The contribution of international financial institutions to economic development in SADC countries
- Authors: Galaga, Unathi
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Economic development , Financial institutions, International , Southern African Development Community
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57665 , vital:58193
- Description: Although African governments have a significant role to perform in developing the continent, International financial institutions (IFIs) also perform a dominant role in economic development but their role in African development is often viewed as controversial and contradictory. In the 20th century, the World Bank and the IMF were vital IFIs that characterised global policies that regulated global economies, subjecting weaker economies to SAP. This necessitated African states to borrow money to ensure stabilisation, liberalisation, deregulation and the privatisation of most sectors. This study econometrically examined the impact of foreign aid on economic development in SADC countries. Panel regression techniques were employed to analyse the contribution of international financial institutions to economic development in SADC countries. The results indicated that there is an insignificant relationship between foreign aid and economic development, which implies that foreign aid does not contribute to economic development in SADC countries. Based on this finding, the study recommends that Southern African Governments find ways of financing development that guarantee economic growth. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science , 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Galaga, Unathi
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Economic development , Financial institutions, International , Southern African Development Community
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57665 , vital:58193
- Description: Although African governments have a significant role to perform in developing the continent, International financial institutions (IFIs) also perform a dominant role in economic development but their role in African development is often viewed as controversial and contradictory. In the 20th century, the World Bank and the IMF were vital IFIs that characterised global policies that regulated global economies, subjecting weaker economies to SAP. This necessitated African states to borrow money to ensure stabilisation, liberalisation, deregulation and the privatisation of most sectors. This study econometrically examined the impact of foreign aid on economic development in SADC countries. Panel regression techniques were employed to analyse the contribution of international financial institutions to economic development in SADC countries. The results indicated that there is an insignificant relationship between foreign aid and economic development, which implies that foreign aid does not contribute to economic development in SADC countries. Based on this finding, the study recommends that Southern African Governments find ways of financing development that guarantee economic growth. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science , 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The determinants of loan delinquency among co-operative financial institutions in South Africa
- Authors: Bixa, Sisipho
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Financial institutions -- South Africa , Loans
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57546 , vital:58064
- Description: The world's attention has been drawn to co-operatives since the 2008 financial crisis because of their resilience and ability to prosper in adverse economic situations. Co-operatives, particularly Co-operative Financial Institutions (CFIs), have increased their participation, proving to be a channel for increasing access to finance for the previously unbanked, poverty reduction, and sustained socioeconomic growth across the African continent. Co-operatives have the potential to be a catalyst for long-term growth, which is especially important in a country like South Africa, yet they have been failing owing to loan default. Loan delinquency is a major threat to CFI's ability to continue granting loans to loan applicants and to grow the business. CFIs are unable to recoup the monies they have provided to loan borrowers, as the default rate has steadily increased. This influences the CFIs' financial obligations. The financial growth of CFIs is vital, and failure to keeping cash in circulation has an impact on their fundamental business. In South Africa, CFIs have observed a surge in loan defaults since 2010. Proper loan appraisals, timely reminders of loan recipients' repayments, and escalation on prompt follow-up on loan defaulters all are priorities for CFI management. Despite the efforts of CFIs to reduce delinquency, it has continuously increased. The objective of this study was to figure out what factors influence loan delinquency among CFIs. The study looked at an average of 47 CFIs in South Africa. Another objective of this study was to investigate the extent of loan delinquency among South African CFIs. The study used a quantitative approach, with secondary data obtained from CBDA. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the model's goodness of fit. The computed results show that this study has only one-way cross-sectional effects. In this example, the null hypothesis of the Breusch-Pagan (BP) test of "POLS is appropriate" is rejected. According to the descriptive statistics presented in the following section, the null hypothesis of regularly distributed data is not rejected. Pearson correlation was used to determine whether there was a relationship between the control variables and the dependent variable. The least squares regression output from the study was presented in the final section. Finally, GLS regression with random effects was used to examine the relationship between total loan delinquency and the dependent variables. x The research looked at seven independent variables: share league/affiliation, the proportion of women in total membership, youth savings, interest rates, total account receivables, and loan portfolio. However, the results of youth savings, interest rate, and total savings deposits may not be reliable because they are statistically insignificant. According to the study, financial institutions should provide easily accessible and accurate payment methods to encourage borrowers to pay on time. This can be accomplished by creating a website. In addition, CFIs/credit intuitions use a share league/affiliation method to maximize their responsible ownership and investigate why women's membership leads to lower loan delinquency. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science , 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Bixa, Sisipho
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Financial institutions -- South Africa , Loans
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57546 , vital:58064
- Description: The world's attention has been drawn to co-operatives since the 2008 financial crisis because of their resilience and ability to prosper in adverse economic situations. Co-operatives, particularly Co-operative Financial Institutions (CFIs), have increased their participation, proving to be a channel for increasing access to finance for the previously unbanked, poverty reduction, and sustained socioeconomic growth across the African continent. Co-operatives have the potential to be a catalyst for long-term growth, which is especially important in a country like South Africa, yet they have been failing owing to loan default. Loan delinquency is a major threat to CFI's ability to continue granting loans to loan applicants and to grow the business. CFIs are unable to recoup the monies they have provided to loan borrowers, as the default rate has steadily increased. This influences the CFIs' financial obligations. The financial growth of CFIs is vital, and failure to keeping cash in circulation has an impact on their fundamental business. In South Africa, CFIs have observed a surge in loan defaults since 2010. Proper loan appraisals, timely reminders of loan recipients' repayments, and escalation on prompt follow-up on loan defaulters all are priorities for CFI management. Despite the efforts of CFIs to reduce delinquency, it has continuously increased. The objective of this study was to figure out what factors influence loan delinquency among CFIs. The study looked at an average of 47 CFIs in South Africa. Another objective of this study was to investigate the extent of loan delinquency among South African CFIs. The study used a quantitative approach, with secondary data obtained from CBDA. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the model's goodness of fit. The computed results show that this study has only one-way cross-sectional effects. In this example, the null hypothesis of the Breusch-Pagan (BP) test of "POLS is appropriate" is rejected. According to the descriptive statistics presented in the following section, the null hypothesis of regularly distributed data is not rejected. Pearson correlation was used to determine whether there was a relationship between the control variables and the dependent variable. The least squares regression output from the study was presented in the final section. Finally, GLS regression with random effects was used to examine the relationship between total loan delinquency and the dependent variables. x The research looked at seven independent variables: share league/affiliation, the proportion of women in total membership, youth savings, interest rates, total account receivables, and loan portfolio. However, the results of youth savings, interest rate, and total savings deposits may not be reliable because they are statistically insignificant. According to the study, financial institutions should provide easily accessible and accurate payment methods to encourage borrowers to pay on time. This can be accomplished by creating a website. In addition, CFIs/credit intuitions use a share league/affiliation method to maximize their responsible ownership and investigate why women's membership leads to lower loan delinquency. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science , 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The Development of a Strategic Partnership Framework to Facilitate Increased Financial Inclusion of Emerging Farmers in South Africa
- Authors: Magida, Phiwokuhle Thulani
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Agricultural industries , Farmers' markets
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57760 , vital:58232
- Description: Twenty seven years into democracy, emerging farmers are still considered not to be participating meaningfully in the lucrative agricultural markets. There are many academic research studies that examined the challenges faced by emerging farmers in South Africa. These studies attribute those challenges to the inability of emerging farmers to participate meaningfully in the markets. Agriculture in South Africa, though not the largest, remains one of the largest employing sectors and a source of raw material for the growth of South African economy. Therefore, the agenda of creating successful emerging farmers remains a pertinent issue in the context of South African agriculture and its growing economy. Since 1990 the government has taken on the responsibility of land redistribution and the creation of successful emerging farmers. Evidence shows that there has been little to no success in the latter which has led to remodelling of old policies and implementing them as anew. The reality is that market integration (creating successful emerging farmers) of emerging farmers is a complex problem and requires complex solutions. Literature suggests that multi-stakeholder partnerships are an ideal solution to complex societal problems. Nonetheless, the success of multi-stakeholder partnerships depends on how well the stakeholders involved engage. The study assumes that if the stakeholders involved in the development of emerging farmers engage optimally, the business problem of financial exclusion (lack of access to finance) of emerging farmers can be resolved. This would result in increased market participation by emerging farmers. Hence, the primary research objective of this study is to investigate the factors that influence optimum engagement of multi-stakeholder partnerships between the private, public and non-profit sectors involved in the financing of emerging farmers in South Africa, and subsequently to develop a strategic partnership framework to guide these strategic conversations and financing decisions. This study was based on the positivistic paradigm and utilised a non-probability sampling method called snowball sampling to draw the sample. The sample was comprised of farmers, technical people, managers, and executive managers from the role players involved in the development of emerging farmers. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised as the method to solicit responses from the respondents vi which was sent via an online platform. The data was analysed through a statistical software programme, STATISTICA. Using Cronbach Alpha co-efficient and Exploratory Factor Analysis, the reliability and validity of the instrument was tested. Where sufficient evidence could not be given, variables were removed and not considered for further statistical analysis. The significance, strength, and direction of relationships between variables were determined using the correlation and multiple regression analysis. The significant findings saw a strong positive relationship between optimum engagement of financing stakeholders and perceived increased levels of market participation by emerging farmers. Furthermore, risk management had a significant and positive relationship with optimum engagement of financing stakeholders. Stakeholders involved in encouraging emerging farmers to participate meaningfully in the markets must engage optimally to devise innovative models for the financial inclusion of these farmers. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science , 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Magida, Phiwokuhle Thulani
