Prioritisation of spaces and services in on-campus student housing facilities in southern Ghana universities
- Authors: Simpeh, Fredrick
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Student housing -- Ghana , College students -- Housing -- Ghana Student housing , Facility management -- Ghana Building management -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35637 , vital:33769
- Description: Student housing facilities (SHFs) are an integral part of universities’ physical facilities. Therefore, the management of SHF should be seen as part of broader university facility management. Moreover, it can be argued that by understanding the requirements of occupants, facility managers would be able to effectively prioritise the spaces and services required in the SHFs. However, studies from many parts of the world, including Ghana, show that users’ requirements and expectations are not duly incorporated into the management process of university building facilities. As a result, users’, in this case students requirements are not well prioritised by facility managers. Thus, the facility departments are unable to adequately provide and deliver SHF spaces and services to meet students’ requirements. With this in mind, this research aimed to develop a prioritisation and a standard SHF frameworks to enhance the provisioning and management of the on-campus SHF spaces and services at southern Ghana universities. The overarching research methodology was subjective. The qualitative method was adopted for the study. The research was conducted within the southern part of Ghana and limited to five universities. A total of ten focus group discussions were carried out in the five universities. Other sources of primary data were interviews and site visit. The study found that washrooms (toilet and bath), sleeping spaces, kitchens, study areas, libraries, sick bays, computer labs, bookshops, drying areas and discussion rooms as well as electricity, water, security, internet, cleaning services, maintenance services, generators, ventilation (fans), health services, library services, electric sockets, study furniture, refuse collection, pest control and fire extinguishers are extremely important spaces and services that students expect to have in a SHF. Furthermore, it was found that only 3 spaces out of the 10 rated as extremely important were rated as basic, whilst 10 out of the 15 services rated as extremely important received a basic priority rating. However, the study also found that some of these extremely important spaces and services such as study areas, computer labs, kitchens and internet were not provided in some SHFs. The study also revealed that students were generally not satisfied with some of the spaces and services that were provided in the SHFs; dissatisfaction was expressed with: the infrequent water supply; the poor condition of washrooms, i.e. bath and toilet facilities; the lack of study areas and also the condition, adequacy and availability of chairs and tables in the study rooms; the slow response of maintenance departments; the poor standard/quality of cleaning and availability of cleaners; the lack of adequate kitchens and the lack of stable internet connectivity. The study has achieved its aim by developing a prioritisation framework as well as an ideal SHF framework to enhance the provision and management of the on-campus SHF spaces and services at southern Ghana universities. It is recommended that SHFs which do not meet average students’ expected standards should be upgraded to meet such standards. The frameworks developed in the study could be used by facility managers or departments as a guide for effective on-campus SHF management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Simpeh, Fredrick
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Student housing -- Ghana , College students -- Housing -- Ghana Student housing , Facility management -- Ghana Building management -- Ghana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/35637 , vital:33769
- Description: Student housing facilities (SHFs) are an integral part of universities’ physical facilities. Therefore, the management of SHF should be seen as part of broader university facility management. Moreover, it can be argued that by understanding the requirements of occupants, facility managers would be able to effectively prioritise the spaces and services required in the SHFs. However, studies from many parts of the world, including Ghana, show that users’ requirements and expectations are not duly incorporated into the management process of university building facilities. As a result, users’, in this case students requirements are not well prioritised by facility managers. Thus, the facility departments are unable to adequately provide and deliver SHF spaces and services to meet students’ requirements. With this in mind, this research aimed to develop a prioritisation and a standard SHF frameworks to enhance the provisioning and management of the on-campus SHF spaces and services at southern Ghana universities. The overarching research methodology was subjective. The qualitative method was adopted for the study. The research was conducted within the southern part of Ghana and limited to five universities. A total of ten focus group discussions were carried out in the five universities. Other sources of primary data were interviews and site visit. The study found that washrooms (toilet and bath), sleeping spaces, kitchens, study areas, libraries, sick bays, computer labs, bookshops, drying areas and discussion rooms as well as electricity, water, security, internet, cleaning services, maintenance services, generators, ventilation (fans), health services, library services, electric sockets, study furniture, refuse collection, pest control and fire extinguishers are extremely important spaces and services that students expect to have in a SHF. Furthermore, it was found that only 3 spaces out of the 10 rated as extremely important were rated as basic, whilst 10 out of the 15 services rated as extremely important received a basic priority rating. However, the study also found that some of these extremely important spaces and services such as study areas, computer labs, kitchens and internet were not provided in some SHFs. The study also revealed that students were generally not satisfied with some of the spaces and services that were provided in the SHFs; dissatisfaction was expressed with: the infrequent water supply; the poor condition of washrooms, i.e. bath and toilet facilities; the lack of study areas and also the condition, adequacy and availability of chairs and tables in the study rooms; the slow response of maintenance departments; the poor standard/quality of cleaning and availability of cleaners; the lack of adequate kitchens and the lack of stable internet connectivity. The study has achieved its aim by developing a prioritisation framework as well as an ideal SHF framework to enhance the provision and management of the on-campus SHF spaces and services at southern Ghana universities. It is recommended that SHFs which do not meet average students’ expected standards should be upgraded to meet such standards. The frameworks developed in the study could be used by facility managers or departments as a guide for effective on-campus SHF management.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
