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Exploring socio-economic factors influencing incidences and outcome of multidrug resistance tuberculosis among patients and facility staffs in Makana Sub-District, Eastern Cape

  • Authors: Cannon, Lesley-Ann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-277X
  • Date: 2022-02
  • Subjects: Multidrug resistance , Tuberculosis
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26706 , vital:65958
  • Description: Background Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) is one of the main causes of global public health crisis, due to the morbidity and mortality rates associated with the disease. This DR TB is a complex illness having direct and indirect impact on finances, social functioning, and quality of life of infected individuals. Major research advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of DR-TB. However, minimal information exists on the socio-economic factors influencing the incidence and outcomes. This study aims to fill the gap by exploring the socio-economic factors from both the health care professional and patient perspective in particular settings to gain insights into developing context-specific strategies against the burden of DR-TB. Methodology The study applied a qualitative method to explore the socio-economic factors influencing MDR-TB through key-in-depth interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study enrolled a total of thirty-two (32) consenting participants. The KIIs was conducted for ten (10) healthcare workers and nine (9) MDR-TB patients. Two focus group discussions were done involving seven (7) MDR TB patients and six (6) MDR-TB patients, respectively. The study targeted healthcare workers working in the MDR-TB field and TB patients with the following: GeneXpert Rifampicin resistance and patient confirmed as MDR TB. Eligible participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique from the hospitals` routine data electronic records (EDR-WEB database) and hardcopy registers (drug-resistant TB register) on MDR-TB patients enrolled in care at the study site. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants after thoroughly explaining the purpose. No personal information of participants was used. All responses from respondents were coded during analysis for autonomy and the respondents were not identifiable in any published or unpublished work following this research. The interviews were transcribed, some translated into English, where necessary, and analysed until saturation was reached. Data was coded and analysed using both thematic and content analysis technique. Results There were 3 main themes identified in the study: social factors, economic factors, and other contributing factors. 7 sub- themes were recorded under social factors and 2 subthemes under economic factors. Two independent factors that were also considered to impact MDR-TB were the attitude of healthcare workers, as well as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion MDR-TB is a major public health concern in the Makana Sub-district of the Eastern Cape. The findings of this study highlight the impact of socio- economic factors on the incidence, spread, defaulter rate and outcomes of MDR-TB. The social areas highlighted by the study participants as affecting the incidence and outcomes of MDR TB were housing and relocation, decreased immunity, stigma, patients’ attitude and lack of support, alcohol and other substance usage and prison/ incarceration. The economic factors identified by the participants were unemployment and job loss and health related expenses. Other factors are those factors contributing to the increased incidence and possible poor outcomes of MDR TB. Healthcare workers impact and attitude and the effects of the covid-19 pandemic were highlighted as additional factors influencing the incidence and outcomes of MDR TB. The management of MDR-TB requires rigorous efforts that should be directed at addressing the socio-economic factors. Therefore, future quantitative studies and important programmatic strategies should be considered to tackle the socio-economic challenges that contribute to the burden of MDR-TB infection in the Makana community. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-02

Exploring socio-economic factors influencing incidences and outcome of multidrug resistance tuberculosis among patients and facility staffs in Makana Sub-District, Eastern Cape

  • Authors: Cannon, Lesley-Ann Lynnath
  • Date: 2022-02
  • Subjects: Multidrug resistance , Multidrug-resistant -- tuberculosis
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23471 , vital:57896
  • Description: Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) is one of the main causes of global public health crisis, due to the morbidity and mortality rates associated with the disease. This DR-TB is a complex illness having direct and indirect impact on finances, social functioning, and quality of life of infected individuals. Major research advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of DR-TB. However, minimal information exists on the socio-economic factors influencing the incidence and outcomes. This study aims to fill the gap by exploring the socio-economic factors from both the health care professional and patient perspective in particular settings to gain insights into developing context-specific strategies against the burden of DR-TB. The study applied a qualitative method to explore the socio-economic factors influencing MDR-TB through key-in-depth interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs). The study enrolled a total of thirty-two (32) consenting participants. The KIIs was conducted for ten (10) healthcare workers and nine (9) MDR-TB patients. Two focus group discussions were done involving seven (7) MDR-TB patients and six (6) MDR-TB patients, respectively. The study targeted healthcare workers working in the MDR-TB field and TB patients with the following: GeneXpert Rifampicin resistance and patient confirmed as MDR TB. Eligible participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique from the hospitals` routine data electronic records (EDR-WEB database) and hardcopy registers (drug-resistant TB register) on MDR-TB patients enrolled in care at the study site. Informed consent was obtained from all study participants after thoroughly explaining the purpose. No personal information of participants was used. All responses from respondents were coded during analysis for autonomy and the respondents were not identifiable in any published or unpublished work following this research. The interviews were transcribed, some translated into English, where necessary, and analysed until saturation was reached. Data was coded and analysed using both thematic and content analysis technique. There were 3 main themes identified in the study: social factors, economic factors, and other contributing factors. 7 sub- themes were recorded under social factors and 2 subthemes under economic factors. Two independent factors that were also considered to impact MDR-TB were the attitude of healthcare workers, as well as the current COVID-19 pandemic. MDR-TB is a major public health concern in the Makana Sub-district of the Eastern Cape. The findings of this study highlight the impact of socio- economic factors on the incidence, spread, defaulter rate and outcomes of MDR-TB. The social areas highlighted by the study participants as affecting the incidence and outcomes of MDR TB were housing and relocation, decreased immunity, stigma, patients’ attitude and lack of support, alcohol and other substance usage and prison/ incarceration. The economic factors identified by the participants were unemployment and job loss and health related expenses. Other factors are those factors contributing to the increased incidence and possible poor outcomes of MDR TB. Healthcare workers impact and attitude and the effects of the covid-19 pandemic were highlighted as additional factors influencing the incidence and outcomes of MDR TB. The management of MDR-TB requires rigorous efforts that should be directed at addressing the socio-economic factors. Therefore, future quantitative studies and important programmatic strategies should be considered to tackle the socio-economic challenges that contribute to the burden of MDR-TB infection in the Makana community. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-02

