Prevalence and geo-mapping of livestock disease in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Phingilili, Wanga-Ungeviwa (https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7227-6813)
- Authors: Phingilili, Wanga-Ungeviwa (https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7227-6813)
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Parasitology , Veterinary medicine , Veterinary tropical medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20959 , vital:46865
- Description: Livestock disease poses a threat to the livestock production industry due to ban on the exportation of live animals and animal by-products. Information on disease surveillance and mapping of disease prevalence and distribution in the Eastern Cape is very scarce. Therefore, two objectives were set to determine the prevalence and distribution of livestock disease in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) through retrospective investigation. A retrospective data of animal diseases in the ECP from 2013-2018 was obtained from the veterinary unit of the Department of Rural and Agrarian Reform (DrDAR) database, decoded, analysed, and interpreted. The first objective was to determine the prevalence and seasonal distribution of viral and bacterial diseases in ECP from 2013-2018. The second objective was to conduct a spatio-temporal analysis of parasitic diseases of livestock in ECP from 2013-2018. Significant associations (P< 0.05) were found between local municipality, season, year, and livestock species. The highest prevalence of viral disease was found in the Lukhanji (29.4 percent) and Mbhashe (17.5 percent), while bacterial diseases were found in Nelson Mandela Bay (27.7 percent) and Raymond Mhlaba (34.9 percent) municipalities. Viral infections were more common in autumn (53.8 percent), while bacterial infections were more in spring (58. 5 percent). The highest proportions of bacterial and viral diseases were in caprine (97.2 percent) and bovine (41.4 percent) species. Odds of disease occurrence were highest in Intsika yethu local municipality (OR= 3.279; 95 percent CI= 0.043-263.6; P<0.05) in autumn (OR = 2.131; 95 percent CI= 0.815-5.569; P<0.05) and in bovine (OR= 58.825; 95 percent CI= 16.283-205.591; P<0.05). Internal parasites (75 percent) were the highest reported in the year 2015), whereas external parasites (38.1 percent), and fly parasites (30.4 percent) were mostly reported in the year 2016. The highest prevalence of fly parasites and internal parasites was found in autumn (87 percent) and spring (75 percent), respectively. The Local municipality with the highest prevalence was Amahlathi (fly parasites, 91.3 percent), Dr Beyers Naude (external 3 parasite, 43.6 percent), Intsika yethu (internal parasite, 75 percent), Makana (protozoa, 5.8 percent), Mbhashe (haemoparasite, 40 percent percent), Raymond Mhlaba municipality (haemoparasite, 12.5 percent), and Lukhanji (fly parasite, 8.7 percent). Parasitic diseases with the highest prevalence in the province between 2013 to 2018 were babesiosis, anaplasmosis, cowdriosis, Bovine malignant catarrhal fever, and sheep scab. Livestock diseases are prevalent and unevenly distributed in the Eastern Cape Province. The diseases were mostly diagnosed in autumn and spring. , Thesis (MSc) (Animal Production Science) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Phingilili, Wanga-Ungeviwa (https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7227-6813)
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Parasitology , Veterinary medicine , Veterinary tropical medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20959 , vital:46865
- Description: Livestock disease poses a threat to the livestock production industry due to ban on the exportation of live animals and animal by-products. Information on disease surveillance and mapping of disease prevalence and distribution in the Eastern Cape is very scarce. Therefore, two objectives were set to determine the prevalence and distribution of livestock disease in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) through retrospective investigation. A retrospective data of animal diseases in the ECP from 2013-2018 was obtained from the veterinary unit of the Department of Rural and Agrarian Reform (DrDAR) database, decoded, analysed, and interpreted. The first objective was to determine the prevalence and seasonal distribution of viral and bacterial diseases in ECP from 2013-2018. The second objective was to conduct a spatio-temporal analysis of parasitic diseases of livestock in ECP from 2013-2018. Significant associations (P< 0.05) were found between local municipality, season, year, and livestock species. The highest prevalence of viral disease was found in the Lukhanji (29.4 percent) and Mbhashe (17.5 percent), while bacterial diseases were found in Nelson Mandela Bay (27.7 percent) and Raymond Mhlaba (34.9 percent) municipalities. Viral infections were more common in autumn (53.8 percent), while bacterial infections were more in spring (58. 5 percent). The highest proportions of bacterial and viral diseases were in caprine (97.2 percent) and bovine (41.4 percent) species. Odds of disease occurrence were highest in Intsika yethu local municipality (OR= 3.279; 95 percent CI= 0.043-263.6; P<0.05) in autumn (OR = 2.131; 95 percent CI= 0.815-5.569; P<0.05) and in bovine (OR= 58.825; 95 percent CI= 16.283-205.591; P<0.05). Internal parasites (75 percent) were the highest reported in the year 2015), whereas external parasites (38.1 percent), and fly parasites (30.4 percent) were mostly reported in the year 2016. The highest prevalence of fly parasites and internal parasites was found in autumn (87 percent) and spring (75 percent), respectively. The Local municipality with the highest prevalence was Amahlathi (fly parasites, 91.3 percent), Dr Beyers Naude (external 3 parasite, 43.6 percent), Intsika yethu (internal parasite, 75 percent), Makana (protozoa, 5.8 percent), Mbhashe (haemoparasite, 40 percent percent), Raymond Mhlaba municipality (haemoparasite, 12.5 percent), and Lukhanji (fly parasite, 8.7 percent). Parasitic diseases with the highest prevalence in the province between 2013 to 2018 were babesiosis, anaplasmosis, cowdriosis, Bovine malignant catarrhal fever, and sheep scab. Livestock diseases are prevalent and unevenly distributed in the Eastern Cape Province. The diseases were mostly diagnosed in autumn and spring. , Thesis (MSc) (Animal Production Science) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
