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The legality of euthanasia conducted by medical practitioners

  • Authors: Davids, Sesam Isipho
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Euthanasia -- Law and legislation , Assisted suicide -- Law and legislation , Euthanasia -- Moral and ethical aspects
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/68681 , vital:77081
  • Description: Euthanasia remains a contentious subject of debate in countries around the world and in South Africa. The South African court system has been faced with requests for the decriminalisation of euthanasia. However, it remains illegal to practice euthanasia in South Africa. This is set by common law as there is no legislation formally regulating euthanasia. Euthanasia provides relief from suffering for patients with terminal illnesses that cause severe suffering and a decrease in their quality of life. Individual autonomy is recognised as patients are given the ability to choose how to end their lives once they make the decision to terminate their lives. In this study, an examination on physician-assisted euthanasia and its current legal position in South Africa will be conducted. Key terms are defined, such as euthanasia - distinguishing active and passive euthanasia as well as physician-assisted suicide. South African law permits the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments which may be viewed as passive euthanasia. This is done with the consent of the patient and the medical practitioners involved are not held criminally liable should the withholding of treatment cause the death of the patient. Relevant constitutional rights will be examined to make a case for the legalisation of physician-assisted euthanasia. These rights include the right to dignity, the right to life, the right to equality, the right to freedom of religion, belief and opinion, and the limitation clause. Common law, case law and statutory law will also be considered. The recommendations of the South African Law Commission in its report (project 86) will be examined as well. An analysis will be conducted on how foreign jurisdictions have accepted physician-assisted euthanasia and implemented legislative measures to safeguard and regulate how medical practitioners practice it. Canada is an example of such a jurisdiction and an analysis has been conducted on how courts in Canada have made a case for the decriminalisation of physician-assisted euthanasia. Canadian courts relied on rights such as the right to life and freedom of opinion. viii When arguing for or against the legalisation of euthanasia, the ethical perspectives of both arguments must be considered. The ‘slippery slope’ will be discussed to demonstrate an ethical argument against euthanasia. The ethical framework of utilitarianism will be discussed as an argument for euthanasia. In line with the title of this research, the physician’s role in the process of euthanasia will also be discussed. After weighing the key arguments, this research concludes that physician-assisted euthanasia ought to be legalised in South Africa. Recommendations are further suggested on how euthanasia ought to be regulated should it be legalised. The recommendations serve as a means of addressing the possibility of abuse and illegal conduct from medical practitioners and the public. Through this study, the aim is to contribute to the debate on physician-assisted euthanasia and to advance the development of a euthanasia-related legislation in South Africa. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, School of Criminal and Procedural Law, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

The lived experiences of final-year undergraduate diagnostic radiography students applying radiation protection measures during clinical practice

  • Authors: Campbell, Sydney Samuel
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Radiographers , College students -- South Africa , Experiential learning
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/68311 , vital:76973
  • Description: Radiographers use ionising radiation to produce radiographic images and the use of ionising radiation in healthcare has both benefits and risks for patients and healthcare professionals. It is therefore important that radiographers mitigate the risks associated with ionising radiation. It is for this reason that radiation protection measures are applied to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and the public. Furthermore, radiographers are also responsible for mentoring radiography students and inculcate the use of radiation protection measures when students undergo their workplace learning. This mentoring takes place in the clinical setting with its characteristics that may or may not advance the application of radiation protection measures. The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of final-year undergraduate radiography students applying radiation protection measures in the clinical setting and to propose strategies to foster the integration of radiation protection theory into clinical practice. This study was located in the interpretivist paradigm using phenomenology as a research method and theoretical framework to achieve the stated aim. The target population for this qualitative study included all registered final-year undergraduate radiography students at the local university who perform their WPL at the accredited training hospitals in the Eastern Cape Province as this cohort of students have more clinical experience than the first-, second- and third-year students. The target population comprised 28 students. Purposive sampling was employed to select the group of radiography students to interview. The study used phenomenological interviews as a data collection tool and the collected data was explicated using a self-developed method. The trustworthiness of the study was ensured by applying Guba’s model of trustworthiness that includes credibility, transferability, confirmability, dependability and authenticity and was further enhanced by reflecting on the balanced integration, openness, concreteness, and resonance of the study. This study employed an ethical framework referred to as principlism that includes the notions of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice.Data explication was conducted using three cycles of explication. Cycle one produced interpretive profiles for each participant. The interpretive profiles revealed the life histories of each participant as well as the utterances of participants related to the three sub-questions. Cycle two produced four themes. Theme one described participants’ being with others such as radiographers, clinical supervisors, medical doctors, and patients and revealed the tension between participants’ belonging and being unwanted. Theme two characterised the clinical setting as a place where several factors flow together to provide participants with their individualised experiences. Theme two revealed the emotional distress; the learning through trial-and-error; the independent learning; learning that is coupled with humiliation as experienced by participants. The clinical space was also characterised as a place to be survived, a place where students have to be inconspicuous and understand the acceptable levels of engagement with others. It is also a place where theory and practice at times is in alignment at other times not in alignment. The clinical setting could also be a place of self-doubt and insecurity, a place of personal growth, and a place where historical events are significant. Theme three disclosed the unspoken lessons that were conveyed through the actions and behaviours of individuals in the clinical environment. Unintended lesson one is that radiation protection measures are not important. Lesson two suggest that classroom teaching about radiation protection is not valid in the clinical setting, and finally that incivility towards radiography students is acceptable. Theme four revealed the difficulties experienced by radiography students when navigating ethical dilemmas. The theme revealed radiographers’ and radiologists’ indifference towards radiation protection, the non-application of radiation protection measures, and the inconsistency and apathy towards radiation protection measures. Cycle three viewed the experiences of participants through the lens of Dasein’s disclosedness. This revealed the exclusive language used by participants, the largely negative mood and participants’ disconnection from the imaging department.Finally, the study presented new and important insights by probing the topic of radiation protection in a novel way by using phenomenology to focus on the lived experiences of final-year undergraduate students applying radiation protection measures in the clinical setting. The findings of the study also allowed for the development of Enhancement strategies that could be used by institutions of higher education to promote the integration of the theory and practice of radiation protection measures in the clinical setting. It is recommended, though, that a study that includes all South African institutions of higher learning offering radiography be conducted using phenomenology. Furthermore, the views of South African radiographers and clinical supervisors should also be elicited to corroborate the views of participants in this study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, School of Secondary Education, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

