Benchmarking a Decision Support System for Aquatic Toxicity Testing
- Griffin, Neil J, Odume, Oghenekaro N, Mensah, Paul K, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Griffin, Neil J , Odume, Oghenekaro N , Mensah, Paul K , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437798 , vital:73413 , ISBN 978-0-6392-0108-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2445_final1.pdf
- Description: This book was written for the catchment management forum (CMF) in the Upper Komati Forum (UKF), and they share their experience in order to help other CMFs understand the damage coal mining does to our water resources. This booklet should be used with How to think and act in ways that make Adaptive IWRM practi-cally possible and How to establish and run a Catchment Management Forum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Griffin, Neil J , Odume, Oghenekaro N , Mensah, Paul K , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437798 , vital:73413 , ISBN 978-0-6392-0108-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2445_final1.pdf
- Description: This book was written for the catchment management forum (CMF) in the Upper Komati Forum (UKF), and they share their experience in order to help other CMFs understand the damage coal mining does to our water resources. This booklet should be used with How to think and act in ways that make Adaptive IWRM practi-cally possible and How to establish and run a Catchment Management Forum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
How to engage with challenges facing Water and Sanitation Services (WSS) in small municipalities
- Clifford-Holmes, Jai K, Carnohan, Shane, Slinger, Jill W, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Clifford-Holmes, Jai K , Carnohan, Shane , Slinger, Jill W , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437869 , vital:73418 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0988-0 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 120-18 web.pdf
- Description: Smaller South African municipalities have many urgent calls on their resources AT THE SAME TIME. • The need to pay salaries is sometimes more important than other concerns. • It is not always clear how different problems affect each other. • It is difficult to decide what to do each day. • There are always urgent crises to attend to. • There are many meetings to attend. • Operational and political priorities can be different. Thinking of, and talking about your municipality as a SYSTEM will help you to ACT in ways that reduce the impact of these issues. This handbook relates specifically to water and sanitation issues.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Clifford-Holmes, Jai K , Carnohan, Shane , Slinger, Jill W , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437869 , vital:73418 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0988-0 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 120-18 web.pdf
- Description: Smaller South African municipalities have many urgent calls on their resources AT THE SAME TIME. • The need to pay salaries is sometimes more important than other concerns. • It is not always clear how different problems affect each other. • It is difficult to decide what to do each day. • There are always urgent crises to attend to. • There are many meetings to attend. • Operational and political priorities can be different. Thinking of, and talking about your municipality as a SYSTEM will help you to ACT in ways that reduce the impact of these issues. This handbook relates specifically to water and sanitation issues.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
How to engage with coal mines through Catchment Management Forums
- Munnik, Victor, Holleman, Helen, Wolff, Margaret G, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Munnik, Victor , Holleman, Helen , Wolff, Margaret G , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437882 , vital:73419 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0990-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 122-18 web.pdf
- Description: This book was written for the catchment management forum (CMF) in the Upper Komati Forum (UKF), and they share their experience in order to help other CMFs understand the damage coal mining does to our water resources. This booklet should be used with How to think and act in ways that make Adaptive IWRM practically possible and How to establish and run a Catchment Management Forum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Munnik, Victor , Holleman, Helen , Wolff, Margaret G , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437882 , vital:73419 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0990-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 122-18 web.pdf
- Description: This book was written for the catchment management forum (CMF) in the Upper Komati Forum (UKF), and they share their experience in order to help other CMFs understand the damage coal mining does to our water resources. This booklet should be used with How to think and act in ways that make Adaptive IWRM practically possible and How to establish and run a Catchment Management Forum.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
How to manage water quantity and water quality together
- Retief, Hugo, Holleman, Helen, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Retief, Hugo , Holleman, Helen , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437907 , vital:73421 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0987-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP%20119-18%20web.pdf
- Description: All over the world water resources are under pressure due to over-use and pollution, and finding ways to meet the need for water is becoming increasingly difficult. Nat-ural variation in rainfall also contributes to making planning and management of flow and water quality, and especially these together, complex and difficult. People have realised that it is important to consider many factors when managing water – they call this Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). Integrating many factors is in line with the ideas that all the “How to” handbooks are based on. Please do read the foundation handbook: “How to think and act in ways that make Adap-tive IWRM practically possible”. In this handbook we consider how to integrate flow and water quality. Although some writers think taking account of all the many fac-tors is too difficult, others – including the authors of this handbook – believe it is essential to try if we want to find the balance between use and protection. IWRM also recognises that it is vital to involve stakeholders in decision-making if protec-tion of our water resources is going to be successful.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Retief, Hugo , Holleman, Helen , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437907 , vital:73421 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0987-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP%20119-18%20web.pdf
