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Role of percutaneous penetration enhancers

- Walker, Roderick B, Smith, Eric W

  • Authors: Walker, Roderick B , Smith, Eric W
  • Date: 1996
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Article
  • Identifier: vital:6446 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006633
  • Description: It is clear that scientists are now only beginning to comprehend the complexity of transdermal drug delivery. Elucidation of the biochemical composition and functioning of the intrinsic diffusional barrier of the stratum corneum has prompted investigation of chemical and physical means of enhancing the percutaneous penetration of poorly absorbed drugs. Chemical enhancers that aid absorption of co-administered moieties are currently believed to improve solubility within the stratum corneum or increase lipid fluidity of the intracellular bilayers. Alternatively,the use of ionto- or phonophoresis may facilitate the absorption of some drug molecules by physical alteration of the barrier. The role of penetration enhancer inclusion in topical formulations has been well documented and will undoubtedly, in the future, permit the delivery of broader classes of drugs through the stratum corneum.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Routing MIDI messages over Ethernet

- Foss, Richard, Mosala, Thabo

  • Authors: Foss, Richard , Mosala, Thabo
  • Date: 1996
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427486 , vital:72442 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7898
  • Description: A system known as the MIDINet system has been created,which routes MIDI messages between MIDI-compatible source and destination devices. These devices are attached to nodes which in turn are linked into an Ethernet network. Message routing is facilitated by the MIDINet protocol, which is a layer above standard Ethernet. The performance of the system has been measured and documented. In order to address the nondeterminism of Ethernet, a token bus protocol layer has been introduced between the Ethernet and MIDINet layers. The MIDINet system is being used to enhance MIDI routing in a music studio network where studio resources are shared between remote music stations.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Rural and urban population trends in the Eastern Cape Province, 1936-1991

- Fox, R C, Tipler, D J

  • Authors: Fox, R C , Tipler, D J
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Demography -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Eastern Cape (South Africa) -- Population Rural-urban migration -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Relocation (Housing) -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Relocation (Housing) -- South Africa Rural population -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rural population -- South Africa Cities and towns -- South Africa -- Growth
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2123 , vital:20257 , ISBN 0868103179
  • Description: This study is an attempt to analyze the impact of apartheid policy on population trends, particularly geographical distributions within the Eastern Cape Province for the period 1936 to 1991. Rogerson and McCarthy (1992), in the most recent overview of geographical work, argued that there is scope for studies such as this which integrate spatio-demographic trends with historical and cultural geography. Accordingly, this study delimits population trends and examines the impact of state policy. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used as the main research tool for the storage and manipulation of spatio-demographic data. In terms of the impact of state policy, Christopher's (1994) Atlas of Apartheid provided a comprehensive outline of the historical context which forms the background to the period of study. His book shows how the geographical distribution of race groups within South Africa was largely brought about through the implementation of apartheid legislation. Horrell's (1978) Laws Affecting Race Relations in South Africa, 1948-1976 outlined the apartheid legislation at work during the period up to 1976. The geographical distribution of race groups within the Eastern Cape Province was influenced by a variety of legislative measures and policies from the creation of the reserve areas, through the restrictions on Group Areas, as well as various policies including influx control, border industry/industrial decentralization, forced removals and coloured labour preference. The most significant acts and policies which impacted on the Province are outlined below. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1996

SADTU's Major three year capacity building programme

- SADTU

  • Authors: SADTU
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: SADTU
  • Language: English
  • Type: text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/134593 , vital:37180
  • Description: SADTU has planned to launch a major capacity building programme in 1996. SADTU is a young union. Formed in 1990 as the only non-racial, non-sexist and democratic teachers’ union in South Africa, SADTU was viewed as a champion of teacher rights and thus the ideal organisation to campaign for transformative change. Consequently there was a significant shift of membership from established teacher associations. SADTU grasped this initiative and was able to earn an enviable position in educational struggles. The Union’s tremendous growth in size however has meant more responsibility at all organisational levels. Teachers’ demands and expectations have increased in the post apartheid era. Also the demands of educational reconstruction have become more complex. The country’s constitution and the new political demarcations have necessitated a realignment of our structures. The creation of nine provincial education departments with concurrent powers with the National Ministry of Education has introduced still more challenges for the Union. SADTU is now faced with the task of co-ordinating its activities at five levels, namely: National, Provincial, Regional, Branch and Site.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Sagatsha

- Dywili, Nofinishi, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Seed dispersal in an African fig tree: birds as high quantity, low quality dispersers?