The optimisation of Eucalyptus regeneration practices for improved survival, growth and uniformity in South African pulpwood plantations

  • Authors: Hechter, Ullrich
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Eucalyptus -- Regeneration -- South Africa , Forests and forestry -- Economic aspects , Forests and forestry
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/68862 , vital:77135
  • Description: Commercial forestry plantations in South Africa play an important role in the economy of the country, contributing 1.2% towards the gross domestic product. Currently plantation forests occupy 1.1% (1.2 million hectares) of the South African land surface, of which 75 000 hectares are re-established each year. Eucalypts constitute 43% of planted area, of which 88% is grown for pulpwood. Achieving high tree survival (>90%) is important in terms of optimising rotation-end yield. The industry origin of a 90% survival benchmark is unclear, although company procedures incorporate this as the minimum threshold in terms of re-establishment success. Past research indicates that most mortality occurs within a narrow period post-establishment and is often associated with substandard re-establishment practices and/or a stressed micro-environment. An improved understanding is needed about the various mitigation measures needed to minimize mortality during eucalypt re-establishment. Before making decisions related to mortality mitigation measures, comprehensive data are required as to their commercial applicability as well as outcomes from multiple trials that accurately quantify any impacts on tree survival and financial return. The overall purpose of this dissertation was the optimisation of Eucalyptus re-establishment practices for improved survival, growth and uniformity in South African pulpwood plantations. To achieve this, five inter-linked objectives were determined. The first objective was to highlight the most important factors contributing to increased mortality in eucalypt plantations during re-establishment. This was achieved through conducting a literature review. Citations were ranked in terms of credibility, with the importance ratings (derived from the literature sources) applied to the different factors affecting survival and growth during eucalypt re-establishment. Of the various factors impacting early eucalypt mortality, water stress and planting stock quality were considered highly important. The manner and quality of site preparation (soil and slash), planting practices (planting depth included), timing of planting (during dry, hot periods), various post-planting operations (incorrect fertiliser placement or herbicide drift) and insect pests and diseases also contribute to mortality, but to a lesser extent. These factors cannot be considered in isolation due to the complex interactions that exist between them and determining the primary causes of mortality can be elusive, especially as their impacts tend to be additive by nature. The second objective was to link survival to silvicultural treatments, site-related physiographic factors and climatic variables in South Africa. This was achieved by conducting an integrated analysis of 43 Eucalyptus trials. Of the seven re-establishment practices considered, watering, planting depth and fertiliser application were significant, with plant size, pitting method, residue management and insecticide application were not significant. However, when environmental variables were included within the analyses, there were significant site x treatment interactions for planting depth, plant size, residue management and fertiliser application. This highlights the importance of taking site related factors into consideration when interpreting the causes of mortality. The third objective was to determine the interaction between planting density and mortality on Eucalyptus growth, uniformity and financial yield at rotation end in South Africa. This was carried out to verify whether planting at different densities may be used as a preventative (before planting) mitigation measure. One trial was used to answer four keys sub-objectives: 1) The impact of three planting densities (1 102, 1 500, 1 959 SPH) with no mortality on yield at rotation-end; 2) The impact of mortality (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) on rotation-end yield; 3) The quantification of tree performance when planting at a higher density and accepting a certain degree of mortality; and 4) The financial impact of different planting densities and mortality on rotation-end profit. Higher planting densities resulted in smaller individual trees, but with an increase in stand level performance. At rotation-end, lower mortality (0% and 10%) had significantly higher volumes ha-1 than the higher mortality (30% and 40%). Planting at higher densities (1 722 and 1 959 SPH) and accepting a certain degree of mortality resulted in non-significant differences for volume at rotation-end compared to the fully stocked 1 500 SPH treatment. A higher SPH resulted in a higher yield, but with an increase in estimated establishment/tending and harvesting costs. In contrast, an increase in mortality and/or lower SPH (in the absence of mortality) resulted in more variable stand growth, together with an increase in estimated machine harvesting productivity and reduced costs. Irrespective of SPH, the higher the mortality the greater the loss of income, with the best profit within each treatment related to full stocking (0% mortality). Within the higher panting densities, the profit gained following low mortality (10 and 20%) was similar to that of no mortality (0%), indicating that higher mortality may be tolerated when planting at higher densities, confirming the 90% survival threshold the industry aims to achieve post-establishment. The fourth objective was to determine if silviculture intervention (blanking at 1, 2 and 3 months or coppicing and interplanting at 6 months) will result in acceptable eucalypt stocking, if mortality is higher than 10% (remedial mitigation measure). Data from a re-establishment trial were analysed to determine which of the mitigation measures performed best in terms of stocking and growth. Coppicing and interplanting with larger plants was not a viable option as a mitigation measure for mortality as most of the coppice shoots have died. This may have been a result of frost. Although high re-establishment costs may be incurred, disaster clearing to waste followed by replanting is an option if mortality is unacceptably high (as opposed to leaving the stand as is). The results of this objective confirm that blanking as the current Best Operating Practice is still appropriate in South African forestry (i.e., try to have survival >90% and blank as soon as possible to retain >90% of stems). Blanked plants do contribute to volume, but for this to occur, blanking should be carried out within 4 weeks after planting to gain maximum benefit. In addition, it highlights the importance of implementing remedial mitigation measures to achieve >90% survival so as to gain maximum benefit. Using the outcomes from objectives 1-4, the fifth objective focussed on the development of a decision support system (DSS) for implementation of mitigation measures to improve survival within commercial eucalypt pulpwood plantations in South Africa. Improved survival starts with the implementation of good re-establishment practices and good quality planting stock. Mitigation measures for poor survival can be implemented either prior to re-establishment (before mortality occurs) or post re-establishment (after mortality has occurred). If poor survival still occurs after the implementation of good silviculture practices and pre-re-establishment mitigation practices (planting at higher densities), one should consider the various options available in terms of post re-establishment mitigation practices (remedial practices) such as blanking or replanting if mortality is high. Overall, the outcomes from this dissertation provide benchmark data and derived information as to the necessity for various mortality mitigation options within the commercial forestry sector in South Africa. In addition, the DSS will assist with decision making in terms of implementing the best silviculture practices and mitigation measures for improved survival during eucalypt re-establishment in South African pulpwood plantations. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Natural Resource Science & Management, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