- Description: All over the world water resources are under pressure due to over-use and pollution, and finding ways to meet the need for water is becoming increasingly difficult. Nat-ural variation in rainfall also contributes to making planning and management of flow and water quality, and especially these together, complex and difficult. People have realised that it is important to consider many factors when managing water – they call this Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). Integrating many factors is in line with the ideas that all the “How to” handbooks are based on. Please do read the foundation handbook: “How to think and act in ways that make Adap-tive IWRM practically possible”. In this handbook we consider how to integrate flow and water quality. Although some writers think taking account of all the many fac-tors is too difficult, others – including the authors of this handbook – believe it is essential to try if we want to find the balance between use and protection. IWRM also recognises that it is vital to involve stakeholders in decision-making if protec-tion of our water resources is going to be successful.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
How to think and act in ways that make Adaptive IWRM practically possible
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Biggs, Harry, Rogers, Kevin H, du Toit, Derick, Pollard, Sharon
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Biggs, Harry , Rogers, Kevin H , du Toit, Derick , Pollard, Sharon
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437937 , vital:73423 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0984-2 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 116-18 web.pdf
- Description: “We cross the river by feeling the stones with our feet” (Chinese proverb). Most of the ideas in this handbook you already know from living your life. Here we put your everyday experience and knowledge into the language of managing water. In the last twenty years, there has been a lot of talk about new ways to make Integrated Water Resource Management or “IWRM” work, but not nearly as much useful knowledge about how to put those ideas into practice. We now know how to use a set of ideas and ways of understanding that help us to make IWRM really work prac-tically. We call this practical way of working: Adaptive IWRM. This is the first in a series of handbooks to come out of a WRC project Practising Adaptive IWRM (Inte-grated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in South Africa: towards practising a new paradigm* [TPNP]). The TPNP project researchers have had experience with many different situations in southern Africa, where people have grappled* with put-ting the ideas of complexity* and integration into practice.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Biggs, Harry , Rogers, Kevin H , du Toit, Derick , Pollard, Sharon
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437937 , vital:73423 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0984-2 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 116-18 web.pdf
- Description: “We cross the river by feeling the stones with our feet” (Chinese proverb). Most of the ideas in this handbook you already know from living your life. Here we put your everyday experience and knowledge into the language of managing water. In the last twenty years, there has been a lot of talk about new ways to make Integrated Water Resource Management or “IWRM” work, but not nearly as much useful knowledge about how to put those ideas into practice. We now know how to use a set of ideas and ways of understanding that help us to make IWRM really work prac-tically. We call this practical way of working: Adaptive IWRM. This is the first in a series of handbooks to come out of a WRC project Practising Adaptive IWRM (Inte-grated Water Resource Management (IWRM) in South Africa: towards practising a new paradigm* [TPNP]). The TPNP project researchers have had experience with many different situations in southern Africa, where people have grappled* with put-ting the ideas of complexity* and integration into practice.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
How to use Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM) and the Adaptive Planning Process (APP) to build a shared catchment future
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Rogers, Kevin H, Holleman, Helen, Wolff, Margaret G
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Rogers, Kevin H , Holleman, Helen , Wolff, Margaret G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437965 , vital:73425 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0991-0 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 123-18 web.pdf
- Description: For members of Catchment Management Forums (CMFs) and Catchment Manage-ment Agencies (CMAs). CMFs are made up of people who represent all the stake-holders in a catchment. They are the people who know the catchment best, and therefore are in the best position to alert CMAs to local issues and to help develop the strategic plans for their local catchment. However, catchments are dynamic*, complex* systems that need a special planning approach – and that is what this handbook is about. If one part of a catchment is neglected and damaged, it affects the whole system and everyone living in it. We use and recommend a flexible, adap-tive approach in which everyone involved in the planning is both a teacher and a learner, and where everyone contributes their special wisdom to developing a sustainable plan for the catchment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Rogers, Kevin H , Holleman, Helen , Wolff, Margaret G
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437965 , vital:73425 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0991-0 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 123-18 web.pdf
