Rural women and the land question in Zimbabwe: the case of Mutasa District
- Authors: Toro, Bigboy
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Women in development -- Zimbabwe , Women farmers -- Zimbabwe , Inheritance and succession -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Rural women -- Zimbabwe , Women in agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sex discrimination -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11431 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006945 , Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Women in development -- Zimbabwe , Women farmers -- Zimbabwe , Inheritance and succession -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Rural women -- Zimbabwe , Women in agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sex discrimination -- Zimbabwe
- Description: Zimbabwean rural women make significant contribution to agriculture and are the mainstay of the farm labour. Although women do the majority of agricultural work, men, for the most part continue to own the land, control women‟s labour and make agricultural decisions supported by patriarchal social systems. Thus, rural women faced difficulties than men in gaining access to land under Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). Women‟s relationship with land is therefore through husbands, fathers, brothers or sons. Therefore, this study has undertaken with the objective of assessing the impact of land distribution programme with respect to its contribution to women‟s empowerment in the study area. The Gender and Development approach was employed to assess women access to land under the FTLRP. Such an approach to rural development can help in reducing the gender gap between women and men in order to achieve gender-balanced development. The study used qualitative research methodology where semi-structured interviews gather data from women in Mutasa District. Findings indicate that there are a number of challenges and constraints that are experienced by rural women under the Fast Track Land Reform Programme which include male land registration, no access to credit, inadequate government input support, lack of government laws and policies awareness on women land rights, shortage of farm implements and irrigation water supply and lack of agriculture training. On the other hand, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household. It was generally assumed that the programme did not improve women access to land. To improve women access to land, in future, the study recommends that a serious intervention by the state should occur coupled with the revitalization of the programme and a paradigm shift towards an effective food security programme which emphasizes women and their important role in agriculture.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Toro, Bigboy
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Women in development -- Zimbabwe , Women farmers -- Zimbabwe , Inheritance and succession -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Rural women -- Zimbabwe , Women in agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sex discrimination -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Dev)
- Identifier: vital:11431 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006945 , Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Women in development -- Zimbabwe , Women farmers -- Zimbabwe , Inheritance and succession -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Rural women -- Zimbabwe , Women in agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sex discrimination -- Zimbabwe
- Description: Zimbabwean rural women make significant contribution to agriculture and are the mainstay of the farm labour. Although women do the majority of agricultural work, men, for the most part continue to own the land, control women‟s labour and make agricultural decisions supported by patriarchal social systems. Thus, rural women faced difficulties than men in gaining access to land under Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). Women‟s relationship with land is therefore through husbands, fathers, brothers or sons. Therefore, this study has undertaken with the objective of assessing the impact of land distribution programme with respect to its contribution to women‟s empowerment in the study area. The Gender and Development approach was employed to assess women access to land under the FTLRP. Such an approach to rural development can help in reducing the gender gap between women and men in order to achieve gender-balanced development. The study used qualitative research methodology where semi-structured interviews gather data from women in Mutasa District. Findings indicate that there are a number of challenges and constraints that are experienced by rural women under the Fast Track Land Reform Programme which include male land registration, no access to credit, inadequate government input support, lack of government laws and policies awareness on women land rights, shortage of farm implements and irrigation water supply and lack of agriculture training. On the other hand, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household. It was generally assumed that the programme did not improve women access to land. To improve women access to land, in future, the study recommends that a serious intervention by the state should occur coupled with the revitalization of the programme and a paradigm shift towards an effective food security programme which emphasizes women and their important role in agriculture.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Sedimentary environments and provenance of the Balfour Formation (Beaufort Group) in the area between Bedford and Adelaide, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Oghenekome, Monica Enifome
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Geology -- South Africa -- Balfour , Sedimentary basins -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sediments (Geology) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sedimentation analysis , Beaufort Group (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Geology)
- Identifier: vital:11524 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004354 , Geology -- South Africa -- Balfour , Sedimentary basins -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sediments (Geology) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sedimentation analysis , Beaufort Group (South Africa)
- Description: The research examines the sedimentary environments and provenance of the Balfour Formation of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This Formation occurs in the southeastern part of the Karoo Basin. It consists of sedimentary rocks, which are an alternating siltstone, shale and mudstone succession with subordinate interbedded sandstone and subsequently intruded by Karoo dolerite in the form of sills and dykes. ithostratigraphically, the Balfour Formation is subdivided into five units namely, from the base to the top, the Oudeberg, Daggaboersnek, Barberskrans, Elandsberg and Palingkloof Members. The Balfour Formation is overlain by the Katberg Formation. This study involved field investigations in the vicinity of the towns of Bedford and Adelaide with integrated stratigraphical, sedimentological and petrological studies. A geological map was constructed after field investigations. Lithofacies of the Balfour Formation that were studied are characterised by sandstone facies (Sh, Sm, St, Sr, Sp) and fine-grained sediments (Fl or Fsm) which reflect point-bar, cut-bank, channel and floodplain deposits. Lithologically, the Oudeberg Member consists of sandstone of which some units are internally massive alternating with thin laminated siltstone and mudstone. The Daggaboersnek Member is characterised by regular, generally non-lenticular, overall stratification, in the Barberkrans Member consists of sandstone lithosomes, while the Elandsberg Member is an argillaceous unit, similar to the Daggaboersnek Member. The Palingkloof Member is composed predominantly of red mudstone that can be used to distinguish the Balfour Formation from the overlying Katberg Formation, which consists predominantly of sandstone. The stratigraphic sequence displays two fining upward megacycles of sedimentary deposits with change in the sediment supply pattern from low-sinuosity to high-sinuosity river systems which reflect both braid and meandering deposits, respectively. Sedimentary structures in the sandstone units and the provenance of the Balfour Formation indicate that these deposits were produced by rivers flowing from the southeast with minor drift towards the northwest. According to the composition of the sediments and their sequence of deposition the Formation represents a fluvial environment. Mineralogical and grain size data from the sandstones of the various members of the Balfour Formation indicate the same source area of granitic, metamorphic and older sedimentary rocks and show no significant petrographic differences. The petrographic and geochemical investigations confirmed the sandstone to be feldspathic litharenite and ultralithofeldspathic sandstone. The palaeocurrent investigation indicates the main provenance to have been situated to the southeast of the Karoo basin. Heavy-mineral concentrations within the sandstones also give an indication that the source had a transitional arc plate tectonic setting.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Oghenekome, Monica Enifome
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Geology -- South Africa -- Balfour , Sedimentary basins -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sediments (Geology) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sedimentation analysis , Beaufort Group (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Geology)
- Identifier: vital:11524 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1004354 , Geology -- South Africa -- Balfour , Sedimentary basins -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sediments (Geology) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sedimentation analysis , Beaufort Group (South Africa)
- Description: The research examines the sedimentary environments and provenance of the Balfour Formation of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This Formation occurs in the southeastern part of the Karoo Basin. It consists of sedimentary rocks, which are an alternating siltstone, shale and mudstone succession with subordinate interbedded sandstone and subsequently intruded by Karoo dolerite in the form of sills and dykes. ithostratigraphically, the Balfour Formation is subdivided into five units namely, from the base to the top, the Oudeberg, Daggaboersnek, Barberskrans, Elandsberg and Palingkloof Members. The Balfour Formation is overlain by the Katberg Formation. This study involved field investigations in the vicinity of the towns of Bedford and Adelaide with integrated stratigraphical, sedimentological and petrological studies. A geological map was constructed after field investigations. Lithofacies of the Balfour Formation that were studied are characterised by sandstone facies (Sh, Sm, St, Sr, Sp) and fine-grained sediments (Fl or Fsm) which reflect point-bar, cut-bank, channel and floodplain deposits. Lithologically, the Oudeberg Member consists of sandstone of which some units are internally massive alternating with thin laminated siltstone and mudstone. The Daggaboersnek Member is characterised by regular, generally non-lenticular, overall stratification, in the Barberkrans Member consists of sandstone lithosomes, while the Elandsberg Member is an argillaceous unit, similar to the Daggaboersnek Member. The Palingkloof Member is composed predominantly of red mudstone that can be used to distinguish the Balfour Formation from the overlying Katberg Formation, which consists predominantly of sandstone. The stratigraphic sequence displays two fining upward megacycles of sedimentary deposits with change in the sediment supply pattern from low-sinuosity to high-sinuosity river systems which reflect both braid and meandering deposits, respectively. Sedimentary structures in the sandstone units and the provenance of the Balfour Formation indicate that these deposits were produced by rivers flowing from the southeast with minor drift towards the northwest. According to the composition of the sediments and their sequence of deposition the Formation represents a fluvial environment. Mineralogical and grain size data from the sandstones of the various members of the Balfour Formation indicate the same source area of granitic, metamorphic and older sedimentary rocks and show no significant petrographic differences. The petrographic and geochemical investigations confirmed the sandstone to be feldspathic litharenite and ultralithofeldspathic sandstone. The palaeocurrent investigation indicates the main provenance to have been situated to the southeast of the Karoo basin. Heavy-mineral concentrations within the sandstones also give an indication that the source had a transitional arc plate tectonic setting.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Silenced women of John Steinbeck's dustbowl trilogy
- Authors: Burri, Stella Teresia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Criticism and interpretation , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Grapes of wrath , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Political and social views , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Appreciation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA (English)
- Identifier: vital:11838 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005643 , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Criticism and interpretation , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Grapes of wrath , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Political and social views , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Appreciation
- Description: The primary aim of this project is to examine selected works by John Steinbeck, a significant American writer. Through a close contextual and textual analysis of Steinbeck’s Dustbowl Trilogy, which consists of the novels In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath, this project will interrogate Steinbeck’s contribution to the silencing of women and their inferior placement in their society and determine the extent to which Steinbeck promotes patriarchal ideology through his literature. A close examination of the modernist era in which these novels were written will provide the method of interrogating Steinbeck’s portrayal of women’s situation during the Depression and determine whether it is a reflection of the reality of women’s situation at that time given the political and environmental factors of the 1930s. The theories of various feminist critics, including Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, Gayle Rubin, Luce Irigaray, Sherry Ortner, and Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar will be explored in order to elucidate the author’s treatment of the female characters and determine the extent to which patriarchal ideology is embedded in his writing. A brief examination of some of his contemporaries, namely F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway, will reveal the general treatment of women in male authored modernist literature and determine the extent to which Steinbeck’s female subjugation is representative.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Burri, Stella Teresia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Criticism and interpretation , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Grapes of wrath , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Political and social views , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Appreciation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA (English)
- Identifier: vital:11838 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005643 , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Criticism and interpretation , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Grapes of wrath , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Political and social views , Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968 -- Appreciation