The review of a disciplinary finding or sanction in terms of section 158(1)(h) of the labour relations act 66 of 1995

  • Authors: August, Joshua Cliff
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Labor discipline , Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa , South Africa.-- Labour Relations Act, 1995
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/68670 , vital:77080
  • Description: When an employer subjects an employee to a formal disciplinary process, the employer appoints a presiding officer to whom it cedes either wholly or partly its decision-making powers. Wholly in that the presiding officer would render a finding and impose a sanction. Partly, in that the presiding officer would render a finding and only provide the employer with a recommendation on sanction, which the employer would either accept or reject. The State in its capacity as employer has been afforded the ability to utilise section 158(1)(h) of the Labour Relations Act, 1995 (LRA) to review the decisions of presiding officers appointed over internal disciplinary proceedings. Despite the wording of section 158(1)(h), the courts have restricted its use by employees employed by the State. The courts have held that a State employee would have to utilise the ordinary dispute resolution pathways made available in the LRA to challenge the decisions the State takes in its capacity as an employer. When exercising the prerogative to discipline, all employers, including the State, must primarily comply with the substantive and procedural requirements outlined in Schedule 8 of the LRA. Notwithstanding the primary measure of fairness, the employer’s decision to discipline and dismiss would also be pitched and measured against its adopted internal disciplinary code and procedure document. It has been questioned in a Labour Court judgement whether the State should continue to be afforded the benefit of the section 158(1)(h) review. The Labour Court judgement ventures into the consequences the use of section 158(1)(h) would have on the unfair dismissal dispute resolution pathway afforded by the LRA and proposed that it would be ideal for the State to utilise alternatives when attempting to alter the sanction or finding of its internal presiding officers. The alternatives proposed include the internal review of findings or sanctions, the unilateral substitution of sanctions, increasing sanctions on appeal and the practice of subjecting the employee to a second hearing. Applying the alternatives to the current circumstances and collective bargaining agreements applicable in the public service, the State would not be able to utilise the alternatives, save for subjecting the employee to a second hearing in exceptional circumstances. In all other instances, including convening an internal review, increasing a sanction during an appeal, or unilaterally substituting the sanction would conflict with the prevailing internal disciplinary code and procedure in the public service. In as much as the Labour Court judgment attempts to put into perspective the consequences the use of section 158(1)(h) would have on the subsequent dispute resolution pathways, the State should not be unduly bound by irrational findings or sanctions imposed by presiding officers appointed to preside over its internal disciplinary hearings. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, School of Mercantile Law, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

The role of leadership on employee motivation and innovation at an information technology service company in Gauteng province, South Africa

  • Authors: Gijana, Nondumiso
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Employee motivation , Leadership , Innovation theories
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/70253 , vital:78333
  • Description: Employee motivation is one of the burning issues for businesses and society, especially at an Information Technology Service Company (ITSC) in Gauteng. The main objective of this study was to explore the role of leadership on motivation and innovation at an ITSC in Gauteng so as to recommend motivation and innovation strategies that can be implemented by the leaders at this ITSC. The theoretical underpinning of this study is based on the Herzberg’s Two-Factor Motivation theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Leadership theories and Innovation theories. This study employed a qualitative research approach which relied on inductive reasoning. The research design followed the non-probability convenience sampling method in order to select the most appropriate participants. The study sample comprised twelve employees working at an Information Technology Service Company in Gauteng selected from the population size of 20 employees. For the purpose of data collection, the study employed semi-structured interviews which relied on open-ended questions. Thematic analysis was used to interpret, analyse and report the data. The study revealed that coaching and mentoring, recognising strong performers, offering training and allocating resources are all aspects of leadership that have an impact on employee motivation, engagement and creativity. The research results emphasise that simple recognition and praise would be just as effective as motivational tools as monetary incentives. The study found that the leaders at this Information Technology Service Company in Gauteng encountered challenges such as poor leadership skills, drawn-out processes, a hostile work environment and a lack of communication when attempting to inspire employees. Furthermore, this study recommends that leaders are responsible for creating an innovative environment, encouraging employee innovation and providing funding for it. The research recommends that endorsing flexible policies, facilitating idea exchange channels and allowing lower level employees to offer ideas are all important ways to create a helpful environment. Funding for innovation, training and leadership buy-in should also be a source of support. Furthermore, the study suggests that employee motivation and innovation are essential to an organisation because they increase output, enhance financial results and encourage the generation of novel ideas. Another recommendation is that in order to minimize challenges and motivate employees, leaders should make sure that there is an effective communication process, they should avoid bureaucracy, establish a positive work atmosphere, and be conscious of their own leadership styles. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, Business School, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

The role of monitoring and evaluation in promoting good governance, a case of the black industrialists scheme

  • Authors: Mali-Nyingwa, Kanyiso Monose
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Monitoring , Evaluation , Competition -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/70155 , vital:78305
  • Description: The study explored the role of monitoring and evaluation in promoting good governance for the Black Industrialists Scheme in South Africa. The study adopted a qualitative approach to gathering data, and proffered recommendations for improving the implementation of monitoring and evaluation in the Black Industrialists Scheme. One of the objectives of the study was to identify factors that impact upon the effective implementation of monitoring and evaluation for the Black Industrialists Scheme. This objective was achieved as the research findings revealed a number of factors that affect monitoring and evaluation. Another objective was to explore how good governance is achieved, through the monitoring and evaluation of the Black Industrialists Scheme. This objective was also achieved as the study findings demonstrated the role of monitoring and evaluation in achieving good governance. The study provided recommendations for improving monitoring and evaluation in the Black Industrialists Scheme, thus fulfilling the objective of offering policy recommendations to enhance implementation. The study's contribution to existing literature lies in its identification of factors impacting monitoring and evaluation. The study also has implications for management and policy. It showed that monitoring and evaluation supports evidence-based decision making and enhances accountability, thus offering a tool for achieving good governance. This insight can be leveraged by managers and policymakers in their efforts to promote good governance within organisations. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences,Business School, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Toughened wood plastic composites for low technology and advanced manufacturing applications

