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Perspectives on rural development in Ciskei, 1983

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Hughes, C E B
  • Date: 1984
  • Subjects: Ciskei (South Africa) -- Rural conditions Community development -- South Africa -- Ciskei Rural development -- South Africa -- Ciskei
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2271 , vital:20271 , ISBN 0868101036
  • Description: Rural development comprises three components: production, consumption and organisation. PRODUCTION points to the activities rural people undertake to obtain goods (such as food) and services (such as transport) for themselves and others in their community. Production can be measured in terms of the amount of money a rural family earns, or in terms of the amount of food the family grows and consumes. CONSUMPTION points to the fulfilment of the needs—in the first place, the basic needs—of rural families. Primary examples are the availability of clean water and of wood as a fuel source, of health and adequate nutrition, of education, welfare and transport. These needs are met by the delivery of services to a rural community. Services are provided in the first place by the central state, often through its local authority (in Ciskei, the Tribal Authority). They may also be provided by voluntary associations active in the community, or by the household itself. ORGANISATION points simply to the ways in which productive activities (work) and consumption (receiving) are linked together in a rural community. The structure of the Tribal Authority and village councils, of schools, clinics, agricultural cooperatives, churches and women's groups are examples. All these institutions are designed to improve production and consumption in a given rural community. A rural development strategy then is a strategy aimed at improving production, consumption and the ways in which these two are linked. A rural development strategy moreover is initiated by the central government and can therefore be seen as a relationship between the central government and rural communities in Ciskei. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1984

Tsweletswele: problems and prospects for development in a peri-urban closer settlement in Ciskei

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Fincham, Robert J , Manona, Cecil W , Whisson, Michael G
  • Date: 1983
  • Subjects: Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic policy Tsweletswele (Ciskei, South Africa) Nutrition -- South Africa -- Ciskei Public health -- South Africa -- Ciskei Working class -- South Africa Africans -- Nutrition Agriculture -- South Africa -- Ciskei
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2260 , vital:20270 , ISBN 0868100552
  • Description: In Ciskei, the development of urban housing and local authority structures has not been able to keep up with this immigration. As a result, a number of communities have sprung up in the tribal Authority areas close to this conurbation of some half a million people. These communities are neither urban nor rural, and comprise people with rural farmworker backgrounds who obtain their main source of income from employment in urban areas. In contradistinction to their true rural cousins, the breadwinners in these communities do not need to become migrants living and working far from home. Rather, they work during the week in an urban location close to home, and return on weekends to their families and children. This volume reports on one such community. The settlement of Tsweletswele is new, situated in a Tribal area, and within thirty kilometres of East London. Its residents who came from farms in the region work in East London. Their level of living is low, their access to state services minimal, and their tenure in the settlement uncertain. This report aims quite simply to establish what strategies these people choose to survive in their settlement. Subsequently, a set of recommendations are made which are aimed at improving the levels of living in the community, the delivery of essential services, and the tenure arrangements in the settlement , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1983

Langkloof farmers' practices and attitudes regarding coloured and black farmworkers

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Humphries, Richard G , Meterlerkamp, D
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Africans -- Employment Colored people (South Africa) -- Employment Langkloof (South Africa) Farmers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Agricultural laborers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2238 , vital:20268 , ISBN 0868100919
  • Description: This paper reports on an investigation of the effects of the policy of Coloured Labour Preference in a rural area of the Western Cape. This policy, which has been analysed more fully elsewhere1, aims to restrict the number of black employees in the Western Cape, the region within which the policy is applied, by granting Coloureds preferential access to urban and rural labour markets. The Langkloof is a valley in which modern mechanised agricultural techniques are employed to specialise in the production of deciduous fruit, apples in particular. Farms are owned by whites, and the majority of farm workers are (classified) Coloured. A substantial number of black farm workers are also employed. The Kloof is served by two good roads and a narrow gauge railway linking the villages of the Kloof to Port Elizabeth. The Langkloof, moreover, is situated close to the boundary of the Western Cape, and therefore close to the line demarcating the region within which the policy of Coloured Labour Preference is applied. The investigation, which was executed in late 1980, included a number of visits to the Langkloof, interviews with officials of the Departments of Agriculture and Manpower, and of the Eastern Cape Administration Board, as well as a survey of white farmers' attitudes and practices. This survey was designed to elicit information relevant to the rural labour situation in the Langkloof, and to identify differences in attitudes and practices with regard to Coloured and black farmworkers. The focus of the survey was on the eastern half of the valley, commonly known as the Middel- and Onder-Langkloof. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1982