- Description: The primary aim of this project is to examine selected works by John Steinbeck, a significant American writer. Through a close contextual and textual analysis of Steinbeck’s Dustbowl Trilogy, which consists of the novels In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath, this project will interrogate Steinbeck’s contribution to the silencing of women and their inferior placement in their society and determine the extent to which Steinbeck promotes patriarchal ideology through his literature. A close examination of the modernist era in which these novels were written will provide the method of interrogating Steinbeck’s portrayal of women’s situation during the Depression and determine whether it is a reflection of the reality of women’s situation at that time given the political and environmental factors of the 1930s. The theories of various feminist critics, including Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, Gayle Rubin, Luce Irigaray, Sherry Ortner, and Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar will be explored in order to elucidate the author’s treatment of the female characters and determine the extent to which patriarchal ideology is embedded in his writing. A brief examination of some of his contemporaries, namely F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway, will reveal the general treatment of women in male authored modernist literature and determine the extent to which Steinbeck’s female subjugation is representative.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Soil fertility enhancement through appropriate fertilizer management on winter cover crops in a conservation agriculture system
- Authors: Dube, Ernest
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Fertilizers , Soil fertility , Crops -- Nutrition , Soil productivity , Range management , Grazing -- Management , Forage plants , Humus
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Crop Science)
- Identifier: vital:11239 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001044 , Fertilizers , Soil fertility , Crops -- Nutrition , Soil productivity , Range management , Grazing -- Management , Forage plants , Humus
- Description: A study was carried out to determine the effects of oat (Avena sativa) and grazing vetch (Vicia darsycapa) winter cover crops and fertilizer application on SOM, phosphorus (P) pools, nutrient availability, nutrient uptake, maize yield and seedbanks of problematic weeds in an irrigated maize-based conservation agriculture (CA) system. A separate experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the winter cover crops on nitrogen (N) management, N use efficiency and profitability. After four years of continuous rotation, the winter cover crops significantly (p<0.05) increased particulate SOM and hot water soluble carbon in the 0 – 5 and 5 – 20 cm soil depths. When fertilized, oat was better able to support SOM sequestration in water stable aggregates at 0 – 20 cm whilst grazing vetch was more effective at 20 – 50 cm. Where no fertilizer was invested, there were significant (p<0.01) reductions in biomass input and SOM on oat-maize and weedy fallow-maize rotations whereas vetch-maize rotations did not respond, both at 0 – 5 and 5 – 20 cm. Targeting fertilizer to the winter cover crop required less fertilizer, and yet gave a similar SOM response as targeting the fertilizer to the maize crop. In addition to increasing SOM in the surface soil (0 – 5 cm), the winter cover crops significantly (p<0.05) increased labile pools of P, including microbial P. The cover crops also significantly (p<0.05) increased maize P concentration during early growth, extractable soil P, Cu, Mn, and Zn but had no effect on Ca and K. Grazing vetch increased soil mineral N but reduced extractable soil Mg. Without fertilizer, there were sharp declines in maize grain yield on oat and weedy fallow rotations over the four year period, but less so, on the grazing vetch. Grazing vetch increased maize growth, grain yield response to N fertilizer, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and profitability for fertilizer rates below 180 kg N ha-1. Oat effects however on maize yield and NUE were generally similar to weedy fallow. Based on the partial factor productivity of N, the highest efficiencies in utilization of fertilizer N for maize yield improvement under grazing vetch and oat are obtained at 60 kg N ha-1 and would decline thereafter with any increases in fertilizer application rate. Grazing vetch gave N fertilizer replacement values of up to 120 kg N ha-1 as well as the highest marginal rates of return to increasing N fertilizer rate. The cover crops were more effective than the weedy fallow in reducing seedbank density of Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Amaranthus retroflexus and Datura stramonium at 0 – 5 cm soil depth, causing weed seed reductions of 30 - 70%. The winter cover crops however, selectively allowed emergence of the narrow leafed weeds; Cyperus esculentus and Digitaria sanguinalis in the maize crop. The findings of this study suggested that grazing vetch is suited for SOM improvement in low fertilizer input systems and that fertilizer is better invested on winter cover crops as opposed to maize crops. Oat, on the other hand, when fertilized, would be ideal for C sequestration in water stable aggregates of the surface soil. Grazing vetch is ideal for resource poor farmers who cannot afford mineral fertilizers as it gives grain yield improvement and high fertilizer replacement value. Grazing vetch can produce enough maize yield response to pay its way in the maize-based systems and oat may not require additional N than that applied to the weedy fallow. Phosphorus and Zn are some of the major limiting essential plant nutrients on South African soils and the winter cover crops could make a contribution. The cover crops also hasten depletion of some problematic weeds from seedbanks, leading to reduced weed pressure during maize growth.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Dube, Ernest
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Fertilizers , Soil fertility , Crops -- Nutrition , Soil productivity , Range management , Grazing -- Management , Forage plants , Humus
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Crop Science)
- Identifier: vital:11239 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001044 , Fertilizers , Soil fertility , Crops -- Nutrition , Soil productivity , Range management , Grazing -- Management , Forage plants , Humus
- Description: A study was carried out to determine the effects of oat (Avena sativa) and grazing vetch (Vicia darsycapa) winter cover crops and fertilizer application on SOM, phosphorus (P) pools, nutrient availability, nutrient uptake, maize yield and seedbanks of problematic weeds in an irrigated maize-based conservation agriculture (CA) system. A separate experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the winter cover crops on nitrogen (N) management, N use efficiency and profitability. After four years of continuous rotation, the winter cover crops significantly (p<0.05) increased particulate SOM and hot water soluble carbon in the 0 – 5 and 5 – 20 cm soil depths. When fertilized, oat was better able to support SOM sequestration in water stable aggregates at 0 – 20 cm whilst grazing vetch was more effective at 20 – 50 cm. Where no fertilizer was invested, there were significant (p<0.01) reductions in biomass input and SOM on oat-maize and weedy fallow-maize rotations whereas vetch-maize rotations did not respond, both at 0 – 5 and 5 – 20 cm. Targeting fertilizer to the winter cover crop required less fertilizer, and yet gave a similar SOM response as targeting the fertilizer to the maize crop. In addition to increasing SOM in the surface soil (0 – 5 cm), the winter cover crops significantly (p<0.05) increased labile pools of P, including microbial P. The cover crops also significantly (p<0.05) increased maize P concentration during early growth, extractable soil P, Cu, Mn, and Zn but had no effect on Ca and K. Grazing vetch increased soil mineral N but reduced extractable soil Mg. Without fertilizer, there were sharp declines in maize grain yield on oat and weedy fallow rotations over the four year period, but less so, on the grazing vetch. Grazing vetch increased maize growth, grain yield response to N fertilizer, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and profitability for fertilizer rates below 180 kg N ha-1. Oat effects however on maize yield and NUE were generally similar to weedy fallow. Based on the partial factor productivity of N, the highest efficiencies in utilization of fertilizer N for maize yield improvement under grazing vetch and oat are obtained at 60 kg N ha-1 and would decline thereafter with any increases in fertilizer application rate. Grazing vetch gave N fertilizer replacement values of up to 120 kg N ha-1 as well as the highest marginal rates of return to increasing N fertilizer rate. The cover crops were more effective than the weedy fallow in reducing seedbank density of Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Amaranthus retroflexus and Datura stramonium at 0 – 5 cm soil depth, causing weed seed reductions of 30 - 70%. The winter cover crops however, selectively allowed emergence of the narrow leafed weeds; Cyperus esculentus and Digitaria sanguinalis in the maize crop. The findings of this study suggested that grazing vetch is suited for SOM improvement in low fertilizer input systems and that fertilizer is better invested on winter cover crops as opposed to maize crops. Oat, on the other hand, when fertilized, would be ideal for C sequestration in water stable aggregates of the surface soil. Grazing vetch is ideal for resource poor farmers who cannot afford mineral fertilizers as it gives grain yield improvement and high fertilizer replacement value. Grazing vetch can produce enough maize yield response to pay its way in the maize-based systems and oat may not require additional N than that applied to the weedy fallow. Phosphorus and Zn are some of the major limiting essential plant nutrients on South African soils and the winter cover crops could make a contribution. The cover crops also hasten depletion of some problematic weeds from seedbanks, leading to reduced weed pressure during maize growth.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Spatio-temporal ecology of the yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata in the Great Fish River Reserve (Eastern Cape, South Africa)
- Authors: Mbatyoti, Owen A
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Carnivorous animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Great Fish River Reserve (South Africa) , Mongooses -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Zoology)
- Identifier: vital:11792 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006856 , Carnivorous animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Great Fish River Reserve (South Africa) , Mongooses -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Very little is known about the spatio-temporal ecology of the yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata, despite this small carnivore being widely distributed in the southern African subregion. Until the present study, activity patterns and daily movement distances had only been investigated over a single season, and information on home range sizes was only available from a few populations. Here, I aimed at determining the activity patterns and the space use of yellow mongooses over the different seasons of the year in the Great Fish River Reserve (Eastern Cape, South Africa). In addition, I tested some predictions related to environmental factors (variations in photoperiod, climatic conditions and food availability over the year), as well as life cycle (reproduction) and morphological and physiological characteristics (sexual dimorphism and thermoregulatory aspects associated to the possession of an elongated body). From September 2005 to August 2011, spatio-temporal data were collected through 102 continuous tracking sessions (84 during the day and 18 during the night) of 12 adult individuals (seven males and five females) fitted with motion-sensor radio-collars. Additional data were obtained through semi-continuous tracking sessions and random locations. Yellow mongooses were essentially diurnal and crepuscular. Activity levels averaged 57 percent during the day (n = 11,807 fixes) and only 11 percent at night (n = 3,623 fixes). Yellow mongooses emerged from their burrows on average (± SD) 85 ± 62 min after sunrise (range: –11 to +369 min) and returned 21 ± 84 min before sunset (range: –518 to +225 min). The duration of the daily activity period varied between 12 min and 15 h 36 min, with a mean of 9 h 28 min. Both sexes exhibited some overground activity after sunset, but this was most pronounced in males than in females. Nocturnal activity outside the activity period was generally restricted to short underground bouts of activity occurring at anytime of the night. Diurnal resting, with up to 11 bouts per activity period, occurred in 98.8 percent of activity periods. Overall, yellow mongooses were active during 68 ± 17 percent of the time spent outside the burrow. Photoperiod acted as a zeitgeber and activity was negatively affected by adverse climatic conditions (very hot or conversely low temperatures, rain, wet soil) and probably low terrestrial arthropod activity/availability. No intersexual difference in activity levels was found, although the higher body mass of males (on average 16 oercent) implies higher metabolic demands. The total home range size (MCP 100 percent ) averaged 0.55 ± 0.65 km2 (range: 0.10–2.36 km2) and the related total perimeter measured on average 2.80 ± 1.71 km (range: 1.17–7.36 km). Male home ranges were on average more than twice large than those of females, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. However, males had larger daily home ranges (0.13 ± 0.15 km2) than females (0.05 ± 0.05 km2). In addition, daily movement distances of males were longer (1.99 ± 1.07 km) than those of females (1.29 ± 0.66 km). Males also travelled at a faster speed (0.29 ± 0.13 km/h) than females (0.18 ± 0.07 km/h). Overall, sex clearly appeared to play a role in the spatial ecology of yellow mongooses, but the underlying explanation does not seem to be linked to sexual dimorphism (body mass) or reproductive activity. Whilst the role of food availability on the space use of yellow mongooses is unclear, it is likely that low temperatures negatively affect yellow mongoose movements, as they do for their activity levels.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mbatyoti, Owen A
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Carnivorous animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Great Fish River Reserve (South Africa) , Mongooses -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Zoology)