Exploring suicide ideation and depression among university students: a systematic review

  • Authors: Jarana, Luyanda https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-8302
  • Date: 2022-02
  • Subjects: Suicide , Depression in adolescence
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23698 , vital:58580
  • Description: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among the youth and university students. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge that is available in published literature on suicide ideation and depression among university students in the South African context. This study utilised a systematic review in exploring suicide ideation and depression among university students so that knowledge and awareness about the prevalence of and factors associated with suicide ideation and depression among young people at university could be established. Method: A systematic review was the methodology used in the study. The main aim of the systematic review was to answer the research question that was formulated through the Patient of interest, Intervention, Comparison intervention and Outcome of interest (PICO) format. After the research question was formulated, 100 articles were collected through PsycInfo, Google Scholar, Ebscohost, Research Gate, and Taylor and Francis websites. From the 100 articles, five articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected with guidance from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) flow chart. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) screening checklist was used to verify the eligibility of the five selected articles. Results: Three themes, which are effectiveness of psychological interventions, students who do not seek psychological interventions and decrease in suicide ideation and depression after intervention emerged from the eligible articles. The themes answered the research question and confirmed that psychological and psychosocial interventions decrease the rate of suicide ideation and depression among university students. The most effective interventions were individual therapy and online counselling. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-02

Factors associated with infant mortality in Sarah Baartman District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

  • Authors: Muavha, Mukondeleli Selina
  • Date: 2022-02
  • Subjects: Infants--Mortality
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22067 , vital:51980
  • Description: This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with infant mortality in Sarah Baartman District hospitals. A quantitative descriptive case-control design was used to investigate and describe the association between maternal socio-demographic, infant, environmental factors, and infant mortality. A data abstraction instrument was used to identify cases and their controls, and to retrieve information related to antenatal and obstetric care for the mothers of both cases and controls, as well as some information related to perinatal care for both mother and infant, from the registers in the district hospitals in Sarah Baartman district for the financial years 2015/2016 to 2017/2018. This was followed by structured questionnaires which were hand-delivered, to the mothers of the cases and controls. This study showed that seven maternal socio-demographic factors (educational level, mother’s source of income, religion, where mother took sick child to, frequency of visits by a health care worker within the last one year, number of alive siblings, and history of intrauterine death) were significantly related to infant mortality among the study participants. Among the environmental factors, the type of house, availability of tap and type of toilet were significantly related to infant mortality among the study participants. The study recommends public policies concerning maternal health through targeting mothers for food supplementation and prenatal care to reduce infant mortality rates. Infant mortality in the study area can also be reduced by improving mother’s education because women’s education has spill over effects on fertility and maternal health care behaviour. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health, 2021
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  • Date Issued: 2022-02

Parents and personnel’s partnership in early childhood education provisioning in the East London Education District

  • Authors: Mudziwapasi, Lilymore https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7978-8499
  • Date: 2022-02
  • Subjects: Education, Preschool -- Parent participation , Education, Preschool
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21700 , vital:51743
  • Description: Early childhood development is fundamental to human development and success in later life. Several stakeholders influence that development. Developmental policies are advocating for formal education provision at that early childhood age. Therefore, relationships and interactions of these stakeholders are of paramount importance in ensuring effective early childhood education provisioning – especially between parents and practitioners. Yet it has been reported that sharing of information concerning children’s educational development is not happening between parents and ECD practitioners. ECD centres are said to face many problems such as poor teaching and learning which may result in weak childhood educational development. Some of these challenges can be addressed through enhancing the partnership between parents and the ECD practitioners. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the parents and practitioners’ partnership in early childhood education provisioning in ECD centres in the East London district. This study used the mixed method approach in the sampling, data collection and data analysis processes. The study focused on the partnership between parents and ECD practitioners, on how they work together, their views, how they communicate, on decision making and the strategies to enhance the partnership of parents and practitioners. Research questions in this study required both qualitative and quantitative data and analysis techniques. Quantitative data was collected from the ECD practitioners and principals by using questionnaires and qualitative data was collected through interviews with the parents. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS and qualitative data was analysed using the thematic approach. The findings indicated that both parents and practitioners are working together in supporting learning and development. Parents are said to provide resources for use at the centre. Parents and practitioners are using different modes of communication for the learning and development of the children, including technology-based WhatsApp and emails. Practitioners are said to include parents in some decision making. The results indicated that even though some parents are working together with practitioners, while other parents are still showing ignorance and lack of knowledge on how they can partner for the educational development of the children. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-02

The impact on restitution claims as a means of achieving a sustainable livelihood among the people of CATA Village in the Eastern Cape