  • Authors: Mabutho, Briswell
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Plastic-impregnated wood , Polymeric composites
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/69360 , vital:77225
  • Description: The utilization of wood plastic composites (WPCs) has increasingly emerged as an appealing alternative for products where traditional wood and conventional composites would typically be used. This is primarily due to their cost-effectiveness, mouldability, recyclability, renewability, and potential biodegradability. However, the incorporation of wood flour (WF) in thermoplastics to produce WPCs presents several challenges, two of which are addressed in the current study: the WF-thermoplastic matrix adhesion, and the resulting brittleness of the WPC. The hydrophilic nature of WF filler and the hydrophobic polypropylene matrix, which typically lead to poor mixing due to their differing surface energies. Consequently, the current research focuses on enhancing WF-matrix (i.e. polypropylene, PP) adhesion and dispersion through compatibilization using maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP). Additionally, the brittleness of WPC, exacerbated by the WF content, is addressed through the incorporation of crumb rubber (CR), a process commonly referred to as "toughening" the WPC. Prior to the use of CR in WPCs, optimization of the CR amount and compatibility within the PP-matrix were conducted to establish a toughening system that would achieve the highest impact strength without significantly affecting the tensile strength. The CR was compatibilized by employing dynamic vulcanization of varying amounts of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) in the CR/PP blends using both sulphur and dicumyl peroxide cure systems. The results indicated that the sulphur dynamic cure system exhibited higher crosslinking efficiency, as reflected by the highest impact strength. Furthermore, to enhance WPC processability and adhesion, WF alkalization was conducted following a central composite design to optimize treatment temperature, time, and alkali concentration. This optimization resulted in improved WPC processability and mechanical properties at mild alkalization conditions. Subsequently, the optimum CR/EPDM dynamic cure system was employed to toughen both untreated and alkalized WPCs, resulting in toughened WPCs with improved thermal stability, impact strength, and elongation at break, while the tensile strength was only slightly compromised. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular & Chemical Sciences, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Towards economic growth through informal economy: a comparative study of South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya

  • Authors: Leburu, Phemelo
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa , Finance -- South Africa , Informal sector (Economics)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/70187 , vital:78309
  • Description: Across the three countries studied, evidence has shown the importance of the informal economy to economic growth. Informal economic activities employ many people across economies and provide an opportunity for income generation and poverty alleviation. This study sought to explore and gain insight into the informal economy’s contribution to economic growth, specifically focusing on South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya. A descriptive qualitative study was adopted, where extensive document analysis was conducted to address the study objectives. The study's main findings are that informal economic activities are similar across countries, and these activities are characterised by not paying taxes and being unregistered. Informal economic activities employ millions of people. Several issues, such as inadequate workspaces, unfavourable working conditions, harassment by law enforcement, and employment uncertainties, also hamper the success of informal business ventures. The study concluded that governments of all African countries work on informal economy policies and recommends that the state needs to implement policies to protect and foster the longevity of informal businesses. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Trade liberalisation in BRICS countries and its implication on the South African economy

  • Authors: Kolisi, Nwabisa
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: BRICS , Economic development -- Developing countries , Saving and investment -- Developing countries -- Econometric models
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/70209 , vital:78311
  • Description: South Africa has been grappling with sluggish economic growth over the last two decades. To this extent, it is believed that international trade can be used as an instrument to foster growth in the economy of South Africa. This is why South Africa became a member of BRICSS in 2010. Literature postulates that trade liberalisation is an essential element of international trade that promotes economic growth. Trade has been at the forefront of enhancing the economic growth prospects of the BRICS. In 2010, BRICS experienced a significant increase in the share of global trade from 3% in 1990 to 19.3% of global exports of goods and services. Like many other countries involved in trade, BRICS are members of the WTO. Furthermore, the BRICS countries have signed several bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. Brazil is a member of MERCOSUR and signed a preferential trade agreement with India in 2004, and South Africa has been a member of SACU since 2008. Given this, five regional trade agreements are led by the BRICS. These five regional trade agreements include MERCOSUR, SACU, ASEAN-China, EAEU, and SAFTA. The study examined the impact of trade liberalisation in BRICS countries on South Africa’s economic growth. The method of data analysis used in this study is the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator as proposed by Pesaran et al. (1999) and autoregressive distributive lags (ARDL) on a country-by-country basis on data covering a period from 1995 to 2018. Based on the PMG simulation, the results show that trade liberalisation in BRICS countries positively impacts South Africa’s economic growth during the period under review. Notwithstanding, import tariffs in BRICS countries hinder economic growth in South Africa. The PMG results are also confirmed by country-by-country ARDL models used in this study in that trade liberalization in BRICS positively impacts South African economic growth during the period under review. Once again, import tariffs in BRICS negatively impacted South Africa’s economic growth. Regarding the country-by-country ARDL models, the results reveal that trade openness has a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in South Africa, mainly from Brazil, India, and China in the long run but not in the short run. Further control variables used in this study were gross fixed capital formation, human development index, government expenditure, inflation rate, real effective exchange rate and import tariffs. The control variables' analysis suggests that the BRICS trade liberalisation's impact on South Africa’s growth can be enhanced by intensifying human development, gross fixed capital formation, government expenditure, controlling inflation, and maintaining a stable exchange rate. It is also equally important to ensure that the import tariffs are managed such that they do not compromise the good intentions of trade liberalisation. Based on the study results, trade liberalisation policies in BRICS are recommended to be coordinated so that all obstacles combating the effectiveness of trade liberalisation are removed. Trade liberalisation should be accompanied by adequate infrastructure. This can be achieved through government expenditure that is biased towards economic infrastructure. Furthermore, the BRICS must focus on human capital investment to ensure that they continue to adopt innovative ways of trade, for example, trade digitalisation. Whilst this thesis does not suggest using a single currency amongst BRICS, it is important to ensure that exchange rate volatility is minimised to a large extent. It cannot go without saying that high inflation erodes trade relations amongst and within BRICS in that goods and services produced in BRICS economies become less competitive. This in itself compromises whatever gains may be obtained through trade liberalisation. Given these dynamics regarding BRICS trade liberalisation, it is recommended that the processes towards policy formulation to declare BRICS integration as a free trade area should be fast-tracked. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development and Tourism, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Undergraduate bachelor of nursing students’ learning experiences of the operating room environment in public and private hospitals in the Eastern Cape