- Description: For members of Catchment Management Forums (CMFs) and Catchment Manage-ment Agencies (CMAs). CMFs are made up of people who represent all the stake-holders in a catchment. They are the people who know the catchment best, and therefore are in the best position to alert CMAs to local issues and to help develop the strategic plans for their local catchment. However, catchments are dynamic*, complex* systems that need a special planning approach – and that is what this handbook is about. If one part of a catchment is neglected and damaged, it affects the whole system and everyone living in it. We use and recommend a flexible, adap-tive approach in which everyone involved in the planning is both a teacher and a learner, and where everyone contributes their special wisdom to developing a sustainable plan for the catchment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Developing a multi-sectoral integrative licensing and monitoring framework to align and integrate biodiversity and environmental water quality in the coal mining development life-cycle
- Munnik, Victor, Humby, T, Van der Waals, J, Houdet, J, Thompson, Gareth, Keighley, Tia-Kristi, Cobbing, Ben, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Munnik, Victor , Humby, T , Van der Waals, J , Houdet, J , Thompson, Gareth , Keighley, Tia-Kristi , Cobbing, Ben , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437825 , vital:73415 , ISBN 978-0-6392-0001-9 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2355_final.pdf
- Description: This research report emanates from a fine, which was paid and then transferred to the Water Research Commission for purposes of re-search. As a result of a plea bargain, an agreement was reached in the Ermelo regional court (Mpumalanga) in 2009 (Case no ESH 82/11: Ermelo CAS 462/07/2009), the summary outcome of which is described below.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Munnik, Victor , Humby, T , Van der Waals, J , Houdet, J , Thompson, Gareth , Keighley, Tia-Kristi , Cobbing, Ben , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437825 , vital:73415 , ISBN 978-0-6392-0001-9 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2355_final.pdf
- Description: This research report emanates from a fine, which was paid and then transferred to the Water Research Commission for purposes of re-search. As a result of a plea bargain, an agreement was reached in the Ermelo regional court (Mpumalanga) in 2009 (Case no ESH 82/11: Ermelo CAS 462/07/2009), the summary outcome of which is described below.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
How to establish and run a catchment management forum
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Holleman, Helen, Wolff, Margaret G
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Holleman, Helen , Wolff, Margaret G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437894 , vital:73420 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0986-6 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 118-18 web.pdf
- Description: The user-friendly series of “How to….” handbooks are aimed at staff and stakehold-ers in catchment management forums (CMFs), catchment management agencies (CMAs) and municipalities. The handbooks are not all written at exactly the same level of “user-friendliness”, it depends on the topic, and target users.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Holleman, Helen , Wolff, Margaret G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437894 , vital:73420 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0986-6 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP 118-18 web.pdf
- Description: The user-friendly series of “How to….” handbooks are aimed at staff and stakehold-ers in catchment management forums (CMFs), catchment management agencies (CMAs) and municipalities. The handbooks are not all written at exactly the same level of “user-friendliness”, it depends on the topic, and target users.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
How to think about water for people and people for water: Some for all, forever
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437922 , vital:73422 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0985-9 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP%20117-18%20web.pdf
- Description: Water for people and people for water. We need water and water needs us. That is what this book is about. Water is the basis of all life. No plant, animal or person on earth can survive without it. In fact, all organisms are mostly made up of water. Wa-ter shapes the earth’s surface. It is a fundamental part of climate processes. Out in the natural world, water is not found in taps, buckets and glasses but in rivers, wet-lands, lakes, dams, estuaries, groundwater and the sea. It falls from the sky as rain, runs off the landscape, filters into the soil, flows to the sea in rivers, is stored in dams, evaporates into the sky, and rains back onto the earth. This is the water cycle. People need water for all sorts of things, for drinking, washing, cooking, growing food, in industries, and to dilute and transport wastes. But in the process of using water, people can damage rivers, wetlands, lakes and other watery places. Dam-aged ecosystems do not work very well and may fail us when we need them most. The message of this book is – look after water in the places where it is naturally found – look after water and water ecosystems because you need them so much.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437922 , vital:73422 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0985-9 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP%20117-18%20web.pdf
- Description: Water for people and people for water. We need water and water needs us. That is what this book is about. Water is the basis of all life. No plant, animal or person on earth can survive without it. In fact, all organisms are mostly made up of water. Wa-ter shapes the earth’s surface. It is a fundamental part of climate processes. Out in the natural world, water is not found in taps, buckets and glasses but in rivers, wet-lands, lakes, dams, estuaries, groundwater and the sea. It falls from the sky as rain, runs off the landscape, filters into the soil, flows to the sea in rivers, is stored in dams, evaporates into the sky, and rains back onto the earth. This is the water cycle. People need water for all sorts of things, for drinking, washing, cooking, growing food, in industries, and to dilute and transport wastes. But in the process of using water, people can damage rivers, wetlands, lakes and other watery places. Dam-aged ecosystems do not work very well and may fail us when we need them most. The message of this book is – look after water in the places where it is naturally found – look after water and water ecosystems because you need them so much.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