  • Authors: Mgweba, Bongani
  • Date: 2022-02
  • Subjects: Land reform--Law and legislation , Land reform--Government policy--South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23721 , vital:58594
  • Description: Land reform contestation in South African reflects how restitution of lands has impacted the livelihoods of beneficiaries and the community at large. This study examines the restitution impact on the livelihood of Cata community members, a controversial land reform zone in Eastern Cape. Although the people of Cata suffered a loss of land through forced removal by the apartheid government, the ‘betterment planning’ by the state did not address their problem. The study investigates the extent of socioeconomic livelihood improvement that the land restitution policy has offered the people of Cata. The study explores the extent to which land restitution settlement has contributed to a sustainable development and how such development has impacted the everyday lives of the community. The study made use of qualitative approach for data collection. Interviews were conducted among land beneficiaries in Cata. These included land beneficiaries living in Cata and those who are also beneficiaries but were not presently living in Cata. To understand the state of developmental impact in the lives of Cata people, a focus-group discussion was organized to hear contributions from some community members. The study indicates that, financial compensation has not benefited many of the claimant. This is because many of the funds have not been put to good use considering the enormous socioeconomic challenges facing households. However, the formation of BRC brought some relief to the community members through helping beneficiaries by lodging their claims, helping with appropriate compensation awards and offering land restitution advice to claimants. The help from BRC has contributed to the developmental project that respondents attest has improved their livelihoods. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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  • Date Issued: 2022-02

The place of traditional circumcision in the initiation into manhood among the amaXhosa people of the Eastern Cape Province - South Africa: a human rights perspective

  • Authors: Mkuzo, Pearl Zukiswa
  • Date: 2022-02
  • Subjects: Circumcision -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Xhosa (African people) -- Health and hygiene
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/28388 , vital:74286
  • Description: This desktop study sought to investigate the place of traditional circumcision in the initiation into manhood among the amaXhosa people of South Africa. It also explores this phenomenon from the human rights perspective. This is because male initiation is a highly significant Xhosa rite of passage that acts as the instrument for a transition from boyhood to manhood. In Xhosa custom, traditional circumcision is generally performed on boys (young males) ranging between the ages of 18 and 25. Traditionally, the circumcision ritual is a complex one involving several different stages each closely regulated by principles and requirements. Regrettably, failure to go to the initiation school results in a boy being socially stigmatized and orchestrated by society. In recent years many concerns have arisen due to the high number of deaths after circumcision during initiation sessions. This rite of passage to manhood among Xhosa people is riddled with numerous complications and concerns that raise questions regarding the initiates' human rights. Each year thousands of youths enter initiation schools during initiation seasons. Some of these initiates experience medical complications due to a number of factors that require treatment, among others, septicemia, gangrene, severe dehydration, genital mutilation, penal amputation, maltreatment, assault, abuse, and violence which ultimately may lead to death of the initiates. The present researcher is of the opinion that the physical and emotional harm experienced by initiates is not compatible with a range of basic human rights, including the right to liberty, the right to health, the right to be free from torture, the right to security of person, the right to privacy and the right to life. One can argue that when the practice takes place under unhygienic, uncoordinated, or illdisciplined conditions, the procedure poses a threat to health and life, thus, violating the core human rights instrument namely: The United Nations Human Rights Declarations, namely, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC), the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the Children's Act. These instruments have several provisions which are applicable to the circumcision of children during initiation. The present circumstances surrounding the initiation practice are also evaluated, namely, the outcry of the church and other leaders, who are calling for the practice to be abolished, is noted. The present researcher asserts that, because of the importance of this practice to Xhosa culture, calling for its abolition is not a solution. Instead, it is suggested that the practice should rather be redefined to better contribute to the broader challenges of moral regeneration in South Africa. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Law, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-02

Adsorption of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid harbouring resistance genes in drinking water with metal oxides

  • Authors: Tobechukwu, Anthony Eric
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Metallic oxides , DNA -- Synthesis , Drinking water
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27787 , vital:69494
  • Description: Access to cleaner water is essential to human health. The incidence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ARB in drinking water and subsequent proliferation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes ARGs in drinking water is a concern for public health. The free DNA cassette harboring antibiotic resistance gene in drinking water has been linked with impaired public health. The ARGs allows bacteria to develop resistance towards antibiotics while ARB render antibiotics ineffective. Existing drinking water treatment technologies eg adsorption, ozonation and chlorination, have shown different levels of potency in the removal of conventional water pollutant. These technologies, which operating principles is based on oxidation or mass transfer, have been explored to gained an insight into their efficiency in the removal of ARB ARGs in water treatment. In general, methods that functions by mass transfer of the ARB ARGs is more effectively than bacteria oxidation. Consequently, adsorption technology was chosen using common metal oxide adsorbents. The adsorbents ZnOAg CeO2 and Al2O3 were synthesized via the self propagation combustion method. This method was selected because of the purity of the final product and the energy requirement. One of the challenges in the removal of ARB in drinking water is the release of ARGs. To address this concern, five different ZnOAg heterostructures were synthesized for the removal of Enterococci faecium. ZnOAg was chosen because of the bactericidal and bacteriostatic characteristics. The study revealed that the concentration of the precursors influences the microstructures of the adsorbents; however, it did not significantly affect the adsorption efficiency. The maximum adsorption capacity q34.11 CFUg was obtained for Ag1Zn3.5. The kinetic studies revealed that Ag1Zn1 and Ag1Zn2 adsorbents agreed to the pseudofirst-order kinetic equation and adsorbents Ag2Zn1 Ag3.5Zn1 and Ag1Zn3.5 agreed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. Initial tap-water pH range was beneficial for the adsorption and the pH of the treated tap-water was within the WHO tap water recommendation 6.5 – 8.5 whereas the effect of ionic strength, anionic and cationic interference was insignificant in the adsorption of MDREF onto the different heterostructure. Interestingly the MDREF could retain its cell membrane integrity and resistance genes, suggesting that surface adsorption was the primary mechanism for the removal. Cerium IV oxide CeO2 was selected because of high adsorption towards phosphate, backbone base for DNA. To prevent the problem of antibiotic resistance, we have synthesized a CeO2 adsorbent that exhibit highly positive character in a wide pH range, via the simple self-propagation combustion protocol, for the removal of free DNA harboring antibiotic resistance genes. Molecular characterization of the extracted genes showed that the sizes for E. coli and inherent gyrB genes are 147 and 460 bp with a purity between 19 2.0. The XRD SEM TEM, and PZC results of the as-synthesized CeO2 showed an agglomerate of pure cubic-faced centered material and highly crystalline, with a net charge at pH 6.2. Experimental results revealed that the reaction proceeded via pseudo first-order kinetic, and it is governed by electrostatic attraction. The free- DNA solution pH electrolyte, and competing ions impacted on the adsorption process. Further experimental results showed that the as-synthesized CeO2 adsorbent has the potential to be used for the removal of free DNA harboring ARGs from tap-water even under oxic conditions. Alumina Al2O3 is an abundant adsorbent that has also shown high removal capacity towards phosphate. The highly pure synthesized Al2O3 adsorbent exhibit fluid-like behaviour under Scanning Electron Microscope SEM. The XRD pattern corresponds to αAl2O3. The adsorption kinetics was described by pseudo second orderadsorption capacity 11.7 μgg implying chemisorption, which agrees with the electrostatic force of attraction caused by opposing ions. This result was evident by the effect of different ions in the tap water. The synthesized α-Al2O3 has the potential for the removal of cell free DNA harbouring multiply resistant genes. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