  • Authors: de Vega, Jaunita Martina
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Operating room nurses -- South Africa , Operating rooms -- South Africa , Nursing -- Study and teaching -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/69794 , vital:78035
  • Description: As per the regulations outlined by the South African Nursing Council (SANC), nursing students must fulfil a specified number of clinical hours to become registered practitioners. Regulation R425 and R174 mandates that undergraduate nursing students complete clinical hours in General Nursing Science (GNS), including a component in the operating room (OR) as part of their specialization. However, the educational experiences of Bachelor of Nursing (BON) students in the OR setting are not always positive. The intensity and urgency of perioperative activities in the OR can sometimes leave nursing students feeling threatened and overwhelmed, hindering their ability to view the OR as a conducive clinical learning environment (CLE). The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding of undergraduate nursing students’ learning experiences of the OR environment in public and private hospitals while achieving the learning objectives for course completion. The study followed a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design. Undergraduate nursing students based at a higher education institution (HEI) undergoing a four-year BON degree and who had exposure to the OR environment were invited to participate in the study. Data collection involved interviewing 20 participants using focus group discussions. Data was transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using Tesch’s method of analysis. Vygotsky’s theory of sociocultural learning was used as a lens to explore the OR learning experiences of the nursing students placed at both public and private hospitals. An adapted version of the AGREE II tool was used as a framework to develop recommendations to optimise the learning experiences of nursing students in the OR environment. The analysis yielded three overarching themes and nine related sub-themes. It was evident that these students encountered challenges when adapting to the OR environment. These challenges were attributed to factors such as the reception and support they received in the CLE, their level of preparedness for OR procedures, and the numerous factors influencing their learning opportunities within the OR. The findings propose that enhancing nursing students’ preparation, along with implementing a structured induction programme, could lead to a more favourable experience in the OR and optimise learning outcomes. Additionally, fostering supportive mentorship programmes with OR professional nurses or staff trained to introduce nursing students to the OR, promoting professional communication between nursing education institutions (NEIs) and hospital OR management, are pivotal measures for maximizing learning opportunities and nurturing the professional growth of nursing students within the OR environment. Recommendations were developed using an adapted version of the AGREE II tool as a framework to optimise the learning experiences of nursing students in the OR environment. , Thesis (MCur) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Care & Medicinal Sciences, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Vocational Education and the relentless struggles of TVET graduates in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Freirean approach

  • Authors: Majola, Ezekiel
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Vocational education -- Eastern Cape -- South Africa , Technical education -- Eastern Cape -- South Africa , School-to-work transition -- Eastern Cape -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/${Handle} , vital:76985
  • Description: This study employs Paulo Freire’s framework to contribute to debates surrounding social justice and transformation in vocational education and training (TVET). By offering a critical perspective on dominant discourse and practices, it challenges prevailing trajectories of powerful knowledge and inherent assumptions and biases in TVET. Drawing on a Freirean framework, the research provides insights to develop more equitable and transformative practices by addressing power, privilege, and social inequality in TVET. Through dialogue and collaboration with students, it promotes critical consciousness and relevant skills and knowledge. Highlighting the significance of context, it underscores the need to understand the social and cultural context of learning. Demonstrating the potential of a Freirean framework to challenge the status quo, it promotes more equitable and empowering practices in TVET. The chosen methodology for this study is Participatory Action Research (PAR), integrating theory, action, and participation to address social issues. Recruiting 15 NC(V) graduates from Algoa TVET College, forming a Learning Cycle Group (LCG), the study aimed to comprehend graduates’ experiences, challenges, and opportunities. Life narrative interviews and LCG meetings generated data, ensuring every participant had a voice and strengthening group cohesion. Data were grounded in ethical values such as respect, equality, inclusion, democratic participation, active learning, making a difference, collective action, and personal integrity. Employing Paulo Freire’s theoretical framework, this study offers a novel perspective on TVET in South Africa, fostering dialogue with TVET students to challenge conventional discourses. It aimed to develop an alternative conceptualisation of TVET by incorporating student experiences and perspectives, promoting positive change through dialogue and addressing power dynamics and social justice issues. The study explores Powell’s (2014) question regarding TVET colleges’ role in expanding opportunities for students and asks: “How do TVET graduates experience life after graduation? Are they empowered and satisfied with their social status?” Sub-questions inquire about students’ expectations upon enrolling, opportunities after completing NC(V) programs, and the extent to which TVET colleges address unemployment and socio-economic injustices, aiming to inspire the development of praxis and frameworks that better serve the needs of TVET graduates and address social concerns.The study’s findings, analysed through Freire’s ideology in “We Make the Road by Walking” (1990) and “Pedagogy of Hope” (1994), reveal that the NC(V) program predominantly attracts underprivileged students and is rarely their first choice. This research highlights that the NC(V) program does not fully empower or transform students’ circumstances, instead perpetuating cycles of poverty, unemployment, and social inequality—contrary to Freire’s vision of education as a tool for liberation and societal change. The program fails to provide meaningful employment opportunities, leaving graduates often unemployed or in low-paying jobs, unable to escape poverty. This underscores the program’s inadequacies. Furthermore, insufficient support structures and practical application opportunities further diminish graduates’ employability. The study’s findings emphasise the need for systemic reforms in the NC(V) program. Embracing Freire’s principles and moving beyond traditional banking education models to more inclusive, participatory approaches is essential. This transformation is crucial for the TVET system to genuinely empower students and foster significant personal and societal change. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, School of Secondary School Education, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Working remotely: determining the influence on mental wellbeing of leaders within the banking industry during COVID-19 pandemic

