Roads and their effects in fynbos of the south-eastern Cape: implications for conservation and management of road verge vegetation
- Authors: Grobler, Barend Adriaan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Plant ecology -- South Africa , Ecology -- South Africa Ecology -- Research -- South Africa Conservation biology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30105 , vital:30825
- Description: Roads are some of the most conspicuous and pervasive conduits of human influence in modern landscapes. Over the past three decades, there has been a growing interest in the ecological effects of roads. These effects are numerous and generally deleterious, but much of our current knowledge on the matter stems from research conducted in North America, Britain, and Europe, where the focus has been on animal components of ecosystems. There is, however, a need for a plant dimension in road ecology, especially in those areas where plant biodiversity, and threats to this biodiversity, are concentrated. The research presented in this thesis aimed to further our understanding of road effects on the plant component of fynbos ecosystems in the megadiverse Cape Floristic Region (CFR). The exceptional plant diversity of the Cape and the presence of an extensive road network in the region present an ideal system for studying the interactions of roads and plants. Road verges have been emphasised as valuable habitats for plants. However, to assess the viability of road verges as habitats for fynbos plants, we first need to understand how these communities are influenced by the disturbances that exist in these environments. To this end, I investigated fynbos plant communities along roads and showed that road-mediated changes in the soil environment can bring about subtle changes in their composition while key components of the communities persist in road verges. Even though fynbos community patterns remain intact in road verges, the ecological processes that facilitate the persistence of plant species may be disrupted in these environments. As such, I studied the pollination of an ornithophilous plant in road verges and fynbos fragments of a highly transformed landscape. Here, landscape context was an important determining factor in the visitation rate of birds to plants in verges, with those occurring next to transformed land experiencing reduced visitation rates. Furthermore, I studied the pollination and fecundity of a highly threatened entomophilous plant and showed that, while there were no impacts on reproductive output of plants, road effects bolstered the reproductive growth of plants near the road. ii Finally, I implement the road-effect distances identified in the above studies to estimate the proportion of extant fynbos vegetation that may be impacted by roads. While the proportion of vegetation affected by roads is small, a substantial proportion is in close proximity to roads, potentially rendering large areas vulnerable to road-mediated human impacts. I further highlight the fact that several plant species of conservation concern in the Cape are affected by roads, and that many of these constitute a significant proportion of South Africa’s threatened flora. A case study from the N2 national road in the south-eastern Cape, where vegetation in road verges is in a better condition than that of adjacent, demonstrates the potential conservation value of road verges for fynbos vegetation in the region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Grobler, Barend Adriaan
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Plant ecology -- South Africa , Ecology -- South Africa Ecology -- Research -- South Africa Conservation biology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/30105 , vital:30825
- Description: Roads are some of the most conspicuous and pervasive conduits of human influence in modern landscapes. Over the past three decades, there has been a growing interest in the ecological effects of roads. These effects are numerous and generally deleterious, but much of our current knowledge on the matter stems from research conducted in North America, Britain, and Europe, where the focus has been on animal components of ecosystems. There is, however, a need for a plant dimension in road ecology, especially in those areas where plant biodiversity, and threats to this biodiversity, are concentrated. The research presented in this thesis aimed to further our understanding of road effects on the plant component of fynbos ecosystems in the megadiverse Cape Floristic Region (CFR). The exceptional plant diversity of the Cape and the presence of an extensive road network in the region present an ideal system for studying the interactions of roads and plants. Road verges have been emphasised as valuable habitats for plants. However, to assess the viability of road verges as habitats for fynbos plants, we first need to understand how these communities are influenced by the disturbances that exist in these environments. To this end, I investigated fynbos plant communities along roads and showed that road-mediated changes in the soil environment can bring about subtle changes in their composition while key components of the communities persist in road verges. Even though fynbos community patterns remain intact in road verges, the ecological processes that facilitate the persistence of plant species may be disrupted in these environments. As such, I studied the pollination of an ornithophilous plant in road verges and fynbos fragments of a highly transformed landscape. Here, landscape context was an important determining factor in the visitation rate of birds to plants in verges, with those occurring next to transformed land experiencing reduced visitation rates. Furthermore, I studied the pollination and fecundity of a highly threatened entomophilous plant and showed that, while there were no impacts on reproductive output of plants, road effects bolstered the reproductive growth of plants near the road. ii Finally, I implement the road-effect distances identified in the above studies to estimate the proportion of extant fynbos vegetation that may be impacted by roads. While the proportion of vegetation affected by roads is small, a substantial proportion is in close proximity to roads, potentially rendering large areas vulnerable to road-mediated human impacts. I further highlight the fact that several plant species of conservation concern in the Cape are affected by roads, and that many of these constitute a significant proportion of South Africa’s threatened flora. A case study from the N2 national road in the south-eastern Cape, where vegetation in road verges is in a better condition than that of adjacent, demonstrates the potential conservation value of road verges for fynbos vegetation in the region.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
An evaluation of the local economic development strategy: the case of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality
- Authors: Pillay, Sareesha