Backpack carriage and musculoskeletal pain among primary school learners in King Williams Town, South Africa

  • Authors: Moni, Busisiwe
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Backache -- Prevention , Pediatric rheumatology , Pain -- Treatment
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26984 , vital:66208
  • Description: BACKGROUND: There is rising concern that kids are walking to school with too much weight on their backs. The weight of schoolchildren's backpacks is a persistent and divisive topic in the fields of education and health. Children who carry heavy backpacks are more likely to have back discomfort and musculoskeletal pain, which raises their risk of developing chronic back pain as adults. There is little research on this topic among South African school-age youngsters. The goal of the study was to find out how common low back and other musculoskeletal complaints were among primary school students who used a school bag. RESEARCH AIM: The purpose of the study was to identify the prevalence and location of musculoskeletal discomfort in primary school students in King William's Town, South Africa, and describe their link with backpack use. METHOD: In King Williams Town, Eastern Cape, South Africa, a descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among elementary school students between the ages of 9 and 14 years old. A systematic questionnaire and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Questionnaire were used to gather the data (body chart). Age, gender, and schoolbag details (style of backpack, carrying technique, and carrying time) were collected. The learner's waist, hip, and bag circumferences were all measured. On the data, descriptive and interferential statistics were used. FINDINGS: The study's conclusions showed that students' musculoskeletal pain was brought on by the weight of their backpacks or school bags. The majority of the students (89.8percent) complain about the difficulty they experience when lugging their heavy backpacks to class. In addition, 83.4percent of the students had bags that weighed more than 10percent of their body weight. Additionally, a sizable percentage of students (89.8percent) carry a hefty bag to school every day and report feeling fatigued while doing so (90.8percent). 90percent of the students reported feeling discomfort before, during, or after carrying their schoolbags. This pain is related with carrying a schoolbag. The majority of students (53.5percent) felt that their daily pain interferes with their ability to study. In order of severity, the majority of students report having discomfort in their shoulders (82.7percent), lower back (59.9percent), neck (47.0percent), upper back (40.7percent), and upper arm (16.4percent). CONCLUSION: According to the study, there is a link between students' musculoskeletal pain and carrying hefty backpacks or school bags. The shoulders are where musculoskeletal discomfort is most frequently felt. The study supported the findings of the majority of studies cited in the literature that most schoolchildren suffer from musculoskeletal pain because the weight of their backpacks is excessive compared to their size, weight, and age. RECOMMENDATIONS: The study produced a number of recommendations, including that the Department of Basic Education inform teachers, students, parents, guardians, and other key stakeholders about the effects of heavy backpacks or schoolbags on students' musculoskeletal pain. For students' convenience and to lighten the load on their school bags, locker rooms should be available. Teachers, parents, and guardians should also pay attention to the school bags that students are using to make sure that the weight is appropriate for their age and body size. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

Development and in vitro biological studies of polymer-based wound dressings with a high haemostatic ability for the management of wounds

  • Authors: Nqoro, Xhamla https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2065-3629
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Wound healing , Surgical wound infections , Wound treatment equipment industry
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27970 , vital:71404
  • Description: Wounds are usually accompanied by complications such as excessive bleeding and bacteria invasion. The design of wound dressings that rapidly stop excessive bleeding and inhibit bacterial invasion is crucial to promoting accelerated wound healing. To meet the abovementioned requirements in wound dressings, topical gels were prepared from sodium alginate SA and carboxymethylcellulose CMC. The wound dressings were loaded with an antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid TA, essential oils, and a variety of metal-based nanoparticles, and carbon-based biomaterials. The scanning electron microscopy SEM and X-ray diffraction XRD confirmed the successful formation of the nanoparticles. The prepared formulations exhibited in vitro drug release kinetics that best fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. These gels exhibited good spreadability and viscosity, showing a shear-thinning behaviour with pH between 6.7 and 7.3, signifying suitability for skin application and ease of application. The prepared topical gels exhibited significant antibacterial effects against gram-negative and gram-positive strains of bacteria. SA EO-based formulations showed high antibacterial activity across all bacterial strains, followed by SA-based formulations compared to CMC-based formulations, which exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. Moreover, the prepared gels showed good cytocompatibility, promoted cell proliferation, and exhibited 80 percent wound closure on day 3 compared to the untreated group, which showed a 38 percent wound reduction in vitro. Excellent blood clotting properties were observed with CMC-based gels compared to other formulations. However, all the prepared formulations exhibited outstanding blood clotting ability compared to the control, showing that they can promote rapid blood coagulation. The features presented by the prepared gels reveal that they are suitable for rapid wound healing , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

