Central obesity and normal-weight central obesity among adults attending healthcare facilities in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa: a cross-sectional study
- Owolabi, Eyitayo Omolara, Ter Goon, Daniel, Adeniyi, Oladele Vincent
- Authors: Owolabi, Eyitayo Omolara , Ter Goon, Daniel , Adeniyi, Oladele Vincent
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa Obesity Central obesity, Overall obesity, Waist circumference, Waist-to-hip ratio, Waist-to-height ratio, NICE BMI-WC composite index, Health risk, Abdominal obesity Computer File
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/5887 , vital:44664 , https://DOI10.1186/s41043-017-0133-x
- Description: Background Central obesity (CO) confers a significant threat on the cardio-metabolic health of individuals, independently of overall obesity. Disparities in the measures of fat distribution lead to misclassification of individuals who are at risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. This study sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of central obesity and normal-weight central obesity among adults attending selected healthcare facilities in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), South Africa, assess their health risk and examine the association between central obesity and cardio-metabolic diseases among adults with normal weight, measured by body mass index (BMI). Methods A cross-sectional survey of 998 adults was carried out at the three largest outpatient clinics in BCMM. Overall and central obesity were assessed using BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHTR). The WHO STEPwise questionnaire was used for data collection. Blood pressure and blood glucose were measured. Normal-weight central obesity was defined as CO among individuals with normal weight, as assessed by BMI. Health risk levels were assessed using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) BMI-WC composite index. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the prevalence of CO, normal-weight central obesity and the predictors of CO. Results The mean age of participants was 42.6 (± 16.5) years. The prevalence of CO was 67.0, 58.0 and 71.0% by WC, WHR and WHTR, respectively. The prevalence of normal-weight central obesity was 26.9, 36.9 and 29.5% by WC, WHR and WHTR, respectively. About 41% of the participants had a very high health risk, 13% had increased risk or high risk and 33% had no health risk. Central obesity was significantly associated with hypertension but not associated with diabetes among those with normal weight (by BMI). Female sex, age over 30 years, marriage, secondary or tertiary level of education, non-smoking status, diabetes and hypertension significantly predicted central obesity among the study participants. Conclusion The prevalence of central obesity among the study participants is high, irrespective of the defining criteria. One in three adults of normal weight had central obesity. Body mass index should therefore not be used alone for clinical assessment by healthcare workers in the study setting.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Owolabi, Eyitayo Omolara , Ter Goon, Daniel , Adeniyi, Oladele Vincent
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa Obesity Central obesity, Overall obesity, Waist circumference, Waist-to-hip ratio, Waist-to-height ratio, NICE BMI-WC composite index, Health risk, Abdominal obesity Computer File
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/5887 , vital:44664 , https://DOI10.1186/s41043-017-0133-x
- Description: Background Central obesity (CO) confers a significant threat on the cardio-metabolic health of individuals, independently of overall obesity. Disparities in the measures of fat distribution lead to misclassification of individuals who are at risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. This study sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of central obesity and normal-weight central obesity among adults attending selected healthcare facilities in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), South Africa, assess their health risk and examine the association between central obesity and cardio-metabolic diseases among adults with normal weight, measured by body mass index (BMI). Methods A cross-sectional survey of 998 adults was carried out at the three largest outpatient clinics in BCMM. Overall and central obesity were assessed using BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHTR). The WHO STEPwise questionnaire was used for data collection. Blood pressure and blood glucose were measured. Normal-weight central obesity was defined as CO among individuals with normal weight, as assessed by BMI. Health risk levels were assessed using the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) BMI-WC composite index. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the prevalence of CO, normal-weight central obesity and the predictors of CO. Results The mean age of participants was 42.6 (± 16.5) years. The prevalence of CO was 67.0, 58.0 and 71.0% by WC, WHR and WHTR, respectively. The prevalence of normal-weight central obesity was 26.9, 36.9 and 29.5% by WC, WHR and WHTR, respectively. About 41% of the participants had a very high health risk, 13% had increased risk or high risk and 33% had no health risk. Central obesity was significantly associated with hypertension but not associated with diabetes among those with normal weight (by BMI). Female sex, age over 30 years, marriage, secondary or tertiary level of education, non-smoking status, diabetes and hypertension significantly predicted central obesity among the study participants. Conclusion The prevalence of central obesity among the study participants is high, irrespective of the defining criteria. One in three adults of normal weight had central obesity. Body mass index should therefore not be used alone for clinical assessment by healthcare workers in the study setting.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Medical Education in Decentralized Settings: How Medical Students Contribute to Health Care in 10 Sub-Saharan African Countries
