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The state's role in the regulation and provision of legal services in South Africa and the United States: supporting, nudging, or interfering

  • Authors: Kruuse, Helen , Genty, Philip
  • Date: 2018
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129153 , vital:36225 , https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/frdint42amp;i=390
  • Description: An independent legal profession is said to be "the bulwark of a free and democratic society."1 It is also said that a high measure of independence of mind and action by legal actors is necessary for the maintenance of the rule of law.2 However, too often, there is the allegation (within the sociological literature in particular) that the legal profession has used the concepts of independence and the rule of law as a shield or cuirass rather than as a sword.3 The image of lawyers representing unpopular clients fearlessly and advocating on behalf of unpopular causes, so as to uphold legal rights, is replaced with images of lawyers using these self-same concepts to preserve the status quo,4 favor those with high social status5 and pursue self-regulation for self-interest rather than for any so-called public interest. 6
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  • Date Issued: 2018

A dynamic approach to assess the International Criminal Court's performance in the Kenya cases

  • Authors: Juma, Laurence , Khamala, C A
  • Date: 2017
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125241 , vital:35749 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-e9dcefddf
  • Description: Victims of crimes against humanity perpetrated during Kenya’s post-2007 conflicts may feel aggrieved by the International Criminal Court’s discontinuance of all Kenya cases without having found the suspects either culpable or non-culpable. Neither did the suspects benefit from acquittals. Unprecedentedly, Ruto and Sang’s charges were vacated at half-time. Cases against other suspects were withdrawn. Given the circumstances which led to the ICC’s intervention in the Kenyan situation, this paper argues that in lieu of either quantitative or qualitative studies, arguments of various proxy approaches for evaluating judicial performance, are problematic. Neither judicial independence, rule-compliance, community of purpose, nor even institutional design, adequately measure judicial performance. Besides interrogating limitations of using such proxies, the paper appraises the merits of constructing a modified version of the goal-based approach. It will demonstrate that by incorporating both process-oriented as well as strategic constituency models, a more dynamic evaluative methodology can be developed for measuring the ICC’s performance in the Kenya cases.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

Biological and geophysical feedbacks with fire in the Earth System

  • Authors: Archibald, S , Lehmann, C E , Belcher, C , Bond, W J , Bradstock, R A , Daniau, A L , Dexter, K , Forrestel, E J , Greve, M , He, T , Higgins, Simon I , Ripley, Bradford S
  • Date: 2017
  • Language: English
  • Type: article , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61413 , vital:28024 , http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ead/meta
  • Description: Roughly 3% of the Earth’s land surface burns annually, representing a critical exchange of energy and matter between the land and atmosphere via combustion. Fires range from slow smouldering peat fires, to low-intensity surface fires, to intense crown fires, depending on vegetation structure, fuel moisture, prevailing climate, and weather conditions. While the links between biogeochemistry, climate and fire are widely studied within Earth system science, these relationships are also mediated by fuels – namely plants and their litter – which are the product of evolutionary and ecological processes. Fire is a powerful selective force and, over their evolutionary history, plants across diverse clades have evolved numerous traits that either tolerate or promote fire. Here we outline a conceptual framework of how plant traits determine the flammability of ecosystems and interact with climate and weather to influence fire regimes. We explore how these evolutionary and ecological processes scale to impact biogeochemistry and Earth system processes. Finally, we outline several research challenges that, when resolved, will improve our understanding of the role of plant evolution in mediating the fire feedbacks driving Earth system processes. Understanding current patterns of fire and vegetation, as well as patterns of fire over geological time, requires research that incorporates evolutionary biology, ecology, biogeography, and the biogeosciences.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

Eruptive history of the Karoo lava flows and their impact on early Jurassic environmental change:

  • Authors: Moulin, Maud , Fluteau, Frédéric , Courtillot, Vincent , Marsh, Julian S , Delpech, Guillaume , Quidelleur, Xavier , Gérard, Martine
  • Date: 2017
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/145098 , vital:38408 , https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013354
  • Description: This paper reports new paleomagnetic and geochronologic data from a ~1500 m thick composite section belonging to the Drakensberg group, the thickest remnant of the Karoo lavas in Northern Lesotho. Flow‐by‐flow analysis of paleomagnetic directions reveals 21 magnetic directional groups, corresponding to single eruptive events, and 16 individual lava flows. The new age determinations of lava flows range from 180.1 ± 1.4 to 182.8 ± 2.6 Ma. These data, combined with previous results, allow us to propose that the main part of the Drakensberg group and the Karoo intrusive complex dated around 181–183 Ma may have been erupted over a period as short as 250 kyr and may have coincided with the two main phases of extinction in the Early Toarcian. This scenario agrees well with the discontinuous rhythm of environmental and biotic perturbations in the Late Pliensbachian‐Toarcian interval.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

The Bero Volcanic Complex: extension of the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province into SW Angola

  • Authors: Marsh, Julian S , Swart, Roger S
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: article , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60763 , vital:27827 , https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027316304176
  • Description: An extension of the Etendeka-Paraná Igneous Province into SW Angola occurs as minor basalt lavas, intrusive gabbro sheets, minor mafic dykes and thick sheets and lava flows (with minor pyroclastics) of quartz latite composition This suite crops out along the eastern margin of the Cretaceous Namibe Basin in SW Angola. The quartz latites from one locality have been referred to informally as the Giraul volcanics but the name ‘Giraul’ has previously been used for Cretaceous conglomerates. We propose the name Bero Volcanic Complex for this suite of intrusive and extrusive rocks on the basis that the full compositional range of this diverse suite crops out along the Rio Bero. Major and trace element compositions and Sr-, Nd-, and Pb-isotopic compositions indicate that the basalts and gabbros are equivalent to the high-Ti Khumib/Urubici and Pitanga types from the Etendeka and Paraná. The basalts underlie the quartz latites which are cut by mafic dykes some of which are compositionally equivalent to the Paranapanema lavas in the Paraná. Five different geochemical types of high-Ti quartz latite are recognised amongst the silicic volcanics, 3 of which have very close geochemical affinities to the Ventura, Sarusas, and Khoraseb types of the northern Etendeka. Their relative stratigraphic position in the Bero volcanic sequence is the same as in the Etendeka sequence and extend significantly the area over which these types were erupted. The two remaining types, Chinguau and High-Nb are not known from either the Etendeka or the Paraná provinces.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Transcription factor motif quality assessment requires systematic comparative analysis

  • Authors: Kibet, Cabel K , Machanick, Philip
  • Date: 2016
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/439366 , vital:73570 , https://f1000research.com/articles/4-1429
  • Description: Transcription factor (TF) binding site prediction remains a challenge in gene regulatory research due to degeneracy and potential variability in binding sites in the genome. Dozens of algorithms designed to learn binding models (motifs) have generated many motifs available in research papers with a subset making it to databases like JASPAR, UniPROBE and Transfac. The presence of many versions of motifs from the various databases for a single TF and the lack of a standardized assessment technique makes it difficult for biologists to make an appropriate choice of binding model and for algorithm developers to benchmark, test and improve on their models. In this study, we review and evaluate the approaches in use, highlight differences and demonstrate the difficulty of defining a standardized motif assessment approach. We review scoring functions, motif length, test data and the type of performance metrics used in prior studies as some of the factors that influence the outcome of a motif assessment. We show that the scoring functions and statistics used in motif assessment influence ranking of motifs in a TF-specific manner. We also show that TF binding specificity can vary by source of genomic binding data. We also demonstrate that information content of a motif is not in isolation a measure of motif quality but is influenced by TF binding behaviour. We conclude that there is a need for an easy-to-use tool that presents all available evidence for a comparative analysis.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Pollution Mapping In Freshwater Systems: Using Aquatic Plants To Trace N-Loading

