Interactions between three biological control agents of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) in South Africa
- Authors: Petela, Nomvume
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Water hyacinth -- South Africa , Water hyacinth -- Biological control -- South Africa , Aquatic weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa , Curculionidae , Delphacidae , Miridae , Neochetina eichhorniae Warner , Megamelus scutellaris Berg , Eccritotarsus eichhorniae Henry
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60676 , vital:27814
- Description: Water hyacinth, Eichhomia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) is a free-floating perennial weed that is regarded as the worst aquatic weed in the world because of its negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. It is native to the Amazon Basin of South America, but since the late 1800s has spread throughout the world. The first record of the weed in South Africa was noted in 1908 on the Cape Flats and in KwaZulu-Natal, but it is now dispersed throughout the country. Mechanical and chemical control methods have been used against the weed, but biological control is considered the most cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly intervention. Currently, nine biological control agents have been released against water hyacinth in South Africa, and Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is used most widely to control it. However, in some sites, water hyacinth mats have still not been brought under control because of eutrophic waters and cool temperatures. It was therefore necessary to release new biological control agents to complement the impact of N. eichhorniae. Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) was released in 2013, but little is known about how it interacts with other agents already present in South Africa. It is likely to compete with the established biological control agent, Eccritotarsus eichhorniae Henry (Heteroptera: Miridae), because they are both sap suckers. On the other hand, N. eichhorniae is the most widespread and thus the most important biological control agent for water hyacinth. The aim of this study, then, was to determine the interactions between the two sap-sucking agents in South Africa that presumably occupy similar niches on the plant, and the interaction between M. scutellerais and N. eichhorniae, the most widely distributed and abundant agent in South Africa. Three experiments were conducted at the Waainek Research Facility at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Plants were grown for two weeks and insect species were inoculated singly or in combination. Water hyacinth, plant growth parameters and insect parameters were measured every 14 days for a period of 12 weeks. The results of the study showed that feeding by either E. eichhorniae or M. scutellaris had no effect on the feeding of the other agent. Both agents reduced all the measured plant growth parameters equally, either singly or in combination (i.e. E. eichhorniae or M. scutellaris alone or together). The interaction between the two agents appears neutral and agents are likely to complement each other in the field. Prior feeding by E. eichhorniae or M. scutellaris on water hyacinth did not affect the subsequent feeding by either agent. Megamelus scutellaris prefers healthy fresh water hyacinth plants. In addition, planthoppers performed best in combination with the weevil, especially on plants with new weevil feeding scars. The results of the study showed that M. scutellaris is compatible with other biological control agents of water hyacinth that are already established in South Africa. Therefore, the introduction of M. scutellaris may enhance the biological control of water hyacinth in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Petela, Nomvume
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Water hyacinth -- South Africa , Water hyacinth -- Biological control -- South Africa , Aquatic weeds -- Biological control -- South Africa , Curculionidae , Delphacidae , Miridae , Neochetina eichhorniae Warner , Megamelus scutellaris Berg , Eccritotarsus eichhorniae Henry
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60676 , vital:27814
- Description: Water hyacinth, Eichhomia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) is a free-floating perennial weed that is regarded as the worst aquatic weed in the world because of its negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. It is native to the Amazon Basin of South America, but since the late 1800s has spread throughout the world. The first record of the weed in South Africa was noted in 1908 on the Cape Flats and in KwaZulu-Natal, but it is now dispersed throughout the country. Mechanical and chemical control methods have been used against the weed, but biological control is considered the most cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly intervention. Currently, nine biological control agents have been released against water hyacinth in South Africa, and Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is used most widely to control it. However, in some sites, water hyacinth mats have still not been brought under control because of eutrophic waters and cool temperatures. It was therefore necessary to release new biological control agents to complement the impact of N. eichhorniae. Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) was released in 2013, but little is known about how it interacts with other agents already present in South Africa. It is likely to compete with the established biological control agent, Eccritotarsus eichhorniae Henry (Heteroptera: Miridae), because they are both sap suckers. On the other hand, N. eichhorniae is the most widespread and thus the most important biological control agent for water hyacinth. The aim of this study, then, was to determine the interactions between the two sap-sucking agents in South Africa that presumably occupy similar niches on the plant, and the interaction between M. scutellerais and N. eichhorniae, the most widely distributed and abundant agent in South Africa. Three experiments were conducted at the Waainek Research Facility at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Plants were grown for two weeks and insect species were inoculated singly or in combination. Water hyacinth, plant growth parameters and insect parameters were measured every 14 days for a period of 12 weeks. The results of the study showed that feeding by either E. eichhorniae or M. scutellaris had no effect on the feeding of the other agent. Both agents reduced all the measured plant growth parameters equally, either singly or in combination (i.e. E. eichhorniae or M. scutellaris alone or together). The interaction between the two agents appears neutral and agents are likely to complement each other in the field. Prior feeding by E. eichhorniae or M. scutellaris on water hyacinth did not affect the subsequent feeding by either agent. Megamelus scutellaris prefers healthy fresh water hyacinth plants. In addition, planthoppers performed best in combination with the weevil, especially on plants with new weevil feeding scars. The results of the study showed that M. scutellaris is compatible with other biological control agents of water hyacinth that are already established in South Africa. Therefore, the introduction of M. scutellaris may enhance the biological control of water hyacinth in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Investigations into insect-induced plant responses of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub.) (Pontederiaceae)