- Identifier: vital:11792 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006856 , Carnivorous animals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Spatial behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Great Fish River Reserve (South Africa) , Mongooses -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Very little is known about the spatio-temporal ecology of the yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata, despite this small carnivore being widely distributed in the southern African subregion. Until the present study, activity patterns and daily movement distances had only been investigated over a single season, and information on home range sizes was only available from a few populations. Here, I aimed at determining the activity patterns and the space use of yellow mongooses over the different seasons of the year in the Great Fish River Reserve (Eastern Cape, South Africa). In addition, I tested some predictions related to environmental factors (variations in photoperiod, climatic conditions and food availability over the year), as well as life cycle (reproduction) and morphological and physiological characteristics (sexual dimorphism and thermoregulatory aspects associated to the possession of an elongated body). From September 2005 to August 2011, spatio-temporal data were collected through 102 continuous tracking sessions (84 during the day and 18 during the night) of 12 adult individuals (seven males and five females) fitted with motion-sensor radio-collars. Additional data were obtained through semi-continuous tracking sessions and random locations. Yellow mongooses were essentially diurnal and crepuscular. Activity levels averaged 57 percent during the day (n = 11,807 fixes) and only 11 percent at night (n = 3,623 fixes). Yellow mongooses emerged from their burrows on average (± SD) 85 ± 62 min after sunrise (range: –11 to +369 min) and returned 21 ± 84 min before sunset (range: –518 to +225 min). The duration of the daily activity period varied between 12 min and 15 h 36 min, with a mean of 9 h 28 min. Both sexes exhibited some overground activity after sunset, but this was most pronounced in males than in females. Nocturnal activity outside the activity period was generally restricted to short underground bouts of activity occurring at anytime of the night. Diurnal resting, with up to 11 bouts per activity period, occurred in 98.8 percent of activity periods. Overall, yellow mongooses were active during 68 ± 17 percent of the time spent outside the burrow. Photoperiod acted as a zeitgeber and activity was negatively affected by adverse climatic conditions (very hot or conversely low temperatures, rain, wet soil) and probably low terrestrial arthropod activity/availability. No intersexual difference in activity levels was found, although the higher body mass of males (on average 16 oercent) implies higher metabolic demands. The total home range size (MCP 100 percent ) averaged 0.55 ± 0.65 km2 (range: 0.10–2.36 km2) and the related total perimeter measured on average 2.80 ± 1.71 km (range: 1.17–7.36 km). Male home ranges were on average more than twice large than those of females, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. However, males had larger daily home ranges (0.13 ± 0.15 km2) than females (0.05 ± 0.05 km2). In addition, daily movement distances of males were longer (1.99 ± 1.07 km) than those of females (1.29 ± 0.66 km). Males also travelled at a faster speed (0.29 ± 0.13 km/h) than females (0.18 ± 0.07 km/h). Overall, sex clearly appeared to play a role in the spatial ecology of yellow mongooses, but the underlying explanation does not seem to be linked to sexual dimorphism (body mass) or reproductive activity. Whilst the role of food availability on the space use of yellow mongooses is unclear, it is likely that low temperatures negatively affect yellow mongoose movements, as they do for their activity levels.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Stakeholder participation in strategic planning processes at three colleges of education in Zimbabwe: towards the development of a participatory process in strategic planning
- Authors: Bhebhe, Gladwin
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Administration , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Planning , Education, Higher -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Education)
- Identifier: vital:16186 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006246 , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Administration , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Planning , Education, Higher -- Zimbabwe
- Description: This study investigated stakeholder participation in strategic planning processes in three teacher training colleges in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted within the qualitative research methodology. Three colleges of education were purposively sampled. All principals in the sampled sites took part in the study. Two Heads of Departments (HODs), two Lecturers in Charge (LICs) two Students Representative Council (SRC) members as well as College Advisory Council Board Members (CACBM) participated in this study. A total of 18 informants participated through interviews. Documents such as strategic planning minutes were scrutinized. Strategic planning meetings were also observed at two sites. The findings were that the practice of strategic planning still appears to be rigid and bureaucratic for organizations that operate in rapidly changing environments such as those in Zimbabwe. Secondly, participation in strategic planning is not all inclusive; only a select few individuals do take part in the planning exercise. Colleges of education and the Ministry focus on the product activities, that is, crafting the strategic plan. They seem to ignore the process activities such as reviewing plans periodically and taking note of key performance indicators which promote continuous improvement. The study also found that participants received no formal training in strategic planning and that the planning process was skewed towards control and compliance; and exhibited managerial accountability tendencies which lie within central bureaucratic approaches. The main recommendations were that the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education and the Department of Teacher Education, at the University of Zimbabwe, in consultation with relevant stakeholders should, develop norms and standards for teacher education to align Zimbabwe‟s stakeholder participation in strategic planning to the global trends. Colleges should supplement their understanding of operational contexts by exploring possible future trends and circumstances. The criteria for reviewing strategic plans should be developed by peers, and practitioners in the field, in consultation with national norms and standards for teacher education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Bhebhe, Gladwin
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Administration , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Planning , Education, Higher -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Education)
- Identifier: vital:16186 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006246 , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Administration , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe , Universities and colleges -- Zimbabwe -- Planning , Education, Higher -- Zimbabwe
- Description: This study investigated stakeholder participation in strategic planning processes in three teacher training colleges in Zimbabwe. The study was conducted within the qualitative research methodology. Three colleges of education were purposively sampled. All principals in the sampled sites took part in the study. Two Heads of Departments (HODs), two Lecturers in Charge (LICs) two Students Representative Council (SRC) members as well as College Advisory Council Board Members (CACBM) participated in this study. A total of 18 informants participated through interviews. Documents such as strategic planning minutes were scrutinized. Strategic planning meetings were also observed at two sites. The findings were that the practice of strategic planning still appears to be rigid and bureaucratic for organizations that operate in rapidly changing environments such as those in Zimbabwe. Secondly, participation in strategic planning is not all inclusive; only a select few individuals do take part in the planning exercise. Colleges of education and the Ministry focus on the product activities, that is, crafting the strategic plan. They seem to ignore the process activities such as reviewing plans periodically and taking note of key performance indicators which promote continuous improvement. The study also found that participants received no formal training in strategic planning and that the planning process was skewed towards control and compliance; and exhibited managerial accountability tendencies which lie within central bureaucratic approaches. The main recommendations were that the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education and the Department of Teacher Education, at the University of Zimbabwe, in consultation with relevant stakeholders should, develop norms and standards for teacher education to align Zimbabwe‟s stakeholder participation in strategic planning to the global trends. Colleges should supplement their understanding of operational contexts by exploring possible future trends and circumstances. The criteria for reviewing strategic plans should be developed by peers, and practitioners in the field, in consultation with national norms and standards for teacher education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Strategies employed by two (2) East London schools to adapt in times of teacher loss implications for leadership and management
- Authors: Jimana, Sonwabo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Attitudes , Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16171 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/466 , Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Attitudes , Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Social conditions
- Description: The issue of “teacher loss” has been reported widely as one of the biggest challenges facing schools around the globe. The international concern is that education departments have more teachers leaving than entering their systems. Evidence shows that this situation is also synonymous in South Africa and remains one of the ongoing phenomena, also noted in the provinces, including the Eastern Cape. As previous research focused on the reasons for “teacher loss”, as well as the strategies for the retention of teachers, the purpose of this study was to investigate how the selected schools adapt in times of “teacher loss”. The implications for leadership and management in this regard were also explored. In exploring this issue, a qualitative research approach was adopted in the form of a case study, which involved two (2) rural schools, one (1) primary and one (1) secondary school. This qualitative approach entailed semi-structured interviews involving eight (8) participants and document analysis as data collection methods for the study. The findings reveal that there is little support that schools receive from the Department of Education in order to cope with “teacher loss”. Teachers‟ limited knowledge in terms of strategies to cope with “teacher loss” results in de-motivated and stressed teachers. Several implications for leadership and management were also drawn out, including equipping school management teams with skills that can enable them to assist teachers to cope with “teacher loss”. , Goven Mbeki Reaserch and Development Centre
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Jimana, Sonwabo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Attitudes , Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Social conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16171 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/466 , Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Attitudes , Teachers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Social conditions
- Description: The issue of “teacher loss” has been reported widely as one of the biggest challenges facing schools around the globe. The international concern is that education departments have more teachers leaving than entering their systems. Evidence shows that this situation is also synonymous in South Africa and remains one of the ongoing phenomena, also noted in the provinces, including the Eastern Cape. As previous research focused on the reasons for “teacher loss”, as well as the strategies for the retention of teachers, the purpose of this study was to investigate how the selected schools adapt in times of “teacher loss”. The implications for leadership and management in this regard were also explored. In exploring this issue, a qualitative research approach was adopted in the form of a case study, which involved two (2) rural schools, one (1) primary and one (1) secondary school. This qualitative approach entailed semi-structured interviews involving eight (8) participants and document analysis as data collection methods for the study. The findings reveal that there is little support that schools receive from the Department of Education in order to cope with “teacher loss”. Teachers‟ limited knowledge in terms of strategies to cope with “teacher loss” results in de-motivated and stressed teachers. Several implications for leadership and management were also drawn out, including equipping school management teams with skills that can enable them to assist teachers to cope with “teacher loss”. , Goven Mbeki Reaserch and Development Centre
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Strategies used by professional nurses to manage newly diagnosed HIV positive pregnant women who fail to return within a month for further management and care
- Authors: Jama, Nontembiso Mary
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: HIV-positive women -- Medical care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) in women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Prenatal care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antiretroviral agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11899 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/444 , HIV-positive women -- Medical care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) in women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Prenatal care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antiretroviral agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: This study explored and described the strategies used by nurses to manage newly diagnosed HIV positive pregnant women who do not return to the clinic within a month following diagnosis, for continuity of care. The main aim was to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Method: The study sites were two accredited antiretroviral- ante-natal care (ARV-ANC) clinics at the Dimbaza community health centre (CHC) and the East London Hospital Complex (ELHC) which comprises of Cecilia Makiwane and Frere hospitals, in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCM). The majority of health personnel at these clinics are professional nurses. An in-depth semi structured interview guide was used to collect data through focus group interviews from professional nurses who work in these units. They were required to share their experiences about intervention strategies used for newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women who fail to return for continuity of care within a month after diagnosis. Results: Follow up of these women is done by tracking them (by calling them; calling the clinic nearest to their homes and doing home visits). Decentralisation of further management and care to the nearest clinic was also cited, especially for the patients who stay far from these accredited sites. Family support was also mentioned as a strategy to intervene for the non-compliant patients. Challenges: The challenges that were encountered with these interventions include wrong contact details, wrong addresses and being evasive when visited at home. Another challenge cited was related to the stigma attached to the diagnosis and the tracking devices used, for example, the car as it is familiar to the community it serves. Despite known benefits for early initiation of HIV treatment newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women continue to refrain from accessing care after diagnosis, thus posing a risk to the transmission of HIV to the baby and further comprising their own health. They miss out on general HIV management and ante-natal care. Conclusion: The identified intervention strategies used by nurses to follow up newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women need to be reinforced and strategies put in place to control the related challenges for a better response by the patients.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Jama, Nontembiso Mary