- Talib, Zohray, van Schalkwyk, Susan, Cooper , I, Pattanaik , Swaha, Turay , Khadija, Sagay, Atiene S, Baingana , Rhona, Baird , Sarah, Gaede , Bernhard, Iputo, Jehu, Kibore , Minnie, Manongi , Rachel, Matsika , Antony, Mogodi , Mpho, Ramucesse , Jeremais, Ross, Heather, Simuyeba, Moses, Haile-Mariam, Damen
- Authors: Talib, Zohray , van Schalkwyk, Susan , Cooper , I , Pattanaik , Swaha , Turay , Khadija , Sagay, Atiene S , Baingana , Rhona , Baird , Sarah , Gaede , Bernhard , Iputo, Jehu , Kibore , Minnie , Manongi , Rachel , Matsika , Antony , Mogodi , Mpho , Ramucesse , Jeremais , Ross, Heather , Simuyeba, Moses , Haile-Mariam, Damen
- Date: 10-2017
- Subjects: Sub Sahara Africa Medical Education Health Care Medical Students Computer File
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/5786 , vital:44644 , https://doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002003
- Description: Purpose: African medical schools are expanding, straining resources at tertiary health facilities. Decentralizing clinical training can alleviate this tension. This study assessed the impact of decentralized training and contribution of undergraduate medical students at health facilities. Method: Participants were from 11 Medical Education Partnership Initiative-funded medical schools in 10 African countries. Each school identified two clinical training sites-one rural and the other either peri-urban or urban. Qualitative and quantitative data collection tools were used to gather information about the sites, student activities, and staff perspectives between March 2015 and February 2016. Interviews with site staff were analyzed using a collaborative directed approach to content analysis, and frequencies were generated to describe site characteristics and student experiences. Results: The clinical sites varied in level of care but were similar in scope of clinical services and types of clinical and nonclinical student activities. Staff indicated that students have a positive effect on job satisfaction and workload. Respondents reported that students improved the work environment, institutional reputation, and introduced evidence-based approaches. Students also contributed to perceived improvements in quality of care, patient experience, and community outreach. Staff highlighted the need for resources to support students. Conclusions: Students were seen as valuable resources for health facilities. They strengthened health care quality by supporting overburdened staff and by bringing rigor and accountability into the work environment. As medical schools expand, especially in low-resource settings, mobilizing new and existing resources for decentralized clinical training could transform health facilities into vibrant service and learning environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 10-2017
- Authors: Talib, Zohray , van Schalkwyk, Susan , Cooper , I , Pattanaik , Swaha , Turay , Khadija , Sagay, Atiene S , Baingana , Rhona , Baird , Sarah , Gaede , Bernhard , Iputo, Jehu , Kibore , Minnie , Manongi , Rachel , Matsika , Antony , Mogodi , Mpho , Ramucesse , Jeremais , Ross, Heather , Simuyeba, Moses , Haile-Mariam, Damen
- Date: 10-2017
- Subjects: Sub Sahara Africa Medical Education Health Care Medical Students Computer File
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/5786 , vital:44644 , https://doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002003
- Description: Purpose: African medical schools are expanding, straining resources at tertiary health facilities. Decentralizing clinical training can alleviate this tension. This study assessed the impact of decentralized training and contribution of undergraduate medical students at health facilities. Method: Participants were from 11 Medical Education Partnership Initiative-funded medical schools in 10 African countries. Each school identified two clinical training sites-one rural and the other either peri-urban or urban. Qualitative and quantitative data collection tools were used to gather information about the sites, student activities, and staff perspectives between March 2015 and February 2016. Interviews with site staff were analyzed using a collaborative directed approach to content analysis, and frequencies were generated to describe site characteristics and student experiences. Results: The clinical sites varied in level of care but were similar in scope of clinical services and types of clinical and nonclinical student activities. Staff indicated that students have a positive effect on job satisfaction and workload. Respondents reported that students improved the work environment, institutional reputation, and introduced evidence-based approaches. Students also contributed to perceived improvements in quality of care, patient experience, and community outreach. Staff highlighted the need for resources to support students. Conclusions: Students were seen as valuable resources for health facilities. They strengthened health care quality by supporting overburdened staff and by bringing rigor and accountability into the work environment. As medical schools expand, especially in low-resource settings, mobilizing new and existing resources for decentralized clinical training could transform health facilities into vibrant service and learning environments.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 10-2017
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