A framework to evaluate user experience of end user application security features
- Authors: Shava, Fungai Bhunu
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: User interfaces (Computer systems) -- Design Web sites -- Design
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12951 , vital:27137
- Description: The use of technology in society moved from satisfying the technical needs of users to giving a lasting user experience while interacting with the technology. The continuous technological advancements have led to a diversity of emerging security concerns. It is necessary to balance security issues with user interaction. As such, designers have adapted to this reality by practising user centred design during product development to cater for the experiential needs of user - product interaction. These User Centred Design best practices and standards ensure that security features are incorporated within End User Programs (EUP). The primary function of EUP is not security, and interaction with security features while performing a program related task does present the end user with an extra burden. Evaluation mechanisms exist to enumerate the performance of the EUP and the user’s experience of the product interaction. Security evaluation standards focus on the program code security as well as on security functionalities of programs designed for security. However, little attention has been paid to evaluating user experience of functionalities offered by embedded security features. A qualitative case study research using problem based and design science research approaches was used to address the lack of criteria to evaluate user experience with embedded security features. User study findings reflect poor user experience with EUP security features, mainly as a result of low awareness of their existence, their location and sometimes even of their importance. From the literature review of the information security and user experience domains and the user study survey findings, four components of the framework were identified, namely: end user characteristics, information security, user experience and end user program security features characteristics. This thesis focuses on developing a framework that can be used to evaluate the user experience of interacting with end user program security features. The framework was designed following the design science research method and was reviewed by peers and experts for its suitability to address the problem. Subject experts in the fields of information security and human computer interaction were engaged, as the research is multidisciplinary. This thesis contributes to the body of knowledge on information security and on user experience elements of human computer interaction security regarding how to evaluate user experience of embedded InfoSec features. The research adds uniquely to the literature in the area of Human Computer Interaction Security evaluation and measurement in general, and is specific to end user program security features. The proposed metrics for evaluating UX of interacting with EUP security features were used to propose intervention to influence UX in an academic setup. The framework, besides presenting UX evaluation strategies for EUP security features, also presents a platform for further academic research on human factors of information security. The impact can be evaluated by assessing security behaviour, and successful security breaches, as well as user experience of interaction with end user programs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Shava, Fungai Bhunu
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: User interfaces (Computer systems) -- Design Web sites -- Design
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/12951 , vital:27137
- Description: The use of technology in society moved from satisfying the technical needs of users to giving a lasting user experience while interacting with the technology. The continuous technological advancements have led to a diversity of emerging security concerns. It is necessary to balance security issues with user interaction. As such, designers have adapted to this reality by practising user centred design during product development to cater for the experiential needs of user - product interaction. These User Centred Design best practices and standards ensure that security features are incorporated within End User Programs (EUP). The primary function of EUP is not security, and interaction with security features while performing a program related task does present the end user with an extra burden. Evaluation mechanisms exist to enumerate the performance of the EUP and the user’s experience of the product interaction. Security evaluation standards focus on the program code security as well as on security functionalities of programs designed for security. However, little attention has been paid to evaluating user experience of functionalities offered by embedded security features. A qualitative case study research using problem based and design science research approaches was used to address the lack of criteria to evaluate user experience with embedded security features. User study findings reflect poor user experience with EUP security features, mainly as a result of low awareness of their existence, their location and sometimes even of their importance. From the literature review of the information security and user experience domains and the user study survey findings, four components of the framework were identified, namely: end user characteristics, information security, user experience and end user program security features characteristics. This thesis focuses on developing a framework that can be used to evaluate the user experience of interacting with end user program security features. The framework was designed following the design science research method and was reviewed by peers and experts for its suitability to address the problem. Subject experts in the fields of information security and human computer interaction were engaged, as the research is multidisciplinary. This thesis contributes to the body of knowledge on information security and on user experience elements of human computer interaction security regarding how to evaluate user experience of embedded InfoSec features. The research adds uniquely to the literature in the area of Human Computer Interaction Security evaluation and measurement in general, and is specific to end user program security features. The proposed metrics for evaluating UX of interacting with EUP security features were used to propose intervention to influence UX in an academic setup. The framework, besides presenting UX evaluation strategies for EUP security features, also presents a platform for further academic research on human factors of information security. The impact can be evaluated by assessing security behaviour, and successful security breaches, as well as user experience of interaction with end user programs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
