An analysis of how smart ships are going to impact the manning costs of merchant ships by 2028
- Authors: Ramonyaluoe, Tshepo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Shipping
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43024 , vital:36725
- Description: The maritime shipping industry is one of the most important industries in global logistics and economics. It facilitates international trade of goods and other commodities, whilst also supporting other sectors like tourism and the oil and gas industry. Despite technological breakthroughs over the years, the maritime shipping industry has not undergone any huge and fundamental changes in the way it conducts business. This is about to drastically change with the advent of the fourth industrial revolution. For the past two decades, the industry has been battling escalating operating costs due to challenges pertaining to diminishing skilled labour, increasing fuel costs and growing environmental concerns. These challenges are fast approaching crisis levels and a solution appears to be on the horizon in the form of smart ships; autonomous and remotely controlled ships that fully embrace the benefits of artificial intelligence, robotics and automation. The main purpose of this research is to determine how smart ships are going to affect the costs of manning a merchant ship by 2028. The study analyses the voyage cost structure of merchant's vessels, and looks at how smart ships are going to impact the costs of crewing a ship. This is a qualitative study that employed futures methodology called Environmental Scanning. This paper has led to conclusions and recommendations that should enable maritime shipping companies and agents to develop strategies that yield increased competitiveness in the age of smart technologies and big data.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Ramonyaluoe, Tshepo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Shipping
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43024 , vital:36725
- Description: The maritime shipping industry is one of the most important industries in global logistics and economics. It facilitates international trade of goods and other commodities, whilst also supporting other sectors like tourism and the oil and gas industry. Despite technological breakthroughs over the years, the maritime shipping industry has not undergone any huge and fundamental changes in the way it conducts business. This is about to drastically change with the advent of the fourth industrial revolution. For the past two decades, the industry has been battling escalating operating costs due to challenges pertaining to diminishing skilled labour, increasing fuel costs and growing environmental concerns. These challenges are fast approaching crisis levels and a solution appears to be on the horizon in the form of smart ships; autonomous and remotely controlled ships that fully embrace the benefits of artificial intelligence, robotics and automation. The main purpose of this research is to determine how smart ships are going to affect the costs of manning a merchant ship by 2028. The study analyses the voyage cost structure of merchant's vessels, and looks at how smart ships are going to impact the costs of crewing a ship. This is a qualitative study that employed futures methodology called Environmental Scanning. This paper has led to conclusions and recommendations that should enable maritime shipping companies and agents to develop strategies that yield increased competitiveness in the age of smart technologies and big data.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Mechanisms for implementing affirmative action
- Authors: Nongogo, Nqabisa Thandazile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Affirmative action programs -- South Africa , Minorities -- Employment -- South Africa , Affirmative action programs -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33475 , vital:32878
- Description: The aim of this study was to analyse the effective implementation of affirmative action. In South Africa. Affirmative action is seen as a means of correcting historical injustices and levelling the playing fields to enable all South Africans to gain equal access to opportunities from which they were previously restricted. This study observed that even though South Africa is now governed by a new democratic order historical workplace inequalities exists which still need to be addressed. Further it was noted that not only compelled to redress inequalities by the Constitution, the South African government was motivated by the ILO to enact laws that would prohibit discrimination and promote the economic advancement of the majority. Therefore, in an effort to narrow the gap between previously advantaged and disadvantaged individuals, the government passed a series of employment laws mandating, amongst other things, affirmative action. By doing so the South African government sought to ensure that all employers are compelled to take positive steps to redress disadvantage and inequality. Be that as it may, the study revealed that affirmative action is theoretically justifiable and has an important role in the achievement of equal opportunities and equality of outcome but in practice, various problems exist. Generally, the study reveals that notwithstanding the legislative framework of affirmative action in South Africa, inequalities continues to exist in employment, a clear signal of inadequate implementation of affirmative action. The study reveals that black people, women and unable persons are identified as primary victims of workplace inequalities. Continuity of work inequalities are statistically portrayed graphically in this year’s (2017) Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) conducted and published by Statistics South Africa on the Economically Active Population (EAP) still indicates no confidence to implementation of affirmative action measures nationwide. Reviews of implementation of affirmative action, recruitment strategies, retrenchment plans are strongly proposed to combat controversies and challenges surrounding the implementation of affirmative action. A sunset clause is highly recommended to projectize affirmative action. Similarly, with determined advocacy for affirmative action, the study anticipates progressive equality and sustainable justice in South African employment in the immediate future. Chapter five of this study recommends remedial measures to address the challenges and impediments for effective implementation of affirmative action.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Nongogo, Nqabisa Thandazile
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Affirmative action programs -- South Africa , Minorities -- Employment -- South Africa , Affirmative action programs -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/33475 , vital:32878