Evaluation of functionalized silver and silica nanoparticles for the removal of deoxyribonucleic acid conveying antibiotics resistance genes from water

  • Authors: Ezeuko, Adaora Stella
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: DNA , Silica , Water
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27765 , vital:69414
  • Description: Antibiotic resistance genes ARGs are recognized as a serious public health emergency linked to extensive use of antibiotics by humans and animals as a prophylactic agent that treats and prevents infections. The occurrence of high concentrations being identified in wastewater treatment plants, rivers, etc is due to untreated effluents being discharged from households, hospitals, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries. The application of adequate treatment techniques and material for the removal of bacteria DNA conveying ARGs from the effluents before their release to the environment cannot be overemphasized. Adsorption techniques seem to be effective due to their easy design, operation, and ability to regenerate adsorbents for use without producing toxic by-products. This concept was employed for the removal of bacteria DNA conveying ARGs from simulated aqueous solution, effluents from hospital, river and WWTPs using silver and silica metallic nanoparticles. This thesis investigated the effectiveness of metallic nanoparticles containing silver AgNPs and mesoporous silica nanoparticles MSNPs as well as magnetite Fe3O4 functionalized with 4 4hydroxyphenyl 2 262-terpyridine onto their surface, for the removal of bacteria DNA conveying antibiotic resistance genes from water samples from hospitals, river, and wastewater treatment plants WWTPs. Silver nanoparticles AgNPs of different molar concentrations 0.1M, 0.5M and 1.0 M and mesoporous silica nanoparticles MSNPs adsorbents were successfully synthesized in their original states and surface functionalization achieved by incorporating magnetite Fe3O4 and 4 4 hydroxyphenyl 2 2 6 2 terpyridine on the silver AgNPs Fe3O4 and silica MSNPs TPPY surfaces respectively. Their effectiveness as adsorbent for the removal of bacteria DNA conveying ARGs from aqueous solutions and real water/wastewater samples were investigated. The DNA uptake by the as-synthesized AgNPs and MSNPs were compared to the functionalized AgNPs Fe3O4 and MSNPsTPPY by determining the adsorbents with the highest removal efficiencies. All as synthesized and functionalized adsorbents were characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, UV spectroscopy and PZC before the removal process. The extraction of genomic DNA from antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus was successfully achieved via the boiling method. Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the disk diffusion method before the commencement of genomic DNA extraction. Molecular characterization via gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of resistance genes at different base pairs. Adsorption batch experiment were investigated, and the best optimum parameters were evaluated through the influence of pH, contact time, initial DNA concentration, adsorbent dose, and competitive ions for each sorption process. The rate determining step were determined by fitting kinetic models such as Natarajan and Khalaf first order, pseudo first order, pseudo second order, Elovich model to experimental data. Also, the adsorption mechanisms determining adsorption equilibrium were investigated by fitting Freundlich, Langmuir and Sips model into the experimental data. The application of AgNPsFe3O4 nanocomposite and MSNPsTPPY for the removal of bacteria DNA demonstrated much enhancement for DNA uptake than the as-synthesized AgNPs and MSNPs materials. The incorporation of magnetite and 4 4hydroxyphenyl 2 2 6 2-terpyridine onto AgNPs and MSNPs significantly enhanced the binding affinity towards the removal the bacteria DNA via strong electrostatic attraction between the active sites on the adsorbent and the negative DNA molecules. Finally, high adsorption capacities were recorded with AgNPsFe3O4 nanocomposite and MSNPsTPPY compared to AgNPs and MSNPs with chaotropic salts. The kinetic adsorption models were mostly best fitted by the pseudo-second order and Elovich models while the adsorption equilibrium was best described by Langmuir and Sips isotherm models. MSNPs with different chaotropic salts, AgNPsFe3O4 nanocomposite and MSNPsTPPY also proved its effectiveness in DNA removal not only in the simulated aqueous solution but in three different real life water samples obtained from Cofimvaba hospital, Ndevana river and Uitenhage WWTPs. High adsorption efficiencies above 90 percent were achieved during the removal of DNA in all the three real water samples. Therefore, application of these adsorbents for the removal of bacteria DNA conveying ARGs may be a promising option that would tackle the consequences of consuming ARGs infected water globally. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

Evaluation of the extent of the public programming by Eastern Cape Provincial Archives and Records Services