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: HIV-positive women -- Medical care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) in women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Prenatal care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antiretroviral agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11899 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/444 , HIV-positive women -- Medical care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , AIDS (Disease) in women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Prenatal care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antiretroviral agents -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: This study explored and described the strategies used by nurses to manage newly diagnosed HIV positive pregnant women who do not return to the clinic within a month following diagnosis, for continuity of care. The main aim was to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Method: The study sites were two accredited antiretroviral- ante-natal care (ARV-ANC) clinics at the Dimbaza community health centre (CHC) and the East London Hospital Complex (ELHC) which comprises of Cecilia Makiwane and Frere hospitals, in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCM). The majority of health personnel at these clinics are professional nurses. An in-depth semi structured interview guide was used to collect data through focus group interviews from professional nurses who work in these units. They were required to share their experiences about intervention strategies used for newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women who fail to return for continuity of care within a month after diagnosis. Results: Follow up of these women is done by tracking them (by calling them; calling the clinic nearest to their homes and doing home visits). Decentralisation of further management and care to the nearest clinic was also cited, especially for the patients who stay far from these accredited sites. Family support was also mentioned as a strategy to intervene for the non-compliant patients. Challenges: The challenges that were encountered with these interventions include wrong contact details, wrong addresses and being evasive when visited at home. Another challenge cited was related to the stigma attached to the diagnosis and the tracking devices used, for example, the car as it is familiar to the community it serves. Despite known benefits for early initiation of HIV treatment newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women continue to refrain from accessing care after diagnosis, thus posing a risk to the transmission of HIV to the baby and further comprising their own health. They miss out on general HIV management and ante-natal care. Conclusion: The identified intervention strategies used by nurses to follow up newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women need to be reinforced and strategies put in place to control the related challenges for a better response by the patients.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Strategy implementation: a critical assessment of the application of integrated risk management in the implementation of Eastern Cape Province provincial growth and development strategy (ECPGDS)
- Tshayingca-Mashiya, Nontsikelelo Valencia
- Authors: Tshayingca-Mashiya, Nontsikelelo Valencia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Risk assessment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Growth , Risk assessment -- Development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Strategic planning , Risk management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (in Public Administration)
- Identifier: vital:11678 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007305 , Risk assessment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Growth , Risk assessment -- Development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Strategic planning , Risk management
- Description: Strategic Management cycle consist of strategic planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review of strategy. Strategy implementation has thus become the most significant management challenge. Yang et al. (2010) claim that although formulating a consistent strategy is a difficult task for any management team, making that strategy work and implementing it throughout the organisation is even more difficult. Yang further argues that Strategy implementation has been recorded as a key challenge for today’s organisations. According to Gurowitz (2008, there is evidence which shows that less than 10 percent of strategies formulated are effectively executed. Hrebiniak (2005) advances that; failure in organisations to effectively execute strategies is often as a result of limitation in linking organisational goals with objectives (operations). There are many other factors that influence the success of strategy implementation, ranging from the people who communicate or implement the strategy, to the systems or mechanisms in place for co-ordination. Brynard (2005) asserts that strategy implementation is equally challenging for management in Government departments, given that efforts of Government are aimed at improving service delivery. Poor strategy implementation is linked to poor service delivery. It is also worth noting that whilst implementation is acknowledged as a challenge, joint planning and joint implementation policies and strategies experience even a greater challenge in their implementation According to Young (2006), Debra and Yeates (2008), strategy implementation is in itself a risk because of its impact on the processes, people, and the systems. Strategy implementation is thus considered one of the main risk factors in organisations. In concurring with this view, Lorenzi et al. (2008) proposes that, strategy implementation implies change, and therefore poses risk to the processes, the people and the systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Tshayingca-Mashiya, Nontsikelelo Valencia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Risk assessment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Growth , Risk assessment -- Development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Strategic planning , Risk management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (in Public Administration)
- Identifier: vital:11678 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007305 , Risk assessment -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Growth , Risk assessment -- Development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Strategic planning , Risk management
- Description: Strategic Management cycle consist of strategic planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review of strategy. Strategy implementation has thus become the most significant management challenge. Yang et al. (2010) claim that although formulating a consistent strategy is a difficult task for any management team, making that strategy work and implementing it throughout the organisation is even more difficult. Yang further argues that Strategy implementation has been recorded as a key challenge for today’s organisations. According to Gurowitz (2008, there is evidence which shows that less than 10 percent of strategies formulated are effectively executed. Hrebiniak (2005) advances that; failure in organisations to effectively execute strategies is often as a result of limitation in linking organisational goals with objectives (operations). There are many other factors that influence the success of strategy implementation, ranging from the people who communicate or implement the strategy, to the systems or mechanisms in place for co-ordination. Brynard (2005) asserts that strategy implementation is equally challenging for management in Government departments, given that efforts of Government are aimed at improving service delivery. Poor strategy implementation is linked to poor service delivery. It is also worth noting that whilst implementation is acknowledged as a challenge, joint planning and joint implementation policies and strategies experience even a greater challenge in their implementation According to Young (2006), Debra and Yeates (2008), strategy implementation is in itself a risk because of its impact on the processes, people, and the systems. Strategy implementation is thus considered one of the main risk factors in organisations. In concurring with this view, Lorenzi et al. (2008) proposes that, strategy implementation implies change, and therefore poses risk to the processes, the people and the systems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Studies on bioflocculant production by a consortium of two bacterial species belonging to the Methylobacterium and Actinobacterium genera
- Authors: Ntsaluba, Luvuyo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Flocculation , Actinobacteria , Methylobacterium , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11266 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/482 , Flocculation , Actinobacteria , Methylobacterium , Water -- Purification
- Description: Bioflocculants produced by two identified bacteria: Actinobacterium sp. Mayor and Methylobacterium sp. Obi were investigated with regard to their physicochemical and flocculating characteristics. The two strains were later combined to form a consortium for further studies. The optimum culture conditions for the bioflocculant production were similar for all strains except in the case of Actinobacterium sp. Mayor and the consortium, where glucose was replaced by sodium carbonate as a carbon source. Multi-nitrogen source was the best nitrogen source compare to individual sources for both strains. The divalent cation, Ca2+ proved to be a better flocculating activity stimulus for all produced bioflocculants in this study. The optimum flocculating activities obtained for both individual strains and the consortium were all at alkaline pH. The yield of purified bioflocculant produced by the consortium was 8.203 g/l, while 4.190 g/l and 4.610 g/l were recovered for single strains of Actinobacterium sp. Mayor and Methylobacterium sp. Obi respectively. Further characterization of pure bioflocculants revealed that a bioflocculant dosage of 0.3 mg/ml resulted in the highest flocculating activity for both individual strains while 1.0 mg/ml of the bioflocculant produced by the consortium was required to enhance maximum flocculating efficiency. These bioflocculants proved to be all thermo stable at a temperature range of 20 to 900°C with a heating rate of 10oC/min under a constant flow of nitrogen gas. The presence of functional groups normally required for bioflocculation such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino was also detected. The findings of this study suggest that the producedbioflocculants can be utilized as excellent substitutes for harmful synthetic flocculants in both water and wastewater treatments as well as in other industrial applications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ntsaluba, Luvuyo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Flocculation , Actinobacteria , Methylobacterium , Water -- Purification
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11266 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/482 , Flocculation , Actinobacteria , Methylobacterium , Water -- Purification
- Description: Bioflocculants produced by two identified bacteria: Actinobacterium sp. Mayor and Methylobacterium sp. Obi were investigated with regard to their physicochemical and flocculating characteristics. The two strains were later combined to form a consortium for further studies. The optimum culture conditions for the bioflocculant production were similar for all strains except in the case of Actinobacterium sp. Mayor and the consortium, where glucose was replaced by sodium carbonate as a carbon source. Multi-nitrogen source was the best nitrogen source compare to individual sources for both strains. The divalent cation, Ca2+ proved to be a better flocculating activity stimulus for all produced bioflocculants in this study. The optimum flocculating activities obtained for both individual strains and the consortium were all at alkaline pH. The yield of purified bioflocculant produced by the consortium was 8.203 g/l, while 4.190 g/l and 4.610 g/l were recovered for single strains of Actinobacterium sp. Mayor and Methylobacterium sp. Obi respectively. Further characterization of pure bioflocculants revealed that a bioflocculant dosage of 0.3 mg/ml resulted in the highest flocculating activity for both individual strains while 1.0 mg/ml of the bioflocculant produced by the consortium was required to enhance maximum flocculating efficiency. These bioflocculants proved to be all thermo stable at a temperature range of 20 to 900°C with a heating rate of 10oC/min under a constant flow of nitrogen gas. The presence of functional groups normally required for bioflocculation such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and amino was also detected. The findings of this study suggest that the producedbioflocculants can be utilized as excellent substitutes for harmful synthetic flocculants in both water and wastewater treatments as well as in other industrial applications.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Study of technology education instructional practices in grade nine classrooms a case study of three senior secondary schools in the King Williams Town district
- Authors: Ntshaba, Lulama Princess
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Technology -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16177 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/486 , Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Technology -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The purpose of this study is to investigate teaching and learning practices in Grade nine Technology Education classrooms. However, this is to ensure the relationship between the existing Technology Education teaching and learning practices and the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) requirements. The study was conducted in three King William’s Town Senior Secondary schools. The research took the form of a qualitative interpretive case study focusing on a study sample of three Technology Education teacher participants. The qualitative methods used allowed the researcher to gather the data in order to describe and interpret teachers’ Technology Education instructional practices in Grade nine classrooms. The data was gathered by the observation of Technology Education lessons in the classrooms, through the interviews, as well as the examination of the learning area policy documents (mainly the lesson plans and the activities in the classrooms). In contrast to the past traditional curriculum, the outcomes-based RNCS proposes that teachers teach for understanding and concept development with emphasis on active learning, problem solving, reasoning and communicating technologically. To achieve the outcomes of the RNCS, teachers who are regarded as the “key contributors to the transformation of education in South Africa” need to be “qualified, competent, dedicated, caring and be able to fulfill the various roles outlined in the Norms and Standards for educators” (Department of Education, 2002a, p.9). vi It has been evident by the researcher that instructional practices are not aligned with curriculum expectations. The findings revealed two fundamental reasons for this, namely the teachers’ understanding of the RNCS is limited and teachers’ lack of confidence with regard to content knowledge for Technology Education teaching. Teacher competence relates to teachers having the content knowledge and the ability to use this knowledge pedagogically to ensure that the curriculum is thoroughly covered at all levels. It has been recommended in this study that teacher development needs to become a priority. It is vital, that programmes are developed to retrain Grade nine Technology Education teachers in-service.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ntshaba, Lulama Princess
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Technology -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16177 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/486 , Education, Secondary -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Case studies , Technology -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The purpose of this study is to investigate teaching and learning practices in Grade nine Technology Education classrooms. However, this is to ensure the relationship between the existing Technology Education teaching and learning practices and the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) requirements. The study was conducted in three King William’s Town Senior Secondary schools. The research took the form of a qualitative interpretive case study focusing on a study sample of three Technology Education teacher participants. The qualitative methods used allowed the researcher to gather the data in order to describe and interpret teachers’ Technology Education instructional practices in Grade nine classrooms. The data was gathered by the observation of Technology Education lessons in the classrooms, through the interviews, as well as the examination of the learning area policy documents (mainly the lesson plans and the activities in the classrooms). In contrast to the past traditional curriculum, the outcomes-based RNCS proposes that teachers teach for understanding and concept development with emphasis on active learning, problem solving, reasoning and communicating technologically. To achieve the outcomes of the RNCS, teachers who are regarded as the “key contributors to the transformation of education in South Africa” need to be “qualified, competent, dedicated, caring and be able to fulfill the various roles outlined in the Norms and Standards for educators” (Department of Education, 2002a, p.9). vi It has been evident by the researcher that instructional practices are not aligned with curriculum expectations. The findings revealed two fundamental reasons for this, namely the teachers’ understanding of the RNCS is limited and teachers’ lack of confidence with regard to content knowledge for Technology Education teaching. Teacher competence relates to teachers having the content knowledge and the ability to use this knowledge pedagogically to ensure that the curriculum is thoroughly covered at all levels. It has been recommended in this study that teacher development needs to become a priority. It is vital, that programmes are developed to retrain Grade nine Technology Education teachers in-service.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Substance abuse by women and its effects on family cohesion in rural villages in the Nkonkobe municipality, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Muusha, Prudence