- Description: The aim of this study was to analyse the effective implementation of affirmative action. In South Africa. Affirmative action is seen as a means of correcting historical injustices and levelling the playing fields to enable all South Africans to gain equal access to opportunities from which they were previously restricted. This study observed that even though South Africa is now governed by a new democratic order historical workplace inequalities exists which still need to be addressed. Further it was noted that not only compelled to redress inequalities by the Constitution, the South African government was motivated by the ILO to enact laws that would prohibit discrimination and promote the economic advancement of the majority. Therefore, in an effort to narrow the gap between previously advantaged and disadvantaged individuals, the government passed a series of employment laws mandating, amongst other things, affirmative action. By doing so the South African government sought to ensure that all employers are compelled to take positive steps to redress disadvantage and inequality. Be that as it may, the study revealed that affirmative action is theoretically justifiable and has an important role in the achievement of equal opportunities and equality of outcome but in practice, various problems exist. Generally, the study reveals that notwithstanding the legislative framework of affirmative action in South Africa, inequalities continues to exist in employment, a clear signal of inadequate implementation of affirmative action. The study reveals that black people, women and unable persons are identified as primary victims of workplace inequalities. Continuity of work inequalities are statistically portrayed graphically in this year’s (2017) Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) conducted and published by Statistics South Africa on the Economically Active Population (EAP) still indicates no confidence to implementation of affirmative action measures nationwide. Reviews of implementation of affirmative action, recruitment strategies, retrenchment plans are strongly proposed to combat controversies and challenges surrounding the implementation of affirmative action. A sunset clause is highly recommended to projectize affirmative action. Similarly, with determined advocacy for affirmative action, the study anticipates progressive equality and sustainable justice in South African employment in the immediate future. Chapter five of this study recommends remedial measures to address the challenges and impediments for effective implementation of affirmative action.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
The management of chacma baboons and humans in a peri-urban environment: a case study from Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University's George Campus
- Authors: Botes, Peet
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Human-animal relationships , Animal behavior , Human beings , Bestiality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5135 , vital:20812
- Description: Conflicts between humans and baboons (Papio ursinus) have become a significant management challenge on Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University’s (NMMUs) George Campus, which is located in peri-urban George in the Garden Route, of the Western Cape of South Africa. Current management policy, although required to be ‘scientifically’ based, largely relies on studies done outside the Garden Route. This study addresses the question of how the management of human-baboon relations could be improved on the campus. A case study was undertaken which aimed at addressing the cohabitation of baboons and humans on the NMMU campus, specifically human-baboon resource selection and interaction. The research methodology and the related analytical tools were primarily quantitative but were supplemented by some qualitative data drawn from interviews. Data collected was used to determine landscape features acting as Keystone Resource Areas (KRAs) for both humans and baboons on the campus. Relationships between the frequency and location of negative interactions, and resident-baboon distribution on the campus were also determined. Two key findings emerged from the research. First, residences, non-residence buildings and waste disposal stations act as KRAs for both humans and baboons. Second, the frequency of negative interaction correlates with the time spent by residents and baboons at residences, where common negative interactions between baboons and humans are known to occur. It is postulated that cohabitation on the NMMU George Campus is causing the habituation of baboons, a loss of fear of humans and association of humans with high energy foods. As a result, present cohabitation contributes to negative human-baboon relations in the George area. To ensure sustainable co-existence between humans and baboons on the George Campus, management should implement zonation and wildlife monitoring to reverse the loss of baboon fear of humans and better limit the availability of human-derived foods. In addition, management should consider giving stakeholders co-management roles to foster and facilitate knowledge and responsibility partnerships, and subsequently correct any misunderstandings related to human-baboon relations on the campus. Recommendations for further research include sampling beyond campus boundaries to compensate for regional variations in baboon behaviour and the biophysical environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Botes, Peet
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Human-animal relationships , Animal behavior , Human beings , Bestiality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5135 , vital:20812
- Description: Conflicts between humans and baboons (Papio ursinus) have become a significant management challenge on Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University’s (NMMUs) George Campus, which is located in peri-urban George in the Garden Route, of the Western Cape of South Africa. Current management policy, although required to be ‘scientifically’ based, largely relies on studies done outside the Garden Route. This study addresses the question of how the management of human-baboon relations could be improved on the campus. A case study was undertaken which aimed at addressing the cohabitation of baboons and humans on the NMMU campus, specifically human-baboon resource selection and interaction. The research methodology and the related analytical tools were primarily quantitative but were supplemented by some qualitative data drawn from interviews. Data collected was used to determine landscape features acting as Keystone Resource Areas (KRAs) for both humans and baboons on the campus. Relationships between the frequency and location of negative interactions, and resident-baboon distribution on the campus were also determined. Two key findings emerged from the research. First, residences, non-residence buildings and waste disposal stations act as KRAs for both humans and baboons. Second, the frequency of negative interaction correlates with the time spent by residents and baboons at residences, where common negative interactions between baboons and humans are known to occur. It is postulated that cohabitation on the NMMU George Campus is causing the habituation of baboons, a loss of fear of humans and association of humans with high energy foods. As a result, present cohabitation contributes to negative human-baboon relations in the George area. To ensure sustainable co-existence between humans and baboons on the George Campus, management should implement zonation and wildlife monitoring to reverse the loss of baboon fear of humans and better limit the availability of human-derived foods. In addition, management should consider giving stakeholders co-management roles to foster and facilitate knowledge and responsibility partnerships, and subsequently correct any misunderstandings related to human-baboon relations on the campus. Recommendations for further research include sampling beyond campus boundaries to compensate for regional variations in baboon behaviour and the biophysical environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
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