The adoption of the twin peaks model in the regulation of South African financial markets : a comparative analysis.
- Marange, Patience https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4405-2702
- Authors: Marange, Patience https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4405-2702
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Financial services industry , Financial services industry--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21278 , vital:48175
- Description: Over two decades ago, a number of countries have changed their financial regulatory models. The growing complexity of financial products, the increasing challenge of regulating large financial conglomerates, and the repercussions of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, amongst other factors, have made regulatory reform a key priority for many economies. A move towards the Twin Peaks model of financial regulation has been one of the trends in recent years. This model sees regulation split into two broad functions which are market conduct regulation and prudential regulation. South Africa adopted the Twin Peaks financial regulatory model in 2017 as a way of strengthening its financial regulatory model. By adopting the Twin Peaks model, South Africa has become the eighth and the first developing country to adopt the financial regulatory model. The adoption of the Twin Peaks financial regulatory model in South Africa was mainly inspired by the effects of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. This study undertakes a comparison of the Twin Peaks model structure in South Africa with the structure of its counterparts, which are Australia, United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In doing so, the study identifies the strengths and possible weaknesses of the model in South Africa. The study discusses the extent to which the South African Twin Peaks model reflects international experience. The study traces the evolution of the financial markets and its regulation. It also delves into the main models of the regulation of financial services industry including the Twin Peaks model, which is the focus of the study. The rationale of South Africa’s adoption of the Twin Peaks model is also considered. The Twin Peaks model was introduced in South Africa through the enactment of the Financial Sector Regulatory Act. This legislation reveals that South Africa has drawn increasingly on international experience, particularly the structural design and the cooperation and collaboration of the regulators. It also reveals similarities, notable differences as well as characteristics that might be regarded as unique to South Africa. The similarities reveal that the South African Twin Peaks greatly aligns with that of its counterparts. This is exemplified through the cooperation and coordination between the regulators and the relationship between the regulators and the government amongst others. The study explores insights and lessons to South Africa which can be learnt from its counterparts like the need for effective coordination amongst the Twin Peak regulators. Thereafter, the study puts forward recommendations for reform, which can enable the effective implementation of the Twin Peaks financial regulatory architecture. , Thesis (MA) (Laws) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Marange, Patience https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4405-2702
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Financial services industry , Financial services industry--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21278 , vital:48175
- Description: Over two decades ago, a number of countries have changed their financial regulatory models. The growing complexity of financial products, the increasing challenge of regulating large financial conglomerates, and the repercussions of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, amongst other factors, have made regulatory reform a key priority for many economies. A move towards the Twin Peaks model of financial regulation has been one of the trends in recent years. This model sees regulation split into two broad functions which are market conduct regulation and prudential regulation. South Africa adopted the Twin Peaks financial regulatory model in 2017 as a way of strengthening its financial regulatory model. By adopting the Twin Peaks model, South Africa has become the eighth and the first developing country to adopt the financial regulatory model. The adoption of the Twin Peaks financial regulatory model in South Africa was mainly inspired by the effects of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. This study undertakes a comparison of the Twin Peaks model structure in South Africa with the structure of its counterparts, which are Australia, United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In doing so, the study identifies the strengths and possible weaknesses of the model in South Africa. The study discusses the extent to which the South African Twin Peaks model reflects international