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Substance abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Drug abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Families -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M SW
- Identifier: vital:11766 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005997 , Substance abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Drug abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Families -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: There is a paucity of research in the area of women abusing substances and the effects thereof on family cohesion. Lameman (2008:83) has claimed that “women substance abuse is surrounded by secrecy owing to the societal position and history of women in South Africa and worldwide”. Because women abuse substances in private it is reasonable to assume that there is little known on the effects of such abuse on especially the family and society at large. Mammam (2006:55) points out that “families continue to evolve like any other system as a way of adapting to the environment and responding to the changes around it”. Families continue to survive because of the attractiveness the family has to its members. Studies on family cohesion such as by Grisham and Adele (2008) reflect some of the most important reflectors of family cohesion as respect, sharing values and beliefs, emotional support, trust, intimacy and the ability to confide in each other. The survival of the family therefore rests on cohesion. Since a family is a unit there are different roles played by each member and in rural settings where roles, status and perceptions in terms of gender are slow to change, the question was how substance abuse by a woman would possibly affect family cohesion. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 2011 World Drug Report indicated that South Africa is a major African hub for certain drugs such as heroin and cannabis (marijuana), as well as a major producer of others, including methamphetamines. Large numbers of South African citizens also abuse drugs and alcohol, and the country has one of the world’s highest alcohol consumption levels per drinker. Possibly the greatest negative effect of drug and alcohol abuse is that it slows down or stops emotional and psychological development, preventing people from reaching their full potential, (UNODC, 2011). Added to this is the burden placed on society by health care and criminal justice costs related to substance abuse, as well as the costs associated with decreased productivity in the workplace, increased HIV transmission, domestic violence, injury and death (UNODC, 2011).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Muusha, Prudence
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Substance abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Drug abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Families -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M SW
- Identifier: vital:11766 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005997 , Substance abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Drug abuse -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Women -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Families -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: There is a paucity of research in the area of women abusing substances and the effects thereof on family cohesion. Lameman (2008:83) has claimed that “women substance abuse is surrounded by secrecy owing to the societal position and history of women in South Africa and worldwide”. Because women abuse substances in private it is reasonable to assume that there is little known on the effects of such abuse on especially the family and society at large. Mammam (2006:55) points out that “families continue to evolve like any other system as a way of adapting to the environment and responding to the changes around it”. Families continue to survive because of the attractiveness the family has to its members. Studies on family cohesion such as by Grisham and Adele (2008) reflect some of the most important reflectors of family cohesion as respect, sharing values and beliefs, emotional support, trust, intimacy and the ability to confide in each other. The survival of the family therefore rests on cohesion. Since a family is a unit there are different roles played by each member and in rural settings where roles, status and perceptions in terms of gender are slow to change, the question was how substance abuse by a woman would possibly affect family cohesion. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 2011 World Drug Report indicated that South Africa is a major African hub for certain drugs such as heroin and cannabis (marijuana), as well as a major producer of others, including methamphetamines. Large numbers of South African citizens also abuse drugs and alcohol, and the country has one of the world’s highest alcohol consumption levels per drinker. Possibly the greatest negative effect of drug and alcohol abuse is that it slows down or stops emotional and psychological development, preventing people from reaching their full potential, (UNODC, 2011). Added to this is the burden placed on society by health care and criminal justice costs related to substance abuse, as well as the costs associated with decreased productivity in the workplace, increased HIV transmission, domestic violence, injury and death (UNODC, 2011).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Teacher's and principal's perceptions of the integrated quality management system (IQMS) in three Butterworth District schools
- Authors: Ntshewula, Nombulelo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Total quality management , Quality assurance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- Training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Rating of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16197 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007301 , Total quality management , Quality assurance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- Training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Rating of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The researcher’s interest in this study is in teachers’ perceptions and principals of the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS). This study examines teachers’ understandings of this quality management and performance appraisal system, how teachers perceive the instrument used to manage and monitor their performance and the performance of their schools, and what lessons may be learnt regarding the implementation process of the IQMS. The investigation was carried out in three Butterworth District schools in the Eastern Cape. The researcher made use of qualitative methodology to obtain data from a sample of 3 principals, 9 teachers and 1 district official. Data were collected from these respondents by means of in-depth, semi-structured interviews and through document analysis. The study found that some of the teachers and principals felt that they did not understand the IQMS, and they complained that the system is fraught with many obstacles that need to be addressed in order to promote the effectiveness of teaching and learning. The participants also spoke of multiple factors that contribute negatively to this phenomenon, which include the fact that the teachers’ workload is increased by the IQMS, time constraints, inadequate training, vague and unfamiliar language, the financial incentive that is attached to the instrument, and the many structures in the implementation process. In addition, the system seems to encourage a bureaucratic style of management. Teachers and principals also suggested ways in which the IQMS could be structured by the Department of Education for greater efficiency in education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ntshewula, Nombulelo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Total quality management , Quality assurance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- Training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Rating of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16197 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007301 , Total quality management , Quality assurance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- Training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Rating of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational evaluation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The researcher’s interest in this study is in teachers’ perceptions and principals of the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS). This study examines teachers’ understandings of this quality management and performance appraisal system, how teachers perceive the instrument used to manage and monitor their performance and the performance of their schools, and what lessons may be learnt regarding the implementation process of the IQMS. The investigation was carried out in three Butterworth District schools in the Eastern Cape. The researcher made use of qualitative methodology to obtain data from a sample of 3 principals, 9 teachers and 1 district official. Data were collected from these respondents by means of in-depth, semi-structured interviews and through document analysis. The study found that some of the teachers and principals felt that they did not understand the IQMS, and they complained that the system is fraught with many obstacles that need to be addressed in order to promote the effectiveness of teaching and learning. The participants also spoke of multiple factors that contribute negatively to this phenomenon, which include the fact that the teachers’ workload is increased by the IQMS, time constraints, inadequate training, vague and unfamiliar language, the financial incentive that is attached to the instrument, and the many structures in the implementation process. In addition, the system seems to encourage a bureaucratic style of management. Teachers and principals also suggested ways in which the IQMS could be structured by the Department of Education for greater efficiency in education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Teachers’ perceptions of the mentoring of novice teachers in the King William’s Town District
- Authors: Dlani, Siyongwana Archibald
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Teachers -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Mentoring in education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Schools -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16184 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006244 , Teachers -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Mentoring in education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Schools -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Description: The aim of the study was to investigate the teachers‟ perceptions of thementoring of novice teachers in the King William‟s Town District. Inorder to understand how the teachers viewed novice teacher mentoringthe study adopted a qualitative approach. Interviews anddocumentsanalysis were used as data collection instruments. The purpose of the study was to investigate the teachers‟ perceptions on mentoring of novice teachers in schools. The respondents provided their explanationsof mentoring and also said what they think is the importance of mentoring. The teachers also had to give their mentoring experiences at school and District levels. Two schools in the King William‟s Town District were purposivelyselected to form the context of the study. The respondents were 6 educators, three from a primary school and three from a high school. Principals of the two selected schools were also included asrespondents in the study. The results of the study revealed that mentoring was taking place informally in the schools through sharing ofthe teaching challenges. Mentoring was also taking place through theteachers mentoring each other as Subject and Phase teachers supervised by Heads of Department. Most teachers understoodmentoring as giving guidance and help.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Dlani, Siyongwana Archibald
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Teachers -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Mentoring in education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Schools -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16184 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006244 , Teachers -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Teachers -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Mentoring in education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Schools -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Description: The aim of the study was to investigate the teachers‟ perceptions of thementoring of novice teachers in the King William‟s Town District. Inorder to understand how the teachers viewed novice teacher mentoringthe study adopted a qualitative approach. Interviews anddocumentsanalysis were used as data collection instruments. The purpose of the study was to investigate the teachers‟ perceptions on mentoring of novice teachers in schools. The respondents provided their explanationsof mentoring and also said what they think is the importance of mentoring. The teachers also had to give their mentoring experiences at school and District levels. Two schools in the King William‟s Town District were purposivelyselected to form the context of the study. The respondents were 6 educators, three from a primary school and three from a high school. Principals of the two selected schools were also included asrespondents in the study. The results of the study revealed that mentoring was taking place informally in the schools through sharing ofthe teaching challenges. Mentoring was also taking place through theteachers mentoring each other as Subject and Phase teachers supervised by Heads of Department. Most teachers understoodmentoring as giving guidance and help.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Teaching strategies in Grade 11 multilingual Life Sciences classrooms: a case of two schools in East London District
- Authors: Jekwa, Noxolo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Life sciences -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Effective teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16169 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/488 , Life sciences -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Effective teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: It is important to find strategies to assist learners who are taught in English especially as learners show different levels of English proficiency. English is taught as an Additional Language in many South African schools. Code switching is a well documented and researched strategy that teachers use in multilingual classrooms where the language of teaching and learning is not the learners’ home language. The study is concerned with and seeks to investigate the teaching strategies that Life Science teachers use in multilingual classes in addition to code switching. A case study of two Grade 11 Life Science teachers was conducted. The study adopts classroom observations and face-to-face interviews as qualitative data – gathering methods. The findings of this study, among other issues, reveal that in addition to code switching teachers use a variety of teaching strategies that include the use of textbooks, preparing notes for students, etc. Evidence available further suggests that the choice of teaching strategies is examination oriented rather than based on an understanding of current thinking on the ways of learning Life Sciences.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Jekwa, Noxolo