  • Authors: Marran, Karen
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Flexible work arrangements , Virtual work teams -- Management , Employees -- Mental health -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/70111 , vital:78300
  • Description: The COVID-19 pandemic forced employees in the banking industry in South Africa to work remotely, which resulted in significant changes to their work environment. Previously, employees worked from branches and regional offices, however, during COVID-19 lockdown, employees had to transform their homes into office spaces. This sudden shift brought about challenges such as blurred boundaries between personal and professional life, and isolation for leaders who previously enjoyed dynamic work environments; moreover, leaders experienced increased stress and pressure to navigate the uncertainties of the pandemic while maintaining a strong face for their teams. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of remote work on the mental wellbeing of leaders in the banking industry, specifically focusing on a large financial institution in South Africa. The study aims to provide recommendations to improve leadership mental wellbeing within the organisation. The researcher used positivism as the research philosophy, for its emphasis on objectivity, empirical evidence, and the use of quantitative research methods. The chosen research design was correlation, as it allowed for the examination of relationships between variables or sets of scores. Quantitative research was preferred, for this study, for its systematic and objective analysis of a large sample size. The target demographic consisted of 2500 leaders, nationwide, who worked as regional or branch managers for financial institutions in South Africa. The study employed a simple random sampling approach, as this ensured an equal chance of selection for each member of the target population. A total of 126 participants successfully completed the survey. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the collected data into graphs and tables, so as to determine relationships and patterns within the data. Inferential statistics were used to derive predictions or generalisations from the data collected on the target group. The respondents reported that they had positive encounters with their leaders who provided recommendations, support, problem-solving, and listened to their private feelings. They were happy with their jobs, had clear career paths, and knew their job requirements. The respondents believed the company communicated its goals and strategy well. They also indicated that they had good workspace conditions, as well as access to video conferencing, software, and messaging services. Respondents emphasised job autonomy and control — that is, being able to decide how to do their jobs and communicate. They found their work satisfying and were comfortable voicing their thoughts, even if they disagreed with others. They valued personal growth, positive relationships, purpose and meaning in life, and self-acceptance. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of remote work, self-care, and meaningful relationships. The participants provided financial institutions with suggestions for improvement; these include addressing staffing shortages, balancing office and remote work, promoting collaboration, and enhancing customer service. Based on the primary findings, the key recommendation for this study is that financial institutions prioritise employee well-being and work-life balance. This can be achieved by addressing staffing shortages, offering flexible hours and wellness programs, and creating a supportive environment for both office and remote work. It is also important to promote collaboration and communication between remote and office-based employees in order to overcome any divide. Continuous improvement and adaptation are crucial to success, including staying ahead of technological advancements and improving customer service and engagement. In addition, recognising and supporting employee success, fostering trust, and investing in technology and infrastructure are important for efficient operations. Adopting the recommendations provided by the respondents can bring several benefits to financial institutions. These benefits include increased job satisfaction, improved workspace suitability, enhanced job autonomy, and better communication of goals and strategies. Adopting the recommendations can also lead to positive encounters with leaders, better problem-solving abilities, and improved listening to private feelings. Moreover, organisations can experience increased productivity, better work-life balance, and improved mental health amongst employees. The recommendations also emphasise the importance of fostering trust, supporting personal and professional growth, and promoting collaboration and communication. Overall, adopting these recommendations can contribute to a positive work environment and the overall wellbeing of employees. , Thesis (MBA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, Business School, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Young adults’ use of social media platforms in maintaining passion and intimacy within romantic love relationships

  • Authors: Maytham, Lauren
  • Date: 2024-12
  • Subjects: Intimacy (Psychology) , Young adults , Online dating
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/69816 , vital:78037
  • Description: As technology has advanced, social media platforms have multiplied worldwide, allowing individuals to remain in contact with loved ones near and far. Despite the separation caused by distance, individuals can connect with each other, with social media playing an important role in developing and maintaining modern relationships. This, too, with romantic relationships. Existing research often overlooks the lived experiences of young adults maintaining romantic relationships through social media platforms in South Africa. This study addresses this gap by understanding how social media platforms enhance passion and intimacy, offering insights into the complexities of relationships. Young adults can interact with their romantic partners and explore alternative ways to maintain intimacy and passion when they are not physically together. The primary aim of this research is to understand the lived experiences of young adults who use social media platforms to maintain romantic love relationships. To pursue this aim, the researcher employed a qualitative phenomenological research design with a sample of eight participants, consisting of young adults aged 18 to 35. The participants were obtained using purposive and snowball sampling. The data was collected via online interviews utilising in-depth interviews. The data from participants' interviews was categorised, transcribed, and analysed for themes using Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis. The researcher adhered to ethical principles throughout the research. The findings revealed that routine interactions, such as messaging and video calls, are essential in maintaining relational stability and intimacy. Moreover, social media enhances passion by facilitating the sharing of romantic content, which in turn builds anticipation for physical reunions. However, maintaining privacy and boundaries is essential, requiring mutual understanding and respect. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Behavioural & Lifestyle Sciences, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-12

Resilience and sustainable reintegration of female survivors of human trafficking in Harare, Zimbabwe

  • Authors: Kusemwa, Tapfumanei
  • Date: 2024-11
  • Subjects: Human trafficking victims -- Zimbabwe -- Harare , Psychic trauma -- Social aspects , Psychic trauma -- Law and legislation
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/29695 , vital:78872
  • Description: The study explored the resilience and sustainable reintegration of female survivors of human trafficking who were repatriated to into their original communities in Zimbabwe. To achieve its goals the study had three objectives and the goals were, a) explore the individual (intrinsic) factors that promote development of psychosocial long-term resilience traits among reintegrated female survivors of human trafficking; b) determine the available community level factors (including indigenous knowledge systems) that support and influence the successful sustainable reintegration of female survivors of human trafficking and, c) assess the extent to which predefined national level post traumatic support policies, action plans, and initiatives for survivors predict and promote sustainable resilience among reintegrated survivors. The exploration was guided by the Resilience Theory. This theory offers a useful lens through which the issue was studied within the qualitative research methodology. Semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and observations were used to collect data. Twenty (20) survivors of trafficking were interviewed in addition ro twenty (20) survivors if human trafficking were interviewed for the study and divided as follows: ten (10) relatives and or acquaintances of the victims at community level, and ten (10) key informants drawn from technical persons in government and other independent organisations working in the areas of human trafficking. The victims of human trafficking were selected using the information power model while the key informants were selected using purposive sampling. Data gathered were analysed using the thematic analysis. Findings from the study indicate that resilience is a process rather than a fixed attribute of a given person. Some individuals show resilience across a wide range of circumstances and outcomes; however, it cannot be assumed that the same features and circumstances can be protective and lead to resilience in light of all risks faced during human trafficking. To survive and be able to continue with their lives and in the end realise sustainable livelihoods, there are intrinsic or individual factors that promote the development of psychosocial long-term resilience among survivors of human trafficking. The study recommends that there is need for more improved legislation and government led efforts in helping the survivors. This can be achieved through the adoption of a Trafficking in Persons Case Management System proposed in this study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2025
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  • Date Issued: 2024-11

(In)security communities in Africa: small arms and light weapons norm compliance by the economic community of West African states

  • Authors: Pokoo, John Mark
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Uncatalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/467093 , vital:76814
  • Description: Access restricted. Expected release in 2026. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Humanities, Political and International Studies, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-10-11