How to understand environmental water quality in water resources management
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437951 , vital:73424 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0992-7 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP%20124-18%20web.pdf
- Description: We all depend on water for life, well-being and economic prosperity. In our homes water is used for drinking, cooking and washing. In our workplaces water is used for agriculture and industry. Water provides for recreation and our need for natural beauty, and it can be part of our spiritual awareness. Water is so important and is used in so many ways that if it is overused, we risk damaging our very life source. This happens when we take too much water out of aquatic ecosystems, and put in too much waste. The South African National Water Act (NWA) (No. 36 of 1998) rec-ognises that water resources are part of the integrated water cycle made up of wa-ter ecosystems– rivers, wetlands, lakes, dams, estuaries and groundwater – and the processes of precipitation, transpiration, infiltration and evaporation. Closely con-nected to the water cycle is the use that people make of water resources. The NWA promotes protection of water resources so that people can use water both now and into the future. Water is at the heart of “a better life for all”. This handbook focuses on environmental water quality (EWQ), in particular the use of water resources for waste disposal, and the effect that waste disposal has on ecosystems. The term wa-ter quality is used to describe the microbial, physical, chemical and radiological properties of water. These properties affect both ecosystem health and the “fitness for use” of the water.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437951 , vital:73424 , ISBN 978-1 4312-0992-7 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/SP%20124-18%20web.pdf
- Description: We all depend on water for life, well-being and economic prosperity. In our homes water is used for drinking, cooking and washing. In our workplaces water is used for agriculture and industry. Water provides for recreation and our need for natural beauty, and it can be part of our spiritual awareness. Water is so important and is used in so many ways that if it is overused, we risk damaging our very life source. This happens when we take too much water out of aquatic ecosystems, and put in too much waste. The South African National Water Act (NWA) (No. 36 of 1998) rec-ognises that water resources are part of the integrated water cycle made up of wa-ter ecosystems– rivers, wetlands, lakes, dams, estuaries and groundwater – and the processes of precipitation, transpiration, infiltration and evaporation. Closely con-nected to the water cycle is the use that people make of water resources. The NWA promotes protection of water resources so that people can use water both now and into the future. Water is at the heart of “a better life for all”. This handbook focuses on environmental water quality (EWQ), in particular the use of water resources for waste disposal, and the effect that waste disposal has on ecosystems. The term wa-ter quality is used to describe the microbial, physical, chemical and radiological properties of water. These properties affect both ecosystem health and the “fitness for use” of the water.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Impact of invasive alien plants on water provision in selected catchments
- Preston, Ian R, Le Maitre, D C, Blignaut, J N, Louw, Lynette, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Preston, Ian R , Le Maitre, D C , Blignaut, J N , Louw, Lynette , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437979 , vital:73426 , ISBN 1816-7950 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/44_04_20_33741.pdf
- Description: We analyse the impact of failing to control invasive alien plants (IAPs) on the water supply to the Berg River and De Hoop Dams, in other words, the opportunity cost of not clearing IAPs in these two catch-ments. To do this we used models to assess and compare the impact of current and future invasions on inflows into the dams. Although the clearing of current invasions would only provide a modest increase in the amount of water compared to, for example, the construction of an-other dam, failure to clear the invasion will have a negative impact on water security in the long term. We estimated that the Berg River Dam could lose up to 51% of its mean annual inflows to IAPs over a 45-year period, and the De Hoop Dam catchment could lose up to 44%. These impacts would continue to increase over time, and the costs of control could become very high as the plants invade rugged terrain. Major in-frastructural development requires Ministerial approval, supported by advice from senior officials. We suggest that such advice should sub-stantively take sufficient account of the benefits of clearing existing in-vasions, or at least of preventing further invasions. Our results suggest that serious consequences arise from insufficient investment in catch-ment management. An integrated approach to the management of the supply of and demand for water, that ensures long-term sustainability, is essential in informed decision-making and the early control of IAPs is a key component of that approach.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Preston, Ian R , Le Maitre, D C , Blignaut, J N , Louw, Lynette , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437979 , vital:73426 , ISBN 1816-7950 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/44_04_20_33741.pdf