  • Authors: Tshebi, Siyathemba Mboneleli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-9842
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27663 , vital:69381
  • Description: Public programming initiatives are an integral part of archival operations worldwide as they support the greater use of archival records by attracting prospective users and sponsors. Public programming comprises a sequence of strategies for publicizing and marketing archives to the public, which are crucial in archival operations as they promote better use of archives and records. South African National Archives and Records. Services depends on provisions of the National Archives of South Africa Act of 1996 in its strive to promote access and use of archives as sources of information. . unknown and therefore not used to their maximal utility value, likely due to low-key and ineffective archival public programming initiatives. Consequently, the primary purpose of this research study was to evaluate the extent of public programming strategies used by the Eastern Cape Provincial Archives and Records Services (EAPARS). The study used a mixed-method, embracing qualitative and quantitative research approaches. As an integrated record-keeping framework, Record Continuum was used as a theoretical framework to guide the study. Sixteen copies of questionnaire were distributed among staff and users ECPARS. The research uncovered that ECPARS does not have specific regulations and policies on public programming, but relies on the more general provisions of the Provincial Archives and Records Services Act of 1996 as a guiding instrument in executing its public programming operations. The study further revealed various factors, such as the limited budget and inadequate staff, as key hindering factors in the smooth execution of archival public programming plans by ECPARS. The study recommends a review and update by ECPARS of how it can specifically effectively implement the provisions of the 1996 Act to the modern ways of taking public archives to the people. The research also recommends that ECPARS engage additional staff or outsourced services to strengthen its the public programming of its archival resources and services workforce for Eastern Cape Provincial Archives and Records. The study concludes that improved financial resources, use of ICTs, and coherent policy framework, and public awareness creation and education can facilitate better to acquire, widen access to use of its archives. Keyword , Thesis (MLIS) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

In Silico analysis of Spermidine, Spermine and Putrescine interaction with selected heat shock proteins from Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 towards malaria drug development

  • Authors: Godlo, Sesethu
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Heat shock proteins , Malaria vaccine , Plasmodium falciparum
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master'stheses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27709 , vital:69395
  • Description: Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that affects around half of the world's population. It is one of the most common parasite infections that endangers human life. One of the most serious issues in malaria therapy is the emergence and spread of antimalarial drug-resistant Plasmodium parasites. This is due to the Plasmodium parasite's constant evolution and development of new methods of surviving medication toxicity. Studies of antimalarial drug development have been focused on polyamine biosynthesis by targeting precursors such as ornithine decarboxylase, adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, and spermidine synthase and protein-protein interactions between Plasmodium falciparum chaperones spotting out Hsp90, Hsp70, and Hsp40 as potential targets with little attention being paid to the interaction between polyamines and molecular chaperones. Therefore, this study seeks to identify interactions between polyamines and molecular chaperones present in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. The identification of these interactions might lead to the design of effective drugs to treat and eliminate malaria. Using computational analysis, this study aims to find interactions between polyamines and molecular chaperones found in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. The sequences of the selected heat proteins retrieved, and the 3D structures predicted and validated. These structures were docked with polyamines retrieved from PubChem and MD simulations on the docked interactions were performed. Docking revealed common amino acid residues with hydrogen bonds and salt bridges between all receptors and ligands, with glutamine and aspartic acid standing out. MD simulations revealed that when HSP20 and HSP40 transport the ligands, they pop up or are released too quickly. However, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 provide optimism since the ligands remain attached to the proteins for a specific amount of time. To further understand and confirm these interactions wet laboratory studies may be carried out in future. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

Indifference and Epistemic Injustice: Phenomenological Reflections

  • Authors: Roos,R
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Epistemic logic , Virtue epistemology
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27150 , vital:66324
  • Description: The proposed research seeks to address salient questions concerning the relation of indifference and epistemic injustice. This involves questions dealing with the necessary and sufficient conditions for indifference; how it arises through our conditions of lived experience and how it extends to the production, maintenance and engagement with knowledge. In short, to what extent does indifference play a role in epistemic injustice? Conversely, to what extent does epistemic injustice relate to indifference? The proposed research will explore major concepts of the relation between indifference and epistemic injustice. The research will settle on a phenomenological approach. Its claim is that major contemporary concepts of indifference and injustice can be critically informed by a phenomenological analysis of these concepts. Thus, it will attempt to analyse the relation of indifference and injustice from within the context of our lived conditions of experience. Ultimately, this research will try to locate the similarities between the experience of indifference and the act of epistemic injustice. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

Preparation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of polymer-based wound dressings for the management of chronic wounds

  • Authors: Alven, Sibusiso
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Wound healing , Chronic diseases
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27992 , vital:71414
  • Description: Microbial infections are responsible for the retarded recovery process of chronic wounds. Polymer-based scaffolds possess features suitable for the treatment of chronic injuries. However, these scaffolds are commonly encapsulated with therapeutic agents to enhance their biological activities, including antibacterial efficacy. In this research, two types of polymer-based scaffolds were formulated and evaluated as effective formulations for the treatment of chronic wounds: sponges and topical gels. Sponges were formulated from cross-linking of gelatin and PEG. Ag nanoparticles and metronidazole were incorporated into the sponges to improve their antibacterial activity. Topical gels were loaded with essential oils and Ag nanoparticles and prepared from CMC and poloxamer. The prepared sponges and topical gels were evaluated using various analysis and characterization techniques. SEM/EDX, FTIR, and TGA were employed to characterize gelatin/PEG hybrid sponges followed by porosity, in vitro biodegradability, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial studies. FTIR, SEM/EDX, and TGA confirmed their physicochemical properties and successful fabrication of sponges loaded with metronidazole and Ag nanoparticles. The sponges were biodegradable, indicating their capability to induce skin regeneration. The drug release studies showed a rapid release of metronidazole 28.32-71.97 percent from the sponges over the first hour, followed by a sustained drug release. The Ag nanoparticles were released in a sustained manner, suggesting that these sponges can rapidly destroy bacteria and inhibit persisting bacterial infections as well as protect the lesion bed from further bacteria infections. The in vitro antibacterial studies of sponges displayed superior antibacterial activity against most of the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria strains commonly found in chronic wound infections with a MIC value of 15.625 μg/mL. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments revealed excellent biocompatibility with a percent cell viability of more than 70 percent. The in vitro wound scratch healing assay exhibited that the sponges encapsulated with only metronidazole promoted high cell migration than the dual drug-loaded sponges and untreated cells, suggesting its potential to quicken the wound healing process. CMC/Poloxamer topical gels were also characterized by FTIR, followed by pH, viscosity, spreadability, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial studies. FTIR showed successful preparation of CMC/Poloxamer topical gels loaded with essential oils and Ag nanoparticles. The topical gels exhibited pH in the range of 5.20-6.68, spreadability between 5.4 and 5.9 cm, and viscosity ranged from 216 to 1200 cP at 50 rpm and 210–858 cP at 100 rpm. The in vitro drug release studies demonstrated that Ag nanoparticles were released from the topical gels in a sustained manner. Most formulated topical gels demonstrated superior antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains than the blank gel and controls. The cytotoxicity analysis displayed more than 90.83 percent cell viability for the topical gels, revealing excellent biocompatibility. The outcomes revealed that the topical gels enriched with essential oils lavender and tea tree and Ag nanoparticles and sponges incorporated with metronidazole and Ag nanoparticles are potential wound dressing scaffolds that can be employed for the treatment of chronic infected injuries. The in vitro wound healing experiments showed that the HaCaT cells cultured with gels co-enriched with lavender oil and Ag nanoparticles possessed a higher rate of closure in comparison to the untreated cells for 96 hours. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