- Compton, Stephen G, Craig, Adrian J F K, Waters, I W R

  • Authors: Compton, Stephen G , Craig, Adrian J F K , Waters, I W R
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/465445 , vital:76610 , https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00017.x
  • Description: Ficus burtt‐davyi is a shrub or small tree found in the south and east of South Africa. Based on studies carried out in an area where the plant grows mainly as a rock‐splitter, we first describe the nature and timing of the fruit resources it offers to potential dispersal agents, and then the animals that feed on the fruits. The figs are eaten by a diverse avian disperser assemblage, although just two species comprised about half of the recorded visits to the trees. Germination trials with seeds defecated by the birds found that they germinated more quickly than control seeds. Small terrestrial mammals and ants were also found to have a role in fig seed dispersal which may be disproportionate to the number of seeds they transport.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Semi-automated extraction of structural orientation data from aerospace imagery combined with digital elevation models

- Slabber, Frans Bresler

  • Authors: Slabber, Frans Bresler
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Image processing , Geographic information systems , Information storage and retrieval systems -- Geology , Geology -- Data processing
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:5001 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005614 , Image processing , Geographic information systems , Information storage and retrieval systems -- Geology , Geology -- Data processing
  • Description: A computer-based method for determining the orientation of planar geological structures from remotely sensed images, utilizing digital geological images and digital elevation models (DEMs), is developed and assessed. The method relies on operator skill and experience to recognize geological structure traces on images, and then employs software routines (GEOSTRUC©) to calculate the orientation of selected structures. The operator selects three points on the trace of a planar geological feature as seen on a digital geological image that is co registered with a DEM of the same area. The orientation of the plane that contains the three points is determined using vector algebra equations. The program generates an ASCII data file which contains the orientation data as well as the geographical location of the measurements. This ASCII file can then be utilized in further analysis of the orientation data. The software development kit (SDK) for TNTmips v5.00, from MicroImages Inc. and operating in the X Windows environment, was employed to construct the software. The Watcom C\C++ Development Environment was used to generate the executable program, GEOSTRUC© . GEOSTRUC© was tested in two case studies. The case studies utilized digital data derived from the use of different techniques and from different sources which varied in scale and resolution. This was done to illustrate the versatility of the program and its application to a wide range of data types. On the whole, the results obtained using the GEOSTRUC© analyses compare favourably to field data from each test area. Use of the method to determine the orientation of axial planes in the case study revealed the usefulness of the method as a powerful analytic tool for use on a macroscopic scale. The method should not he applied in area with low variation in relief as the method proved to be less accurate in these areas. Advancements in imaging technology will serve to create images with better resolution, which will, in turn, improve the overall accuracy of the method.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Shakespeare and the self: being true to Hamlet

- Gouws, John S

  • Authors: Gouws, John S
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/457856 , vital:75685 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA1011582X_93
  • Description: Shakespeare is very definitely not our contemporary. This seems very obvious, but we have a way of forgetting it, or rather of allowing it to elude us. For all sorts of reasons we would like to read his works as if they were by the genius bloke living next door. The surest way of re-vealing that he is not is to talk about the self, because at this level Shakespeare is very unlike us. When we attempt to talk about Shake-speare or any of his contemporaries it is very easy at a conscious level to keep a proper alien distance, but we leave unguarded the one area brought unstatedly into the conversation-our insinuating selves. In much the same way, he and his contemporaries informed all their con-versation by a necessarily unexamined self, a self which informed, constituted, everything they said and did. And because we do not artic-ulate its presence, we treat it like the inscribed circuitry on a silicone chip, the software of our word-processing programme or like English grammar. In other words. we assume. mistakenly. it is the same for all of us. But each of us does not have a pentium chip. nor do we all use Word Perfect. nor does every speaker in the world use English gram-mar (and there is no Universal Grammar). I have therefore set myself a very difficult task: to talk about what is presupposed by talk. though rarely talked about.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Small business development in Duncan Village: towards a new development framework