  • Authors: Hill, Jaclyn M , Motitsoe, Samuel N , Hill, Martin P
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444527 , vital:74248 , https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2262-1-15.pdf
  • Description: The global degradation of both marine and freshwater ecosystems is primarily driven by the excessive addition of anthropogenic nutrients to watersheds. Increased nitrogen loading, for example, can result in widespread ecosystem deterioration and may include harmful algal blooms, large scale fish kills, hypoxia, the loss of aquatic vegetation and habitat, loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystem functioning and the establishment of invasive species. Reactive nitrogen inputs (N) stem from intensive agricultural land use, resulting in the increased use of N-containing organic and inorganic fertilizers and/or animal manure and their consequent run-off and the discharge of human sewage. In recent years, aquatic ecosystem health has been monitored using a number of techniques, of which the most widely applied in South Africa is the South African Scoring System (SASS5; Dickens and Graham, 2002). Bio-monitoring, however, typically identifies eutrophication prob-lems only after ecosystem-level impacts have already occurred and where ecosystem health has been disrupted, it is often not possible to link biotic changes to identifiable causes (especially in the case of non-point source pollution). Any methods that would allow for the detection of emerging eutrophication which can also trace and identify nutrient sources would greatly improve our ability to effectively manage our aquatic resources.
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  • Date Issued: 2015

The landscape holds answers to more questions than we have yet learned to ask : perspectives of an environmental scientist

  • Authors: Ellery, William F N
  • Date: 2013
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:584 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018944
  • Description: [From the text] Implicit in the title of my talk is the idea that the landscape has a voice – it "holds answers". Our understanding of landscapes depends on the questions we ask about their appearance and dynamics. What I love about the voice of landscapes is its gentle nature – it whispers. It's a seductive voice, inviting one to hear secrets. I have long been curious about the intimate language of landscapes and this has stemmed from a personal connection with nature from a very early age. My interests led me into the fields of ecology and geomorphology, both of which have allowed me to unravel some of these secrets. So, in tonight’s talk there are a number of narratives that form a part of my story. The first narrative is about science. It’s about how we uncover nature’s secrets and thus create new understanding.
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  • Date Issued: 2013

Unitarity constraints on the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density in higher derivative gravity

  • Authors: Brustein, R , Medved, A J M
  • Date: 2011
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Article
  • Identifier: vital:6815 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004325
  • Description: We discuss corrections to the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density η/s in higher-derivative gravity theories. Generically, these theories contain ghost modes with Planck-scale masses. Motivated by general considerations about unitarity, we propose new boundary conditions for the equations of motion of the graviton perturbations that force the amplitude of the ghosts modes to vanish. We analyze explicitly four-derivative perturbative corrections to Einstein gravity which generically lead to four-derivative equations of motion, compare our choice of boundary conditions to previous proposals and show that, with our new prescription, the ratio η/s remains at the Einstein-gravity value of 1/4π to leading order in the corrections. It is argued that, when the new boundary conditions are imposed on six and higher-derivative equations of motion, η/s can only increase from the Einstein-gravity value. We also recall some general arguments that support the validity of our results to all orders in the strength of the corrections to Einstein gravity. We then discuss the particular case of Gauss-Bonnet gravity, for which the equations of motion are only of two-derivative order and the value of η/s can decrease below 1/4π when treated in a nonperturbative way. Our findings provide further evidence for the validity of the KSS bound for theories that can be viewed as perturbative corrections to Einstein gravity.
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  • Date Issued: 2011

A xylem retrieval pathway in rice leaf blades – evidence of a role for endocytosis?

  • Authors: Botha, Christiaan E J , Aoki, N , Scofield, G N , Liu, Lin , Furbank, R T , White, R G
  • Date: 2008
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: vital:6505 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005930 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern150
  • Description: The structure and transport properties of pit membranes at the interface between the metaxylem and xylem parenchyma cells and the possible role of these pit membranes in solute transfer to the phloem was investigated. Electron microscopy revealed a fibrillar, almost tubular matrix within the pit membrane structure between the xylem vessels and xylem parenchyma of leaf blade bundles in rice (Oryza sativa). These pits are involved primarily with regulating water flux to the surrounding xylem parenchyma cells. Vascular parenchyma cells contain large mitochondrial populations, numerous dictyosomes, endomembrane complexes and vesicles in close proximity to the pit membrane. Taken collectively this suggests that endocytosis may occur at this interface. A weak solution of 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (5,6-CFDA) was applied to cut ends of leaves and after a minimum of 45 minutes, the distribution of the fluorescent cleavage product, 5,6-carboxyfluorescein (5,6-CF) was observed using confocal microscopy. Cleavage of 5,6-CFDA occurred within the xylem parenchyma cells and the non-polar 5,6-CF was then symplasmically transported to other parenchyma elements and ultimately, via numerous pore plasmodesmata, to adjacent thick-walled sieve tubes. Application of Lucifer Yellow, and, separately, Texas Red labelled dextran (10 kDa) to the transpiration stream, confirmed that these membrane-impermeant probes could only have been offloaded from the xylem via the xylem vessel-xylem parenchyma pit membranes, suggesting endocytotic transmembrane transfer of these membrane-impermeant fluorophores. Accumulation within the thick-walled sieve tubes, but not in thin-walled sieve tubes, confirms the presence of a symplasmic phloem loading pathway, via pore plasmodesmata between xylem parenchyma and thick-walled sieve tubes, but not thin-walled sieve tubes.
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  • Date Issued: 2008