Synthesis and in vitro biological studies of ursolic acid-based hybrid compounds

  • Authors: Khwaza, Vuyolwethu
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Herbal medicine , Herbs -- Therapeutic use , Antineoplastic antibiotics
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27797 , vital:69689
  • Description: Ursolic acid UA, a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is commonly found in many medicinal herbs and fruits, has been identified as a potential source of therapeutic agents because of its potent biological effects, which include its potential anticancer and antimicrobial activities. However, its limited solubility, rapid metabolism and poor bioavailability inhibit its clinical applications. Numerous UA derivatives have been prepared over the past years in an effort to mitigate the drawbacks associated with UA, as new chemical entities for the treatment of various infections. There is very little progress in the discovery of efficient UA derivatives. In this study, a class of ester and amide-linked ursolic acid-based hybrid compounds fused with selected pharmaceutical scaffolds were successfully synthesized using amidation and esterification reactions and tested for antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities. Hybridizing UA with other known pharmaceutical scaffolds has the potential of overcoming its drawbacks. FT-IR, Mass Spectroscopy, and 1H13C-NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structures of the synthesized hybrid compounds. Among the tested ester-linked hybrid compounds in Chapter three, compounds 3.14-3.19,3.21, 3.34, 3.31, and 3.30 demonstrated significant antibacterial activities against some tested bacteria, with MIC values of 15.625 μgml. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity of these hybrids was determined using the MTT assay against three human tumor cell lines MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa cells. Compounds 3.19 and 3.34 were found to have better cytotoxic activity when compared to ursolic acid, with IC50 values of 46.99 and 48.18 μg ml respectively. Both compounds revealed more promising docking results, presenting favourable binding interactions as well as better docking energy against the MCF 7 protein target compared to the parent compound ursolic acid. In Chapter Four, among the tested amide-linked hybrid compounds, Compounds 4.17 and 4.24 demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against the majority of bacterial strains with MIC values of 15.625 gml. Compound 4.24 exhibited a MIC value of 15.625gmL against BS, SA, PV, KO, PM, and EC. Compound 4.23 was more cytotoxic to HeLa cells than ursolic acid. Furthermore, molecular docking calculations revealed that compound 4.16 strongly binds to the protein epidermal growth factor receptor while e compounds 4.17 and 4.24 showed a strong binding affinity for the methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In both cases, the hybrid compounds showed better conformational fittings in the active site of the targeted proteins as compared to the parent ursolic acid. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

The nexus between petroleum energy security and South Africa’s foreign policy

  • Authors: Seshibedi S S
  • Date: 2022
  • Subjects: Petroleum industry and trade -- Government policy , Energy industries , Petroleum law and legislation
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27165 , vital:66325
  • Description: This study sets out to explore the nexus between South Africa’s petroleum energy security and its foreign policy. The specific objectives of the research include: to find out the state of South Africa’s oil energy security, the extent to which oil is a consideration in the development of the country’s foreign policy and the extent to which its foreign policy is framed to favour oil exporting states. Qualitative research methodology is applied in this study with the Realism as the theoretical framework. The study found out that the state of South Africa’s oil energy security, which compels the country to rely on foreign oil, provides grounds for foreign policy intervention, with discernible espousal of relations with oil exporting states that is different to those that do not produce oil. The study also found that oil is a consideration in the development of South Africa’s foreign policy, as the country’s policy strategy towards oil exporting states is to build relations of bilateral nature, through diplomatic instruments, among others. South Africa’s regional politics makes discernible the fact that South Africa prefers a policy of multilateralism to manage its relations with SADC and SACU members who are not oil exporting, while evidence showed that bilateral relations are preferred towards oil exporting states. The study recommends amongst others, that South Africa’s over-reliance on foreign oil can be mitigated by taking the lead in transitioning to renewable energy. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022

An analysis of the design of evaluation standards in the South African National Evaluation System