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Agricultural industries , Farmers' markets
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57760 , vital:58232
- Description: Twenty seven years into democracy, emerging farmers are still considered not to be participating meaningfully in the lucrative agricultural markets. There are many academic research studies that examined the challenges faced by emerging farmers in South Africa. These studies attribute those challenges to the inability of emerging farmers to participate meaningfully in the markets. Agriculture in South Africa, though not the largest, remains one of the largest employing sectors and a source of raw material for the growth of South African economy. Therefore, the agenda of creating successful emerging farmers remains a pertinent issue in the context of South African agriculture and its growing economy. Since 1990 the government has taken on the responsibility of land redistribution and the creation of successful emerging farmers. Evidence shows that there has been little to no success in the latter which has led to remodelling of old policies and implementing them as anew. The reality is that market integration (creating successful emerging farmers) of emerging farmers is a complex problem and requires complex solutions. Literature suggests that multi-stakeholder partnerships are an ideal solution to complex societal problems. Nonetheless, the success of multi-stakeholder partnerships depends on how well the stakeholders involved engage. The study assumes that if the stakeholders involved in the development of emerging farmers engage optimally, the business problem of financial exclusion (lack of access to finance) of emerging farmers can be resolved. This would result in increased market participation by emerging farmers. Hence, the primary research objective of this study is to investigate the factors that influence optimum engagement of multi-stakeholder partnerships between the private, public and non-profit sectors involved in the financing of emerging farmers in South Africa, and subsequently to develop a strategic partnership framework to guide these strategic conversations and financing decisions. This study was based on the positivistic paradigm and utilised a non-probability sampling method called snowball sampling to draw the sample. The sample was comprised of farmers, technical people, managers, and executive managers from the role players involved in the development of emerging farmers. A self-administered questionnaire was utilised as the method to solicit responses from the respondents vi which was sent via an online platform. The data was analysed through a statistical software programme, STATISTICA. Using Cronbach Alpha co-efficient and Exploratory Factor Analysis, the reliability and validity of the instrument was tested. Where sufficient evidence could not be given, variables were removed and not considered for further statistical analysis. The significance, strength, and direction of relationships between variables were determined using the correlation and multiple regression analysis. The significant findings saw a strong positive relationship between optimum engagement of financing stakeholders and perceived increased levels of market participation by emerging farmers. Furthermore, risk management had a significant and positive relationship with optimum engagement of financing stakeholders. Stakeholders involved in encouraging emerging farmers to participate meaningfully in the markets must engage optimally to devise innovative models for the financial inclusion of these farmers. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science , 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The effect of stakeholder management within entities of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality
- Authors: Mandaba, Seki
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Stakeholder management , Municipal services
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57842 , vital:58279
- Description: The title of this research paper is the effect of stakeholder management within the entities of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, a metropolitan municipality in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of stakeholder management amongst Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium (NMBS), Mandela Bay Development Agency (MBDA) and Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) as the main shareholder to the two entities. The challenges in how municipalities understand the role of internal and external stakeholders and how they are managed effectively continues to face them. Stakeholder management assists municipalities and ensures that key stakeholders are involved in strategic engagements and this helps to improve their decision making in relation to the provision of services. Stakeholder management is considered vital in building fundamental relations among stakeholders. It is thus important for NMBM management to have the understanding of the role, impact and the benefits of effective stakeholder management. Furthermore, stakeholder engagements and good communication can assists to enhance relationships amongst these entities. The study ascertained the role of stakeholder management amongst NMBMB, MBDA and NMBS and conducted and in-depth analysis of the current support system for NMBS. The study also conducted literature review on various frameworks used by South African Municipalities to enable effective communication and stakeholder management within their entities. The study employed a qualitative research design in meeting the primary and secondary aims and focused on the senior management of the three institutions in line with decision making factors that are key to effective stakeholder management. The structured interviews were held with senior managers from NMBM-Economic Development Tourism and Agriculture(EDTA) Directorate, MBDA and NMBS. The study found that there is good understanding of the role of stakeholder management amongst the senior managers. However, it also established that there was a 8 disjuncture in the stakeholder engagements with the NMBM and NMBS and that this may hinder them to deliver on their mandate. Finally the study makes recommendations regarding how best NMBS can manage stakeholder relations with MBDA and NMBM and assesses the value that is created from stakeholder engagement. A framework model that will be inclusive of all stakeholders and that would encourage effective communication must be developed. A study on the role of stakeholder management in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality is recommended to be conducted. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Mandaba, Seki
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Stakeholder management , Municipal services
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57842 , vital:58279
- Description: The title of this research paper is the effect of stakeholder management within the entities of Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, a metropolitan municipality in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of stakeholder management amongst Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium (NMBS), Mandela Bay Development Agency (MBDA) and Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) as the main shareholder to the two entities. The challenges in how municipalities understand the role of internal and external stakeholders and how they are managed effectively continues to face them. Stakeholder management assists municipalities and ensures that key stakeholders are involved in strategic engagements and this helps to improve their decision making in relation to the provision of services. Stakeholder management is considered vital in building fundamental relations among stakeholders. It is thus important for NMBM management to have the understanding of the role, impact and the benefits of effective stakeholder management. Furthermore, stakeholder engagements and good communication can assists to enhance relationships amongst these entities. The study ascertained the role of stakeholder management amongst NMBMB, MBDA and NMBS and conducted and in-depth analysis of the current support system for NMBS. The study also conducted literature review on various frameworks used by South African Municipalities to enable effective communication and stakeholder management within their entities. The study employed a qualitative research design in meeting the primary and secondary aims and focused on the senior management of the three institutions in line with decision making factors that are key to effective stakeholder management. The structured interviews were held with senior managers from NMBM-Economic Development Tourism and Agriculture(EDTA) Directorate, MBDA and NMBS. The study found that there is good understanding of the role of stakeholder management amongst the senior managers. However, it also established that there was a 8 disjuncture in the stakeholder engagements with the NMBM and NMBS and that this may hinder them to deliver on their mandate. Finally the study makes recommendations regarding how best NMBS can manage stakeholder relations with MBDA and NMBM and assesses the value that is created from stakeholder engagement. A framework model that will be inclusive of all stakeholders and that would encourage effective communication must be developed. A study on the role of stakeholder management in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality is recommended to be conducted. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The Effects of Alcohol and Sunstance Abuse on Productivity in the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry
- Authors: Fick, Gerard Hendrik
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Substance abuse , Citrus fruit industry , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57654 , vital:58191
- Description: COVID-19 has created a new world to conduct business and few industries were fortunate enough to continue to operate as essential services throughout the pandemic. The South African Citrus Industry was one of these industries. During this pandemic, certain amenities were regarded as dangerous and potentially a contributor to the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Alcohol was deemed one of these contributors. During the lockdown regulations implemented in March of 2020, the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry noticed certain interesting developments concerning labour and productivity. Initial review of the effects of alcohol and substance abuse on the productivity of citrus workers, revealed limited research into the broader South African Citrus Industry, with more focus on the Western Cape and related wine farms. The aim of this research study is to identify the impact of alcohol and substance abuse on productivity within the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry. Specifically focusing on absenteeism, workers injuries on duty and workplace incidents pertaining to disciplinary processes. The research further aims to add a monetary value to the implication of these events on the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry and the possible management strategies involved to remediate the potential affects thereof. This study uses the phenomenological and case study research approaches focusing on the workplace of the researcher within the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry. Using qualitative content analysis during the interview process, the themes and findings were evaluated alongside the research questions and was found to be in agreement with the views flowing from the research data. The analysis further revealed that Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry is in need of adequate management strategies due to the seasonal nature of the industry to improve labourer job satisfaction and in turn productivity and efficiency. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Fick, Gerard Hendrik
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Substance abuse , Citrus fruit industry , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57654 , vital:58191
- Description: COVID-19 has created a new world to conduct business and few industries were fortunate enough to continue to operate as essential services throughout the pandemic. The South African Citrus Industry was one of these industries. During this pandemic, certain amenities were regarded as dangerous and potentially a contributor to the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Alcohol was deemed one of these contributors. During the lockdown regulations implemented in March of 2020, the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry noticed certain interesting developments concerning labour and productivity. Initial review of the effects of alcohol and substance abuse on the productivity of citrus workers, revealed limited research into the broader South African Citrus Industry, with more focus on the Western Cape and related wine farms. The aim of this research study is to identify the impact of alcohol and substance abuse on productivity within the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry. Specifically focusing on absenteeism, workers injuries on duty and workplace incidents pertaining to disciplinary processes. The research further aims to add a monetary value to the implication of these events on the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry and the possible management strategies involved to remediate the potential affects thereof. This study uses the phenomenological and case study research approaches focusing on the workplace of the researcher within the Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry. Using qualitative content analysis during the interview process, the themes and findings were evaluated alongside the research questions and was found to be in agreement with the views flowing from the research data. The analysis further revealed that Sundays River Valley Citrus Industry is in need of adequate management strategies due to the seasonal nature of the industry to improve labourer job satisfaction and in turn productivity and efficiency. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The effects of exchange rate volatility on trade flows in BRICS countries