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Local Economic Development (Programme) , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic policy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: vital:8207 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1160 , Local Economic Development (Programme) , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic policy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The central objective of the research study was to evaluate the 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy, with reference to the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). The Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy for the NMBM was developed in 2004 in relation to the need for Local Economic Development. The need for Local Economic Development (LED) has been mandated by the national government of South Africa as prescribed in the direction toward developmental local government post - 2000. The National Framework for Local Economic Development in South Africa serves as a strategic implementation guide for municipalities. The National Framework for Local Economic Development provides a supportive foundation to assist municipalities such as the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in improving its economic development through concentrations on suggested actions. Through support for municipal Local Economic Development strategies, the objective of Local Economic Development was to offer local government, private sectors, non - profit organisations and local communities the opportunity to work together to improve the local economy. The aim has thus been to enhance competitiveness and encourage inclusive sustainable growth. The 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality includes its strategic approach to promote sustainable growth within its specified municipal environment. Formulation of the strategy includes descriptions of sector strategies as a mechanism to promote transformation and improved economic development in a sustainable manner. Content Analysis and the case study methods were utilised to evaluate the 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy in the undertaking of the research study as a way of examining the formulation of the Local Economic Development strategy of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, in order to determine v the shortcomings in Local Economic Development as brought about by ineffective policy formulation process. Discourse Analysis was also used to understand the policy foundations as influenced by the previous apartheid regime and its accompanied injustices on the citizens of South Africa. The brief descriptions of major economic developments and sector strategies for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality shows the detachment of policy content from clear strategic action plans has depicted an incongruence in efficiency and sustainable development. This has placed developmental policy formulation under scrutinisation and evaluation. The findings indicate that there is a need for revision and/ or reformulation of the current 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in promotion of effective sustainable development and an improved local economy. The impact of a failure to revise and rework the strategy has detrimental effects on the promotion of an effective and efficient economy in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. Therefore, the lack of detail within the 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy must be tackled by policy formulators to ensure economic growth and an alignment with the objectives as contained in the national mandate for economic development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Pillay, Sareesha
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Local Economic Development (Programme) , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic policy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: vital:8207 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1160 , Local Economic Development (Programme) , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic policy -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The central objective of the research study was to evaluate the 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy, with reference to the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). The Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy for the NMBM was developed in 2004 in relation to the need for Local Economic Development. The need for Local Economic Development (LED) has been mandated by the national government of South Africa as prescribed in the direction toward developmental local government post - 2000. The National Framework for Local Economic Development in South Africa serves as a strategic implementation guide for municipalities. The National Framework for Local Economic Development provides a supportive foundation to assist municipalities such as the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in improving its economic development through concentrations on suggested actions. Through support for municipal Local Economic Development strategies, the objective of Local Economic Development was to offer local government, private sectors, non - profit organisations and local communities the opportunity to work together to improve the local economy. The aim has thus been to enhance competitiveness and encourage inclusive sustainable growth. The 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality includes its strategic approach to promote sustainable growth within its specified municipal environment. Formulation of the strategy includes descriptions of sector strategies as a mechanism to promote transformation and improved economic development in a sustainable manner. Content Analysis and the case study methods were utilised to evaluate the 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy in the undertaking of the research study as a way of examining the formulation of the Local Economic Development strategy of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, in order to determine v the shortcomings in Local Economic Development as brought about by ineffective policy formulation process. Discourse Analysis was also used to understand the policy foundations as influenced by the previous apartheid regime and its accompanied injustices on the citizens of South Africa. The brief descriptions of major economic developments and sector strategies for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality shows the detachment of policy content from clear strategic action plans has depicted an incongruence in efficiency and sustainable development. This has placed developmental policy formulation under scrutinisation and evaluation. The findings indicate that there is a need for revision and/ or reformulation of the current 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in promotion of effective sustainable development and an improved local economy. The impact of a failure to revise and rework the strategy has detrimental effects on the promotion of an effective and efficient economy in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. Therefore, the lack of detail within the 2020 Citywide Economic Growth and Development strategy must be tackled by policy formulators to ensure economic growth and an alignment with the objectives as contained in the national mandate for economic development.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
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