Addressing the Twin Challenges of Poverty and Unemployment through Community Work Programmes in South Africa :
- Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu, Matsiliza, Noluthando S
- Authors: Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu , Matsiliza, Noluthando S
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: South Africa Poverty Equality Community organization Livelihoods Public Works Article
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7424 , vital:53961 , https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2021/v11n2a12
- Description: This paper interrogates gaps in the implementing community work programmes in South Africa using the case of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) and Community Work Programmes (CWP). The EPWP and CWPs were adopted by government as strategies aimed at uprooting poverty and unemployment in South Africa. The intention was to respond to high levels of poverty and structural unemployment compounded by gross inequity which renders South Africa the most unequal society in the world. South Africa is characterised by inequality, poverty and unemployment, and this has created an uneven allocation of resources to society at large. The interface of poverty, unemployment and inequality undermines South Africa’s policies to become a developmental state. This paper argues that the legacy of apartheid and the adoption of neo-liberal policies in the post-apartheid era has not only contributed to socio-economic exclusion and marginalisation, but also relegate the poor and disadvantaged people into the deprivation trap. The paper evaluates the potential and challenges faced by EPWP, and the CWP to address the twin problems of poverty and unemployment in the country. Authors of this paper adopted a qualitative research approach to review literature from various sources such as books, articles from accredited journals and online credible publications. To respond to the aim, this paper argues that, although community-based work programmes such as the Expanded Public Works Programme and Community Work do not sustain employment opportunities in South Africa, they provide short-term safety nets for the unemployed, semi-skilled and unskilled citizens. Findings from this study revealed that community development work is not successful in achieving all the goals that are directly linked to poverty alleviation at programme level. Challenges found to be stifling the effective implementation of community work programmes included the implementation of the programmes at small scale, lack of active participation by unemployed and host communities, poor coordination and inadequate adequate infrastructure and resources to run the programmes effectively as we as well limited access to resources, assets and skills that can be jointly used to sustain the economy. The paper recommends the adoption of pluralistic approach in promoting active participation among community work programmes’ stakeholders. This a literature review paper hence secondary sources of data were used.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Tshishonga, Ndwakhulu , Matsiliza, Noluthando S
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: South Africa Poverty Equality Community organization Livelihoods Public Works Article
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7424 , vital:53961 , https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3649/2021/v11n2a12
- Description: This paper interrogates gaps in the implementing community work programmes in South Africa using the case of the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) and Community Work Programmes (CWP). The EPWP and CWPs were adopted by government as strategies aimed at uprooting poverty and unemployment in South Africa. The intention was to respond to high levels of poverty and structural unemployment compounded by gross inequity which renders South Africa the most unequal society in the world. South Africa is characterised by inequality, poverty and unemployment, and this has created an uneven allocation of resources to society at large. The interface of poverty, unemployment and inequality undermines South Africa’s policies to become a developmental state. This paper argues that the legacy of apartheid and the adoption of neo-liberal policies in the post-apartheid era has not only contributed to socio-economic exclusion and marginalisation, but also relegate the poor and disadvantaged people into the deprivation trap. The paper evaluates the potential and challenges faced by EPWP, and the CWP to address the twin problems of poverty and unemployment in the country. Authors of this paper adopted a qualitative research approach to review literature from various sources such as books, articles from accredited journals and online credible publications. To respond to the aim, this paper argues that, although community-based work programmes such as the Expanded Public Works Programme and Community Work do not sustain employment opportunities in South Africa, they provide short-term safety nets for the unemployed, semi-skilled and unskilled citizens. Findings from this study revealed that community development work is not successful in achieving all the goals that are directly linked to poverty alleviation at programme level. Challenges found to be stifling the effective implementation of community work programmes included the implementation of the programmes at small scale, lack of active participation by unemployed and host communities, poor coordination and inadequate adequate infrastructure and resources to run the programmes effectively as we as well limited access to resources, assets and skills that can be jointly used to sustain the economy. The paper recommends the adoption of pluralistic approach in promoting active participation among community work programmes’ stakeholders. This a literature review paper hence secondary sources of data were used.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Atypical HIV-vacuolar myelopathy: a case report :
- Mongezi, Tau, Sibi, Joseph, Jerry, George, Lourdes de Fátima, Ibañez Valdés, Tozama, Dubula, Humberto, Foyaca Sibat
- Authors: Mongezi, Tau , Sibi, Joseph , Jerry, George , Lourdes de Fátima, Ibañez Valdés , Tozama, Dubula , Humberto, Foyaca Sibat
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: South Africa HIV (Viruses) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy Article
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7670 , vital:54741 , https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00483-0