- Authors: Domela, Lehlohonolo
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Foreign exchange rates--Developing countries , Economic development -- BRIC countries
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57632 , vital:58188
- Description: This study investigates the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), for the period 2009:M1 to 2019: M12. The generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and the exponential-GARCH are used to generate two different measures of exchange rate volatility. To capture the short and long-term symmetric and asymmetric relationships, the linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models were employed. The ARDL bounds test detected the long-run relationships in all estimated models excluding China’s exports model. The linear and nonlinear ARDL coefficients provided mixed results regarding the influence of exchange rate volatility on BRICS’ trade flows. However, from the general perspective, the majority of the estimated coefficients indicate that the exchange rate volatility positively affects both imports and exports in the short and long-run. Moreover, the long-run asymmetric relationships are found in all the models regardless of the volatility measure applied excluding Brazil where no asymmetric effects were identified. The Granger causality test revealed that volatility granger causes imports in most BRICS economies. Accordingly, this study recommends that BRICS economies should adopt effective exchange rate systems that are considerate of other macroeconomic variables found to have a significant impact on trade flows, irrespective of the volatility levels instigated as there is a positive relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade in BRICS nations. Moreover, through further monetary policy interactions, the BRICS cohort can establish a strong currency union to rival the US dollar and euro in the foreign exchange market to hence trade within the bloc and internationally. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Domela, Lehlohonolo
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Foreign exchange rates--Developing countries , Economic development -- BRIC countries
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57632 , vital:58188
- Description: This study investigates the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS), for the period 2009:M1 to 2019: M12. The generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and the exponential-GARCH are used to generate two different measures of exchange rate volatility. To capture the short and long-term symmetric and asymmetric relationships, the linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models were employed. The ARDL bounds test detected the long-run relationships in all estimated models excluding China’s exports model. The linear and nonlinear ARDL coefficients provided mixed results regarding the influence of exchange rate volatility on BRICS’ trade flows. However, from the general perspective, the majority of the estimated coefficients indicate that the exchange rate volatility positively affects both imports and exports in the short and long-run. Moreover, the long-run asymmetric relationships are found in all the models regardless of the volatility measure applied excluding Brazil where no asymmetric effects were identified. The Granger causality test revealed that volatility granger causes imports in most BRICS economies. Accordingly, this study recommends that BRICS economies should adopt effective exchange rate systems that are considerate of other macroeconomic variables found to have a significant impact on trade flows, irrespective of the volatility levels instigated as there is a positive relationship between exchange rate volatility and trade in BRICS nations. Moreover, through further monetary policy interactions, the BRICS cohort can establish a strong currency union to rival the US dollar and euro in the foreign exchange market to hence trade within the bloc and internationally. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The effects of external shocks on economic growth in South Africa
- Authors: Mzayidume, Lonwabo
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Economic development , South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58024 , vital:58499
- Description: External shocks are defined as unexpected changes in an economic variable which can influence economies either positively or negatively. Examples of such shocks can include oil price and terms of trade shocks. Globalisation has increased the susceptibility of economies worldwide to economic shocks emanating from developed countries, due to the existing trade and financial links between various countries around the world. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of external shocks on economic growth in South Africa and to develop policies which could be used to prevent or soften the negative effects of external shocks in South Africa. Since the beginning of democracy in 1994, the South African economy has been opened to the world market. However, there have not been substantial gains in terms of economic growth. A possible explanation for this is that the dynamics of large economies influence the average demand, average supply, economic activities, and price changes in small open economies. South Africa’s dependence on foreign trade and attracting foreign savings to drive domestic investment increases the country’s vulnerability to the effects of external shocks. In this study, the South African economy is proxied by one key measure of economic performance, economic growth rate. The purpose of the study is to advance the understanding of the effects of external shocks on economic growth in South Africa. The study uses the structural VAR model. As South Africa is a relatively small open economy, the structural VAR model is theoretically consistent with countries of similar ilk. This study concludes that South Africa’s economic growth is significantly affected by commodity price index, U.S. GDP, and oil rents. In addition, this study concludes that South Africa is contemporaneously and positively affected by oil rents shocks and terms of trade shocks. Furthermore, it shows that economic growth in South Africa is contemporaneously and negatively affected by capital inflow shocks, nominal vi exchange rate shocks, and CPI shocks. Further SVAR estimates support the finding that capital inflows adversely affect South African economic growth. A possible reason for this outcome is that the number of domestic producers is reduced as a result of domestic producers being negatively affected by the capital inflow shocks. To combat the adverse effects of capital inflows, the study recommends that South Africa enforces more measures to protect domestic producers. The implementation of protectionist policies is one way in which this could be accomplished. These policies would promote domestic producers and ensure the production of domestic goods and services is increased. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Mzayidume, Lonwabo
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Economic development , South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58024 , vital:58499
- Description: External shocks are defined as unexpected changes in an economic variable which can influence economies either positively or negatively. Examples of such shocks can include oil price and terms of trade shocks. Globalisation has increased the susceptibility of economies worldwide to economic shocks emanating from developed countries, due to the existing trade and financial links between various countries around the world. The objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of external shocks on economic growth in South Africa and to develop policies which could be used to prevent or soften the negative effects of external shocks in South Africa. Since the beginning of democracy in 1994, the South African economy has been opened to the world market. However, there have not been substantial gains in terms of economic growth. A possible explanation for this is that the dynamics of large economies influence the average demand, average supply, economic activities, and price changes in small open economies. South Africa’s dependence on foreign trade and attracting foreign savings to drive domestic investment increases the country’s vulnerability to the effects of external shocks. In this study, the South African economy is proxied by one key measure of economic performance, economic growth rate. The purpose of the study is to advance the understanding of the effects of external shocks on economic growth in South Africa. The study uses the structural VAR model. As South Africa is a relatively small open economy, the structural VAR model is theoretically consistent with countries of similar ilk. This study concludes that South Africa’s economic growth is significantly affected by commodity price index, U.S. GDP, and oil rents. In addition, this study concludes that South Africa is contemporaneously and positively affected by oil rents shocks and terms of trade shocks. Furthermore, it shows that economic growth in South Africa is contemporaneously and negatively affected by capital inflow shocks, nominal vi exchange rate shocks, and CPI shocks. Further SVAR estimates support the finding that capital inflows adversely affect South African economic growth. A possible reason for this outcome is that the number of domestic producers is reduced as a result of domestic producers being negatively affected by the capital inflow shocks. To combat the adverse effects of capital inflows, the study recommends that South Africa enforces more measures to protect domestic producers. The implementation of protectionist policies is one way in which this could be accomplished. These policies would promote domestic producers and ensure the production of domestic goods and services is increased. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The effects of sovereign credit rating on the banking sector in South Africa
- Authors: Makhetha-Kosi, Palesa
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Prime rate , South Africa -- Banking institutions , Credit ratings
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57809 , vital:58267
- Description: The study investigated the effect of sovereign credit rating on the banking sector in South Africa. Four different models with different measures of the banking sector were used to investigate this effect. In the first model Tobit model was used to analyse the effect of sovereign credit rating on bank ratings in South Africa. The study found that sovereign credit ratings have a significant positive effect on bank credit ratings. Using GMM with a sample of 11 banks, with bank lending as the measure for the banking sector, the study found that sovereign credit ratings (SCR) have a positive and significant effect on bank lending by commercial banks in South Africa. The study also used net interest margin, a measure for bank profitability as a third proxy for the banking sector and found that sovereign credit ratings have a significant positive effect on bank profitability. Furthermore, the study used bank stability measured by Z-Score to assess the effect of sovereign credit rating on the banking sector in South Africa. Taking a different approach and using ARDL, the study found that SCR has a positive long-run relationship with Z-Score. Based on the findings in all four models, the study concluded that the sovereign credit rating has a positive and significant effect on the banking sector in South Africa. This means that the sovereign credit ratings upgrade will lead to an improvement in the banking sector. A sovereign credit rating downgrade will be detrimental to the banking sector in South Africa. The study has shown that there are interlinkages between the public and the private sector; therefore, government must come up with strategic policies to ensure stability and reduction of government debt. Policymakers of the banking sector should also strengthen policies that will ensure banks remain profitable and stable even during a sovereign crisis. An effective and efficient asset management is important for the survival of South African commercial banks. The study recommends that both the private and public sector should work in cooperation when formulating policies so that the impact of the regulatory measure on commercial banks is taken into consideration. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Makhetha-Kosi, Palesa
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Prime rate , South Africa -- Banking institutions , Credit ratings
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57809 , vital:58267