A case study of GADRA’s community-engaged praxis for educational transformation

  • Authors: Msomi, Nqobile Nomonde
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Non-governmental organizations South Africa , Community psychology , Afrocentrism , Foucauldian discourse analysis , Education South Africa , Transformative learning South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464864 , vital:76552 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/464864
  • Description: Although South Africa has achieved considerable steps in development over the last thirty years, post-apartheid South Africa is characterised by widespread poverty, high unemployment and systemic inequality. According to the country’s National Planning Commission, education is central to achieving the overarching democratic goals of eliminating poverty and reducing inequality. This positions education as an important site for the liberation and well-being of our country’s majority. This case study takes a community psychology perspective on education; more specifically the education-development nexus wherein Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are centrally positioned. NGOs are contentiously positioned in the development discourse. Nonetheless, they have played a key role with regards to siding with the poor, the excluded, persistently marginalised and oppressed majority and to bringing about social justice, following South Africa’s colonial and apartheid histories, as well as in the current democratic dispensation. This study situates a local NGO, GADRA Education, within the country’s socio-political and educational landscape. Founded in the 1950s and located in Makhanda, it has been operating in the rural Eastern Cape province for more than sixty years. In the present-day, GADRA Education positions itself at the centre of a dense network of education institutions in Makhanda, including Rhodes University, and collaborates with a number of education stakeholders in the small city. The case study consisted of two consecutive phases: a Foucauldian discourse analysis of GADRA’s annual reports between 2012 and 2021, followed by individual narrative interviews with 13 organisational members. An Africa(n)-centred community psychology orientation, revealed counter-discourse to the national “crisis in education” discourse surrounding the NGO. The discourse of crisis produced the legitimation for GADRA Education’s continued existence, action and embeddedness in Makhanda. The discourse of transformation informed their modes of support across primary, secondary and higher education. The discourse of access and participation constructed the NGO as a bridge and link between phases of education. The discourse of collaborative partnerships enabled solidarity between state and non-state actors towards educational change. Finally, the discourse of development positioned development at a grassroots level. These constellations formed GADRA Education’s counter-discourse, which produced the Organisation’s apparatus of resistance, formulated as situated praxis. The 5 organisational members’ narratives revealed the apparatus’s impacts on the subjectivities of youth in Makhanda in engendering hope and driving educational change in the city. In contrast to conceptions of education NGOs who work in the public schooling sector making little progress in dismantling educational inequity, this study illustrates the techniques of resistance leveraged, in the context of collaborative partnerships, by the local NGO. These techniques have wider applicability for education-development practitioners concerned with transformative change in their educational locales. It illustrates the principles and modes by which NGOs can operate in solidarity with the persistently marginalised majority, and thus contribute to shaping our imagined educational futures. I argue that psychology is a useful site to think about justice. Critical psychological theory can enable a deeper understanding of practice that contributes to impactful community organisation, intervention and resistance in the country’s education sector. The operationalisation of the values and principles of community psychology can make important contributions at the nexus of theory and practice in working towards educational, and ultimately social, change. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-10-11

A conspiracy of silence: the authorial potential of full masks in performer training, dramaturgy and audience perception in South African visual theatre

  • Authors: Murray, Robert Ian
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Liezl de Kock , People with disabilities and the performing arts , Experimental theater South Africa , Actors Training of , Theater for deaf people South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/467083 , vital:76813 , DOI https://doi.org/10.21504/10962/467083
  • Description: Silent Mask Theatre in South Africa has the potential to cut across linguistic divides and deliver a product that offers an intimate, unique experience for the audience as well as the actor. South Africa not only has a complicated history, but also 11 languages (12 if one counts South African Sign Language – SASL -, which still holds a curious position of being counted official or not), and the one that theatre-makers choose to present in gives a certain “authority” to the production. Silent masks remove the need for linguistic understanding, something necessary for more abstract thought, and focusses instead on the emotional relevance and interplay between characters. In doing so, it proves an important way to create relevance for an audience, creating a delicate dance between the Mask (character and thereby text), how the actor plays it, and then the closing of meaning through the audience experience. Thus, is created a trialogue between these elements that gives the production the opportunity to speak to the hearts and minds of the audience. Globally, the study of silent character masks is still relatively new, with proponents of it only coming to the fore in the past few years (Wilsher, 2007). Mask Theatre has grown exponentially in the UK and Europe with companies like Vamos Theatre, exploring PTSD in works like A Brave Face (2018) or death in Dead Good (2021), and Familie Flöz either on the more whimsical side like Hotel Paradiso (2011) or the more hard-hitting Infinito (2006), gaining popularity and exposure. In South Africa, there is strangely not an indigenous tradition of masks, as opposed to other parts of Africa. This is fascinating, and probably points towards a more “oral tradition” of South Africa/Africa. However, the author aims to point out the ways that the silent mask entered South African consciousness at a time where more attention was being paid to “performing objects” (Proschan, 1985), and particularly in Cape Town with the advent of the Out the Box Festival. This thesis aims to contextualise Visual Theatre and Mask Theatre in a South African context, seeing within it a movement towards a more global perspective of puppetry, material performances, and performing objects. Although “ghettoised” for a long time (Taylor, 2004), performing objects emerged and became a leading case for the primal “text” of a performance. Handspring Puppet Company, Janni Younge, and the author’s company, FTH:K, became primary grounds of contestation against more conventional, text-based theatre. Starting with a reflective account of the author’s journey towards masks, the thesis branches out into a reflection on its author’s pedagogical praxis, and how silent masks work, before critically reflecting on and analysing his key works, such as Pictures of You (2008-2013), which deals with home invasions and grief, and Benchmarks (2011), which deals with the wave of xenophobia that hit South Africa around that time. . This were built from the ground up, working with current issues both in the author’s, and the country’s, mileau. In the last two decades, performing object work in South Africa has begun to flourish. This is the first thesis to investigate mask work in the country during this period. Its possibilities for Screen and Stage Acting are still being explored. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Humanities, Drama, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-10-11

A content analysis of the framing and representation of Black Lives Matter protests by South African mainstream media