experience. The study traces the evolution of the financial markets and its regulation. It also delves into the main models of the regulation of financial services industry including the Twin Peaks model, which is the focus of the study. The rationale of South Africa’s adoption of the Twin Peaks model is also considered. The Twin Peaks model was introduced in South Africa through the enactment of the Financial Sector Regulatory Act. This legislation reveals that South Africa has drawn increasingly on international experience, particularly the structural design and the cooperation and collaboration of the regulators. It also reveals similarities, notable differences as well as characteristics that might be regarded as unique to South Africa. The similarities reveal that the South African Twin Peaks greatly aligns with that of its counterparts. This is exemplified through the cooperation and coordination between the regulators and the relationship between the regulators and the government amongst others. The study explores insights and lessons to South Africa which can be learnt from its counterparts like the need for effective coordination amongst the Twin Peak regulators. Thereafter, the study puts forward recommendations for reform, which can enable the effective implementation of the Twin Peaks financial regulatory architecture. , Thesis (MA) (Laws) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
The effects of household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances and energy security among rural households in Mnquma Local Municipality
- Ntonjane, P https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-9031
- Authors: Ntonjane, P https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-9031
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Energy security , Sustainable development -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22655 , vital:52617
- Description: Energy security is critical to global economic development and agricultural activities. Electricity is one of the most beneficial types of energy for rural household livelihoods and smallholder producers in South Africa. This study aims to examine the effects of household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances and energy security among agricultural households in Mnquma Local Municipality. The study employed primary data obtained from 224 households using simple random sampling technique across three electrification stages. Descriptive statistics, and binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the household and the household agricultural income on the adoption of new electrical appliances and energy security across the three electrification stages. Descriptive statistics results indicated that non-electrified (67.1percent) and recently electrified (54.3percent) villages are dominated by female-headed households, while in electrified households there are more male head households (58.3percent). The results also show that among the households that have the highest total monthly income (greater than R15000), 34.5percent were electrified, 17.1 percent were recently electrified, and 4.3percent were non-electrified. The Binary logistic regression model's findings for the second objective revealed that household head factors such as age, monthly total household income, household size, and household agricultural income have significant effects on energy security. The study's findings revealed that household agricultural income has a significant impact at a 5 percent significant level on the adoption of electrical appliances. Binary logistic regression findings for the third objective revealed that on new electrical appliance adoption there was a significant effect of gender (at 5percent level), household size, energy security, and household agricultural income at a 1percent significance level. Binary logistic regression revealed that the coefficient of household size variable is positive and significant at a 1percent significant level on energy security and electrical appliance adoption. In this study, household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances has been found to be the most critical factor influencing the energy security status of households among the selected rural households in Mnquma Local Municipality. As a result, policies must be put in place to facilitate access to electrical appliances through electrification programs, invention of affordable electric appliances, encourage participation in agricultural production and agricultural market access, that will provide households with social benefits. To improve energy security, electrical appliances should be simple to use and aid in the transition from biomass to electricity. , Thesis (MAgric) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Ntonjane, P https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-9031
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Energy security , Sustainable development -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22655 , vital:52617