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Life sciences -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Effective teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16169 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/488 , Life sciences -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Effective teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: It is important to find strategies to assist learners who are taught in English especially as learners show different levels of English proficiency. English is taught as an Additional Language in many South African schools. Code switching is a well documented and researched strategy that teachers use in multilingual classrooms where the language of teaching and learning is not the learners’ home language. The study is concerned with and seeks to investigate the teaching strategies that Life Science teachers use in multilingual classes in addition to code switching. A case study of two Grade 11 Life Science teachers was conducted. The study adopts classroom observations and face-to-face interviews as qualitative data – gathering methods. The findings of this study, among other issues, reveal that in addition to code switching teachers use a variety of teaching strategies that include the use of textbooks, preparing notes for students, etc. Evidence available further suggests that the choice of teaching strategies is examination oriented rather than based on an understanding of current thinking on the ways of learning Life Sciences.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The allelopathic potential of Arctotis Arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm on some vegetables
- Authors: Badmus, Abimbola Adesile
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Allelopathy , Allelopathic agents , Vegetables -- Microbiology , Enzyme inhibitors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Botany)
- Identifier: vital:11306 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/454 , Allelopathy , Allelopathic agents , Vegetables -- Microbiology , Enzyme inhibitors
- Description: Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the extracts and residue Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm on selected vegetable crops. The study aimed to address the following specific objectives to (i) examine the ultra structures of the leaf of A. arctotoides using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), (ii) carry out comprehensive qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the root and shoot materials of the plant, (iii) investigate the allelopathic activities of the root and shoot aqueous extracts of A. arctotoides at concentrations of 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 mg/ml on germination, radicle and plumule growth of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach, (iv) evaluate the inhibitory effects of the dried shoot residue of the plant at 10, 20 and 40 g kg-3 of soil (treatments B, C and D) and the control (treatment A) on the morphology, growth and chlorophyll pigment content of tomato and cabbage transplants at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after transplanting and (v) assess the effects of the dried shoot residue of A. arctotoides on the yield, nutrient uptake by the leaves of tomato and cabbage at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. Finally, to analyze the residual mineral content of the soils with tomato and cabbage transplants at 12 weeks after transplanting. The the SEM revealed that anisocytic stomata and glandular trichomes (GTs) were numerous on the abaxial than the adaxial surfaces of A. arctotoides. The non glandular trichomes (NGTs) were also present on both surfaces but lesser on the abaxial. Morphologically, the GTs were peltate, uniseriate and globular head while the NGTs were cylindrical and filamentous with variable number of cells at the basal portion. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of some crystals showed that Na+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ were the major constituents of the crystal deposit found around the GTs and stomata. The results of the phytochemical composition of the root and shoot extracts of A. arctotoides confirmed the occurrence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponnins, tannins and triterpenes as the common constituents. In addition, cardiac glycosides and steroids were also detected in the shoot of the A. arctotoides. Quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of the crude extracts further revealed that the alkaloid content in the root higher (0.97 percent) than the shoot (0.64 percent). The quantity of flavonoids detected in the shoot (1.02 percent) was more than that observed in the root (0.35 percent). Others (phenolics and tannins) were marginal in the two plant parts. The results of the inhibitory effects of the root and shoot aqueous extract at the varying concentrations showed that root extract at 10 mg/ml considerably reduced the germination of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach seeds by 84.0, 83.2, 72.8 and 37.4 percent respectively. Incubation of the shoot extract at the same concentration resulted in 100 percent inhibition of cabbage and carrot seed germination whereas those of tomato and spinach were suppressed by 91.5 and 61.2 percent respectively. The two extracts at the varying concentrations also had a significant reduction on the radicle and plumule growth of the four vegetables. Addition of the shoot residue to the soil showed massive chlorosis, necrotic lesions and wilting of tomato and cabbage leaves under treatments C and D at 2 weeks after transplanting. The number of leaves, leaf area, dry shoot and root weight of the two vegetables grown in the amended soils were also drastically reduced. The inhibition percentages due to the addition of the three concentrations of A. arctotoides dried shoot residue on the dry shoot weight at 4 weeks after transplanting were 38.6, 45.5 and 70.3. for tomato and 57.5, 73.3 and 87.5 percent for cabbage. Similarly, the declines in the dry root weight of 61.3, 82.9.4 and 83.4 percent for tomato as well as 53.1, 54.7 and 67.2 percent for cabbages were recorded for the two vegetables under treatment B, C and D during the period. The results further showed that the dry fruit yield and shoot weight of tomato under the treatments B, C and D decreased with increase in shoot residue concentrations of A. arctotoides. Relative to treatment A, no significant differences were recorded in the dry head weight of cabbage under the residue treated groups. The reductions in the fruit yield and fresh head weight caused by treatments C and D were 37.2 and 84.8 percent for tomato and 30.9 and 72.4 percent for cabbage. The findings on the mineral contents in the leaves of the two vegetables revealed significant differences in the uptake of N, Mg, Na, Cu and Fe by tomato leaves. The concentrations of N, K, Na and Zn in cabbage leaves also differed. However, the P content was relatively constant in the leaves of the two vegetables at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. At 12 weeks after transplanting, the Fe content in soils with tomato and cabbage treatments C and D was greatly enhanced in comparison with the other nutrients. The residual N, P and Zn detected in soils planted to cabbage were similarly equal among all the groups including the control. Thus, under the greenhouse experiment, Arctotis arctotoides (L.f) O. Hoffm has been shown to contain some phytotoxic chemical compounds in its root and shoot materials. The compounds either singly or collectively have demonstrated some inhibitory potentials on the germination, growth and yields of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach evaluated in this study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Badmus, Abimbola Adesile
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Allelopathy , Allelopathic agents , Vegetables -- Microbiology , Enzyme inhibitors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Botany)
- Identifier: vital:11306 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/454 , Allelopathy , Allelopathic agents , Vegetables -- Microbiology , Enzyme inhibitors
- Description: Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the extracts and residue Arctotis arctotoides (L.f.) O. Hoffm on selected vegetable crops. The study aimed to address the following specific objectives to (i) examine the ultra structures of the leaf of A. arctotoides using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), (ii) carry out comprehensive qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the root and shoot materials of the plant, (iii) investigate the allelopathic activities of the root and shoot aqueous extracts of A. arctotoides at concentrations of 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 mg/ml on germination, radicle and plumule growth of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach, (iv) evaluate the inhibitory effects of the dried shoot residue of the plant at 10, 20 and 40 g kg-3 of soil (treatments B, C and D) and the control (treatment A) on the morphology, growth and chlorophyll pigment content of tomato and cabbage transplants at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after transplanting and (v) assess the effects of the dried shoot residue of A. arctotoides on the yield, nutrient uptake by the leaves of tomato and cabbage at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. Finally, to analyze the residual mineral content of the soils with tomato and cabbage transplants at 12 weeks after transplanting. The the SEM revealed that anisocytic stomata and glandular trichomes (GTs) were numerous on the abaxial than the adaxial surfaces of A. arctotoides. The non glandular trichomes (NGTs) were also present on both surfaces but lesser on the abaxial. Morphologically, the GTs were peltate, uniseriate and globular head while the NGTs were cylindrical and filamentous with variable number of cells at the basal portion. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of some crystals showed that Na+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ were the major constituents of the crystal deposit found around the GTs and stomata. The results of the phytochemical composition of the root and shoot extracts of A. arctotoides confirmed the occurrence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponnins, tannins and triterpenes as the common constituents. In addition, cardiac glycosides and steroids were also detected in the shoot of the A. arctotoides. Quantitative estimation of the chemical constituents of the crude extracts further revealed that the alkaloid content in the root higher (0.97 percent) than the shoot (0.64 percent). The quantity of flavonoids detected in the shoot (1.02 percent) was more than that observed in the root (0.35 percent). Others (phenolics and tannins) were marginal in the two plant parts. The results of the inhibitory effects of the root and shoot aqueous extract at the varying concentrations showed that root extract at 10 mg/ml considerably reduced the germination of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach seeds by 84.0, 83.2, 72.8 and 37.4 percent respectively. Incubation of the shoot extract at the same concentration resulted in 100 percent inhibition of cabbage and carrot seed germination whereas those of tomato and spinach were suppressed by 91.5 and 61.2 percent respectively. The two extracts at the varying concentrations also had a significant reduction on the radicle and plumule growth of the four vegetables. Addition of the shoot residue to the soil showed massive chlorosis, necrotic lesions and wilting of tomato and cabbage leaves under treatments C and D at 2 weeks after transplanting. The number of leaves, leaf area, dry shoot and root weight of the two vegetables grown in the amended soils were also drastically reduced. The inhibition percentages due to the addition of the three concentrations of A. arctotoides dried shoot residue on the dry shoot weight at 4 weeks after transplanting were 38.6, 45.5 and 70.3. for tomato and 57.5, 73.3 and 87.5 percent for cabbage. Similarly, the declines in the dry root weight of 61.3, 82.9.4 and 83.4 percent for tomato as well as 53.1, 54.7 and 67.2 percent for cabbages were recorded for the two vegetables under treatment B, C and D during the period. The results further showed that the dry fruit yield and shoot weight of tomato under the treatments B, C and D decreased with increase in shoot residue concentrations of A. arctotoides. Relative to treatment A, no significant differences were recorded in the dry head weight of cabbage under the residue treated groups. The reductions in the fruit yield and fresh head weight caused by treatments C and D were 37.2 and 84.8 percent for tomato and 30.9 and 72.4 percent for cabbage. The findings on the mineral contents in the leaves of the two vegetables revealed significant differences in the uptake of N, Mg, Na, Cu and Fe by tomato leaves. The concentrations of N, K, Na and Zn in cabbage leaves also differed. However, the P content was relatively constant in the leaves of the two vegetables at 4 and 12 weeks after transplanting. At 12 weeks after transplanting, the Fe content in soils with tomato and cabbage treatments C and D was greatly enhanced in comparison with the other nutrients. The residual N, P and Zn detected in soils planted to cabbage were similarly equal among all the groups including the control. Thus, under the greenhouse experiment, Arctotis arctotoides (L.f) O. Hoffm has been shown to contain some phytotoxic chemical compounds in its root and shoot materials. The compounds either singly or collectively have demonstrated some inhibitory potentials on the germination, growth and yields of cabbage, carrot, tomato and spinach evaluated in this study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The competitiveness of the South African citrus industry in the face of the changing global health and environmental standards
- Authors: Ndou, Portia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Citrus fruit industry -- South Africa , Food industry and trade -- Safety regulations , Agricultural industries -- Safety regulations , Food -- Safety measures -- International cooperation , Export marketing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Competition, International
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11162 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/477 , Citrus fruit industry -- South Africa , Food industry and trade -- Safety regulations , Agricultural industries -- Safety regulations , Food -- Safety measures -- International cooperation , Export marketing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Competition, International