The relationship between electricity supply and economic growth in South Africa
- Authors: Khobai, Hlalefang
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa , Electric power failures -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/9251 , vital:26483
- Description: Since democratisation of South Africa in 1994, the economy of South Africa underwent significant structural changes. Among these structural changes was electrification for the poor rural areas. During the apartheid era, about two-thirds of the nation lacked access to electricity and hence, provision for electricity to everyone was considered a crucial part of the economic development, post 1994. Since then economic growth and the demand for electricity in South Africa have been increasing at an unprecedented rate. The electricity supply did not increase proportionally to the increase in the consumption of electricity. In responding to the high increase in the demand for electricity, the electricity utility planned to build new power stations and put back in use the ones which were mothballed. But unfortunately the plan for investment in these power stations was late and in 2008, the existing power stations could not manage to supply enough electricity. The demand for electricity was such that it nearly damaged the power generating circuit and the electricity supply utility had to resort to load shedding. The imbalance between electricity supply and demand led to industrial sectors losing on production and as a result led to a downturn in economic growth. It also led to an increase in electricity prices which had a negative effect on individual and private sectors’ purchasing power. It is against this background that this study is designed to investigate the long term relationship between economic growth and electricity supply. The additional variables such as electricity prices, trade openness, capital and employment were included as intermittent variables to form a multivariate framework. This study also assesses the Granger causality between these variables to determine which variable supersedes the other. Two models were applied in this study: The Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds approach and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger-causality. The ARDL bounds technique was used to detect the long term relationship between economic growth, electricity supply, electricity prices, trade openness, capital and employment using annual data from 1985 to 2014. The ARDL technique was chosen over the conventional models such as Engle and Granger (1987) and Johansen (1988) for the research for the following reasons: Firstly, the ARDL technique uses a single reduced form of equation to examine the long term relationship of the variables as opposed to the conventional Johansen test that employs a system of equations. Secondly, it is suitable to use for testing co-integration when a small sample data is used. Thirdly, it does not require the underlying variables to be integrated of similar order e.g. integrated of order zero I(0), integrated of order one I(1) or fractionally integrated, for it to be applicable. Lastly, it does not rely on the properties of unit root datasets and this makes it possible for the Granger-causality to be applied in testing the long term relationships between the variables. The VECM Granger-causality is used to examine the Granger-causality between the chosen variables. It was chosen for its ability to develop longer term forecasting when dealing with an unconstrained model. The unit root results confirmed that the variables were stationary at first difference using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Phillips and Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shit (KPSS). The ARDL bound approach outcomes revealed that economic growth, electricity supply, trade openness, electricity prices, employment and capital move together in the long term. There were three co-integrated equations under the export and trade models while under the import model there was one co-integrated equation. The results are such that electricity prices have a negative impact on economic growth. The results further evidenced that; electricity supply, trade openness, employment and capital have a positive impact on economic growth in the long term. The VECM Granger causality findings suggested a unidirectional causality flowing from electricity supply, trade, exports, electricity prices, employment and capital to economic growth in the long term. There was another unidirectional causality established flowing from economic growth, trade openness, electricity prices, employment and capital to electricity supply. A one-way causality flowing from economic growth, electricity supply, electricity prices, employment and capital to export was evidenced. Overall, the study’s results of bidirectional Granger-causality between electricity supply and economic growth have a number of implications for forecasters and policy makers. This feedback hypothesis implies that the high level of economic growth leads to a high level of electricity supply, which would stimulate economic growth. Hence, South Africa demonstrates a kind of electricity dependence in a manner that a sufficiently large supply of electricity seems to ensure high economic growth. Electricity supply is a vitally important factor for economic growth in South Africa. It is therefore necessary that South African policy makers formulate investor friendly policies that will encourage, promote and attract capital inflows to stimulate electricity supply. The South African government needs to primarily deregulate the electricity supply industry which is owned by Eskom (a monopoly), and allow more investors into this industry. The government should promote a change to other forms of energy sources such as renewable energy sources which will play an important role in restoring the balance between electricity supply and consumption. Moreover, it is recommended that the electricity regulator should take steps to curb the severe electricity price increases and to ensure prices affordable to the poor communities. The policy makers need to implement some investor friendly policies that will encourage and promote capital formation. Furthermore, the government should invest towards more job creating sectors such as (Small and Medium Enterprises) SMEs. Finally, the government should take into consideration the importance of trade openness to attract international investments into the economy. It is hoped that the findings of this study would prove beneficial to policy makers in South Africa and elsewhere in the world where power outages are experienced, and assist them in combating the problem.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Khobai, Hlalefang