  • Authors: Segopolo, Morakane Jocobeth
  • Date: 2022-01
  • Subjects: Quality control , Educational evaluation
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23448 , vital:57735
  • Description: Globally, the development of evaluation standards and related quality assurance measures for managing and assessing evaluation quality has been the focus of much debate in the evaluation community. Especially in the current context of COVID 19, validating the quality of evaluation and research evidence to respond to the global pandemic and to socio-economic development has become more relevant. The question of evaluation quality has also become important in South Africa. This has resulted in a need for a National Evaluation System to manage the quality of the evaluation process and outputs; so that critical stakeholders can trust and use the evaluation evidence to measure performance and accountability of government. The South African National Evaluation System through the National Evaluation Policy Framework (NEPF) was adopted by Cabinet to guide the development and management of systemic and institutional evaluation policy and practice. This research responds to the conceptual gap in the design of the evaluation standards. The purpose of the research study is to analyse the design of evaluation standards in the South African National Evaluation System (NES). The research objectives of the study were:  To analyse the design of evaluation standard in the South African National Evaluation System against international evaluation normative frameworks,  To assess the theory underpinning the evaluation standards in the South African National Evaluation System. A qualitative research approach using a semi-structured interview was used to collect data from the eight respondents. The participants included in the sample were those who played a meaningful role in the design and application of the evaluation standards and the Evaluation Quality Assessment Tool (EQAT) of the NES. Content and thematic analysis were used to process and analyse the empirical data. The research study produced the following key findings. The design of the national evaluation standards as a component of the South African National Evaluation System was technically and conceptually clear about its context, rationale, purpose and its claims to manage the evaluation process to promote evaluation quality. Although most national evaluation standards of the NES were consistent with international frameworks, both national and international standards did not adequately address the development and transformative issues such as equity, diversity and inclusion. Finally, the discourse of paradigms was absent in the design of the standards. The national evaluation standards did not explicitly show the influence of the paradigm on methodological approaches, evaluation designs and methods. This theoretical gap is also evident in most of the international frameworks that the national standards were benchmarked against. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-01

From the lens of isiXhosa female writers: female protagonists and the use of non-conformity in challenging gender roles in the post liberation isixhosa literature

  • Authors: Zeleni, Olwethu
  • Date: 2022-01
  • Subjects: Women in literature , Feminism and literature , Xhosa literature
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23840 , vital:60915
  • Description: This dissertation explored the way women are presented in five isiXhosa literary works by female writers in post independence South Africa, with particular focus on how non-conformity is used to challenge gender roles. The study analysed two novels entitled Iqhina lomtshato (1995) by Nomlamli Mayosi and Uzenzile akakhalelwa (2016) by Yolisa Madolo, as well as four drama books titled Nyana nank’unyoko (1997) by Yoliswa Taleni, Akwaba (2004) by Thenjiswa Ntwana, Hamba nam ndipheleke and Imida (2015) by Nompumezo Buzani. Structural, Afrocentrism and African feminism were used to guide the study. The structural theory gave the researcher to review language contructs in relation to gender, African feminism and Afrocentrism gave the researcher the lenses to view gender issues within the African context, in line with the peculiar challenges that women continue to face in the content. Another important factor which is the focus of the study is the depiction of women by female writers, in order to challenge the roles that are given to women. The question that one ask then is: How do female writers lend their voices to female characters to address gender issues in society, with particular focus on gender roles? This thesis argues that the five isiXhosa female writers, who are contemporary African women writers, have noticed gender related assumptions and in their works, they are making an attempt to debunk these assumptions. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the existing debates on gender and division of labour. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-01

Images of black women during the period of slavery: perspectives from selected African American female authored texts

  • Authors: Makwela, Nombeko B
  • Date: 2022-01
  • Subjects: Slavery , Enslaved women , Enslaved persons' writings
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27117 , vital:66304
  • Description: The study sought to interrogate the narratives of Black African-American women during the period of slavery. It analysed three literary works written by women, namely The Color Purple by Alice Walker (1992), Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs (1988) and Beloved by Toni Morrison (1987). The plot is on all the horrors, inhumanity, degradation, the sexual abuse, struggles and social injustices that the African-American women were subjected to under slavery. The study employed a case study design, as it analysed the three selected literary works. Critical analysis and close reading were employed to arrive at themes. The study not only illuminated the harsh reality of the experiences of African-American women, but it has also revealed the harrowing conditions that they encountered. These women suffered immensely under the yoke of dual oppression. Their horrors varied in gravity in the form of beatings and lynching, sexual abuse, having their children taken from them to be auctioned off, loss of identity and loss of human dignity among the countless social injustices they experienced. The study used the psychoanalytic feminist theory as a theoretical lens. Through the depiction of women in slavery in the literary works of Toni Morrison, Harriet Jacobs and Alice Walker, the case study approach revealed that women are resilient. Contrary to portrayals of women under the stereotyped labelling of women as wanton or promiscuous, with no virtues or principles, the female characters in the three novels are victims of slavery and patriarchy. In Alice Walker’s The Color Purple, the women characters, namely Celie, Squeak and Shug Avery, are not in the least immoral, nor do they lack virtues or principles; they are, as the analysis shows, self-loving women that have been victims of dual oppression. In Toni Morrison’s Beloved, the love of a mother for her children drives Sethe to commit infanticide, believing this to be the better option than allowing her children to suffer and endure the horrors of slavery. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Jacobs chooses to use her feminine sexuality to align herself to one man, Mr Sands, and her intelligence to stay in this relationship is her escape and deterrent strategy against the lecherous sexual exploitations by other white masters. She ends up bearing two children for this same man, reflecting her stability as a self-loving woman who was not wayward. Findings established that even through all the plights of slavery, African-American women made difficult yet relevant choices under the twin yokes of slavery and patriarchy. They may have been subjected or compelled to make morally unsavoury choices or to compromise on their principles for survival or succumb under situations that reduced them to being victims or sacrificial lambs for the satisfaction of the slave owners, but they never lacked principles and they were not promiscuous. The will to survive drove the women in the narratives to design and adopt survival strategies to sustain their livelihoods. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2022-01
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