- Description: We analyse the impact of failing to control invasive alien plants (IAPs) on the water supply to the Berg River and De Hoop Dams, in other words, the opportunity cost of not clearing IAPs in these two catch-ments. To do this we used models to assess and compare the impact of current and future invasions on inflows into the dams. Although the clearing of current invasions would only provide a modest increase in the amount of water compared to, for example, the construction of an-other dam, failure to clear the invasion will have a negative impact on water security in the long term. We estimated that the Berg River Dam could lose up to 51% of its mean annual inflows to IAPs over a 45-year period, and the De Hoop Dam catchment could lose up to 44%. These impacts would continue to increase over time, and the costs of control could become very high as the plants invade rugged terrain. Major in-frastructural development requires Ministerial approval, supported by advice from senior officials. We suggest that such advice should sub-stantively take sufficient account of the benefits of clearing existing in-vasions, or at least of preventing further invasions. Our results suggest that serious consequences arise from insufficient investment in catch-ment management. An integrated approach to the management of the supply of and demand for water, that ensures long-term sustainability, is essential in informed decision-making and the early control of IAPs is a key component of that approach.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Practising Adaptive IWRM (Integrated Water Resources Management) in South Africa
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Munnik, Victor, du Toit, Derick, Rogers, Kevin H, Pollard, Sharon, Hamer, Nick, Weaver, Matthew J T, Retief, Hugo, Sahula, Asiphe, O’Keeffe, Jay H
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Munnik, Victor , du Toit, Derick , Rogers, Kevin H , Pollard, Sharon , Hamer, Nick , Weaver, Matthew J T , Retief, Hugo , Sahula, Asiphe , O’Keeffe, Jay H
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438005 , vital:73428 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0983-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2248-1-18.pdf
- Description: This chapter serves as a general introduction to the TPNP case stud-ies, with feedback from the progress of the RESILIM-O project. We draw attention here, and note clearly, that each case is set in a different context and scale, and proceeded in different ways, as well as combin-ing in use different discourses/practices and methodologies. To ensure a basis for comparability, each case study was required to use the Adaptive IWRM approach and methodologies, while not being required to record results in the same format. Case studies were designed to enable an exploration of scale effects–a core theoretical concept in complex social-ecological systems. We will be in a position to write a scholarly paper on a scale-comparison of practice-based Adaptive IWRM learning at different spatial and governance (institutional and social) scales, as a result of these findings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Munnik, Victor , du Toit, Derick , Rogers, Kevin H , Pollard, Sharon , Hamer, Nick , Weaver, Matthew J T , Retief, Hugo , Sahula, Asiphe , O’Keeffe, Jay H
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438005 , vital:73428 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0983-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2248-1-18.pdf
- Description: This chapter serves as a general introduction to the TPNP case stud-ies, with feedback from the progress of the RESILIM-O project. We draw attention here, and note clearly, that each case is set in a different context and scale, and proceeded in different ways, as well as combin-ing in use different discourses/practices and methodologies. To ensure a basis for comparability, each case study was required to use the Adaptive IWRM approach and methodologies, while not being required to record results in the same format. Case studies were designed to enable an exploration of scale effects–a core theoretical concept in complex social-ecological systems. We will be in a position to write a scholarly paper on a scale-comparison of practice-based Adaptive IWRM learning at different spatial and governance (institutional and social) scales, as a result of these findings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Generation of New Ecotoxicity Data for Salts Using Indigenous South African Freshwater Macroinvertebrate: Updating the National Salts Toxicity Database
- Mensah, Paul K, Mgaba, Ntombekhaya, Griffin, Neil J, Odume, Oghenekaro N, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Mensah, Paul K , Mgaba, Ntombekhaya , Griffin, Neil J , Odume, Oghenekaro N , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437854 , vital:73417 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0747-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/KV%20353.pdf
- Description: Scherman and Palmer (2013) reviewed the historical and current trends of Environmental Water Quality (EWQ) in South Africa. Based on the review, they identified research gaps for which they proposed a co-ordinated set of projects that need to be commissioned and executed to fill these gaps. These co-ordinated set of projects include update of TEACHA (Tool for Ecological Aquatic Chemical Habitat Assessment); update of the national salt toxicity database; integration of Resource Directed Measures (RDM) components (ie Ecological Reserve, Re-source Quality Objectives (RQOs) and Classification); integrating water quality and quantity; evaluation of the RDM participatory process based on research and current understandings of complex social-ecological systems and ecosystem services; and integrating RDM and SDC (Source Direct Control) to ensure coherent link between the two. The overarching aim of the above set of projects is to support implementa-tion of the National Water Resource Strategy 2 (NWRS2). Therefore, the main objective of this project to contribute to addressing the second research gap listed above (ie updating the national salt toxicity data-base). Noting that the database contains only data on single salts with nothing on salt mixtures, the project also generated binary salt mixtures data for the database, in addition to generating data for single salts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Mensah, Paul K , Mgaba, Ntombekhaya , Griffin, Neil J , Odume, Oghenekaro N , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437854 , vital:73417 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0747-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/KV%20353.pdf