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa , Electric power failures -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/9251 , vital:26483
- Description: Since democratisation of South Africa in 1994, the economy of South Africa underwent significant structural changes. Among these structural changes was electrification for the poor rural areas. During the apartheid era, about two-thirds of the nation lacked access to electricity and hence, provision for electricity to everyone was considered a crucial part of the economic development, post 1994. Since then economic growth and the demand for electricity in South Africa have been increasing at an unprecedented rate. The electricity supply did not increase proportionally to the increase in the consumption of electricity. In responding to the high increase in the demand for electricity, the electricity utility planned to build new power stations and put back in use the ones which were mothballed. But unfortunately the plan for investment in these power stations was late and in 2008, the existing power stations could not manage to supply enough electricity. The demand for electricity was such that it nearly damaged the power generating circuit and the electricity supply utility had to resort to load shedding. The imbalance between electricity supply and demand led to industrial sectors losing on production and as a result led to a downturn in economic growth. It also led to an increase in electricity prices which had a negative effect on individual and private sectors’ purchasing power. It is against this background that this study is designed to investigate the long term relationship between economic growth and electricity supply. The additional variables such as electricity prices, trade openness, capital and employment were included as intermittent variables to form a multivariate framework. This study also assesses the Granger causality between these variables to determine which variable supersedes the other. Two models were applied in this study: The Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds approach and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger-causality. The ARDL bounds technique was used to detect the long term relationship between economic growth, electricity supply, electricity prices, trade openness, capital and employment using annual data from 1985 to 2014. The ARDL technique was chosen over the conventional models such as Engle and Granger (1987) and Johansen (1988) for the research for the following reasons: Firstly, the ARDL technique uses a single reduced form of equation to examine the long term relationship of the variables as opposed to the conventional Johansen test that employs a system of equations. Secondly, it is suitable to use for testing co-integration when a small sample data is used. Thirdly, it does not require the underlying variables to be integrated of similar order e.g. integrated of order zero I(0), integrated of order one I(1) or fractionally integrated, for it to be applicable. Lastly, it does not rely on the properties of unit root datasets and this makes it possible for the Granger-causality to be applied in testing the long term relationships between the variables. The VECM Granger-causality is used to examine the Granger-causality between the chosen variables. It was chosen for its ability to develop longer term forecasting when dealing with an unconstrained model. The unit root results confirmed that the variables were stationary at first difference using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Phillips and Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shit (KPSS). The ARDL bound approach outcomes revealed that economic growth, electricity supply, trade openness, electricity prices, employment and capital move together in the long term. There were three co-integrated equations under the export and trade models while under the import model there was one co-integrated equation. The results are such that electricity prices have a negative impact on economic growth. The results further evidenced that; electricity supply, trade openness, employment and capital have a positive impact on economic growth in the long term. The VECM Granger causality findings suggested a unidirectional causality flowing from electricity supply, trade, exports, electricity prices, employment and capital to economic growth in the long term. There was another unidirectional causality established flowing from economic growth, trade openness, electricity prices, employment and capital to electricity supply. A one-way causality flowing from economic growth, electricity supply, electricity prices, employment and capital to export was evidenced. Overall, the study’s results of bidirectional Granger-causality between electricity supply and economic growth have a number of implications for forecasters and policy makers. This feedback hypothesis implies that the high level of economic growth leads to a high level of electricity supply, which would stimulate economic growth. Hence, South Africa demonstrates a kind of electricity dependence in a manner that a sufficiently large supply of electricity seems to ensure high economic growth. Electricity supply is a vitally important factor for economic growth in South Africa. It is therefore necessary that South African policy makers formulate investor friendly policies that will encourage, promote and attract capital inflows to stimulate electricity supply. The South African government needs to primarily deregulate the electricity supply industry which is owned by Eskom (a monopoly), and allow more investors into this industry. The government should promote a change to other forms of energy sources such as renewable energy sources which will play an important role in restoring the balance between electricity supply and consumption. Moreover, it is recommended that the electricity regulator should take steps to curb the severe electricity price increases and to ensure prices affordable to the poor communities. The policy makers need to implement some investor friendly policies that will encourage and promote capital formation. Furthermore, the government should invest towards more job creating sectors such as (Small and Medium Enterprises) SMEs. Finally, the government should take into consideration the importance of trade openness to attract international investments into the economy. It is hoped that the findings of this study would prove beneficial to policy makers in South Africa and elsewhere in the world where power outages are experienced, and assist them in combating the problem.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
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