- Description: In recent years, concern about food safety linked to health issues has seen a rise in private food safety standards in addition to the regulations set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO). These have presented challenges to producers and exporters of agricultural food products especially the producers of fresh fruits and vegetables. In spite of the food safety-linked challenges from the demand side, the vast range of business-environment forces pose equally formidable challenges that negatively impact on the exporting industries’ ability to maintain or improve their market shares and their ability to compete in world markets. The objective of this study was therefore to establish the competitiveness of the South African citrus industry in the international markets within this prevailing scenario. Due to the diversity of the definitions of competitiveness as a concept, this study formulated the following working definition: “the ability to create, deliver and maintain value and constant market share through strategic management of the industrial environment or competitiveness drivers”. This was based on the understanding that the international market shares of an industry are a function of forces in the business environment which range from intra-industry, external and national as well as the international elements. The unit of analysis were the citrus producers engaged in export of their products and the study made use of 151 responses by producers. The study adopted a five-step approach to the analysis of the performance of the South African citrus industry in the global markets, starting with the analysis of the Constant Market Share (CMS) of the South African citrus industry in various world markets, establishing the impact of the business environmental factors upon competitiveness, establishing the costs of compliance with private food safety standards, determining the non-price benefits of compliance with the standards, as well as highlighting the strategies for enhancing long-term competitiveness of the industry in the international markets. South Africa is one of the top three countries dominating the citrus fruit export market. Since its entry into the citrus fruit exports market in the 1900s, the industry has sustained its activity in the international market. The Constant Market Share Analysis shows that, amidst the challenges on the international market side, and the changes in the business environment, over much of which the industry has limited control and influence, the industry has maintained its competitive advantage in several markets. The CMS shows that South Africa’s lemons are competitive in America. Despite a negative trend, the South African grapefruit has been competitive in France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Oranges have been competitive in the Greece, Italy, Portugal, UK, Asian and Northern Europe markets. Competitiveness in these markets has been due to the inherent competitiveness of the industry. Competitiveness in such markets as the Middle East has been attributed to the relatively rapid growth of these markets. The South African citrus industry has similarly undergone many major processes of transformation. The business environmental factors influencing its performance have ranged reform to the challenges beyond the country’s borders. These factors directly and indirectly affect the performance of the industry in the export market. They have influenced the flow of fruits into different international destinations. Of major concern are the food safety and private standards. Challenges in traditional markets as well as opportunities presented by demand from newly emerging citrus consuming nations have seen a diversification in the marketing of the South African citrus. The intensity of competition in the global market is reflected by the fluctuations in the market shares in different markets as well as the increase and fluctuations of fruit rejection rates in some lucrative markets such as America. A combination of challenging national environmental forces and stringent demand conditions negatively impact on revenues especially from markets characterised by price competitiveness. This study identified cost of production, foreign market support systems, adaptability, worker skills, challenges of management in an international environment and government policies such as labour and trade policies as some of the most influential obstacles to competitiveness. Some of the most competiveness-enhancing factors were market availability, market size, market information, market growth and the availability of research institutions. However, compliance with private standards still poses a challenge to the exporters. The different performance levels of the industry in various markets prove the dissimilarity of the demand conditions in the global market. These are supported by the negative influence associated with the foreign market support regimes as well as the challenges associated with compliance with private food safety standards. While market availability, market growth, market information and size were identified as enhancing competitiveness, the fluctuations and inconsistencies in the competitiveness of the industry in different foreign markets require more than finding markets. Resource allocation by both the government and the industry may need to take into account the off-setting of the national challenges and support of farmers faced with distorted and unfair international playing fields. Otherwise, market availability is not a challenge for the industry save meeting the specifications therewith as well as price competitiveness which is unattainable for the South African citrus producers faced with high production costs. For the purposes of further study, it is recommended that account should be taken of all the products marketed by the industry (including processed products such as fruit juices) in order to have a whole picture of the competitiveness of the industry in the international market. This study also proffers a new theoretical framework for the analysis of the business environment for the citrus industry and other agro-businesses. This framework takes into account the indispensability of the food safety standards and measures as well as the diversity of the global consumer and the non-negotiability of food trade for the sustenance of the growing population.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ndou, Portia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Citrus fruit industry -- South Africa , Food industry and trade -- Safety regulations , Agricultural industries -- Safety regulations , Food -- Safety measures -- International cooperation , Export marketing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Competition, International
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11162 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/477 , Citrus fruit industry -- South Africa , Food industry and trade -- Safety regulations , Agricultural industries -- Safety regulations , Food -- Safety measures -- International cooperation , Export marketing -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Competition, International
- Description: In recent years, concern about food safety linked to health issues has seen a rise in private food safety standards in addition to the regulations set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in collaboration with the World Health Organisation (WHO). These have presented challenges to producers and exporters of agricultural food products especially the producers of fresh fruits and vegetables. In spite of the food safety-linked challenges from the demand side, the vast range of business-environment forces pose equally formidable challenges that negatively impact on the exporting industries’ ability to maintain or improve their market shares and their ability to compete in world markets. The objective of this study was therefore to establish the competitiveness of the South African citrus industry in the international markets within this prevailing scenario. Due to the diversity of the definitions of competitiveness as a concept, this study formulated the following working definition: “the ability to create, deliver and maintain value and constant market share through strategic management of the industrial environment or competitiveness drivers”. This was based on the understanding that the international market shares of an industry are a function of forces in the business environment which range from intra-industry, external and national as well as the international elements. The unit of analysis were the citrus producers engaged in export of their products and the study made use of 151 responses by producers. The study adopted a five-step approach to the analysis of the performance of the South African citrus industry in the global markets, starting with the analysis of the Constant Market Share (CMS) of the South African citrus industry in various world markets, establishing the impact of the business environmental factors upon competitiveness, establishing the costs of compliance with private food safety standards, determining the non-price benefits of compliance with the standards, as well as highlighting the strategies for enhancing long-term competitiveness of the industry in the international markets. South Africa is one of the top three countries dominating the citrus fruit export market. Since its entry into the citrus fruit exports market in the 1900s, the industry has sustained its activity in the international market. The Constant Market Share Analysis shows that, amidst the challenges on the international market side, and the changes in the business environment, over much of which the industry has limited control and influence, the industry has maintained its competitive advantage in several markets. The CMS shows that South Africa’s lemons are competitive in America. Despite a negative trend, the South African grapefruit has been competitive in France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Oranges have been competitive in the Greece, Italy, Portugal, UK, Asian and Northern Europe markets. Competitiveness in these markets has been due to the inherent competitiveness of the industry. Competitiveness in such markets as the Middle East has been attributed to the relatively rapid growth of these markets. The South African citrus industry has similarly undergone many major processes of transformation. The business environmental factors influencing its performance have ranged reform to the challenges beyond the country’s borders. These factors directly and indirectly affect the performance of the industry in the export market. They have influenced the flow of fruits into different international destinations. Of major concern are the food safety and private standards. Challenges in traditional markets as well as opportunities presented by demand from newly emerging citrus consuming nations have seen a diversification in the marketing of the South African citrus. The intensity of competition in the global market is reflected by the fluctuations in the market shares in different markets as well as the increase and fluctuations of fruit rejection rates in some lucrative markets such as America. A combination of challenging national environmental forces and stringent demand conditions negatively impact on revenues especially from markets characterised by price competitiveness. This study identified cost of production, foreign market support systems, adaptability, worker skills, challenges of management in an international environment and government policies such as labour and trade policies as some of the most influential obstacles to competitiveness. Some of the most competiveness-enhancing factors were market availability, market size, market information, market growth and the availability of research institutions. However, compliance with private standards still poses a challenge to the exporters. The different performance levels of the industry in various markets prove the dissimilarity of the demand conditions in the global market. These are supported by the negative influence associated with the foreign market support regimes as well as the challenges associated with compliance with private food safety standards. While market availability, market growth, market information and size were identified as enhancing competitiveness, the fluctuations and inconsistencies in the competitiveness of the industry in different foreign markets require more than finding markets. Resource allocation by both the government and the industry may need to take into account the off-setting of the national challenges and support of farmers faced with distorted and unfair international playing fields. Otherwise, market availability is not a challenge for the industry save meeting the specifications therewith as well as price competitiveness which is unattainable for the South African citrus producers faced with high production costs. For the purposes of further study, it is recommended that account should be taken of all the products marketed by the industry (including processed products such as fruit juices) in order to have a whole picture of the competitiveness of the industry in the international market. This study also proffers a new theoretical framework for the analysis of the business environment for the citrus industry and other agro-businesses. This framework takes into account the indispensability of the food safety standards and measures as well as the diversity of the global consumer and the non-negotiability of food trade for the sustenance of the growing population.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth: evidence from South Africa
- Authors: Mazenda, Adrino
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: International Monetary Fund , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , International finance , Finance -- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Com
- Identifier: vital:11462 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007027 , International Monetary Fund , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , International finance , Finance -- Developing countries
- Description: Foreign direct investment amongst other mechanisms provides capital inflow meant to stimulate economic growth. Apart from promoting economic growth, FDI can also lead to increase in employment, technology, technical knowhow and managerial skills. South Africa has implemented various policy initiatives in attempts to attract foreign investment. This study investigates on the effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth, with particular reference to the South African economy. The period of study is from 1980 to 2010. The study begins by reviewing literature on economic growth and foreign direct investment. South Africa’s macroeconomic background is examined to determine the trends in FDI inflows and economic growth. An empirical model linking theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of FDI on economic growth is estimated using the Johansen cointegration and VECM framework. Variables specified in the methodology include real gross domestic product (RGDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment (INVE), real exchange rate (REXCH) and foreign marketable debt (DEBT). The long run results showed that FDI, REXCH and DEBT have a negative impact on growth. INVE has a positive impact on growth. Short run results indicated that there is no strong pressure on RGDP to restore long-run equilibrium whenever there is a disturbance. The short run lag of FDI was found to exert a positive impact on growth. The impulse response and variance decomposition analysis complemented the long and short-run findings. Shocks on REXCH, and DEBT generated a negative response on RGDP. The shocks were not significantly different from zero and were transitory. Results from the variance decomposition analysis revealed that the fundamentals explain some, but not all, of the variations of RGDP. For the fifth year forecast error variance RGDP explains the largest component of the variation followed by INVE, REXCH, FDI and DEBT. After a period of ten years, the influence of RGDP and INVE declines, whereas REXCH, FDI and DEBT increase. Conclusions and policy recommendations were made using these results.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mazenda, Adrino
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: International Monetary Fund , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , International finance , Finance -- Developing countries
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Com
- Identifier: vital:11462 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007027 , International Monetary Fund , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , International finance , Finance -- Developing countries