- Description: Energy security is critical to global economic development and agricultural activities. Electricity is one of the most beneficial types of energy for rural household livelihoods and smallholder producers in South Africa. This study aims to examine the effects of household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances and energy security among agricultural households in Mnquma Local Municipality. The study employed primary data obtained from 224 households using simple random sampling technique across three electrification stages. Descriptive statistics, and binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the household and the household agricultural income on the adoption of new electrical appliances and energy security across the three electrification stages. Descriptive statistics results indicated that non-electrified (67.1percent) and recently electrified (54.3percent) villages are dominated by female-headed households, while in electrified households there are more male head households (58.3percent). The results also show that among the households that have the highest total monthly income (greater than R15000), 34.5percent were electrified, 17.1 percent were recently electrified, and 4.3percent were non-electrified. The Binary logistic regression model's findings for the second objective revealed that household head factors such as age, monthly total household income, household size, and household agricultural income have significant effects on energy security. The study's findings revealed that household agricultural income has a significant impact at a 5 percent significant level on the adoption of electrical appliances. Binary logistic regression findings for the third objective revealed that on new electrical appliance adoption there was a significant effect of gender (at 5percent level), household size, energy security, and household agricultural income at a 1percent significance level. Binary logistic regression revealed that the coefficient of household size variable is positive and significant at a 1percent significant level on energy security and electrical appliance adoption. In this study, household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances has been found to be the most critical factor influencing the energy security status of households among the selected rural households in Mnquma Local Municipality. As a result, policies must be put in place to facilitate access to electrical appliances through electrification programs, invention of affordable electric appliances, encourage participation in agricultural production and agricultural market access, that will provide households with social benefits. To improve energy security, electrical appliances should be simple to use and aid in the transition from biomass to electricity. , Thesis (MAgric) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
The enforcement of code conduct in local government: the case of O R Tambo District.
- Authors: Tyali, Gcobani Sonwabile
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Public administration--Moral and ethical aspects , Civil service ethics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21300 , vital:48381
- Description: The post-apartheid transformative agenda for local government in South Africa (SA) was built on a system of new key performance areas for public employees. The problems of accountability and transparency in local government finance management, as well as good governance and the capacity building of those public officials designated to support local development, were among them. Over the years, the conduct of public officials has received more scrutiny in the media as well as in academic research. Ethics management therefore, has garnered more attention as well especially in the fight against corruption. The premise is that, if ethics management can be institutionalised public officials can become more effective and discharge their duties with respect for public resources. The imperative for the implementation of an ethical framework was also based on the need to ensure inclusive development which can be enhanced by ensuring accountability by local government functionaries. In this regard, the conduct of municipal functionaries and its regulation based on the code of conduct takes centre stage. The study contextualises ethics management and its efficacy with specific reference to the code of conduct and its role in the prevalence of unethical conduct. The results reveal glaring inconsistencies in the implementation of the code of conduct and a myriad of challenges rendering ethics management ineffective. , Thesis (MA) (Administration) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Tyali, Gcobani Sonwabile
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Public administration--Moral and ethical aspects , Civil service ethics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21300 , vital:48381
- Description: The post-apartheid transformative agenda for local government in South Africa (SA) was built on a system of new key performance areas for public employees. The problems of accountability and transparency in local government finance management, as well as good governance and the capacity building of those public officials designated to support local development, were among them. Over the years, the conduct of public officials has received more scrutiny in the media as well as in academic research. Ethics management therefore, has garnered more attention as well especially in the fight against corruption. The premise is that, if ethics management can be institutionalised public officials can become more effective and discharge their duties with respect for public resources. The imperative for the implementation of an ethical framework was also based on the need to ensure inclusive development which can be enhanced by ensuring accountability by local government functionaries. In this regard, the conduct of municipal functionaries and its regulation based on the code of conduct takes centre stage. The study contextualises ethics management and its efficacy with specific reference to the code of conduct and its role in the prevalence of unethical conduct. The results reveal glaring inconsistencies in the implementation of the code of conduct and a myriad of challenges rendering ethics management ineffective. , Thesis (MA) (Administration) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
The impact of financial inclusion on poverty: a case of selected SADC countries.