- Description: Background: Here, we report an atypical HIV-vacuolar myelopathy and search the available medical literature about atypical presentations of human immunodefciency virus associate vacuolar myelopathy (HIV-VM) and immunoglobu‑ lin therapy response. Case: A 26-year-old lady who was 4 weeks postpartum presented to us with acute faccid quadriparesis, with no sen‑ sory level. Extensive workup ruled out other causes of myelopathy. She developed a stage 3 acute kidney injury, and MRI showed difuse cord atrophy involving the lower cervical and thoracic cord. The patient received IV-immunoglob‑ ulin, ARVs, and supportive therapy with inadequate response. Unfortunately, she developed nosocomial pneumonia and died. Discussion: In HIV-VM, there is spinal cord atrophy, which mainly involves the thoracic cord. In our case, this patho‑ logical process also afected the spinal cord’s cervical region, leading to faccid tetraplegia, with high CD4 level, with‑ out response to the treatment, including intravenous immunoglobulin. Keynotes: Vacuolar myelopathy, HIV, Immunoglobulin therapy, faccid tetraplegia, hypokalaemia. Renal failure. Keywords: Human immunodefciency virus, Associated lesions of the nervous system, Human immunodefciency virus-associated myelopathy, Intravenous immunoglobulin administration, Case report, HIV-vacuolar myelopathy
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Mongezi, Tau , Sibi, Joseph , Jerry, George , Lourdes de Fátima, Ibañez Valdés , Tozama, Dubula , Humberto, Foyaca Sibat
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: South Africa HIV (Viruses) Cervical spondylotic myelopathy Article
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7670 , vital:54741 , https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00483-0
- Description: Background: Here, we report an atypical HIV-vacuolar myelopathy and search the available medical literature about atypical presentations of human immunodefciency virus associate vacuolar myelopathy (HIV-VM) and immunoglobu‑ lin therapy response. Case: A 26-year-old lady who was 4 weeks postpartum presented to us with acute faccid quadriparesis, with no sen‑ sory level. Extensive workup ruled out other causes of myelopathy. She developed a stage 3 acute kidney injury, and MRI showed difuse cord atrophy involving the lower cervical and thoracic cord. The patient received IV-immunoglob‑ ulin, ARVs, and supportive therapy with inadequate response. Unfortunately, she developed nosocomial pneumonia and died. Discussion: In HIV-VM, there is spinal cord atrophy, which mainly involves the thoracic cord. In our case, this patho‑ logical process also afected the spinal cord’s cervical region, leading to faccid tetraplegia, with high CD4 level, with‑ out response to the treatment, including intravenous immunoglobulin. Keynotes: Vacuolar myelopathy, HIV, Immunoglobulin therapy, faccid tetraplegia, hypokalaemia. Renal failure. Keywords: Human immunodefciency virus, Associated lesions of the nervous system, Human immunodefciency virus-associated myelopathy, Intravenous immunoglobulin administration, Case report, HIV-vacuolar myelopathy
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Features of Graduate Underemployment in South Africa: A Study in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province
- Mayekiso, Cwenga, Obioha, Emeka E
- Authors: Mayekiso, Cwenga , Obioha, Emeka E
- Date: 2021-03
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7451 , vital:53966 , https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.31920/2634-3649/2021/v11n1a8
- Description: This paper articulates the patterns and feel of graduate underemployment in Mthatha, a South African town in the Eastern Cape Province. Foregrounded on Peter Blua’s Social Exchange Theory, this study adopted a quantitative approach. A sample of 60 respondents was drawn from underemployed graduate population through a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques. Data collected from survey (questionnaire) were analysed with appropriate tools in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The study found that majority of underemployed graduates are between 21 and 25 years of age, married, hold bachelor’s degrees in Social Sciences. Gender, qualification type and level of qualification have no significant influence on determining underemployed graduates’ choice of occupation as single and combined variables or factors. While only very few (5%) of the underemployed graduates are never happy at work, femaleness, older graduates, Africans, higher qualification, higher basic salary and longer years of underemployment best predict happiness at work, although not at significant level, except for basic salary. A majority of graduates (73.3%) do sometimes consider leaving their current jobs, even when there are no alternatives. This is influenced by maleness, older graduates, being Whites, higher qualification, lower basic salary and lower years of underemployment. Lack of networking was found to be the most important factor in graduate underemployment, followed by lack of experience and gender not being significant. This study recommends policy intervention by state, where there is legislation that provides for entry level jobs that may not require previous experience. Also, there should be another legislation that protects the underemployed through salary regulation and incentivising of employers that engage workers in such capacity. Keywords: Underemployment, Youth, Graduates, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Mayekiso, Cwenga , Obioha, Emeka E
- Date: 2021-03
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/7451 , vital:53966 , https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.31920/2634-3649/2021/v11n1a8
- Description: This paper articulates the patterns and feel of graduate underemployment in Mthatha, a South African town in the Eastern Cape Province. Foregrounded on Peter Blua’s Social Exchange Theory, this study adopted a quantitative approach. A sample of 60 respondents was drawn from underemployed graduate population through a combination of stratified and random sampling techniques. Data collected from survey (questionnaire) were analysed with appropriate tools in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The study found that majority of underemployed graduates are between 21 and 25 years of age, married, hold bachelor’s degrees in Social Sciences. Gender, qualification type and level of qualification have no significant influence on determining underemployed graduates’ choice of occupation as single and combined variables or factors. While only very few (5%) of the underemployed graduates are never happy at work, femaleness, older graduates, Africans, higher qualification, higher basic salary and longer years of underemployment best predict happiness at work, although not at significant level, except for basic salary. A majority of graduates (73.3%) do sometimes consider leaving their current jobs, even when there are no alternatives. This is influenced by maleness, older graduates, being Whites, higher qualification, lower basic salary and lower years of underemployment. Lack of networking was found to be the most important factor in graduate underemployment, followed by lack of experience and gender not being significant. This study recommends policy intervention by state, where there is legislation that provides for entry level jobs that may not require previous experience. Also, there should be another legislation that protects the underemployed through salary regulation and incentivising of employers that engage workers in such capacity. Keywords: Underemployment, Youth, Graduates, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
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