicable to diverse populations and that they tap experiences that are common to different cultures. The recent revision and restandardisation of the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) has necessitated investigations into its psychometric properties. In view of the important role that assessment measures play in the early identification of developmental delays, it is important that assessment measures are reliable and valid for their intended purpose(s). This study, which is part of a larger research project, attempted to explore and add further evidence of the construct validity of one of the six Subscales of the GMDS-ER, namely the Personal-Social Subscale (Subscale B). An exploratory-descriptive design using a triangulation approach was utilized to explore the construct validity of the Personal-Social Subscale. A nonprobability purposively selected sample of 18 experts working with children participated in the facet analysis to identify the constructs underlying Subscale B (the qualitative aspect of the study). The sample for the quantitative aspects of this study (i.e., the empirical validation of the identified constructs) was collected as part of the broader restandardisation and represented a stratified random sample of 1026 children between the ages of 3 and 8 years from across the United Kingdom and Eire. Three measures, namely a biographical questionnaire, the GMDS-ER and a construct evaluation form were used to gather the qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data was analysed by means of facet analysis and literature control. The quantitative data was analysed by using exploratory common factor analysis using oblique (DQUART) rotation to empirically verify the qualitatively identified construct model by specifying a onefactor solution for each underlying construct.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Moosajee, Shaheda
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Psychological tests for children , Griffiths Scales of Mental Development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:9934 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/572 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011708 , Psychological tests for children , Griffiths Scales of Mental Development
- Description: Child assessment has become imperative today as parents and teachers recognize the need for early diagnostic assessments to adequately cater for children’s’ diverse and growing needs so that children can benefit from services and attention in a psychological or educational setting. The Griffiths Mental Development Scales, an established and well-researched instrument is reported to be one of the most carefully designed measures of child development . Studies in various parts of the world have demonstrated that the Griffiths Scales are applicable to diverse populations and that they tap experiences that are common to different cultures. The recent revision and restandardisation of the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) has necessitated investigations into its psychometric properties. In view of the important role that assessment measures play in the early identification of developmental delays, it is important that assessment measures are reliable and valid for their intended purpose(s). This study, which is part of a larger research project, attempted to explore and add further evidence of the construct validity of one of the six Subscales of the GMDS-ER, namely the Personal-Social Subscale (Subscale B). An exploratory-descriptive design using a triangulation approach was utilized to explore the construct validity of the Personal-Social Subscale. A nonprobability purposively selected sample of 18 experts working with children participated in the facet analysis to identify the constructs underlying Subscale B (the qualitative aspect of the study). The sample for the quantitative aspects of this study (i.e., the empirical validation of the identified constructs) was collected as part of the broader restandardisation and represented a stratified random sample of 1026 children between the ages of 3 and 8 years from across the United Kingdom and Eire. Three measures, namely a biographical questionnaire, the GMDS-ER and a construct evaluation form were used to gather the qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data was analysed by means of facet analysis and literature control. The quantitative data was analysed by using exploratory common factor analysis using oblique (DQUART) rotation to empirically verify the qualitatively identified construct model by specifying a onefactor solution for each underlying construct.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Pharmaceutical analysis and drug interaction studies : African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea)
- Purushothaman Nair, Vipin Devi Prasad
- Authors: Purushothaman Nair, Vipin Devi Prasad
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Potatoes -- Africa , Potatoes -- Therapeutic use , AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment , HIV infections -- Drug therapy , Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3865 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015802