- Description: The study investigated the effect of sovereign credit rating on the banking sector in South Africa. Four different models with different measures of the banking sector were used to investigate this effect. In the first model Tobit model was used to analyse the effect of sovereign credit rating on bank ratings in South Africa. The study found that sovereign credit ratings have a significant positive effect on bank credit ratings. Using GMM with a sample of 11 banks, with bank lending as the measure for the banking sector, the study found that sovereign credit ratings (SCR) have a positive and significant effect on bank lending by commercial banks in South Africa. The study also used net interest margin, a measure for bank profitability as a third proxy for the banking sector and found that sovereign credit ratings have a significant positive effect on bank profitability. Furthermore, the study used bank stability measured by Z-Score to assess the effect of sovereign credit rating on the banking sector in South Africa. Taking a different approach and using ARDL, the study found that SCR has a positive long-run relationship with Z-Score. Based on the findings in all four models, the study concluded that the sovereign credit rating has a positive and significant effect on the banking sector in South Africa. This means that the sovereign credit ratings upgrade will lead to an improvement in the banking sector. A sovereign credit rating downgrade will be detrimental to the banking sector in South Africa. The study has shown that there are interlinkages between the public and the private sector; therefore, government must come up with strategic policies to ensure stability and reduction of government debt. Policymakers of the banking sector should also strengthen policies that will ensure banks remain profitable and stable even during a sovereign crisis. An effective and efficient asset management is important for the survival of South African commercial banks. The study recommends that both the private and public sector should work in cooperation when formulating policies so that the impact of the regulatory measure on commercial banks is taken into consideration. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The finance linked individual subsidy programme: A housing policy assessment
- Authors: Machelesi, Yandiswa Shirley
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Housing subsidies , Housing development
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58286 , vital:58924
- Description: Since 1994, the democratic government has put various legislative measures in place to address the spatial legacies of apartheid and manifest the right to access adequate housing, which was denied to many South Africans. Twenty-seven years post-democracy, South Africa is still faced with glaring spatial inequalities, with many South Africans condemned to squalid and inadequate residential conditions. The need for housing continued outweigh what government can supply, thus making the right to access adequate housing an impossible dream for many. Some of the factors that have contributed to increased housing demand are urbanisation, migration and population growth. While democracy has introduced economic opportunities that have improved the lives of many South Africans who were once side-lined and discriminated against, South Africa remains racially polarised, with a widening gap between rich and poor. An increasing majority of South Africa falls in a low-middle income category, which is sometimes considered the middle class. In the context of housing, the middle class is characterised by people who are too rich to qualify for free government subsidised housing yet too poor to access housing finance from mainstream mortgage lenders , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Machelesi, Yandiswa Shirley
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Housing subsidies , Housing development
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58286 , vital:58924
- Description: Since 1994, the democratic government has put various legislative measures in place to address the spatial legacies of apartheid and manifest the right to access adequate housing, which was denied to many South Africans. Twenty-seven years post-democracy, South Africa is still faced with glaring spatial inequalities, with many South Africans condemned to squalid and inadequate residential conditions. The need for housing continued outweigh what government can supply, thus making the right to access adequate housing an impossible dream for many. Some of the factors that have contributed to increased housing demand are urbanisation, migration and population growth. While democracy has introduced economic opportunities that have improved the lives of many South Africans who were once side-lined and discriminated against, South Africa remains racially polarised, with a widening gap between rich and poor. An increasing majority of South Africa falls in a low-middle income category, which is sometimes considered the middle class. In the context of housing, the middle class is characterised by people who are too rich to qualify for free government subsidised housing yet too poor to access housing finance from mainstream mortgage lenders , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The future of the property valuation profession in South Africa towards 2040
- Mthuli, Malusi Phola Lusanda
- Authors: Mthuli, Malusi Phola Lusanda
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Real property -- Valuation , Real estate development , Property -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57980 , vital:58456
- Description: Valuers within the property valuation profession are ageing while the scope and demand for their work is increasing. The main objective of this study was to explore current challenges and forecast the probable futures of the property valuation profession in South Africa towards 2040. In so doing, it sought to address the deficiency in research regarding the property valuation profession in the country. The study employed a futures methodology framework, namely the Future Studies Approach, as its core research tool that incorporates The Futures Triangle. The Causal Layered Analysis was applied as a secondary approach to guide the theoretical framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a conveniently selected sample of seven qualified professional valuers. The results are diagnostic of the current challenges within the profession and contribute to the development of a set of ‘preferred futures’. The professional valuers were expected to identify a preferred path from the current reality as a departure point. The findings suggested that there were structural and systematic issues, as well as inherent organisational issues confronting the professionals and the profession. Valuers were hopeful about the future of the profession and considered their knowledge and expertise as invaluable in the country. The main challenges identified are linked to the lack of professional legitimacy and authority, stagnant diversity, poor finances, uncoordinated education and the lack of mentorship and accreditation of valuers. Contrary to expectations, the findings showed some optimism in the sustainability of the profession despite varying views by the participants. The deduced possible futures weighed in favour of a marked shortage of experienced professionals due to the lack of interest by younger professionals and a constrained transfer of skills. Probable futures are largely characterised by gloom that is linked to the attrition of skills and loss of prestige, and which will threaten the economic viability of the profession. Preferred futures entail a diverse demographic composition and sound skills base within professional ranks. The study recommends actions to be taken in order to create alternative futures in the present, as an antidote to the gloomy future of the valuation profession in South Africa towards 2040. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Mthuli, Malusi Phola Lusanda
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Real property -- Valuation , Real estate development , Property -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57980 , vital:58456
- Description: Valuers within the property valuation profession are ageing while the scope and demand for their work is increasing. The main objective of this study was to explore current challenges and forecast the probable futures of the property valuation profession in South Africa towards 2040. In so doing, it sought to address the deficiency in research regarding the property valuation profession in the country. The study employed a futures methodology framework, namely the Future Studies Approach, as its core research tool that incorporates The Futures Triangle. The Causal Layered Analysis was applied as a secondary approach to guide the theoretical framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a conveniently selected sample of seven qualified professional valuers. The results are diagnostic of the current challenges within the profession and contribute to the development of a set of ‘preferred futures’. The professional valuers were expected to identify a preferred path from the current reality as a departure point. The findings suggested that there were structural and systematic issues, as well as inherent organisational issues confronting the professionals and the profession. Valuers were hopeful about the future of the profession and considered their knowledge and expertise as invaluable in the country. The main challenges identified are linked to the lack of professional legitimacy and authority, stagnant diversity, poor finances, uncoordinated education and the lack of mentorship and accreditation of valuers. Contrary to expectations, the findings showed some optimism in the sustainability of the profession despite varying views by the participants. The deduced possible futures weighed in favour of a marked shortage of experienced professionals due to the lack of interest by younger professionals and a constrained transfer of skills. Probable futures are largely characterised by gloom that is linked to the attrition of skills and loss of prestige, and which will threaten the economic viability of the profession. Preferred futures entail a diverse demographic composition and sound skills base within professional ranks. The study recommends actions to be taken in order to create alternative futures in the present, as an antidote to the gloomy future of the valuation profession in South Africa towards 2040. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The impact of financial literacy on financial performance of SMEs in the Nelson Mandela Bay
- Authors: Malgas, Sergio Duncan
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: small and medium-zised enterprises , Financial literacy -- Nelson Mandela Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58276 , vital:58888
- Description: In extant literature small and medium-zised enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognized for their contribution to economic development which has led to them being described as the backbone of national economies across the world. Although these are several potential benefits of a healthy SMEs sector, stimulating economic growth through job creation, increased market competition and innovation are among the more the commonly reported benefits. Despite this, SMEs owner-managers, particularly those operating in the South African Market, are faced with several obstacles that impede their success, thus contributing to the high and persistent failure rates among SMEs. When considering that SMEs are often comprised of the owner-manager as the principal decisionmaker, their ability to make decisions are crucial to the sustainability and long term success of their businesses. Against this background, the primary objective of this study is to determine the influence of the owner-managers on the financial performance of SMEs operating in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The failure of SMEs are often attributed to the prevalence of financial literacy among owner-managers. While broadly cited in extant literature, few studies have focused on financial literacy from the perspective of small business. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Malgas, Sergio Duncan
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: small and medium-zised enterprises , Financial literacy -- Nelson Mandela Bay
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58276 , vital:58888
- Description: In extant literature small and medium-zised enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognized for their contribution to economic development which has led to them being described as the backbone of national economies across the world. Although these are several potential benefits of a healthy SMEs sector, stimulating economic growth through job creation, increased market competition and innovation are among the more the commonly reported benefits. Despite this, SMEs owner-managers, particularly those operating in the South African Market, are faced with several obstacles that impede their success, thus contributing to the high and persistent failure rates among SMEs. When considering that SMEs are often comprised of the owner-manager as the principal decisionmaker, their ability to make decisions are crucial to the sustainability and long term success of their businesses. Against this background, the primary objective of this study is to determine the influence of the owner-managers on the financial performance of SMEs operating in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The failure of SMEs are often attributed to the prevalence of financial literacy among owner-managers. While broadly cited in extant literature, few studies have focused on financial literacy from the perspective of small business. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The Impact of Institutional Quality on the Effectiveness of Fiscal Policy in Stimulating Economic Growth: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa
- Authors: Moyo, Cecily
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Fiscal policy , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Economic development
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57947 , vital:58433
- Description: Over the last few decades since the independence of most African countries, which coincided with that of Asia, the economic growth between the two continents has not been the same. As an example, in the year 1965, exports and incomes per capita were much higher in Ghana compared to Korea and it was anticipated that this trend would continue into the future. But these projections were shown to be way off the mark as Koreas’ exports per capita overtook Ghana’s in 1972, and its income level surpassed Ghana’s four years later. Between 1965 and 1995 Korea’s exports increased by 400 times in current dollars. Meanwhile, Ghana’s increased only by 4 times, and real earnings per capita fell to a fraction of their earlier value (World Bank, 2000). This raises questions regarding the tools available for use in the pursuit of economic growth. This study then attempts to examine the role of institutional quality in moderating the impacts of fiscal policy on economic growth in sub-Saharan African economies. Objectives of the study firstly included the investigation of the effect of fiscal policy on economic growth, it then explored the effect of institutional quality on economic growth which was then followed by the analysis of whether the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth is dependent on institutional quality. This dissertation employs the Generalised Method of Moments to analyse the effect of fiscal policy on economic growth given institutional quality for sub-Saharan African countries for the period from 1996 to 2018. The findings show that the conduct of fiscal policy under improved institutional quality positively and significantly improve sub-Saharan African countries output. SSA countries should strengthen independent institutional bodies that prosecute economic crimes through employing participatory and transparent decision-making processes. Citizens should have freedom of association, expression and a free media. Also, African countries should support African agendas that are aligning with global development agenda. Sub-Saharan African countries should strengthen institutions that widen democratic space, civil liberty and the participation of citizen in the development agenda of a country. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Moyo, Cecily
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Fiscal policy , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Economic development
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57947 , vital:58433
- Description: Over the last few decades since the independence of most African countries, which coincided with that of Asia, the economic growth between the two continents has not been the same. As an example, in the year 1965, exports and incomes per capita were much higher in Ghana compared to Korea and it was anticipated that this trend would continue into the future. But these projections were shown to be way off the mark as Koreas’ exports per capita overtook Ghana’s in 1972, and its income level surpassed Ghana’s four years later. Between 1965 and 1995 Korea’s exports increased by 400 times in current dollars. Meanwhile, Ghana’s increased only by 4 times, and real earnings per capita fell to a fraction of their earlier value (World Bank, 2000). This raises questions regarding the tools available for use in the pursuit of economic growth. This study then attempts to examine the role of institutional quality in moderating the impacts of fiscal policy on economic growth in sub-Saharan African economies. Objectives of the study firstly included the investigation of the effect of fiscal policy on economic growth, it then explored the effect of institutional quality on economic growth which was then followed by the analysis of whether the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth is dependent on institutional quality. This dissertation employs the Generalised Method of Moments to analyse the effect of fiscal policy on economic growth given institutional quality for sub-Saharan African countries for the period from 1996 to 2018. The findings show that the conduct of fiscal policy under improved institutional quality positively and significantly improve sub-Saharan African countries output. SSA countries should strengthen independent institutional bodies that prosecute economic crimes through employing participatory and transparent decision-making processes. Citizens should have freedom of association, expression and a free media. Also, African countries should support African agendas that are aligning with global development agenda. Sub-Saharan African countries should strengthen institutions that widen democratic space, civil liberty and the participation of citizen in the development agenda of a country. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The implementation of performance monitoring and evaluation systems in a municipal service delivery directorate: a case of NMBM
- Authors: Ngcelwana, Mnikelo Jackson
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58058 , vital:58522
- Description: This research treatise is investigating whether the implementation of proper performance, monitoring and evaluation systems for projects that are linked to service delivery directorate, such as Infrastructure and Engineering (I&E) in a municipality, will quell or address the service delivery issues by communities that befell the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). The key question to be responded to in this research treatise is: “Will the proper implementation of performance, monitoring and evaluation systems targeted at the service delivery directorate, relating to service delivery projects, improve performance or address service delivery issues?” This research treatise also recommends approaches or strategies for implementing performance, monitoring, and evaluation systems in a service delivery directorate of a municipality and suggesting the enablers for doing so, understanding fully well the environment within which local government institutions operate in South Africa. When the beneficial and affordable services that are expected to be received by communities are not forthcoming from the municipality, service delivery protests become the order of the day – these could include, for example, burning tyres or targeting the assets of the municipality and blocking accesses to municipal buildings or premises by service providers and or communities. In certain cases, these occurrences could have been avoided if there had been transparency on the side of local government, where communication and participation is encouraged as required in terms of Chapter 4 of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (MSA) (32 of 2000). It is hoped that through this research treatise, possible factors affecting the implementation of the proper Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation Systems maybe identified and addressed to enhance service delivery. It will then be for both political and administrative leadership to consider the recommended approaches for implementation. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Ngcelwana, Mnikelo Jackson
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58058 , vital:58522
- Description: This research treatise is investigating whether the implementation of proper performance, monitoring and evaluation systems for projects that are linked to service delivery directorate, such as Infrastructure and Engineering (I&E) in a municipality, will quell or address the service delivery issues by communities that befell the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). The key question to be responded to in this research treatise is: “Will the proper implementation of performance, monitoring and evaluation systems targeted at the service delivery directorate, relating to service delivery projects, improve performance or address service delivery issues?” This research treatise also recommends approaches or strategies for implementing performance, monitoring, and evaluation systems in a service delivery directorate of a municipality and suggesting the enablers for doing so, understanding fully well the environment within which local government institutions operate in South Africa. When the beneficial and affordable services that are expected to be received by communities are not forthcoming from the municipality, service delivery protests become the order of the day – these could include, for example, burning tyres or targeting the assets of the municipality and blocking accesses to municipal buildings or premises by service providers and or communities. In certain cases, these occurrences could have been avoided if there had been transparency on the side of local government, where communication and participation is encouraged as required in terms of Chapter 4 of the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (MSA) (32 of 2000). It is hoped that through this research treatise, possible factors affecting the implementation of the proper Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation Systems maybe identified and addressed to enhance service delivery. It will then be for both political and administrative leadership to consider the recommended approaches for implementation. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The influence of customer value On behavioural intention in the LGBT tourism sector
- Authors: Madinga, Nkosivile Welcome
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: LGBT community centers , Customer services
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57737 , vital:58228
- Description: The potential economic implications of the LGBT tourism sector have received the attention of scholars, marketing practitioners and tourism destinations, highlighting the LGBT community as a lucrative sector, while also signifying their distinctive needs of the LGBT community. LGBT tourists spent approximately $218 billion on travel in 2018 and they account for approximately 6% of the global tourism market. The LGBT tourism sector is fast growing in South Africa, and it was predicted that by 2030, South Africa will attract approximately 21 million tourists. Within South Africa, Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg have earned a reputation as LGBT friendly destinations, with LGBT tourists expected to contribute approximately R1.8 billion to the Cape Town economy annually. Furthermore, between 10% and 12% of tourists in Cape Town identified themselves as members of the LGBT community. As a result, South Africa – and notably Cape Town – has been named one of the world’s top destinations for LGBT travellers. A well-known characteristic of the LGBT community is that it is comprised of highincome individuals who travel more frequently compared with their heterosexual counterparts. As a result, it is critical for the tourism sector to gain a thorough understanding of this market to effectively target it. Although travel and tourism are critical aspects of the modern LGBT culture, and LGBT tourism represents a developing and lucrative industry (especially in South Africa), there is limited scholarly research that can assist marketers in better understanding the LGBT tourists and their needs. In addition, no research has been conducted on the relationship between customer value and behavioural intentions in the LGBT tourism sector in South Africa. A major challenge for the tourism sector is the ability to offer value to LGBT tourists; therefore, destinations targeting the LGBT market should ensure that they understand how to create value for their customers. v LGBT tourism is considered unique in that the LGBT tourist views value differently than other markets. It is important to understand the dimensions of value to the LGBT market, as LGBT tourists are likely to be discouraged from visiting destinations that do not provide value, which has a significant impact on behavioural intentions. This study, therefore, investigated the dimensions of customer value and their influence on the behavioural intentions of tourists in the South African LGBT tourism sector. A self-administered electronic questionnaire was used to collect data, and 406 usable questionnaires was received. SPSS version 27.0 and Analysis of Movement Structures (AMOS) version 27.0 statistical packages were used to analyse the collected data and test the relationships between the variables examined in this study. The empirical results of this study showed a positive correlation between most dimensions of customer value and behavioural intention while a negative correlation coefficient was observed between cognitive dissonance and dimensions of customer value. The results confirm a positive significant relationship between the independent variables - functional value, emotional value, reputational value, epistemic value, social value - and the dependent variable - customer value. These relationships imply that if functional value, emotional value, reputational value, epistemic value and/or social value, customer value would improve. Interestingly, the findings show a significant positive relationship between monetary and non-monetary sacrifice, and customer value dimensions. These relationships imply that if monetary sacrifice and non-monetary sacrifice increase, customer value would increase. The findings also reveal that customer value has an influence on behavioural intention. Lastly, customer value was not found to be a mediating factor between customer value dimensions and behavioural vi intentions outcomes, namely revisit intention, tourist loyalty, willingness to pay a premium price and word of mouth. Findings from this study could aid destination marketers to ensure that they provide functional, emotional, reputational, epistemic and social value to tourists to gain competitive advantage. LGBT tourists need a safe haven where they can relax and enjoy themselves without fear of societal discrimination, and destinations should do their best to make this happen. This might be accomplished by creating a space where travellers who identify as LGBT can gather and mingle freely. In addition, to improve revisit intention, positive word of mouth and loyalty, tourist destinations should provide unique experiences. Destination marketers should engage in a number of marketing initiatives, including promoting South African LGBT tourism destinations at tourism expos, LGBT music festivals and prides. Lastly, limitations of the study and future research directions are presented. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Madinga, Nkosivile Welcome