Using assessment and reflexive teaching practices to inform and guide changes to the teaching and learning activities in Introductory Accounting

  • Authors: Bezuidenhout, L Peta
  • Date: 2008
  • Language: English
  • Type: Conference paper
  • Identifier: vital:6081 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008585
  • Description: Teaching accounting to first year university students in higher education institutions is becoming increasingly complex as we deal with increasing class sizes, increasing diversity and a student body which appears to be less inclined to study without external motivating factors, while to be successful in studying accounting requires more than passive learning. Our aim was to make our students active participants in their accounting studies. After studying established research into assessment and approaches to student learning, changes were made to our course to ensure increased and active participation from our students. Critical to this change was guiding students in making the shift from a surface approach to learning, to a deep approach to learning where they would engage with the subject matter in a manner more likely to result in truly understanding the concepts and principles being taught. An important part of implementing these changes was asking our students to evaluate the innovations after they had taken place. Feedback received from our students resulted in the use of a new and unplanned innovation in the form of the setting of regular mini-tests. This was arguably the most successful of all the interventions introduced during the year and resulted in our journey being more exciting and less predictable than expected.
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  • Date Issued: 2008

Part of the story: 10 years of the South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF)

  • Authors: Barratt, Elizabeth , Berger, Guy , Irwin, Shahn
  • Date: 2006
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book
  • Identifier: vital:534 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008552
  • Description: [From the text] Neither union nor NGO, Sanef is a forum. It brings together editors, senior journalists and journalism educators across the divides of race, institution and media platform to participate in the new South African democracy. Over 10 years, its members have worked to deepen media freedom and overcome old injustices still present within the industry. The organisation has led debate and projects about the quality of Journalism and journalism training.
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  • Date Issued: 2006

Culture shock the differences between Chinese and South African students at the University of Port Elizabeth

  • Authors: Wang, Hui Jingzi
  • Date: 2005
  • Subjects: University of Port Elizabeth -- Students , Students, Foreign -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Culture shock -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:8378 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/366 , University of Port Elizabeth -- Students , Students, Foreign -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth , Culture shock -- South Africa
  • Description: Introduction-Motivation: Living, studying, traveling and working abroad can be an incredible, challenging experience or a nightmare, depending on how you interact with the local culture. Many things bring on culture shock: different food and ways of eating, shops and prices, attitude of people, customs and language problems. It is the strangeness, uneasiness or even fear we experience when we move from our home country and familiar surroundings, to live in a new and different society. Culture shock is now considered to be a natural part of the adjustment to studying abroad (Carmen, 1998:3). Although it can be disconcerting and a little crazy, the shock gradually eases as you begin to understand the new culture. It is useful to realize that often the reactions and perceptions of others towards you - and you towards them - are not personal evaluations, but are based on a clash of cultural values. The more skilled you become in recognizing how and when cultural values and behaviours are likely to come in conflict, the easier it becomes to make adjustments that can help you avoid serious difficulties. This research is aimed at identifying the most common differences between local South African and Chinese culture, and will investigate the experiences of Chinese students at the University of Port Elizabeth (UPE), South Africa, as well as a local Chinese family in order to develop a strategy to minimize culture shock. Research Problem: Chinese students at UPE experience various difficulties in adjusting to local university life. These problems range from practical difficulties regarding transport, accommodation and finances to less easily defined issues related to language and culture. While the “practical” difficulties are often prioritized and solved (or at least alleviated), those relating to culture are not adequately addressed. Chinese students at UPE consequently find it difficult to socialize with local students; they find it difficult to interact during lectures, and they are unsure about forming student-teacher relationships. All of this impedes academic progress, increase worry/fear of failure, and lead to homesickness and ultimately depression. Local Chinese business people have, through trial and error, learnt to adapt to the idiosyncrasies of South African culture (in its diverse forms). This is apparent from interviews which were conducted with a local Chinese businessman and his family who have successfully adapted to the local environment in order to identify the major obstacles to cultural acclimatization, as well as useful strategies, communicational ones among others, that enabled them to adapt.
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  • Date Issued: 2005