- Description: In order for a medicinal product to produce a consistent and reliable therapeutic response, it is essential that the final composition of the product is invariable and that the active ingredient/s is/are present in appropriate, non-toxic amounts. However, due to the complexity involved in the standardization of natural products, quality control (QC) criteria and procedures for the registration and market approval of such products are conspicuously absent in most countries around the world. African Potato (AP) is of great medical interest and this particular plant has gained tremendous popularity following the endorsement by the South African Minister of Health as a remedy for HIV/ AIDS patients. Very little information has appeared in the literature to describe methods for the quantitative analysis of hypoxoside, an important component in AP. It has also been claimed that sterols and sterolins present in AP are responsible for its medicinal property but is yet to be proven scientifically. To-date, no QC methods have been reported for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of the combination, β- sitosterol (BSS)/ stigmasterol (STG)/ stigmastanol (STN), purported to be present in preparations containing AP. The effect of concomitant administration of AP and other herbal medicines on the safety and efficacy of conventional medicines has not yet been fully determined. Amongst the objectives of this study was to develop and validate quantitative analytical methods that are suitable for the assay and quality control of plant material, extracts and commercial formulations containing AP. Hypoxoside was isolated from AP and characterized for use as a reference standard for the quality control of AP products and a stability-indicating HPLC/ UV assay method for the quantitative determination of hypoxoside was developed. In addition, a quantitative capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method was developed to determine hypoxoside, specifically for its advantages over HPLC. A HPLC method was also developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of BSS, STG and STN in commercially available oral dosage forms containing AP material or extracts thereof. The antioxidant activity of an aqueous extract of lyophilized corms of AP along with hypoxoside and rooperol were investigated. In comparison with the AP extracts and also with hypoxoside, rooperol showed significant antioxidant activity. The capacity of AP, (extracts, formulations, hypoxoside and rooperol as well as sterols to inhibit in vitro metabolism of drug substrates by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP 3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 were investigated. Samples were also assessed for their effect on drug transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Various extracts of AP, AP formulations, stigmasterol and the norlignans, in particular the aglycone rooperol, exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP 3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 mediated metabolism.These results suggest that concurrent therapy with AP and other medicines, in particular antiretroviral drugs, can have important implications for safety and efficacy. Large discrepancies in marker content between AP products were found. Dissolution testing of AP products was investigated as a QC tool and the results also revealed inconsistencies between different AP products.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Purushothaman Nair, Vipin Devi Prasad
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Potatoes -- Africa , Potatoes -- Therapeutic use , AIDS (Disease) -- Treatment , HIV infections -- Drug therapy , Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3865 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015802
- Description: In order for a medicinal product to produce a consistent and reliable therapeutic response, it is essential that the final composition of the product is invariable and that the active ingredient/s is/are present in appropriate, non-toxic amounts. However, due to the complexity involved in the standardization of natural products, quality control (QC) criteria and procedures for the registration and market approval of such products are conspicuously absent in most countries around the world. African Potato (AP) is of great medical interest and this particular plant has gained tremendous popularity following the endorsement by the South African Minister of Health as a remedy for HIV/ AIDS patients. Very little information has appeared in the literature to describe methods for the quantitative analysis of hypoxoside, an important component in AP. It has also been claimed that sterols and sterolins present in AP are responsible for its medicinal property but is yet to be proven scientifically. To-date, no QC methods have been reported for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of the combination, β- sitosterol (BSS)/ stigmasterol (STG)/ stigmastanol (STN), purported to be present in preparations containing AP. The effect of concomitant administration of AP and other herbal medicines on the safety and efficacy of conventional medicines has not yet been fully determined. Amongst the objectives of this study was to develop and validate quantitative analytical methods that are suitable for the assay and quality control of plant material, extracts and commercial formulations containing AP. Hypoxoside was isolated from AP and characterized for use as a reference standard for the quality control of AP products and a stability-indicating HPLC/ UV assay method for the quantitative determination of hypoxoside was developed. In addition, a quantitative capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method was developed to determine hypoxoside, specifically for its advantages over HPLC. A HPLC method was also developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of BSS, STG and STN in commercially available oral dosage forms containing AP material or extracts thereof. The antioxidant activity of an aqueous extract of lyophilized corms of AP along with hypoxoside and rooperol were investigated. In comparison with the AP extracts and also with hypoxoside, rooperol showed significant antioxidant activity. The capacity of AP, (extracts, formulations, hypoxoside and rooperol as well as sterols to inhibit in vitro metabolism of drug substrates by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP 3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 were investigated. Samples were also assessed for their effect on drug transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Various extracts of AP, AP formulations, stigmasterol and the norlignans, in particular the aglycone rooperol, exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP 3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 mediated metabolism.These results suggest that concurrent therapy with AP and other medicines, in particular antiretroviral drugs, can have important implications for safety and efficacy. Large discrepancies in marker content between AP products were found. Dissolution testing of AP products was investigated as a QC tool and the results also revealed inconsistencies between different AP products.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