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: LGBT community centers , Customer services
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57737 , vital:58228
- Description: The potential economic implications of the LGBT tourism sector have received the attention of scholars, marketing practitioners and tourism destinations, highlighting the LGBT community as a lucrative sector, while also signifying their distinctive needs of the LGBT community. LGBT tourists spent approximately $218 billion on travel in 2018 and they account for approximately 6% of the global tourism market. The LGBT tourism sector is fast growing in South Africa, and it was predicted that by 2030, South Africa will attract approximately 21 million tourists. Within South Africa, Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg have earned a reputation as LGBT friendly destinations, with LGBT tourists expected to contribute approximately R1.8 billion to the Cape Town economy annually. Furthermore, between 10% and 12% of tourists in Cape Town identified themselves as members of the LGBT community. As a result, South Africa – and notably Cape Town – has been named one of the world’s top destinations for LGBT travellers. A well-known characteristic of the LGBT community is that it is comprised of highincome individuals who travel more frequently compared with their heterosexual counterparts. As a result, it is critical for the tourism sector to gain a thorough understanding of this market to effectively target it. Although travel and tourism are critical aspects of the modern LGBT culture, and LGBT tourism represents a developing and lucrative industry (especially in South Africa), there is limited scholarly research that can assist marketers in better understanding the LGBT tourists and their needs. In addition, no research has been conducted on the relationship between customer value and behavioural intentions in the LGBT tourism sector in South Africa. A major challenge for the tourism sector is the ability to offer value to LGBT tourists; therefore, destinations targeting the LGBT market should ensure that they understand how to create value for their customers. v LGBT tourism is considered unique in that the LGBT tourist views value differently than other markets. It is important to understand the dimensions of value to the LGBT market, as LGBT tourists are likely to be discouraged from visiting destinations that do not provide value, which has a significant impact on behavioural intentions. This study, therefore, investigated the dimensions of customer value and their influence on the behavioural intentions of tourists in the South African LGBT tourism sector. A self-administered electronic questionnaire was used to collect data, and 406 usable questionnaires was received. SPSS version 27.0 and Analysis of Movement Structures (AMOS) version 27.0 statistical packages were used to analyse the collected data and test the relationships between the variables examined in this study. The empirical results of this study showed a positive correlation between most dimensions of customer value and behavioural intention while a negative correlation coefficient was observed between cognitive dissonance and dimensions of customer value. The results confirm a positive significant relationship between the independent variables - functional value, emotional value, reputational value, epistemic value, social value - and the dependent variable - customer value. These relationships imply that if functional value, emotional value, reputational value, epistemic value and/or social value, customer value would improve. Interestingly, the findings show a significant positive relationship between monetary and non-monetary sacrifice, and customer value dimensions. These relationships imply that if monetary sacrifice and non-monetary sacrifice increase, customer value would increase. The findings also reveal that customer value has an influence on behavioural intention. Lastly, customer value was not found to be a mediating factor between customer value dimensions and behavioural vi intentions outcomes, namely revisit intention, tourist loyalty, willingness to pay a premium price and word of mouth. Findings from this study could aid destination marketers to ensure that they provide functional, emotional, reputational, epistemic and social value to tourists to gain competitive advantage. LGBT tourists need a safe haven where they can relax and enjoy themselves without fear of societal discrimination, and destinations should do their best to make this happen. This might be accomplished by creating a space where travellers who identify as LGBT can gather and mingle freely. In addition, to improve revisit intention, positive word of mouth and loyalty, tourist destinations should provide unique experiences. Destination marketers should engage in a number of marketing initiatives, including promoting South African LGBT tourism destinations at tourism expos, LGBT music festivals and prides. Lastly, limitations of the study and future research directions are presented. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The integration of sustainable development goals into business strategies: evidence from the Johannesburg stock exchange top 100
- Authors: Sibango, Lukhanyo Wilfred
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Sustainable development , stock exchange -- Johannesburg
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58179 , vital:58662
- Description: The main of objective of this study was to identify factors influencing the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into core business strategies and activities of the top 100 companies listed on the JSE for the period of 2018 to 2019. The study used one dependent variable (SDG integration) and five independent variables (company size, profitability, financial leverage, board size and mission/vision). To measure SDG integration, a dichotomous scale ranging from 0 and 1 was applied. A scale of 1 was allocated if SDGs are integrated into company strategies and business activities and 0 if there is no integration mentioned. The influence of company size, profitability, financial leverage, board size and mission statements on the integration of SDGs into strategies was investigated using random effect regression model. The findings showed that company size, board size and mentioning of sustainability in mission statements has a positive influence of SDG integration. Financial leverage and profitability were found not to have any significant influence on SDG reporting. The results of this study provided several important implications. Regulators, policy makers and sustainability advocates may gain further understanding into some of the factors that motivate firms to integrate SDGs into strategies. For various stakeholders, the findings suggested that stakeholders should seek ways to exert greater pressure on firms to not only disclose SDGs, but to integrate them in business strategies The study had some limitations, as it relied on a limited sample of only the top 100 firms listed on the JSE. The study period was only limited to 2018 and 2019 financial years. Due to these limitations, the researchers cannot claim that the results of the study are generalisable to all contexts. The study suggested future research to further explore how the board characteristics such as age, gender, education, and nationality influence the level of SDG integration. Furthermore, qualitative research was suggested to investigate the reasons that companies give for integrating SDGs into strategies, and the obstacles they face which could result in non-integration. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Sibango, Lukhanyo Wilfred
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Sustainable development , stock exchange -- Johannesburg
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58179 , vital:58662
- Description: The main of objective of this study was to identify factors influencing the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into core business strategies and activities of the top 100 companies listed on the JSE for the period of 2018 to 2019. The study used one dependent variable (SDG integration) and five independent variables (company size, profitability, financial leverage, board size and mission/vision). To measure SDG integration, a dichotomous scale ranging from 0 and 1 was applied. A scale of 1 was allocated if SDGs are integrated into company strategies and business activities and 0 if there is no integration mentioned. The influence of company size, profitability, financial leverage, board size and mission statements on the integration of SDGs into strategies was investigated using random effect regression model. The findings showed that company size, board size and mentioning of sustainability in mission statements has a positive influence of SDG integration. Financial leverage and profitability were found not to have any significant influence on SDG reporting. The results of this study provided several important implications. Regulators, policy makers and sustainability advocates may gain further understanding into some of the factors that motivate firms to integrate SDGs into strategies. For various stakeholders, the findings suggested that stakeholders should seek ways to exert greater pressure on firms to not only disclose SDGs, but to integrate them in business strategies The study had some limitations, as it relied on a limited sample of only the top 100 firms listed on the JSE. The study period was only limited to 2018 and 2019 financial years. Due to these limitations, the researchers cannot claim that the results of the study are generalisable to all contexts. The study suggested future research to further explore how the board characteristics such as age, gender, education, and nationality influence the level of SDG integration. Furthermore, qualitative research was suggested to investigate the reasons that companies give for integrating SDGs into strategies, and the obstacles they face which could result in non-integration. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The moderating role of decent work on the relationship between employee motivation and job peformance within the public sector
- Authors: Tungata, Nokwanda
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Public service employment , Performance standards
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58234 , vital:58772
- Description: Orientation: Organisational success is influenced by its ability to employ, develop, sustain and retain skilled employees. Retaining a strongly committed workforce has become a top priority for most organisations. Uncovering and addressing components which influence job insecurity helps retain employees. This is key to improving employee job performance. Research purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the moderating effects of decent work on the relationship between employee motivation and job performance using a sample of public service employees in the Eastern Cape Administration. The study aimed at determining the importance of individual-level performance when diagnosing performance issues in the public sector by focusing on the moderating role of decent work on the relationship between employee motivation and job performance. Motivation for the study: The South African public service is noted to undergoing challenges. Notably, affected are aspects related not only to employee motivation but also job performance. Needed are strategies that address these important organisational realities. Calls in the literature advocate the need to pay attention to the potential role of decent work. Research approach/design and method: A quantitative survey was employed using self-administered questionnaires. A total of 250 surveys were distributed. After data cleaning, a total of 188 surveys were deemed usable. Main findings: The overall findings highlighted in this study are that decent work and employee motivation have a positive relationship with job performance. They also have a significant positive influence on job performance. Additionally the research concludes that the three constructs of decent work that include free time and rest, access to health care and safe working conditions have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between employee motivation and job performance. Practical/managerial implications: This implies that there is need to find ways to keep employees motivated so that their job performance can also improve. Policy makers v should come up with effective work place policies which insure that conditions for employee motivation are ensured at work place as well as decent working conditions. This is important because it results in increased productivity and performance by public service employees. Contribution/value add: The findings provide preliminary insights that contribute to the body of knowledge concerned with decent work and employee job performance in the field of human resource in the South African context. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Tungata, Nokwanda