- Bank, Leslie John, Jekwa, Mandisi, Lujabe, Phumeza, Mlomo, Bongani

Somagwaza

- Ngqoko music ensemble participants, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Somagwaza

- Ngqoko music ensemble participants, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Somagwaza

- Ngqoko music ensemble participants, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave

Southern African Journal of Gerontology, volume 5, number 1, April 1996

- Ferreira, Monica (editor), Moller, Valerie, HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology

  • Authors: Ferreira, Monica (editor) , Moller, Valerie , HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Gerontology -- South Africa , Older people -- Care -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:8072 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012865
  • Description: [From Editorial] This issue comprises a transdisciplinary mix of interesting and relevant papers ranging from a community-development intervention, to gerontolinguistics, to guidelines for new legislation, to community services in China. The issue begins with an article on infrastructure and equity for the elderly, in which authors Ross, Lerer and Phillips investigate the attitudes of older residents of Elim, a village situated in South Africa's Western Cape province, towards electrification of their village and homes. The creation of basic infrastructure in historically-disadvantaged areas throughout South Africa is a priority under the government's RDP. However, in this case study of Elim, the utility company which provides electricity to the village failed to consult the elderly residents on the developmental intervention and the benefits which electrification might have for them. The majority of the older residents who were interviewed were consequently negative about this new energy source. The advantages which electricity has over other fuels have distinct health and other developmental benefits, and in rural households older members are important decision makers on energy use. The study's findings indicate that developmental interventions in ruralbased communities should include a social-marketing component targeting older members of the community. The article by Makoni on discourse practices in first-time encounters between old and young Xhosa-speaking women represents an exciting development in gerontological research in the Southern African region. As far as we know, this is a first report on a linguistics study in an older population in the region. In his analysis of the conversations, Makoni notes the sociohistorical background against which the old women try to retain status and respect. He points out that while the elderly are a marginalized group, the youth in South African society have become empowered through their contributions to the political changes, which along with other social changes are seen by some to destabilize traditional seniority respect norms. , In his article Van Dokkum makes out a case for the development of legislation to protect older South Africans against abuse. He uses examples of new South African legislation to deter child abuse and vast legislation in the United States to protect older Americans, in outlining a proposal for local activists to campaign for adequate protection of elderly citizens. Zhu gives us an update on a massive community social-services programme for older people being implemented in the People's Republic of China. The programme partly aims to assist an increasing number of older people who find that they are no longer able to live with kin and must live independently. The programme already serves a staggering proportion of China's 104 million persons aged 60 years and above, although it is estimated that it currently only meets 30 percent of the demand. pensions and household structure in Namibia by Adamchak published in SAJG Volume 4, No 2 (October 1995), and Adamchak's response are welcome additions to this number. The journal encourages debate on papers that it publishes, and the letters also reflect the development and growth of gerontology and research on ageing in the Southern African region. Finally, gerontolinguist Makoni reviews Hamilton's (1994) book in which the author analyses her conversations with Elsie, an Alzheimer's disease patient in a "total institution" (Goffman, 1961). The book contributes to understanding of losses and changes in language use in sufferers of this disease as the dementia progresses. Makoni proposes topics for studies on this subject which might be carried out in Southern African countries, where the majority of dementing older Africans are cared for within the community and not in a long-term care institution.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Southern African Journal of Gerontology, volume 5, number 2, October 1996

- Ferreira, Monica (editor), Moller, Valerie, HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology

  • Authors: Ferreira, Monica (editor) , Moller, Valerie , HSRC/UCT Centre for Gerontology
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Gerontology -- South Africa , Older people -- Care -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:8073 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012867
  • Description: The October 1996 number of SAJG is a special issue on "Gender, ageing and empowerment in Africa." The guest editor of the special issue is Maria Cattell of Millersville University, Pennsylvania, USA, who has conducted substantial research on older Kenyans and more recently on Zulu grandmothers. Dr Cattell is the President of the global Association of Anthropology and Gerontology (AAGE). The issue will comprise research papers from authors in several African countries, and will provide valuable data and experience of ageing in Africa for transnational comparison.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Spectroelectrochemical studies of tin (IV) diphthalocyanine

- Nensala, Ngudiankama, Nyokong, Tebello

  • Authors: Nensala, Ngudiankama , Nyokong, Tebello
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/293436 , vital:57085 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5387(95)00325-1"
  • Description: Cyclic voltammetry of tin(IV) diphthalocyanine (Pc2Sn) in dichloromethane containing TEAP shows two reduction couples at −0.56 and −0.89 versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and one oxidation couple at 0.35 V versus SCE; all were quasireversible one-electron couples. The oxidation couple corresponds to [Pc(−1)SnIVPc(−2)+/Pc(−2)SnIVPc(−2) and the reduction couples to Pc(−2)SnIVPc(−2)/[Pc(−3)SnIVPc(−2)]− and [Pc(−3)SnIVPc(−2)]−/[Pc(−3)SnIVPc(−3)]2−, respectively. The electronic absorption spectra of the various reduced or oxidized tin(IV) diphthalocyanine species are reported.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Stars to Buses to Stars-The Evolution of Remote Studio Access Topologies

- Foss, Richard

  • Authors: Foss, Richard
  • Date: 1996
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/427444 , vital:72439 , https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7428
  • Description: This paper describes an ongoing investigation into the use of networking technology to provide access to shared music studio resources. The goal of the investigation is to see whether it is possible to provide remote, shared, and centralized access to studio resources. The investigation has followed an evolutionary path along which three configurations have been identified and completely or partially implemented. The configurations provide various paths for the flow of MIDI, audio, and studio control data.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Status report on the Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme: A synthesis of results and assessment of progress to January 1996

- O'Keeffe, Jay H, Coetzee, Yvette

  • Authors: O'Keeffe, Jay H , Coetzee, Yvette
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , report
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/437715 , vital:73404 , ISBN 1 86845 242 5 , https://wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/711-1-96.pdf
  • Description: In August 1995, the Programme Development and Management Committee of the Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme (KNPRRP) recommended to the Water Research Commission (WRC) that an information synthesis and status report of the Programme be undertaken. The main purpose of the report is to inform all the interested parties (including researchers, managers, and funding agencies) of the achievements and capabilities of the Programme; to assess these in relation to the stated goals and tasks of the "Second Phase: Programme description"; and to identify gaps and priorities for further work.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Structures and thermal behaviour of some monooxalato and dioxalato metal complexes