- Authors: Ndlovu, Nkazimulo Glitter
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Financial services industry , Poverty--Africa , Poverty
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21311 , vital:48393
- Description: Financial inclusion is widely regarded as another conduit through which poverty can be alleviated. However, both theoretical and empirical literature does not reach consensus on the effect of financial inclusion on poverty. Against this background, the study empirically examines the effect of financial inclusion on poverty in selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, which include (Botswana, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia). The author employs the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique for the period 1980 to 2019. Based on the Financial Intermediation Theory and the Social Justice Theory: Tunnel effect, 5 different models were estimated. Variables used to capture the different dimensions of financial inclusion include ATMs per 1000km and Bank Accounts per 1000 adults as well as Bank’s private Credit to GDP and Commercial Bank branches per 1000 adults’. The control variables used in the study are; GDP per Capita, Government Consumption, Inflation and Education. Empirical results revealed that financial inclusion reduces the level of poverty in the selected SADC states. The results also revealed that GDP per capita and government spending have a negative effect on poverty in the region. An interesting finding, even though not the major focus of the study was the effect of education. The results revealed that lower levels of education may exacerbate the level of poverty in the region. At the same time, tertiary education was found to have a negative and significant effect on poverty. The empirical results imply that policy makers should center their focus on reforms that will ensure that more people are financially included in the region. Also policies promoting high growth levels and acquisition of higher levels of education should be pursued. , Thesis (MCom) (Economics) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Ndlovu, Nkazimulo Glitter
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Financial services industry , Poverty--Africa , Poverty
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21311 , vital:48393
- Description: Financial inclusion is widely regarded as another conduit through which poverty can be alleviated. However, both theoretical and empirical literature does not reach consensus on the effect of financial inclusion on poverty. Against this background, the study empirically examines the effect of financial inclusion on poverty in selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, which include (Botswana, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia). The author employs the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique for the period 1980 to 2019. Based on the Financial Intermediation Theory and the Social Justice Theory: Tunnel effect, 5 different models were estimated. Variables used to capture the different dimensions of financial inclusion include ATMs per 1000km and Bank Accounts per 1000 adults as well as Bank’s private Credit to GDP and Commercial Bank branches per 1000 adults’. The control variables used in the study are; GDP per Capita, Government Consumption, Inflation and Education. Empirical results revealed that financial inclusion reduces the level of poverty in the selected SADC states. The results also revealed that GDP per capita and government spending have a negative effect on poverty in the region. An interesting finding, even though not the major focus of the study was the effect of education. The results revealed that lower levels of education may exacerbate the level of poverty in the region. At the same time, tertiary education was found to have a negative and significant effect on poverty. The empirical results imply that policy makers should center their focus on reforms that will ensure that more people are financially included in the region. Also policies promoting high growth levels and acquisition of higher levels of education should be pursued. , Thesis (MCom) (Economics) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
The investigation of groundwater potential zones in the Neotectonic area of Ntabankulu Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Nonkula, Zenande https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-7703
- Authors: Nonkula, Zenande https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-7703
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Groundwater , Water-supply , Neotectonics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22875 , vital:53068