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Public service employment , Performance standards
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58234 , vital:58772
- Description: Orientation: Organisational success is influenced by its ability to employ, develop, sustain and retain skilled employees. Retaining a strongly committed workforce has become a top priority for most organisations. Uncovering and addressing components which influence job insecurity helps retain employees. This is key to improving employee job performance. Research purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the moderating effects of decent work on the relationship between employee motivation and job performance using a sample of public service employees in the Eastern Cape Administration. The study aimed at determining the importance of individual-level performance when diagnosing performance issues in the public sector by focusing on the moderating role of decent work on the relationship between employee motivation and job performance. Motivation for the study: The South African public service is noted to undergoing challenges. Notably, affected are aspects related not only to employee motivation but also job performance. Needed are strategies that address these important organisational realities. Calls in the literature advocate the need to pay attention to the potential role of decent work. Research approach/design and method: A quantitative survey was employed using self-administered questionnaires. A total of 250 surveys were distributed. After data cleaning, a total of 188 surveys were deemed usable. Main findings: The overall findings highlighted in this study are that decent work and employee motivation have a positive relationship with job performance. They also have a significant positive influence on job performance. Additionally the research concludes that the three constructs of decent work that include free time and rest, access to health care and safe working conditions have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between employee motivation and job performance. Practical/managerial implications: This implies that there is need to find ways to keep employees motivated so that their job performance can also improve. Policy makers v should come up with effective work place policies which insure that conditions for employee motivation are ensured at work place as well as decent working conditions. This is important because it results in increased productivity and performance by public service employees. Contribution/value add: The findings provide preliminary insights that contribute to the body of knowledge concerned with decent work and employee job performance in the field of human resource in the South African context. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The role of circular economy principles in solid waste management: a study of Walmer township
- Authors: Ndarane, Nomonde
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Circular economy , Recycling (Waste, etc.)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58048 , vital:58509
- Description: The maximisation of circular economy strategies brings hope to challenges of solid waste management and poverty alleviation. The purpose of the study was to explore the role of circular economy in solid waste management. A related goal was to enhance an understanding of how Walmer Township community’s use of circular economy principles can serve as a solid waste management strategy. The study holds the practical implication that circular economy contributes significantly to managing solid waste and to sustainable development. An empirical inquiry using a qualitative method was conducted and data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. Four different target groups were selected for this study- waste pickers, key informants (ward councillor and municipal officials), recycling businesses and NGO managers. It was brought to light that circular economy is utilised as both an economic and a solid waste management strategy. The findings show that implementing strategies of circular economy presents opportunities both for businesses and for poverty alleviation. Based on the findings, recommendations are made regarding making circular economy a lucrative business while upholding principles of environmentally friendly waste management strategies. Circular economy has crucial benefits, but it is practiced by few individuals within the community. More research needs to be conducted on how to make circular economy more attractive, especially to the youth. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Ndarane, Nomonde
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Circular economy , Recycling (Waste, etc.)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58048 , vital:58509
- Description: The maximisation of circular economy strategies brings hope to challenges of solid waste management and poverty alleviation. The purpose of the study was to explore the role of circular economy in solid waste management. A related goal was to enhance an understanding of how Walmer Township community’s use of circular economy principles can serve as a solid waste management strategy. The study holds the practical implication that circular economy contributes significantly to managing solid waste and to sustainable development. An empirical inquiry using a qualitative method was conducted and data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. Four different target groups were selected for this study- waste pickers, key informants (ward councillor and municipal officials), recycling businesses and NGO managers. It was brought to light that circular economy is utilised as both an economic and a solid waste management strategy. The findings show that implementing strategies of circular economy presents opportunities both for businesses and for poverty alleviation. Based on the findings, recommendations are made regarding making circular economy a lucrative business while upholding principles of environmentally friendly waste management strategies. Circular economy has crucial benefits, but it is practiced by few individuals within the community. More research needs to be conducted on how to make circular economy more attractive, especially to the youth. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
The school nutrition programme in mount fletcher and Matatiele, Eastern cape
- Authors: Majikijela, Mandiseli
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program , School children--Food , Feeding service
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57783 , vital:58254
- Description: The Primary School Nutrition Programme (PSNP) in South Africa was established in May 1994 as part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). A major goal of the PSNP was to provide 30% of the student’s daily nutrition and improve school attendance in quintiles 1-3 primary schools. The aims of the PSNP were to develop the learning abilities of school-going children, alleviate poverty and hunger, and promote women empowerment. This study determines the influence that the implementation of the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) has on active learning in specific schools and did so by focusing on schools located in Mount Fletcher and Matatiele, in the Eastern Cape. The schools under study are divided into semi-rural and deep-rural schools. The study used a quantitative research design in which 80 learners and 60 teachers were sampled from grades 4 to 6 and used a questionnaire to determine recipients’ perceptions of the quality of the food served to learners and the level of active learning taking place after food breaks. A review of literature demonstrated there are different views as to whether NSNP is implemented correctly and is achieving its intended objectives. It was also found that learners felt that the quality of food lacks nutriti onal content and that teachers didn’t comply in terms of the required feeding times. About 45% of the teacher respondents indicated that feeding in some schools in Mount Fletcher continued beyond 10h00. This was largely due to a lack of monitoring by depar tment officials. However, 71% of teachers stated that active learning did take place after feeding. The study led to the conclusion that a connection exists between nutrient content and active learning. Therefore, for effective implementation of the NSNP, regular monitoring by teachers, the NSNP committee, and district officials should be undertaken. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Majikijela, Mandiseli
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program , School children--Food , Feeding service
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57783 , vital:58254
- Description: The Primary School Nutrition Programme (PSNP) in South Africa was established in May 1994 as part of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). A major goal of the PSNP was to provide 30% of the student’s daily nutrition and improve school attendance in quintiles 1-3 primary schools. The aims of the PSNP were to develop the learning abilities of school-going children, alleviate poverty and hunger, and promote women empowerment. This study determines the influence that the implementation of the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) has on active learning in specific schools and did so by focusing on schools located in Mount Fletcher and Matatiele, in the Eastern Cape. The schools under study are divided into semi-rural and deep-rural schools. The study used a quantitative research design in which 80 learners and 60 teachers were sampled from grades 4 to 6 and used a questionnaire to determine recipients’ perceptions of the quality of the food served to learners and the level of active learning taking place after food breaks. A review of literature demonstrated there are different views as to whether NSNP is implemented correctly and is achieving its intended objectives. It was also found that learners felt that the quality of food lacks nutriti onal content and that teachers didn’t comply in terms of the required feeding times. About 45% of the teacher respondents indicated that feeding in some schools in Mount Fletcher continued beyond 10h00. This was largely due to a lack of monitoring by depar tment officials. However, 71% of teachers stated that active learning did take place after feeding. The study led to the conclusion that a connection exists between nutrient content and active learning. Therefore, for effective implementation of the NSNP, regular monitoring by teachers, the NSNP committee, and district officials should be undertaken. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
Transformation in the South African Banking Industry
- Authors: Nokanda, Abongile
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58091 , vital:58550
- Description: Transformation is a deliberate plan of action to change historical racial and gender disadvantages. Transformation is also a fundamental necessity in South Africa as it seeks to address the injustices of apartheid while enhancing economic inclusiveness and promoting diversity in the working environment. The progress of transformation remains slow in South Africa, particularly in management and leadership positions in companies within the South African Banking Sector Therefore, it is quite clear that inequality, discrimination and a lack of transformation in South Africa need to be addressed, as the inequality gap has remained the same, even after the abolition of apartheid. However, the Western Cape is a province that is considered to practice and protect apartheid policies that perpetuate racial, gender and spatial disparities. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the transformation of banks in the Western Cape. The study followed a deductive approach and used an online survey as a data collection tool. At the time of study, the population of the study were employees of banks in the Western Cape and who were permanently employed. Additionally, the aim of this research was to investigate the influence of the Employment Equity Act, Skills Gap, Leadership Accountability and Human Resource Development in driving transformation in the banking sector of the Western Cape region in South Africa. The empirical results of the study were obtained from 105 bank employees located in the Western Cape. The Employment Equity Act, Leadership Accountability and Human Resource Development were the strongest independent variables. The Employee Development was an independent variable that emerged from the respondents. The findings of the study indicated that Employment Equity Act, Leadership Accountability, Employee Development and Human Resource Development had a significant, positive relationship with Transformation. The study also revealed the Skills Gap as the only independent variable that had an insignificant impact on Transformation. The recommendations were made to the Western Cape Banks to implement and continue to: drive the implementation of the EE Act; for leaders to be held accountable when it comes to driving transformation; banks to establish and facilitate employee development programs and for human resource to identify, retain and promote talented employees. This will therefore lead to a better performing and transformed banking sector. , Thesis (MA) -- Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