Promoting development and land reform on South African farms

  • Authors: Husy, Dave , Samson, Carolien
  • Date: 2001-06-4/5
  • Subjects: Land reform -- South Africa , Agricultural labourers -- South Africa -- Social conditions
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , book
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/75306 , vital:30399
  • Description: The issue of social development for farm workers has always been a contentious one, primarily due to a history of development being one of repression and exploitation. Decades of exploitative control have left a social situation characterised by poverty and extreme inequality of power, between farmer and worker, black and white people, and between men and women. The legacy of this brutal past is not only to be found in the conditions under which farm workers now live, but rather the psychological and institutional barriers preventing their achievement of a better life though effectively utilising the opportunities available to them. Poverty and marginalisation is a formidable barrier to overcome in this environment. In becomes clear that any development programme aimed at providing farm workers with support in their struggle for a better life - the essence of “development” - will of necessity need to address these factors. The complexity of the farm situation, with its myriad of historical, social and economic problems, requires an innovative approach which represents a combination of, and compromise between, the priorities for farmers and those of workers, and mechanisms which promote broad based minimum standards as well as innovation and leverage for longer term benefit. The Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa has initiated a number of products and programmes to promote development and land reform for farm workers. The intention of these is to stimulate farm based development through leveraging the various governmental development programmes and the commitment of landowners. In particular, Land Bank is to introduce a Social Discount Product to provide incentives for the Bank’s clients to implement development projects on their farms. This article explores some of the issues Land Bank has experienced in developing its products to promote farm based development, and specifically the Social Discount Product. It examines in "brief the current development context for farm workers, and in particular their conditions of life and work. It also reviews some of the current mitiatives to promote farm-based development by a variety of actors, governmental, private sector, and civil society. An outline of the Land Bank’s Social Discount Product and other programmes is then presented. Finally, issues and challenges are identified which are critical to the success of development and land reform for farm workers. The article contends that land reform for farm workers cannot be viewed separately from the broader process of development on farms. The reason for this is partly that land reform, or redistribution, will only affect a minimal number of farm workers, while the majority still seek improvement in their life conditions and opportunities. For this reason, it is important to identify the challenges to development on farms, and the spectrum of measures and interventions necessary for promoting overall development. , Paper presented at the SARPN conference on Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa Pretoria
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  • Date Issued: 2001-06-4/5

An exploration of the interaction between integration and discipline in a former model C school in East London

  • Authors: Smulders, Heidi
  • Date: 2000
  • Subjects: School discipline -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Multicultural education -- South Africa -- Case studies
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:3061 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002570 , School discipline -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Multicultural education -- South Africa -- Case studies
  • Description: Educators work in dynamic contexts which reflect the social and political circumstances of the time. Since the African National Congress was elected to govern in 1994, educators working in former Model C schools have been particularly affected by changes in the law regarding education. The South African Schools Act of 1996 prohibited discriminating in any way against learners applying for admission to schools. This has resulted in cultural and racial integration occurring at all former Model C schools. The use of corporal punishment in schools was also prohibited in 1996. This study attempts to obtain an understanding of the interaction between integration and discipline which was identified at a particular Model C school in East London. It also aims to obtain educators' understandings of the challenges of integration and discipline at this school. Following an in-depth pilot study of the school's detention records for 1998, twenty-two out of sixty educators at the school participated in the research by responding to written questionnaires. It is argued that two different approaches to integration are presently used by educators. These are identified and discussed, namely assimilatory education and multicultural education. The need for consistency between educators in their approaches to integration and discipline is also addressed.
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  • Date Issued: 2000