- Description: Scherman and Palmer (2013) reviewed the historical and current trends of Environmental Water Quality (EWQ) in South Africa. Based on the review, they identified research gaps for which they proposed a co-ordinated set of projects that need to be commissioned and executed to fill these gaps. These co-ordinated set of projects include update of TEACHA (Tool for Ecological Aquatic Chemical Habitat Assessment); update of the national salt toxicity database; integration of Resource Directed Measures (RDM) components (ie Ecological Reserve, Re-source Quality Objectives (RQOs) and Classification); integrating water quality and quantity; evaluation of the RDM participatory process based on research and current understandings of complex social-ecological systems and ecosystem services; and integrating RDM and SDC (Source Direct Control) to ensure coherent link between the two. The overarching aim of the above set of projects is to support implementa-tion of the National Water Resource Strategy 2 (NWRS2). Therefore, the main objective of this project to contribute to addressing the second research gap listed above (ie updating the national salt toxicity data-base). Noting that the database contains only data on single salts with nothing on salt mixtures, the project also generated binary salt mixtures data for the database, in addition to generating data for single salts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Critical analysis of environmental water quality in South Africa Historic and current trends
- Griffin, Neil J, Palmer, Carolyn G, Scherman, Patricia A
- Authors: Griffin, Neil J , Palmer, Carolyn G , Scherman, Patricia A
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437812 , vital:73414 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0536-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2184-1-14.pdf
- Description: South Africa is widely recognised as having an admirable water law, and as being a leader in granting a right to water, in terms of quality and quantity, to the environment. However, the water quality of South Afri-can water resources is deteriorating (eg CSIR 2010, DWA 2011a), alt-hough good water quality management structures, strategies, ap-proaches, programmes, instruments, and tools have been developed and implemented nationally. The research reported on here provides a review of changes in water quality management structures, pro-grammes and approaches over the past two decades, and highlights areas where these need updating, completion or revision. As a com-parative illustration of changes in water quality with time, changes in 11 water quality parameters in two river systems (the Crocodile River in Mpumalanga, which is moderately impacted, and the Olifants River, in Mpumalanga and Limpopo, which is severely impacted) are presented.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Griffin, Neil J , Palmer, Carolyn G , Scherman, Patricia A
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437812 , vital:73414 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0536-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2184-1-14.pdf
- Description: South Africa is widely recognised as having an admirable water law, and as being a leader in granting a right to water, in terms of quality and quantity, to the environment. However, the water quality of South Afri-can water resources is deteriorating (eg CSIR 2010, DWA 2011a), alt-hough good water quality management structures, strategies, ap-proaches, programmes, instruments, and tools have been developed and implemented nationally. The research reported on here provides a review of changes in water quality management structures, pro-grammes and approaches over the past two decades, and highlights areas where these need updating, completion or revision. As a com-parative illustration of changes in water quality with time, changes in 11 water quality parameters in two river systems (the Crocodile River in Mpumalanga, which is moderately impacted, and the Olifants River, in Mpumalanga and Limpopo, which is severely impacted) are presented.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
Sediment as a physical water quality stressor on macro-invertebrates a contribution to the development of a water quality guideline for suspended solids
- Gordon, Andrew K, Niedballa, J, Palmer, Carolyn G
- Authors: Gordon, Andrew K , Niedballa, J , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438018 , vital:73429 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0456-4 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2040-1-13.pdf
- Description: The aims of the project (and the chapter in which they are addressed) are presented below: 1. Establish the most appropriate sediment test material for exposure trials–Chapter 2 2. Test the effects of suspended particulates on selected macroinvertebrates at different levels of biolog-ical organization–Chapter 3 3. Generate an exposure-response rela-tionship framework from data generated in Aim 2 and relevant data in the literature–Chapter 4 4. Attempt to relate exposure-response data developed in the laboratory to natural conditions in the field–Chapter 5.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Gordon, Andrew K , Niedballa, J , Palmer, Carolyn G
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438018 , vital:73429 , ISBN 978-1-4312-0456-4 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/2040-1-13.pdf
- Description: The aims of the project (and the chapter in which they are addressed) are presented below: 1. Establish the most appropriate sediment test material for exposure trials–Chapter 2 2. Test the effects of suspended particulates on selected macroinvertebrates at different levels of biolog-ical organization–Chapter 3 3. Generate an exposure-response rela-tionship framework from data generated in Aim 2 and relevant data in the literature–Chapter 4 4. Attempt to relate exposure-response data developed in the laboratory to natural conditions in the field–Chapter 5.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The development of water quality methods within ecological Reserve assessments, and links to environmental flows
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Rossouw, N, Muller, Nikite W J, Scherman, Patricia A