- Authors: Nokanda, Abongile
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/58091 , vital:58550
- Description: Transformation is a deliberate plan of action to change historical racial and gender disadvantages. Transformation is also a fundamental necessity in South Africa as it seeks to address the injustices of apartheid while enhancing economic inclusiveness and promoting diversity in the working environment. The progress of transformation remains slow in South Africa, particularly in management and leadership positions in companies within the South African Banking Sector Therefore, it is quite clear that inequality, discrimination and a lack of transformation in South Africa need to be addressed, as the inequality gap has remained the same, even after the abolition of apartheid. However, the Western Cape is a province that is considered to practice and protect apartheid policies that perpetuate racial, gender and spatial disparities. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the transformation of banks in the Western Cape. The study followed a deductive approach and used an online survey as a data collection tool. At the time of study, the population of the study were employees of banks in the Western Cape and who were permanently employed. Additionally, the aim of this research was to investigate the influence of the Employment Equity Act, Skills Gap, Leadership Accountability and Human Resource Development in driving transformation in the banking sector of the Western Cape region in South Africa. The empirical results of the study were obtained from 105 bank employees located in the Western Cape. The Employment Equity Act, Leadership Accountability and Human Resource Development were the strongest independent variables. The Employee Development was an independent variable that emerged from the respondents. The findings of the study indicated that Employment Equity Act, Leadership Accountability, Employee Development and Human Resource Development had a significant, positive relationship with Transformation. The study also revealed the Skills Gap as the only independent variable that had an insignificant impact on Transformation. The recommendations were made to the Western Cape Banks to implement and continue to: drive the implementation of the EE Act; for leaders to be held accountable when it comes to driving transformation; banks to establish and facilitate employee development programs and for human resource to identify, retain and promote talented employees. This will therefore lead to a better performing and transformed banking sector. , Thesis (MA) -- Business and Economic science, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04
Foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth linkages: the role of exchange rate regime choice in South Africa
- Amoah, Edmund Vincent Nyarko
- Authors: Amoah, Edmund Vincent Nyarko
- Date: 2020-04
- Subjects: Investment -- South Africa , Foreign Exchange rates
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57523 , vital:58058
- Description: For a country to ensure economic stability, growth, development, and technological advancement, FDI and trade openness play a vital role in achieving such development. Economic growth leads to employment creation and poverty reduction. FDI inflows are important to countries, especially in developing countries, as they enhance domestic savings and capital inflows from abroad. It further accumulates the transfer of technology, speeds up competition and pushes for a more positive development of firms. On the other hand, trade openness involves the removal or relaxation of trade barriers that hinder the free flow of trade between countries. FDI and trade openness is viewed as a catalyst to economic growth. However, FDI, trade openness, and economic growth are largely influenced by the exchange rate regime choice of a country. South Africa’s economy is founded on the principles of trade openness and strives to attract FDI and ensure economic growth. The country has also transitioned from different exchange rate regime choices, and currently adopts the free-floating exchange rate regime choice. These policies are aimed to enhance growth and better the lives of the people. However, this is not the case as unemployment continues to rise. Economic growth has not appreciated to the level the country aims to reach. Economic growth has shown a downward trend over the past years. These indicators raise the question about the impact of FDI, trade openness, and economic growth, and the role of exchange rate regime policies implemented in the country for many decades. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the linkages between FDI, trade openness, economic growth, and the role of the exchange rate regime choice. Specific objectives of the study include: first, to establish whether there is a direct relationship between FDI, trade openness, and economic growth, or not and, second, to investigate the effect of exchange rate regime choice on foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth. To achieve these objectives, the study made use of secondary data and quantitative research design. Data was collected from different sources namely, the statistics South Africa data base, world development indicators, the international monetary fund, and the Reserve Bank of South Africa. Data was collected from 1995 to 2018. In the aspect of vi data analysis, Stata, a statistical computer software and time series was used to analyse the data for the current study. The study employed an estimation technique such as the ARDL. This was to ensure that variables are I (0) or I (1). The Zivot-Andrews test was employed to investigate all possible structural breaks. Due to its inability to deal with more than one structural break, CLEMAO, or IO routine, was introduced to close the gap and to allow for a possible two event of structural break in time series. The study performed a granger causality test to determine the causalities that arose among the variables under study. The results showed no granger causality between GDP and FDI. A uni-directional granger causality was found to flow from GDP to trade openness, FDI to trade openness and FDI to exchange rate. A bi-directional causality was established between GDP and exchange rate, and between trade openness and exchange rate. The study employed critical values because the sample size appeared to be small in nature. The F statistics from the ARDL appeared to be greater than the critical value, which symbolizes a long-run relationship of the variables currently under study. A Gregory-Hansen cointegration test was introduced to handle the concept of regime changes in the current study. Findings from the ARDL with known structural break for exchange rate regime choice revealed that, exchange rate had a positive significant impact on economic growth in the short-run, whereas it had a significant negative impact on economic growth in the long-run. This implies that, during the initial stages of an exchange rate policy, the South African rand appreciated, leading to a boost in economic growth. A change from managed float exchange rate regime to a free float exchange rate regime caused a 1.49 percent increase in economic growth. This was an indication that the free float exchange rate is a better choice compared to a managed float exchange rate. Based on these findings, the study recommended that South Africa should continue with free float exchange rate policy as it is found to promote economic growth. To attract FDI, the study recommended that economic restrictions on foreign investors should be minimised. However, the South African government should encourage foreign investors to provide training and skills to South Africans who are employed in their establishments. This will in the long-run contribute to technology and human capital transfer needed by vii the country to stimulate economic growth. Finally, the study recommended that South African government should curb the importation of certain goods and services which are locally produced. This will improve economic growth and enhance employment. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Science, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-04
- Authors: Amoah, Edmund Vincent Nyarko
- Date: 2020-04
- Subjects: Investment -- South Africa , Foreign Exchange rates
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/57523 , vital:58058
- Description: For a country to ensure economic stability, growth, development, and technological advancement, FDI and trade openness play a vital role in achieving such development. Economic growth leads to employment creation and poverty reduction. FDI inflows are important to countries, especially in developing countries, as they enhance domestic savings and capital inflows from abroad. It further accumulates the transfer of technology, speeds up competition and pushes for a more positive development of firms. On the other hand, trade openness involves the removal or relaxation of trade barriers that hinder the free flow of trade between countries. FDI and trade openness is viewed as a catalyst to economic growth. However, FDI, trade openness, and economic growth are largely influenced by the exchange rate regime choice of a country. South Africa’s economy is founded on the principles of trade openness and strives to attract FDI and ensure economic growth. The country has also transitioned from different exchange rate regime choices, and currently adopts the free-floating exchange rate regime choice. These policies are aimed to enhance growth and better the lives of the people. However, this is not the case as unemployment continues to rise. Economic growth has not appreciated to the level the country aims to reach. Economic growth has shown a downward trend over the past years. These indicators raise the question about the impact of FDI, trade openness, and economic growth, and the role of exchange rate regime policies implemented in the country for many decades. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the linkages between FDI, trade openness, economic growth, and the role of the exchange rate regime choice. Specific objectives of the study include: first, to establish whether there is a direct relationship between FDI, trade openness, and economic growth, or not and, second, to investigate the effect of exchange rate regime choice on foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth. To achieve these objectives, the study made use of secondary data and quantitative research design. Data was collected from different sources namely, the statistics South Africa data base, world development indicators, the international monetary fund, and the Reserve Bank of South Africa. Data was collected from 1995 to 2018. In the aspect of vi data analysis, Stata, a statistical computer software and time series was used to analyse the data for the current study. The study employed an estimation technique such as the ARDL. This was to ensure that variables are I (0) or I (1). The Zivot-Andrews test was employed to investigate all possible structural breaks. Due to its inability to deal with more than one structural break, CLEMAO, or IO routine, was introduced to close the gap and to allow for a possible two event of structural break in time series. The study performed a granger causality test to determine the causalities that arose among the variables under study. The results showed no granger causality between GDP and FDI. A uni-directional granger causality was found to flow from GDP to trade openness, FDI to trade openness and FDI to exchange rate. A bi-directional causality was established between GDP and exchange rate, and between trade openness and exchange rate. The study employed critical values because the sample size appeared to be small in nature. The F statistics from the ARDL appeared to be greater than the critical value, which symbolizes a long-run relationship of the variables currently under study. A Gregory-Hansen cointegration test was introduced to handle the concept of regime changes in the current study. Findings from the ARDL with known structural break for exchange rate regime choice revealed that, exchange rate had a positive significant impact on economic growth in the short-run, whereas it had a significant negative impact on economic growth in the long-run. This implies that, during the initial stages of an exchange rate policy, the South African rand appreciated, leading to a boost in economic growth. A change from managed float exchange rate regime to a free float exchange rate regime caused a 1.49 percent increase in economic growth. This was an indication that the free float exchange rate is a better choice compared to a managed float exchange rate. Based on these findings, the study recommended that South Africa should continue with free float exchange rate policy as it is found to promote economic growth. To attract FDI, the study recommended that economic restrictions on foreign investors should be minimised. However, the South African government should encourage foreign investors to provide training and skills to South Africans who are employed in their establishments. This will in the long-run contribute to technology and human capital transfer needed by vii the country to stimulate economic growth. Finally, the study recommended that South African government should curb the importation of certain goods and services which are locally produced. This will improve economic growth and enhance employment. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Science, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-04