  • Authors: Manyike, Lerato Gladys
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Black lives matter movement , Social movements South Africa , Race in mass media South Africa , Frames (Sociology) , Race discrimination South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465799 , vital:76654
  • Description: This study conducted a detailed analysis of 277 headlines using content analysis, focusing on how News24 portrays racial protests, particularly within the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. It explored News24's coverage of BLM protests from March to December 2020, uncovering various framing strategies and language nuances in news headlines. The research aimed to identify thematic frames, linguistic patterns, and overall media framing of BLM protests. The findings highlighted different framing strategies, including legitimising, conflict, and delegitimizing frames, along with the impact of descriptive language on audience perceptions. The study concluded that media framing is dynamic, responding to evolving events and public discourse, and provided recommendations for media transparency, diversity in newsrooms, media literacy, and ethical reporting. Future research suggestions include comparative analyses, audience reception studies, and policy impact assessments to deepen understanding and inform strategic interventions in media representations and public discourse on racial justice. Overall, the study contributes valuable insights into media framing practices and their impact on societal perceptions of racial justice issues. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-10-11

A decision support tool for equitable and sustainable water management in the Koue Bokkeveld

  • Authors: Tholanah, Rodney Simbarashe
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Water-supply Management Mathematical models , Multiagent systems , Discrete modelling , Software quality engineering , Verification and validation , Agriculture Mathematical models
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464344 , vital:76503
  • Description: Water is an important natural resource with multiple domestic and industrial uses. South Africa has a water scarcity problem, with domestic and industrial demand projected to increase due to population growth. One affected area is the Koue Bokkeveld (KBV), an agricultural catchment in the Western Cape. Water scarcity, especially in the summer, can cause conflicts among the farmers. This study sought to determine the extent to which Agent-Based (AB) modelling could be used to model the KBV catchment area and simulate future climate and usage scenarios. The study used the ComMod methodology as it allows stakeholders to be involved at each step of the modelling process, thus improving the model’s credibility as a decision-support tool (DST). The model was implemented using Cormas, an Agent-Based Model (ABM) implementation framework built with the Smalltalk language. The model was verified and validated through consultations with the catchment coordinator and through workshops with stakeholders. The ABM reflected the catchment characteristics. Farms known to have water shortages had water shortages in the ABM. However, there was one that did not have shortages, which is attributed to land use change. The ABM was used to run multiple simulation scenarios, and it provides simulation results at the crop field, farm and catchment levels, which allows the ABM to be used as a bottom-up DST. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Computer Science, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-10-11

A descriptive study of lead arm muscle activation patterns during cricket batting

  • Authors: McCarthy, Ryan Aidan
  • Date: 2024-10-11
  • Subjects: Cricket Batting , Muscle contraction , Elbow , Wrist , Forearm , Cricket players , School sports
  • Language: English
  • Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/464754 , vital:76542
  • Description: Introduction: Kinematic studies identify elbow extension and wrist flexion as key movements for bat swinging speed during cricket batting. Knowledge of lead arm muscle activation during cricket batting may provide a greater understanding of the mechanics leading to the generation of faster bat speed. Aim: The current investigation aimed to determine selected muscle activation of cricketer's lead arm, maximum bat swinging speed and angular separation of the pelvis and thorax in the transverse plane (known as the X-angle) during a distance-hitting batting protocol. Materials and Methods: 12 cricket players playing for a South African school 1st XI school team aged 16-19 years completed a distance-hitting batting protocol. Due to issues in data recording two participants' data was excluded leading to 10 participants being kept in the final analyses.Participants attempted to hit straight lofted drives while facing full-length deliveries at 80-100 km.h-1 from a bowling machine. Each participant faced 12-24 balls split into overs while lead arm muscle activation, bat speed, and angle of lead-elbow flexion were recorded. Each participant's elbow and wrist flexors and extensors were monitored by electromyography (EMG) units while they batted. The EMG units were placed on the wrist flexor and extensor origins and on Triceps and Biceps Brachii. Muscle activation for each muscle was recorded in millivolts (mv) and divided by the maximum measurement of voluntary muscle activation to determine the percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) during each shot. Percentage MVC for batting phases of backlift, downswing, contact and follow-through were averaged to compare average %MVC per muscle across all batters and obtain inter-participant variability. Lead arm elbow angle and the %MVC of the elbow and wrist muscles will be compared between successful and unsuccessful shots for analysis. Each participant's lead arm elbow angle was monitored in degrees of flexion by a goniometer placed across the anterior aspect of the elbow joint. Due to the data not having a normal distribution, non-parametric tests were used to establish the variance between dependent variables. To determine the effect of multiple groups on the independent variables a Kruskal-Wallis test for ANOVA was used. Where significant differences were identified, multiple pairwise comparisons were completed to determine where the differences occurred. Results: Successful Lofted straight drives (32 shots) were compared to unsuccessful shots (101 shots) across all participants. Participants and batting phase were found to be significantly different for lead arm elbow angle and muscle activation however shot type was not found to be significantly different. Meaning that lead arm elbow angle and muscle activation differ based on the participant observed or based on the batting phase observed. The backswing phase recorded a higher amount of elbow flexion (155.25°) for Lofted straight drive compared to unsuccessful shots (157.86°) and lower activation across all muscles for Lofted straight drive. The lofted straight drive had a higher amount of elbow flexion (129.52°) compared to unsuccessful shots (149.24°) for the downswing phase and muscle activation was similar with greater variation for unsuccessful shots. At contact Lofted straight drive had a higher amount of elbow flexion (153.44° v 160.13°), and higher activation in the Biceps brachii (34.61% v 28.41%) and Triceps brachii (51.07% v 43.02%). For the follow-through phase Lofted straight drives had a higher amount of elbow flexion (144.87° v 149.59°) and greater Forearm extensor activation (37.13% v 31.28%). There was a large variation across all phases (coefitient of variation between 8.79%-70.28%) with backswing having the least variation and contact having the greatest. Meaning that the backswing phase is fairly predictable for batters and the contact phase is highly variable. Conclusion: Muscle activation increased in the last few milliseconds before contact. The Forearm extensor had the greatest activation during the backswing and follow-through phases. During the downswing phase, Forearm flexors had the greatest activation and at contact, the Triceps brachii had the greatest activation. This study emphasizes the importance of forearm and elbow muscle for batting. Appropriate strengthening of the muscles could also help a batter execute a powerful lofted drive. Future studies with objective measures linked to batting success in prior studies can build on the importance of these findings for batter success. This study provides insight into individual batter techniques and identifies important topics for future research. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Human Kinetics and Ergonomics, 2024
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  • Date Issued: 2024-10-11
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