In vitro pharmacological screening of thiazolidinedione-derivatives on diabetes and Alzheimer’s potential therapeutic targets

Arineitwe, Charles

Title: In vitro pharmacological screening of thiazolidinedione-derivatives on diabetes and Alzheimer’s potential therapeutic targets
Creator: Arineitwe, Charles
Subject: Diabetes Treatment
Subject: Alzheimer's disease Treatment
Subject: Antioxidants Therapeutic use
Subject: Rosiglitazone
Subject: Hypoglycemic agents
Subject: ‎In vitro screening
Subject: ‎Thiazolidinedione Derivatives
Date Issued: 2022-10-14
Date: 2022-10-14
Type: Master's theses
Type: text
Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/232171
Identifier: vital:49968
Description: There is an increased prevalence of diabetes and other non-communicable diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa and globally. In South Africa, the prevalence of type 2 Diabetes mellitus is currently estimated at 9.0% in people aged 30 and older and is expected to increase. Diabetes-related complications result in acute alterations in the mental state due to poor metabolic control as well as greater rates of decline in cognitive functioning with age, higher prevalence of depression and increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia in older adults and possibly contributes to 60 - 70% of cases. Alzheimer’s disease remains incurable, its progression inevitable with the currently available symptomatic therapies being palliative while the treatment of diabetes relies on insulin preparations and other glucose-lowering agents. Current treatment options have numerous side effects such as hypoglycaemia, diarrhoea, weight gain and abnormal liver function. This has geared the investigation of new generations of small molecules which exhibit improved efficacy and safety profiles. On this basis, several studies have shown that thiazolidinediones and their corresponding derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, recent evidence from experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies highlight the utility of antioxidants for treating diabetes and its complications. Interestingly, there is increasing evidence that links diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease due to their pathophysiology and suppressing glycaemia has been shown to be beneficial in Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Accordingly, the aim of this study, was to evaluate the anti-diabetic and anti-Alzheimer’s properties of four novel synthesized thiazolidinedione-derivatives owing to their antioxidant properties. Methods The aim of this study was achieved through performing ferric reducing antioxidant power activity, 2,2’-Diphenyl-1-Picry Hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, α-amylase inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition, aldose reductase inhibition, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B inhibition, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, matrix metalloproteinase-1 inhibition, and β-amyloid aggregation inhibition assays. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation was performed through docking studies. To establish physicochemical properties of TZD derivatives investigated, further in-silico studies were done using SwissADME tools. Results To this end, in-vitro and in-silico studies were successfully performed. In-silico ADME profiling predicted these derivatives to be drug-like with moderate to good solubility in the GI and not blood-brain barrier permeable. Furthermore, docking of these molecules against PPARγ predicted a similar mode of action to that of thiazolidinediones using Rosiglitazone as the standard drug with TZDD2 and TZDD4 forming equivalent conformations to that of Rosiglitazone in the same binding site and TZDD3 having an equivalent LBE to that of Rosiglitazone (-8.84 and -8.63kcal/mol respectively). In-vitro evaluation predicted a moderate antioxidant activity with TZDD2 and 3 exhibiting the highest FRAP activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, enzymatic inhibition assays showed a relative inhibition activity with TZDD3 exhibited > 100% inhibition in concentrations ≥ 30 μg/mL and TZDD1, 2 and 4 exhibited ≥ 50% inhibition activity in all the concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μg/mL) in the α-amylase inhibition assay. Similarly, in the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, all the four derivatives exhibited a concentration dependent activity with TZDD3 showing the most activity. All the four derivatives exhibited ≥ 30% inhibition in the aldose reductase inhibition assay except TZDD1 at 10 μg/mL. TZDD4 exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition activity in the protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B inhibition assay. Interestingly, TZDD3 showed a decreasing inhibition activity as its concentration increased from 10 μg/mL through to 50 μg/mL. In the dipeptidyl peptidase–4 inhibition assay, TZDD2 and TZDD4 exhibited ≥ 20% inhibition activity across all the concentrations and in the acetylcholinesterase assay, TZDD1, 3 and 4 exhibited ≥ 25% across all the concentrations. Interestingly, in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 inhibition assay, some of these derivatives exhibited partial activation activity and partial inhibition with TZDD1 showing activation in concentrations 10 and 20 μg/mL and inhibition in concentrations 30, 40 and 50 μg/mL. TZDD4 showed activation in all the concentrations. In the β-amyloid aggregation assay, all the four derivatives showed inhibition activity ≥ 10% except TZDD1 at 50 μg/mL. Conclusions Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease are a type of pathology of global concern, and several researchers worldwide have strived to search for novel therapeutic treatments and prevention for diabetes as well as Alzheimer’s disease. Recent studies provide a direct link v between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease, and the need to find novel drugs that can mitigate these two is of increasing interest. In our search for antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer’s activity, TZD derivatives (TZDD1, TZDD2, TZDD3 and TZDD4) exhibited good antioxidant activity, anti-hyperglycaemic activity and a relatively promising anti-Alzheimer’s activity. This was observed from the in vitro evaluation performed which included α – amylase, α – glucosidase, aldose reductase, PTP1B, DPP4, amyloid β aggregation, and AChE inhibition assays. Furthermore, docking of the derivatives against PPARγ predicted a similar molecular interaction to that of thiazolidinediones using Rosiglitazone as the standard drug. Furthermore, in silico ADME profiling predicted the derivatives to have moderate to good solubility in the GI (good GI bioavailability), and also exhibited excellent drug likeness. However, they are predicted not permeate the BBB. Further in silico studies and in vivo should be conducted to establish toxicities, as well as drug delivery to the brain for effective therapeutic effect against Alzheimer’s disease.
Description: Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, 2022
Format: computer
Format: online resource
Format: application/pdf
Format: 1 online resource (128 pages)
Format: pdf
Publisher: Rhodes University
Publisher: Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology
Language: English
Rights: Arineitwe, Charles
Rights: Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/)

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