- Description: Ntabankulu extends from latitude 30° 51' 09"S to 31° 09' 10" S and from longitude 29° 06' 51"E to 29° 23' 49"E in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Ntabankulu Local Municipality has 141 villages with 125 976 population size. About 36% of villages do not have water sources, 38% have partial functional water sources, 6% have non-functional water sources, and 20 % have reliable water sources, primarily rivers (Mnceba, Caba and Mzimvubu). Water is scarce in this area, especially in the dry season when perennial rivers and springs become dry. This research investigates groundwater potential zones and identifies suitable aquifers that can be developed to augment the water resources. The study involved: literature review, remote sensing, borehole and springs data, geological, petrographic and geophysical (gravity, magnetic and electrical resistivity) analyses. Each method has its purpose in finding the potential groundwater zones. Ntabankulu Local Municipality is located on the Karoo Supergroup in Ecca and Beaufort Group, Adelaide Subgroup and Balfour Formation. During field analysis, it was observed that this area consists of sandstone, shale and dolerite sills, dykes and complex rings. Fining up sequences, massive bedding, concretions, and spheroidal weathering were observed in sandstone, shale, and dolerite, respectively. Groundwater seepages are found within these structures. Sandstones are yellow due to the presence of limonite because of the continuous seepage. Red coloured laminated shale reflects that the rock has an iron oxidation state with hematite (Fe2O3) on the sediments. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) method was used to extract lineaments. Lineaments dominate Ntabankulu with an NW-SE direction. Some of the lineaments are due to Karoo igneous intrusions, and others are due to neotectonic activities. Ntabankulu is located on the eastern and northern neotectonic belts. Geological maps and lineament maps were compared; it was observed that sandstones and shales are found on high liinament density areas. High yielding boreholes and springs coincide with lineaments, and some lineaments are faults. Hence areas that have high lineaments density could be groundwater potential zones. There are geological structures (faults, joints, and fractures) that are present. Systematic and non-systematic joints are found on sandstones which are due to extensional stress. These joints have been reactivated and acted as strike-slip faults. All these geological structures increase the porosity and permeability of the rocks. It was observed that the area of Ntabankulu consists of coarse-grained and medium-grained sandstone with quartz and orthoclase minerals. Dolerite consists of labradorite, clinopyroxene, olivine, oxide minerals with twinning formed during cooling and magma crystallisation. The gravity and magnetic methods were used to study the subsurface rock density contrasts and susceptibilities, respectively. The gravity and magnetic maps were generated in Geosoft Oasis 8.3 software. High gravity zones coincide with some of the mapped Karoo intrusions. Unmapped dolerite intrusions, lineaments and faults were inferred. The magnetic method delineated the subsurface structures (lineaments and faults), which are known to control groundwater accumulation. These structures and inferred dolerite intrusions helped in identifying groundwater potential zones. Groundwater potential zones were inferred in sedimentary rocks between dolerite intrusions and areas where sills and dykes intersect. A total of six vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted at Mzalwaneni and Tabankulu town areas using the Schlumberger configuration array with a maximum penetration depth of about 25- 33 m. The VES data were modelled in Winresist and Surfer 9 software to obtain 1D models and geoelectric sections, respectively. These 1D models have three layers with response curves of H-type. The top layer is about 0.4 - 0.7 m thick, with resistivity values from 12.3 – 1885.9 Ωm and is topsoil (sand and clay). The second layer of thickness 5.2 – 13.3 m has low resistivity values from 23.1- 44.9 Ωm. This layer is interpreted to be fractured shales and sandstones possibly containing water. The third layer of high resistivity values of 145.9 – 727.4 Ωm is inferred to be sandstone. The simultaneous interpretation of resistivity and normalised chargeability revealed that groundwater potential zones are characterised by low resistivity values and low normalised chargeability values for layers from 0.7 - 13.3 m depth. The groundwatwer in the area of Ntabankulu can be found on unconfined aquifers. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Nonkula, Zenande https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-7703
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Groundwater , Water-supply , Neotectonics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22875 , vital:53068