A phenomenological hermeneutic investigation into the psychoanalytic psychotherapist's experience of using the psychoanalytic couch
- Authors: Milton, Christopher
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939 -- Criticism and interpretation Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy Psychotherapy -- Methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3162 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007655
- Description: The aim of this study was to describe and critically explore the psychoanalytic, psychotherapist's lived experience of the technique of using the couch. Through examination of the literature a question was formulated that would disclose the analyst's experience of the technique of using the couch. Four experienced psychoanalytic practitioners who could be operationally defined as 'analysts' were interviewed. Using a phenomenological method the protocols were comprehensively analyzed to produce descriptions of the general structure of the experience. These were then texturally enhanced using interleaved direct citations from the interviews. The structural and textural 'findings ' so produced were then hermeneutically dialogued with contemporary psychoanalytic notions of critical discourse and intersubjectivity. The phenomenological ' findings ' of the study disclosed the meaning of the couch as context-based, paradoxical and ambiguous. The couch was found to be a symbol of the analyst as analyst and the process as authentic analysis. Furthermore, at its best, the couch was found to mediate a mode of being that is containing and intimate and in which psychological life may be evoked, tracked and interpreted. The most significant contributor to this mode of being was found to be privacy, which, in particular, helps the analyst maintain an analytic attitude. The couch was also found to be significantly implicated in the generation of an intersubjective analytic third and to support reverie. These 'findings' were hermeneutically dialogued with literature on the couch as well as contemporary psychoanalytic theoretical notions. The dialogue fell into three foci. The first focus entailed deconstructing the meaning of the couch as context-based and ambiguous and not essential. The second pursued critiques of the role that the couch plays in domination, of its function as a symbol/evocative object and of the way in which it shapes being-together, bodily attunement, privacy, the intersubjective analytic third and reverie. Finally the 'findings' were critically examined in terms of both Lacan's notion 'analytic discourse ' and its role in revealing/concealing the analysand as subject. The study concludes with an examination of its own limitations and suggestions for further research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Milton, Christopher
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939 -- Criticism and interpretation Psychoanalysis Psychotherapy Psychotherapy -- Methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3162 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007655
- Description: The aim of this study was to describe and critically explore the psychoanalytic, psychotherapist's lived experience of the technique of using the couch. Through examination of the literature a question was formulated that would disclose the analyst's experience of the technique of using the couch. Four experienced psychoanalytic practitioners who could be operationally defined as 'analysts' were interviewed. Using a phenomenological method the protocols were comprehensively analyzed to produce descriptions of the general structure of the experience. These were then texturally enhanced using interleaved direct citations from the interviews. The structural and textural 'findings ' so produced were then hermeneutically dialogued with contemporary psychoanalytic notions of critical discourse and intersubjectivity. The phenomenological ' findings ' of the study disclosed the meaning of the couch as context-based, paradoxical and ambiguous. The couch was found to be a symbol of the analyst as analyst and the process as authentic analysis. Furthermore, at its best, the couch was found to mediate a mode of being that is containing and intimate and in which psychological life may be evoked, tracked and interpreted. The most significant contributor to this mode of being was found to be privacy, which, in particular, helps the analyst maintain an analytic attitude. The couch was also found to be significantly implicated in the generation of an intersubjective analytic third and to support reverie. These 'findings' were hermeneutically dialogued with literature on the couch as well as contemporary psychoanalytic theoretical notions. The dialogue fell into three foci. The first focus entailed deconstructing the meaning of the couch as context-based and ambiguous and not essential. The second pursued critiques of the role that the couch plays in domination, of its function as a symbol/evocative object and of the way in which it shapes being-together, bodily attunement, privacy, the intersubjective analytic third and reverie. Finally the 'findings' were critically examined in terms of both Lacan's notion 'analytic discourse ' and its role in revealing/concealing the analysand as subject. The study concludes with an examination of its own limitations and suggestions for further research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Where the global meets the local : South African youth and their experience of global media
- Authors: Strelitz, Larry Nathan