Up Beat Issue Number 6 1992

  • Authors: SACHED
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: SACHED
  • Language: English
  • Type: text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/116270 , vital:34349
  • Description: The two-hour drive from Cape Town to Worcester is long. But it’s not boring. You pass green, open farmlands where cattle graze. Every now and then, you cross a river or a stream. In the distance, the purple mountains frame the blue sky. Bree River High School In the valley surrounded by the Hottentots-Holland mountains, you find Worcester. Just outside the town is Bree River High School. Wilfred Zebedezela is a student there. He throws the shotput. He lives on a farm outside Worcester and he travels for an hour everyday to get to and from school. ‘At school there isn’t a place where I can train with weights, said Wilfred. ‘So I build my muscles by doing farm work. I would like to practice shotput at home, but I can’t because there is only one shotput at school. I can’t practise at school, as there is no teacher to stay behind in the afternoons with me.’ Ruduwaan Visagie is a 200 metre sprinter. ‘We can’t afford things like starting blocks. We ran in the South African Junior Athletics Championships. But some of our athletes almost couldn't take part. We didn’t have starting blocks. Fortunately, we managed to borrow some.’
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  • Date Issued: 1996

The collapse of the 'tribal authority' system and the rise of civic organisations

  • Authors: Manona, Cecil W , Paper presented at an ISER Seminar, March 1995
  • Date: 1995
  • Subjects: Civic associations -- South Africa Local government -- South Africa -- Ciskei Local government -- South Africa Tribal government -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Manuscript , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2454 , vital:20293
  • Description: The paper examines the performance of a local ('tribal') authority which existed in the Keiskammahoek district up to 1993 and accounts for the rise of civic organisations which challenged tribal authorities virtually everywhere in the former Ciskei. It suggests that the problems of this local authority which included inefficiency, corruption and lack of democracy were manifestations of the limitations of the Black Authorities Act of 1951 which attempted to revive traditional authority in the rural areas in south Africa even though this was incompatible with political developments in many other African states, particularly in a period during which the process of decolonisation was at its peak. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1995

Site Tax Campaign Manual

  • Authors: COSATU
  • Date: 1994
  • Subjects: COSATU
  • Language: English
  • Type: text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/137159 , vital:37493
  • Description: Since 1989 most workers in South Africa have had their wages taxed under the Site Tax system. SITE stands for Standard Income Tax on Employees. Under the Site Tax system, the employer is responsible for making sure that workers pay the correct, amount of tax. This is different from the old Pay As You Earn (PAYE) system where the Receiver of Revenue had to make sure that the amount of tax paid was correct. Now the employer works out how much tax has to be paid from the personal information, such as number of children, given to them by each worker. But COSATU has seen that many workers have been taxed too much by their employers. This is mostly because no-one has explained to workers how the Site Tax system works and what tax reductions they are entitled to.
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  • Date Issued: 1994

Central committee - Save Jobs - Protect standards

  • Authors: NUM
  • Date: Feb 1993
  • Subjects: NUM
  • Language: English
  • Type: text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149528 , vital:38861
  • Description: It is one year since our last Central Committee.During this period much has happened on the international and domestic front. Yugoslavia remains at war, the United States of America has the first democratic President since Carter and millions of people are starving. It is not only in Somalia that people are starving.Right here at home over two million people are fed by poverty relief programmes. Although we thought that democracy was at hand, it has still eluded us in 1992. The Apartheid government still remains firmly entrenched although the negotiations with the African National Congress show some glimmer that the multilateral negotiations will resume shortly, the establishmant of a transitional government and the holding of the first non-racial national democratic elections by the end of 1993 or early 1994. With the violence still not under control we continue to see our people under siege, families broken up and property destroyed. For peace there must be democracy. Apartheid has left incalculable damage and a legacy that will have to be addressed. As the National Union of Mineworkers we have made and will have to continue to make many sacrifices. 1993 heralds important challenges for our union and the democratic movement as a whole. Central Committee will have to deliberate on these matters and decide the way forward for the coming months.
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  • Date Issued: Feb 1993

Masisebenzisane = Let us work together

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