- Description: Ntabankulu extends from latitude 30° 51' 09"S to 31° 09' 10" S and from longitude 29° 06' 51"E to 29° 23' 49"E in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Ntabankulu Local Municipality has 141 villages with 125 976 population size. About 36% of villages do not have water sources, 38% have partial functional water sources, 6% have non-functional water sources, and 20 % have reliable water sources, primarily rivers (Mnceba, Caba and Mzimvubu). Water is scarce in this area, especially in the dry season when perennial rivers and springs become dry. This research investigates groundwater potential zones and identifies suitable aquifers that can be developed to augment the water resources. The study involved: literature review, remote sensing, borehole and springs data, geological, petrographic and geophysical (gravity, magnetic and electrical resistivity) analyses. Each method has its purpose in finding the potential groundwater zones. Ntabankulu Local Municipality is located on the Karoo Supergroup in Ecca and Beaufort Group, Adelaide Subgroup and Balfour Formation. During field analysis, it was observed that this area consists of sandstone, shale and dolerite sills, dykes and complex rings. Fining up sequences, massive bedding, concretions, and spheroidal weathering were observed in sandstone, shale, and dolerite, respectively. Groundwater seepages are found within these structures. Sandstones are yellow due to the presence of limonite because of the continuous seepage. Red coloured laminated shale reflects that the rock has an iron oxidation state with hematite (Fe2O3) on the sediments. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) method was used to extract lineaments. Lineaments dominate Ntabankulu with an NW-SE direction. Some of the lineaments are due to Karoo igneous intrusions, and others are due to neotectonic activities. Ntabankulu is located on the eastern and northern neotectonic belts. Geological maps and lineament maps were compared; it was observed that sandstones and shales are found on high liinament density areas. High yielding boreholes and springs coincide with lineaments, and some lineaments are faults. Hence areas that have high lineaments density could be groundwater potential zones. There are geological structures (faults, joints, and fractures) that are present. Systematic and non-systematic joints are found on sandstones which are due to extensional stress. These joints have been reactivated and acted as strike-slip faults. All these geological structures increase the porosity and permeability of the rocks. It was observed that the area of Ntabankulu consists of coarse-grained and medium-grained sandstone with quartz and orthoclase minerals. Dolerite consists of labradorite, clinopyroxene, olivine, oxide minerals with twinning formed during cooling and magma crystallisation. The gravity and magnetic methods were used to study the subsurface rock density contrasts and susceptibilities, respectively. The gravity and magnetic maps were generated in Geosoft Oasis 8.3 software. High gravity zones coincide with some of the mapped Karoo intrusions. Unmapped dolerite intrusions, lineaments and faults were inferred. The magnetic method delineated the subsurface structures (lineaments and faults), which are known to control groundwater accumulation. These structures and inferred dolerite intrusions helped in identifying groundwater potential zones. Groundwater potential zones were inferred in sedimentary rocks between dolerite intrusions and areas where sills and dykes intersect. A total of six vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted at Mzalwaneni and Tabankulu town areas using the Schlumberger configuration array with a maximum penetration depth of about 25- 33 m. The VES data were modelled in Winresist and Surfer 9 software to obtain 1D models and geoelectric sections, respectively. These 1D models have three layers with response curves of H-type. The top layer is about 0.4 - 0.7 m thick, with resistivity values from 12.3 – 1885.9 Ωm and is topsoil (sand and clay). The second layer of thickness 5.2 – 13.3 m has low resistivity values from 23.1- 44.9 Ωm. This layer is interpreted to be fractured shales and sandstones possibly containing water. The third layer of high resistivity values of 145.9 – 727.4 Ωm is inferred to be sandstone. The simultaneous interpretation of resistivity and normalised chargeability revealed that groundwater potential zones are characterised by low resistivity values and low normalised chargeability values for layers from 0.7 - 13.3 m depth. The groundwatwer in the area of Ntabankulu can be found on unconfined aquifers. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
Vulnerability assessment of wetland ecosystems to water demand, climate variability and land-use/cover change: The case of Die Vlei wetland, Eastern Cape province, South Africa
- Gwena, Kudzanai Rosebud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-8937
- Authors: Gwena, Kudzanai Rosebud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-8937
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Water-supply , Climate change mitigation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22688 , vital:52656