- Bacsa, John

  • Authors: Bacsa, John
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: Oxalates -- Research , Crystallography -- Research , Chemistry, Inorganic -- Research
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:4351 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005016 , Oxalates -- Research , Crystallography -- Research , Chemistry, Inorganic -- Research
  • Description: The crystal structure of Ba [Cu(C₂0₄)₂(H₂O)].5H₂O has been determined using single crystal X-ray diffractometry. It crystallises in the triclinic system, space group Pī , with a = 6.539(2) Å, b = 9.211(3) Å, c = 10.928(3) Å, a = 85.42(3)°, β = 79.22(3)° , γ = 80.30(3)°, V = 636.08(8)ų and Z = 2. The structure consists of [Cu(C₂0₄)₂(H₂O)]²⁻ ions weakly bridged by barium ions and water molecules. The copper(II) ions are in a tetragonally elongated square-pyramidal environment with some trigonal distortion. The two oxalate groups occupy the equatorial positions and a water molecule occupies the axial position. The barium ion is surrounded by nine oxygens: five oxygens from water molecules and four oxygens from oxalate groups. The thermal behaviour of Ba [Cu(C₂0₄)₂(H₂O)].5H₂0 in N₂ has been examined using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dehydration starts at relatively low temperatures (~80°C), but continues until the onset of the decomposition (~280°C). The decomposition takes place in two major stages. The mass of the intermediate after the first stage corresponded to the formation of barium oxalate and copper metal and, after the second stage, to the formation of barium carbonate and copper metal. The enthalpy for the dehydration was found to be 311 ±30 kJ mol⁻¹. The overall enthalpy change for the decomposition of Ba[Cu(C₂0₄)₂]in N₂ was estimated from the combined area of the peaks of the DSC curve as -347 kJ mol⁻¹. The kinetics of the thermal dehydration and decomposition were studied using isothermal TG. The dehydration was strongly deceleratory and the α-time curves could be described by the three-dimensional diffusion (D3) model. The values of the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor for the dehydration were 125 ±4 kJ mol⁻¹ and (1.38 ±0.08)x10¹⁵ min⁻¹, respectively. The decomposition was complex, consisting of at least two concurrent processes. The decomposition was analysed in terms of two overlapping deceleratory processes. One process was fast and could be described by the contracting-geometry model with n = 5. The other process was slow and could also be described by the contracting-geometry model , but with n = 2. The values of Eₐ and A were 206 ±23 kJ mol⁻¹ and (2.2 ±O.5)xl0¹⁹min⁻¹, respectively, for the fast process, and 259 ±37 kJ mol⁻¹ and (6.3 ±1.8)x10²³min⁻¹, respectively, for the slow process.The crystal structure of zinc oxalate dihydrate ([Zn(C₂0₄)(H₂O)₂]n) has also been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallises in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 11.786(2) Å, b = 5.397(1)Å, c = 9.712(1) Å, B = 126.19(5)°, V = 498.58(8)ų, Z = 4 and R = 0.037 for 435 absorption-corrected independent reflections and 50 parameters. The asymmetric unit consists of half the monomeric unit [Zn(C₂0₄)(H₂O)₂). The structure consists of infinite, linear chains of zinc ions bridged by oxalate groups. The geometry of the coordination polyhedron surrounding the zinc ion is octahedral, with the oxalate oxygens occupying the equatorial positions and water molecules occupying the axial positions.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Suitability of Metriona elatior (Klug)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) as a biological control agent for Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.(Solanaceae).

- Hill, Martin P, Hulley, Patrick E

  • Authors: Hill, Martin P , Hulley, Patrick E
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/451540 , vital:75058 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA10213589_195
  • Description: A leaf-feeding tortoise beetle, Metriona elatior (Klug), was screened as a biological control agent for the weed Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. in South Africa. Favourable biological characteristics of M. elatior include a high reproductive capacity, long-lived adults and several generations per year under laboratory conditions. Host range was investigated by larval survival, and host plant choice tests by adults. Larvae were successfully reared on 10 of 11native Solanum species tested, five exotic Solanum species (except S. sisymbriifolium) and on the economically important eggplant, S. melongena L. The adult females selected these native and exotic Solanum species, and eggplant as suitable for oviposition. Based on these results it was decided not to apply for release of this insect.
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  • Date Issued: 1996

Suppositories: An underutilized dosage form

- Webster, Jessica A, Dowse, Roslind, Walker, Roderick B

  • Authors: Webster, Jessica A , Dowse, Roslind , Walker, Roderick B
  • Date: 1996
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184697 , vital:44264 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA16836707_911"
  • Description: The rectal route is useful for the delivery of both local acting and systemic drugs. In certain cases suppositories are the best form of therapy, or else they are an effective alternative when oral therapy is not possible. However; doctors rarely prescribe them and patients are often reluctant to use them. Understanding how suppositories work, and their numerous uses, can overcome the aversion to this particular dosage form. Pharmacists are in an ideal position to educate doctors, other health care providers, and patients, on the benefits of using suppositories and their correct use, and to offer advice on any problems associated with their use.
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  • Date Issued: 1996
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