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mass media and youth -- South Africa Mass media -- Sociological aspects Mass media and culture -- South Africa Youth -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3290 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003078
- Description: Within the context of debates concerning the impact of global media on local youth, this study explores how a sample of South African youth responds to texts which were produced internationally, but distributed locally. Recognising the profound rootedness of media consumption in everyday life, the research examines the way these youth, differentially embedded in the South African economic and ideological formation, use these texts as part of their ongoing attempts to make sense of their lives. The study rejects the 'either/or' formulations that often accompany competing structuralist and culturalist approaches to text/audience relationships. Instead, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, it seeks to highlight the interplay between agency and structure, between individual choice and the structuring of experience by wider social and historical factors. The findings of the study point to the complex individual and social reasons that lie behind media consumption choices, and the diverse (and socially patterned) reasons why local audiences are either attracted to, or reject, global media. These and other findings, the study argues, highlight the deficiencies of the media imperialism thesis with its definitive claims for cultural homogenisation, seen as the primary, or most politically significant, effect of the globalisation of media. As such, this study should be read as a dialogue with those schools of thought that take a more unequivocal point of view on the impact of globalised media culture.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Strelitz, Larry Nathan
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Mass media and youth -- South Africa Mass media -- Sociological aspects Mass media and culture -- South Africa Youth -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3290 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003078
- Description: Within the context of debates concerning the impact of global media on local youth, this study explores how a sample of South African youth responds to texts which were produced internationally, but distributed locally. Recognising the profound rootedness of media consumption in everyday life, the research examines the way these youth, differentially embedded in the South African economic and ideological formation, use these texts as part of their ongoing attempts to make sense of their lives. The study rejects the 'either/or' formulations that often accompany competing structuralist and culturalist approaches to text/audience relationships. Instead, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, it seeks to highlight the interplay between agency and structure, between individual choice and the structuring of experience by wider social and historical factors. The findings of the study point to the complex individual and social reasons that lie behind media consumption choices, and the diverse (and socially patterned) reasons why local audiences are either attracted to, or reject, global media. These and other findings, the study argues, highlight the deficiencies of the media imperialism thesis with its definitive claims for cultural homogenisation, seen as the primary, or most politically significant, effect of the globalisation of media. As such, this study should be read as a dialogue with those schools of thought that take a more unequivocal point of view on the impact of globalised media culture.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
An investigation into patterns of interaction in small teaching groups at Rhodes University, with particular emphasis on the effect of gender, mother-tongue and educational background
- Authors: Hunt, Sally Ann
- Date: 1997
- Subjects: Tutors and tutoring , Multicultural education--South Africa , Group work in education , Small groups--Study and teaching (Higher)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2350 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002632 , Tutors and tutoring , Multicultural education--South Africa , Group work in education , Small groups--Study and teaching (Higher)
- Description: The assumption underlying this study is that knowledge is constructed through interaction. Small teaching groups, or tutorials, are often regarded as a particularly effective context for learning in the setting of tertiary education in that they provide an environment for free interaction between students, and thus facilitate active learning. Factors which systematically affect the degree of participation of the individual in tutorIals -directly affect the learning experience of that individual and raise questions about the equality achieved in tutorials, in terms of opportunities for learning. This study focuses on one such type of factor: culturally acquired norms of interaction. The individual is seen as a composite of cultural identities, utilising norms acquired through socialisation and experience in appropriate contexts. Previous research has demonstrated that gendered norms of interaction and those associated with the individual's mother-tongue are particularly salient. In the educational context, norms acquired through previous experience of education are likely to be carried over to the new setting of the university. Thus these factors form the focus of this study. One flrst-year tutorial from each of five departments in the Faculties of Arts and Social Science at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, was video-recorded and the data thus obtained was analyzed for patterns of interaction in terms of gender, mother-tongue and educational background. A model of utterance types was developed to provide a structured description of the patterns found in the tutorials. Interviews and video-sessions with a sample of the tutorial members were conducted, which add a qualitative