- Description: Water scarcity is a major challenge in many different countries, particularly arid and or semi-arid like South Africa. Wetlands are one of the freshwater ecosystems that may assist in alleviating water scarcity because they are valuable not only as a water source for humans but also as an ecosystem of animals and plant species. However, wetlands have been experiencing rapid rates of vulnerability/risk due to alterations by population growth leading to enhanced water demand, climate variability, and human activities leading to land cover/land-use changes. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are less financially taxing methods useful in studying water scarcity, as shown in this study. The study begins with a literature review presentation based on a desk study from predominantly academic publications and additional municipal and consultancy reports on the wetland ecosystem’s vulnerability/risk and focuses on applying GIS & RS in related studies. After that, the study conducts a vulnerability assessment using the Ramsar Convention’s wetland vulnerability assessment using the theoretical framework stages using GIS and RS technologies. The study hypothesizes that water demand, climate variability, and land-use/cover changes (LULC) are the tri-factor responsible for wetland vulnerability. It begins the assessment by first quantifying wetland water demand using the wetland water budget, ecosystem services and the Penman-Montheith-FAO (ETo) evapotranspiration index. Secondly, objectively representing climate variability on wetland vulnerability using trend analysis to measure rainfall and temperature variability. Thirdly, reconstructing LULC changes from multi-date remotely sensed SPOT imagery over ten years from 2007 to 2017 to identify and monitor impacts of trends. The vulnerability was assessed through a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) that identified relevant variables and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) to evaluate the wetland’s exposure. The study concludes that there is evidence of a possible increase in water demand whilst climate variability, which is estimated to have a 39% contribution to the wetland dynamics, is characterised by a decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperatures. Lastly, LULC trends showed a marked increase in domestic and commercial farming, and farming has been identified as a wetland stressor of note. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09
- Authors: Gwena, Kudzanai Rosebud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-8937
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Water-supply , Climate change mitigation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22688 , vital:52656
- Description: Water scarcity is a major challenge in many different countries, particularly arid and or semi-arid like South Africa. Wetlands are one of the freshwater ecosystems that may assist in alleviating water scarcity because they are valuable not only as a water source for humans but also as an ecosystem of animals and plant species. However, wetlands have been experiencing rapid rates of vulnerability/risk due to alterations by population growth leading to enhanced water demand, climate variability, and human activities leading to land cover/land-use changes. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are less financially taxing methods useful in studying water scarcity, as shown in this study. The study begins with a literature review presentation based on a desk study from predominantly academic publications and additional municipal and consultancy reports on the wetland ecosystem’s vulnerability/risk and focuses on applying GIS & RS in related studies. After that, the study conducts a vulnerability assessment using the Ramsar Convention’s wetland vulnerability assessment using the theoretical framework stages using GIS and RS technologies. The study hypothesizes that water demand, climate variability, and land-use/cover changes (LULC) are the tri-factor responsible for wetland vulnerability. It begins the assessment by first quantifying wetland water demand using the wetland water budget, ecosystem services and the Penman-Montheith-FAO (ETo) evapotranspiration index. Secondly, objectively representing climate variability on wetland vulnerability using trend analysis to measure rainfall and temperature variability. Thirdly, reconstructing LULC changes from multi-date remotely sensed SPOT imagery over ten years from 2007 to 2017 to identify and monitor impacts of trends. The vulnerability was assessed through a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) that identified relevant variables and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) to evaluate the wetland’s exposure. The study concludes that there is evidence of a possible increase in water demand whilst climate variability, which is estimated to have a 39% contribution to the wetland dynamics, is characterised by a decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperatures. Lastly, LULC trends showed a marked increase in domestic and commercial farming, and farming has been identified as a wetland stressor of note. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-09