- Description: Foreign direct investment amongst other mechanisms provides capital inflow meant to stimulate economic growth. Apart from promoting economic growth, FDI can also lead to increase in employment, technology, technical knowhow and managerial skills. South Africa has implemented various policy initiatives in attempts to attract foreign investment. This study investigates on the effect of foreign direct investment on economic growth, with particular reference to the South African economy. The period of study is from 1980 to 2010. The study begins by reviewing literature on economic growth and foreign direct investment. South Africa’s macroeconomic background is examined to determine the trends in FDI inflows and economic growth. An empirical model linking theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of FDI on economic growth is estimated using the Johansen cointegration and VECM framework. Variables specified in the methodology include real gross domestic product (RGDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment (INVE), real exchange rate (REXCH) and foreign marketable debt (DEBT). The long run results showed that FDI, REXCH and DEBT have a negative impact on growth. INVE has a positive impact on growth. Short run results indicated that there is no strong pressure on RGDP to restore long-run equilibrium whenever there is a disturbance. The short run lag of FDI was found to exert a positive impact on growth. The impulse response and variance decomposition analysis complemented the long and short-run findings. Shocks on REXCH, and DEBT generated a negative response on RGDP. The shocks were not significantly different from zero and were transitory. Results from the variance decomposition analysis revealed that the fundamentals explain some, but not all, of the variations of RGDP. For the fifth year forecast error variance RGDP explains the largest component of the variation followed by INVE, REXCH, FDI and DEBT. After a period of ten years, the influence of RGDP and INVE declines, whereas REXCH, FDI and DEBT increase. Conclusions and policy recommendations were made using these results.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The effect of moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth perfomance, gut integrity, bone strenght, quality and oxidative stability of meat from broiler chickens
- Authors: Nkukwana, Tobela T
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Moringa oleifera , Chickens -- Nutrition , Chickens -- Feeding and feeds , Broilers (Chickens)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Animal Science)
- Identifier: vital:11820 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006835 , Moringa oleifera , Chickens -- Nutrition , Chickens -- Feeding and feeds , Broilers (Chickens)
- Description: This study was designed was to determine the effects of additive supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, digestibility, digestive organ size, intestinal integrity, bone ash content and bone breaking strength, as well as meat yield and quality of broiler chickens. A total of 2400 day-old unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: T1, positive control, 668 g/ton Salinomycin and 500 g/ton Albac; T2, T3 and T4 contained graded levels of MOLM at 1 percent, 3 percent and 5 percent of dry matter (DM) intake, respectively; and T5, a negative control (0 percent additives) in a complete randomized design experiment. Except for week one, FI and FCR was highest (P < 0.05) in T4 birds; while T1 birds had the highest FI in the period of 22 to 27d (P < 0.05). Throughout the production period, birds supplemented with MOLM had the highest BW (P < 0.05) than the birds fed the control diets. Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among treatments was highest (P < 0.05) in T4 birds during the period of 8 to 14 d; and was highest (P < 0.05) for T1 birds in the period of 22 to 27d. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and energy utilization efficiency (EEU) ratios were statistically significant among treatments (P < 0.05). However, dietary treatments had no effect (P > 0.05) on the weights of the heart, liver, spleen, or the gizzard, although the bursa for T2 birds was the lightest (P < 0.05); while gizzard erosion score was highest in T2 birds. All of the nutrients measured, except for fat, had negative intercepts that were significantly different (P < 0.05) from zero, indicating the presence of endogenous fecal losses. Tibiae length (TL) was highest in T2. The dried defatted weight (DW) was heaviest (P < 0.05) for T3 (11.20 ± 0.347) and T5 (11.08 ± 0.328). A positive correlation (r = 0.667; P < 0.01) between TW and DW was observed. There were no dietary effects on bone breaking strength (BBS), but T1 tibiae had highest resistance to breaking force (T1 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T5). Calcium was highest (P < 0.05) in T1; and lowest inT2 and T5. Phosphorus levels were lowest (P < 0.05) in T1; and highest (P < 0.05) in T5 compared. The highest Ca: P ratio was obtained in T4 (P < 0.05); while the ash percent was highest (P < 0.05) in T1. Drip loss increased as L* values increased; and a negative correlation was observed between L* and pH. On D1, C18: 0 and C22 in T2, while C15:0 was highest in T4. On D1, C20:2, C20:3n6 and C22:6n3 were highest in T2 (P < 0.05); T4 had the highest C18:3n6 (P < 0.05), while C20:2 was highest in T5 (P < 0.05). The P/S ratio on D1 was highest in T4; while n-6/n-3 was highest in T1; and n-3 was highest in T3. On D8, the n-3 was highest in T1 (P < 0.05). Results of the current study show that supplementation of M. oleifera leaf at additive levels of up to 5 percent of the bird’s DMI does have the potential to influence the bird performance without any detrimental effects on nutrient utilization, bird health, bone strength and/or meat quality, which can be concluded that MOLM enhanced the bird’s genetic potential for optimal productivity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Nkukwana, Tobela T
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Moringa oleifera , Chickens -- Nutrition , Chickens -- Feeding and feeds , Broilers (Chickens)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Animal Science)
- Identifier: vital:11820 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006835 , Moringa oleifera , Chickens -- Nutrition , Chickens -- Feeding and feeds , Broilers (Chickens)
- Description: This study was designed was to determine the effects of additive supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, digestibility, digestive organ size, intestinal integrity, bone ash content and bone breaking strength, as well as meat yield and quality of broiler chickens. A total of 2400 day-old unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: T1, positive control, 668 g/ton Salinomycin and 500 g/ton Albac; T2, T3 and T4 contained graded levels of MOLM at 1 percent, 3 percent and 5 percent of dry matter (DM) intake, respectively; and T5, a negative control (0 percent additives) in a complete randomized design experiment. Except for week one, FI and FCR was highest (P < 0.05) in T4 birds; while T1 birds had the highest FI in the period of 22 to 27d (P < 0.05). Throughout the production period, birds supplemented with MOLM had the highest BW (P < 0.05) than the birds fed the control diets. Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among treatments was highest (P < 0.05) in T4 birds during the period of 8 to 14 d; and was highest (P < 0.05) for T1 birds in the period of 22 to 27d. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and energy utilization efficiency (EEU) ratios were statistically significant among treatments (P < 0.05). However, dietary treatments had no effect (P > 0.05) on the weights of the heart, liver, spleen, or the gizzard, although the bursa for T2 birds was the lightest (P < 0.05); while gizzard erosion score was highest in T2 birds. All of the nutrients measured, except for fat, had negative intercepts that were significantly different (P < 0.05) from zero, indicating the presence of endogenous fecal losses. Tibiae length (TL) was highest in T2. The dried defatted weight (DW) was heaviest (P < 0.05) for T3 (11.20 ± 0.347) and T5 (11.08 ± 0.328). A positive correlation (r = 0.667; P < 0.01) between TW and DW was observed. There were no dietary effects on bone breaking strength (BBS), but T1 tibiae had highest resistance to breaking force (T1 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T5). Calcium was highest (P < 0.05) in T1; and lowest inT2 and T5. Phosphorus levels were lowest (P < 0.05) in T1; and highest (P < 0.05) in T5 compared. The highest Ca: P ratio was obtained in T4 (P < 0.05); while the ash percent was highest (P < 0.05) in T1. Drip loss increased as L* values increased; and a negative correlation was observed between L* and pH. On D1, C18: 0 and C22 in T2, while C15:0 was highest in T4. On D1, C20:2, C20:3n6 and C22:6n3 were highest in T2 (P < 0.05); T4 had the highest C18:3n6 (P < 0.05), while C20:2 was highest in T5 (P < 0.05). The P/S ratio on D1 was highest in T4; while n-6/n-3 was highest in T1; and n-3 was highest in T3. On D8, the n-3 was highest in T1 (P < 0.05). Results of the current study show that supplementation of M. oleifera leaf at additive levels of up to 5 percent of the bird’s DMI does have the potential to influence the bird performance without any detrimental effects on nutrient utilization, bird health, bone strength and/or meat quality, which can be concluded that MOLM enhanced the bird’s genetic potential for optimal productivity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
The efficacy of the United Nations in conflict resolution: a study of the response of the security council to the Darfur conflict in the Sudan
- Authors: Fabrice, Tambe Endoh
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Humanitarian law -- Sudan -- Darfur , Humanitarian assistance -- Sudan -- Darfur , Genocide -- Sudan -- Darfur
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:11119 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006233 , Humanitarian law -- Sudan -- Darfur , Humanitarian assistance -- Sudan -- Darfur , Genocide -- Sudan -- Darfur
- Description: Sudan is located in the Northern part of the African continent and has a total land mass of 2.5 million square kilometres, with an estimated population of about 39.15 million people.1 Before the secession that established the South as an independent state from the North, Sudan was the largest country on the continent and hitherto was administered as a colony under the British mandate. From 1898 the United Kingdom (UK) and Egypt administered Sudan as an Anglo-Egyptian territory but North and South Sudan were administered as separate provinces of the condominium.2 In the early 1920s, the British passed the Closed District Ordinances which stipulated that passports were required for travelling between the two zones. Permits were also required to conduct business from one zone to the other, and totally separate administrations prevailed.3 However, in 1946 the British administration reversed its policy and decided to integrate North and South Sudan under one government. The South Sudanese authorities were informed at the Juba Conference of 1947 that they will be governed in the future under a common administrative authority with the north.5 From 1948, 13 delegates nominated by the British authorities represented the South in the Sudan Legislative Assembly. Many Southerners felt betrayed by the British as they were largely excluded from the new government. To them, it was a strategy by the British aimed at protecting their interest as far as colonial legacy is concerned.6 They complained that the language of the new government was Arabic and they were under represented. Of the eight hundred positions vacated by the British in 1953, only four were given to the Southerners. The political structure in the South was not as organized as that in the North and for this reason, political groupings and parties from the South were not represented at the various conferences that established the modern state of Sudan. As a result, many southerners did not consider Sudan to be a legitimate state. Although the Sudanese state was considered illegitimate by the Southerners, the Sudanese parliament unilaterally declared Sudan’s independence on 1st January 1956.8 Subsequently, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises it had made to Southerners to create a federal system. This led to a mutiny led by Southern army officers and sparked off a civil war after independence in 1956.9 Besides the issues highlighted above, the Abyei region of Sudan is rich in natural mineral resources and has been a bone of contention between the North and South. It has also affected Darfur negatively as most of the rebel groups involved in the Darfur conflict, like the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equity Movement (JEM), also seek for a share in the wealth of the region.10 However, before the June 2011 referendum, the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon called for the Sudan to withdraw all police officers from the Abyei region of South Sudan.11 Although the referendum resulted in the Republic of South Sudan, separating it from the North which remains the Republic of Sudan, political views expressed by the provinces in the North region have further captured more attention from the international community.12 The quest for Arab domination is common in this area and, one among the leading regions that have fallen prey to this practice is Darfur
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Fabrice, Tambe Endoh
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Humanitarian law -- Sudan -- Darfur , Humanitarian assistance -- Sudan -- Darfur , Genocide -- Sudan -- Darfur
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:11119 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006233 , Humanitarian law -- Sudan -- Darfur , Humanitarian assistance -- Sudan -- Darfur , Genocide -- Sudan -- Darfur
- Description: Sudan is located in the Northern part of the African continent and has a total land mass of 2.5 million square kilometres, with an estimated population of about 39.15 million people.1 Before the secession that established the South as an independent state from the North, Sudan was the largest country on the continent and hitherto was administered as a colony under the British mandate. From 1898 the United Kingdom (UK) and Egypt administered Sudan as an Anglo-Egyptian territory but North and South Sudan were administered as separate provinces of the condominium.2 In the early 1920s, the British passed the Closed District Ordinances which stipulated that passports were required for travelling between the two zones. Permits were also required to conduct business from one zone to the other, and totally separate administrations prevailed.3 However, in 1946 the British administration reversed its policy and decided to integrate North and South Sudan under one government. The South Sudanese authorities were informed at the Juba Conference of 1947 that they will be governed in the future under a common administrative authority with the north.5 From 1948, 13 delegates nominated by the British authorities represented the South in the Sudan Legislative Assembly. Many Southerners felt betrayed by the British as they were largely excluded from the new government. To them, it was a strategy by the British aimed at protecting their interest as far as colonial legacy is concerned.6 They complained that the language of the new government was Arabic and they were under represented. Of the eight hundred positions vacated by the British in 1953, only four were given to the Southerners. The political structure in the South was not as organized as that in the North and for this reason, political groupings and parties from the South were not represented at the various conferences that established the modern state of Sudan. As a result, many southerners did not consider Sudan to be a legitimate state. Although the Sudanese state was considered illegitimate by the Southerners, the Sudanese parliament unilaterally declared Sudan’s independence on 1st January 1956.8 Subsequently, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises it had made to Southerners to create a federal system. This led to a mutiny led by Southern army officers and sparked off a civil war after independence in 1956.9 Besides the issues highlighted above, the Abyei region of Sudan is rich in natural mineral resources and has been a bone of contention between the North and South. It has also affected Darfur negatively as most of the rebel groups involved in the Darfur conflict, like the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equity Movement (JEM), also seek for a share in the wealth of the region.10 However, before the June 2011 referendum, the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon called for the Sudan to withdraw all police officers from the Abyei region of South Sudan.11 Although the referendum resulted in the Republic of South Sudan, separating it from the North which remains the Republic of Sudan, political views expressed by the provinces in the North region have further captured more attention from the international community.12 The quest for Arab domination is common in this area and, one among the leading regions that have fallen prey to this practice is Darfur
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012