dimension to the investigation and allow for triangulation. The recorded tutorials and interviews reveal a marked awareness amongst students of the composition of tutorial groups in terms of gender and ethnicity and this composition appears to affect the relative participation of students, in that members of numerically dominant groups are more willing to participate. This is particularly clear in the case of female students. With regard to second-language (L2) speakers of English, a number of factors are highlighted which tend to decrease participation. Apart from problems with English as the medium of instruction, these students tend to be reluctant to participate due to cultural norms, according to which students, as subordinates, should not take the initiative in interaction, in order to show appropriate respect. Patterns of interaction by L2 students from racially integrated schools, however, do not conform to this set of norms as strongly. It is argued that sensitivity is required to address this situation and a number of options are presented.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1997
- Authors: Hunt, Sally Ann
- Date: 1997
- Subjects: Tutors and tutoring , Multicultural education--South Africa , Group work in education , Small groups--Study and teaching (Higher)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2350 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002632 , Tutors and tutoring , Multicultural education--South Africa , Group work in education , Small groups--Study and teaching (Higher)
- Description: The assumption underlying this study is that knowledge is constructed through interaction. Small teaching groups, or tutorials, are often regarded as a particularly effective context for learning in the setting of tertiary education in that they provide an environment for free interaction between students, and thus facilitate active learning. Factors which systematically affect the degree of participation of the individual in tutorIals -directly affect the learning experience of that individual and raise questions about the equality achieved in tutorials, in terms of opportunities for learning. This study focuses on one such type of factor: culturally acquired norms of interaction. The individual is seen as a composite of cultural identities, utilising norms acquired through socialisation and experience in appropriate contexts. Previous research has demonstrated that gendered norms of interaction and those associated with the individual's mother-tongue are particularly salient. In the educational context, norms acquired through previous experience of education are likely to be carried over to the new setting of the university. Thus these factors form the focus of this study. One flrst-year tutorial from each of five departments in the Faculties of Arts and Social Science at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, was video-recorded and the data thus obtained was analyzed for patterns of interaction in terms of gender, mother-tongue and educational background. A model of utterance types was developed to provide a structured description of the patterns found in the tutorials. Interviews and video-sessions with a sample of the tutorial members were conducted, which add a qualitative dimension to the investigation and allow for triangulation. The recorded tutorials and interviews reveal a marked awareness amongst students of the composition of tutorial groups in terms of gender and ethnicity and this composition appears to affect the relative participation of students, in that members of numerically dominant groups are more willing to participate. This is particularly clear in the case of female students. With regard to second-language (L2) speakers of English, a number of factors are highlighted which tend to decrease participation. Apart from problems with English as the medium of instruction, these students tend to be reluctant to participate due to cultural norms, according to which students, as subordinates, should not take the initiative in interaction, in order to show appropriate respect. Patterns of interaction by L2 students from racially integrated schools, however, do not conform to this set of norms as strongly. It is argued that sensitivity is required to address this situation and a number of options are presented.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1997
A study of production and consumption of certain foodstuffs in South Africa during the period 1929-49, in relation to the increase in population and national income
- Authors: Baker, G C
- Date: 1936
- Subjects: Food consumption -- South Africa , Food supply -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013445
- Description: From Introduction: South Africa has experienced an almost revolutionary change in her food position in the last 10 years, what was previously a "farm problem" of assisting the primary producer has now become a "food problem" and this is a study of the development of those factors leading up to such a change. It is an empirical study attempting to measure the production and consumption of certain selected foodstuffs and to compare them with changes observed in the population and the National Income.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1936
- Authors: Baker, G C
- Date: 1936
- Subjects: Food consumption -- South Africa , Food supply -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013445
- Description: From Introduction: South Africa has experienced an almost revolutionary change in her food position in the last 10 years, what was previously a "farm problem" of assisting the primary producer has now become a "food problem" and this is a study of the development of those factors leading up to such a change. It is an empirical study attempting to measure the production and consumption of certain selected foodstuffs and to compare them with changes observed in the population and the National Income.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1936
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