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Rossouw, N , Muller, Nikite W J , Scherman, Patricia A
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438033 , vital:73430 , ISBN 0378-4738 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterSA_2005_02_1634.pdf
- Description: In the South African National Water Act (NWA, No 36 of 1998), the eco-logical Reserve is defined as the quality and quantity of water required to ensure appropriate protection of water resources, so as to secure ecologically sustainable development and use. Aquatic ecosystems are recognised as the core location of water resources, and although con-siderable progress has been made in developing methods for quantify-ing environmental flow requirements, this paper describes and discuss-es the first agreed method for quantifying environmental water quality requirements in an ecological Reserve assessment. Integration of flow and water quality is emphasised, and is based on the philosophy that environmental flows should be motivated to provide ecologically im-portant flow-related habitat, or geomorphological function, but should not be motivated to solve water quality problems by dilution. Water qual-ity is multivariate, and not all variables can be considered in an ecologi-cal Reserve assessment, but core water quality variables include: sys-tem variables (salts, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature), nutrients (phosphate, nitrite, nitrate) and toxic substances (those listed in the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems, includ-ing toxic metal ions, toxic organic substances, and/or substances from a chemical inventory of an effluent or discharge). In addition, biological indicator data (eg SASS data), chlorophyll-a (eg phytoplankton and pe-riphyton data) and toxicity test data may be used. For each variable, a concentration range or response is linked to a class within a water re-source classification system, where classes range from minimally to severely modified.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Rossouw, N , Muller, Nikite W J , Scherman, Patricia A
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/438033 , vital:73430 , ISBN 0378-4738 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterSA_2005_02_1634.pdf
- Description: In the South African National Water Act (NWA, No 36 of 1998), the eco-logical Reserve is defined as the quality and quantity of water required to ensure appropriate protection of water resources, so as to secure ecologically sustainable development and use. Aquatic ecosystems are recognised as the core location of water resources, and although con-siderable progress has been made in developing methods for quantify-ing environmental flow requirements, this paper describes and discuss-es the first agreed method for quantifying environmental water quality requirements in an ecological Reserve assessment. Integration of flow and water quality is emphasised, and is based on the philosophy that environmental flows should be motivated to provide ecologically im-portant flow-related habitat, or geomorphological function, but should not be motivated to solve water quality problems by dilution. Water qual-ity is multivariate, and not all variables can be considered in an ecologi-cal Reserve assessment, but core water quality variables include: sys-tem variables (salts, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature), nutrients (phosphate, nitrite, nitrate) and toxic substances (those listed in the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems, includ-ing toxic metal ions, toxic organic substances, and/or substances from a chemical inventory of an effluent or discharge). In addition, biological indicator data (eg SASS data), chlorophyll-a (eg phytoplankton and pe-riphyton data) and toxicity test data may be used. For each variable, a concentration range or response is linked to a class within a water re-source classification system, where classes range from minimally to severely modified.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Applied aquatic ecotoxicology sub-lethal methods, whole effluent testing and communication
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Muller, Nikite W J, Davies-Coleman, Heather D
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Nikite W J , Davies-Coleman, Heather D
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437785 , vital:73409 , ISBN 1-77005-252-6 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1245-1-041.pdf
- Description: This report is the most recent in a series of WRC reports on the development of the capacity to undertake ecotoxicological research in South Africa. The development followed the following tines: • Recognition, as a result of the Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme, that there were virtually no data on the water quality requirements of South African macroin vertebrates. • Development of the capacity to undertake experimental tolerance testing using riverine invertebrates in artificial stream systems. • Investigation of the salt tolerances, and whole effluent toxicity responses, of both standard toxicity test taxa and South African macroinverte-brates. • Development of both lethal and sub-lethal measures. • Application of re-search results to the development of methods for water quality within ecological Reserve determinations, and the implementation of the National Water Act (NWA) (No 36. of 1998) and National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS). The WRC is com-mitted to funding research that underpins the implementation of the NWA and the NWRS. Over the past 12 years it became clear that there would not be a rapid up-take of ecotoxicology research results in South Africa, and that it was important to place ecotoxicology in the wider context of water quality. From this recognition, the concept of Environmental Water Quality evolved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Muller, Nikite W J , Davies-Coleman, Heather D
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437785 , vital:73409 , ISBN 1-77005-252-6 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1245-1-041.pdf