- Authors: May, Bronwen
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Water hyacinth , Water hyacinth -- Biological control , Water hyacinth -- Defenses , Aquatic weeds , Insect-plant relationships , Miridae , Curculionidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018906
- Description: The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub (Pontederiaceae)) biological control programme makes use of tight plant-insect interactions to control the weed, by reestablishing the interactions between the plant and its natural enemies. Since the beginning of the water hyacinth biological control initiative, the impact of biological control agent herbivory on water hyacinth’s population growth and fitness have been well documented; however, very few investigations have been conducted to determine whether herbivory elicits insect-induced responses by water hyacinth. Studies were conducted to determine the presence and function of water hyacinth insectinduced responses, using the plant activator, BION®, in attempt to determine the plant hormone-mediated pathways regulating the final expressions of insect-induced defences in response to herbivory by the phloem-feeder, Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Carvalho) (Hemiptera: Miridae) and the leaf chewer, Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). BION® (Syngenta, acibensolar-S-methyl (benzothiadiazole)) is a dissolvable, granular formulation that contains a chemical analogue of the plant hormone, salicylic acid (SA), which typically regulates defences against pathogens. The application of BION® results in the induction of the SA-mediated defence pathways in plants (activation of defences against pathogens), and consequently the inhibition of the jasmonic acid (JA)- mediated defence pathways (de-activation of defences against insect herbivores). To test for induced defence responses in water hyacinth, plants treated with BION® and then subjected to herbivory, were compared to un-treated plants that were also subjected to herbivory, BION®-only treated plants and control plants. The application of BION® did not confer resistance against the two insect herbivores, as herbivory, reductions in chlorophyll content and plant growth (leaf production and second petiole lengths) significantly increased in comparison to non-BION® treated plants. Furthermore, palatability indices significantly increased (>1.00) in BION® treated plants, reflecting increased weevil preferences for SAinduced water hyacinth plants. This concluded that SA-mediated defences are not effective against insect herbivory in water hyacinth plants, but are in fact palatable to insect herbivores, which reflects ecological and physiological costs of SA-mediated defences (pathogen defences) in water hyacinth. Biochemical analyses of leaves exhibited increases in nitrogen content in BION® treated plants. These elevated levels of nitrogenous compounds account for the increases in mirid and weevil preferences for BION® treated plants. The increases in nitrogenous compounds are probably structural proteins (e.g. peroxidises), because leaves treated with BION® increased in toughness, but only when exposed to herbivory. Regardless, insect herbivory was elevated on these leaves, probably because the nitrogenous compounds were nutritionally viable for the insects.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: May, Bronwen
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Water hyacinth , Water hyacinth -- Biological control , Water hyacinth -- Defenses , Aquatic weeds , Insect-plant relationships , Miridae , Curculionidae
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5940 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018906
- Description: The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub (Pontederiaceae)) biological control programme makes use of tight plant-insect interactions to control the weed, by reestablishing the interactions between the plant and its natural enemies. Since the beginning of the water hyacinth biological control initiative, the impact of biological control agent herbivory on water hyacinth’s population growth and fitness have been well documented; however, very few investigations have been conducted to determine whether herbivory elicits insect-induced responses by water hyacinth. Studies were conducted to determine the presence and function of water hyacinth insectinduced responses, using the plant activator, BION®, in attempt to determine the plant hormone-mediated pathways regulating the final expressions of insect-induced defences in response to herbivory by the phloem-feeder, Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Carvalho) (Hemiptera: Miridae) and the leaf chewer, Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). BION® (Syngenta, acibensolar-S-methyl (benzothiadiazole)) is a dissolvable, granular formulation that contains a chemical analogue of the plant hormone, salicylic acid (SA), which typically regulates defences against pathogens. The application of BION® results in the induction of the SA-mediated defence pathways in plants (activation of defences against pathogens), and consequently the inhibition of the jasmonic acid (JA)- mediated defence pathways (de-activation of defences against insect herbivores). To test for induced defence responses in water hyacinth, plants treated with BION® and then subjected to herbivory, were compared to un-treated plants that were also subjected to herbivory, BION®-only treated plants and control plants. The application of BION® did not confer resistance against the two insect herbivores, as herbivory, reductions in chlorophyll content and plant growth (leaf production and second petiole lengths) significantly increased in comparison to non-BION® treated plants. Furthermore, palatability indices significantly increased (>1.00) in BION® treated plants, reflecting increased weevil preferences for SAinduced water hyacinth plants. This concluded that SA-mediated defences are not effective against insect herbivory in water hyacinth plants, but are in fact palatable to insect herbivores, which reflects ecological and physiological costs of SA-mediated defences (pathogen defences) in water hyacinth. Biochemical analyses of leaves exhibited increases in nitrogen content in BION® treated plants. These elevated levels of nitrogenous compounds account for the increases in mirid and weevil preferences for BION® treated plants. The increases in nitrogenous compounds are probably structural proteins (e.g. peroxidises), because leaves treated with BION® increased in toughness, but only when exposed to herbivory. Regardless, insect herbivory was elevated on these leaves, probably because the nitrogenous compounds were nutritionally viable for the insects.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
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