- Description: This report is the most recent in a series of WRC reports on the development of the capacity to undertake ecotoxicological research in South Africa. The development followed the following tines: • Recognition, as a result of the Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme, that there were virtually no data on the water quality requirements of South African macroin vertebrates. • Development of the capacity to undertake experimental tolerance testing using riverine invertebrates in artificial stream systems. • Investigation of the salt tolerances, and whole effluent toxicity responses, of both standard toxicity test taxa and South African macroinverte-brates. • Development of both lethal and sub-lethal measures. • Application of re-search results to the development of methods for water quality within ecological Reserve determinations, and the implementation of the National Water Act (NWA) (No 36. of 1998) and National Water Resource Strategy (NWRS). The WRC is com-mitted to funding research that underpins the implementation of the NWA and the NWRS. Over the past 12 years it became clear that there would not be a rapid up-take of ecotoxicology research results in South Africa, and that it was important to place ecotoxicology in the wider context of water quality. From this recognition, the concept of Environmental Water Quality evolved.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Early development of water quality methods and approaches in ecological Reserve assessments
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Scherman, Patricia A, Muller, Nikite W J, Rossouw, J N, Malan, H L, Jooste, S
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Scherman, Patricia A , Muller, Nikite W J , Rossouw, J N , Malan, H L , Jooste, S
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437840 , vital:73416 , ISBN 1-77005-227-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1108-1-041.pdf
- Description: This project was initiated in 2000 to allow the ecological Reserve team for water quality to undertake additional research while working on eco-logical Reserve determinations funded by the Department of Water Af-fairs and Forestry. The results of this work form the basis of the meth-ods reported in the Water Research Commission report Hughes DA (Ed)(in press).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Scherman, Patricia A , Muller, Nikite W J , Rossouw, J N , Malan, H L , Jooste, S
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437840 , vital:73416 , ISBN 1-77005-227-5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/1108-1-041.pdf
- Description: This project was initiated in 2000 to allow the ecological Reserve team for water quality to undertake additional research while working on eco-logical Reserve determinations funded by the Department of Water Af-fairs and Forestry. The results of this work form the basis of the meth-ods reported in the Water Research Commission report Hughes DA (Ed)(in press).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Environmental water quality in water resources management
- Palmer, Carolyn G, Berold, Robert, Muller, Nikite W J
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Berold, Robert , Muller, Nikite W J
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437611 , vital:73397 , ISBN 1-77005-083-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT217-04.pdf
- Description: This book will help anyone working with water resources to make decisions about water quality, specifically environmental aspects of water quality. The book ex-plores the balance between water resource protection and water resource use, with a particular focus on water quality. A balance is necessary because the National Wa-ter Act (NWA) requires that water resources be protected and managed to meet the water quality requirements of ecosystems. At the same time the Act also requires that water be used for social and economic benefit.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Palmer, Carolyn G , Berold, Robert , Muller, Nikite W J
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437611 , vital:73397 , ISBN 1-77005-083-3 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/TT217-04.pdf
- Description: This book will help anyone working with water resources to make decisions about water quality, specifically environmental aspects of water quality. The book ex-plores the balance between water resource protection and water resource use, with a particular focus on water quality. A balance is necessary because the National Wa-ter Act (NWA) requires that water resources be protected and managed to meet the water quality requirements of ecosystems. At the same time the Act also requires that water be used for social and economic benefit.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
Riverine macroinvertebrate responses to chlorine and chlorinated sewage effluents-Acute chlorine tolerances of Baetis harrisoni (Ephemeroptera) from two rivers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Williams, M L, Palmer, Carolyn G, Gordon, Andrew K
- Authors: Williams, M L , Palmer, Carolyn G , Gordon, Andrew K
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437990 , vital:73427 , ISBN 0378-4738 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterSA_2003_04_19.pdf
- Description: Chlorine is widely used in South African sewage treatment works, and despite its volatility is likely to have a considerable impact on riverine ecosystems. This paper considers the results of acute (96 h) toxicity responses to chlorine of riverine mayfly nymphs Baetis harrisoni col-lected from the small, relatively uncontaminated suburban Westville Stream, KwaZulu-Natal and from the more severely impacted Umbilo River, which flows through the industrial area of Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Williams, M L , Palmer, Carolyn G , Gordon, Andrew K
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , report
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437990 , vital:73427 , ISBN 0378-4738 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/WaterSA_2003_04_19.pdf
- Description: Chlorine is widely used in South African sewage treatment works, and despite its volatility is likely to have a considerable impact on riverine ecosystems. This paper considers the results of acute (96 h) toxicity responses to chlorine of riverine mayfly nymphs Baetis harrisoni col-lected from the small, relatively uncontaminated suburban Westville Stream, KwaZulu-Natal and from the more severely impacted Umbilo River, which flows through the industrial area of Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003