Some development issues in Ciskei

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Black, Philip A , Rouz, A D
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic policy Ciskei (South Africa) -- Population
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2249 , vital:20269 , ISBN 0868100986
  • Description: The territory known as Ciskei - an independent national state - and its de facto residents, known as Ciskeians, are the administrative, organisational and financial responsibility of the Ciskei government. As such, this government plans strategies aimed at promoting development for Ciskeians in its territory. Very broadly, 'development' is understood to mean the improvement of the life chances and living conditions of Ciskeians, and of poorer Ciskeians in particular (Ward, 1980). The Ciskei government, by its very nature, thus sees itself as intimately involved in the creation and implementation of a development strategy focussed on its territory. This paper has three interrelated aims. First, a demographic and socio-economic profile of Ciskei will be presented. This will be attempted by using such generally accepted indicators as trends in population, gross national product, unemployment rates, and per capita income. In addition, three types of classification will be introduced to sharpen this profile. Ciskeian resident communities will be grouped together, on the basis of their location and access to productive activities, into (i) urban communities, (ii) rural villages, and (iii) closer settlements. In the second place, cash- -earning workers will be grouped together, on the basis of their places of residence and of work, into (i) Ciskeian workers, (ii) frontier commuters (Riekert, 1979), and (iii) migrants. Finally, a distinction will be drawn between the income accruing to resident Ciskeian households (i) which is earned within Ciskei itself, and (ii) which is earned outside Ciskei. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1982

Some human and structural constraints on rural development: the Amatola Basin, a Ciskeian case study

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , de Wet, Christopher J
  • Date: 1982
  • Subjects: Amatola River Watershed (South Africa) Agriculture -- South Africa -- Ciskei Land tenure -- South Africa -- Ciskei Middledrift (South Africa)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2227 , vital:20267 , ISBN 0868100900
  • Description: A rural development project is currently under way in the Amatola Basin, Ciskei. This paper introduces the project and outlines the socio-economic and agricultural conditions current in the area. An overview of present project activities is included. It then attempts to identify a number of potential and actual human and structural constraints operating on the implementation of the project. Such constraints arise out of the existing agricultural system in the project area, as well as out of the state bureaucratic structures operating in Ciskei, and the agency implementing the project itself. One aim is to identify the units involved in dryland cultivation. This is done by tracing ties of cooperation between cultivating households in one Amatola village. It will be shown, in this village at least, that the household does not form the main unit of cultivation. A second aim of this paper is to show that checks on rural development in general should not be sought solely within the area under consideration, but derive to an important degree from outside sources. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1982

A socio-economic survey of the Amatola Basin: interim report

State control over the labour market

  • Authors: Bekker, S B
  • Date: 1980-10-15
  • Language: English
  • Type: Text
  • Identifier: vital:596 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020665 , ISBN 0868100463
  • Description: Inaugural lecture delivered at Rhodes University , Rhodes University Libraries (Digitisation)
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  • Date Issued: 1980-10-15

Black urban employment and Coloured labour preference

  • Authors: Bekker, S B , Coetzee, Johannes Hendrik
  • Date: 1980
  • Subjects: Black people -- Employment -- South Africa -- Cape Town Colored people (South Africa) -- Employment -- South Africa -- Cape Town Labor supply -- South Africa -- Cape Town Health services administration -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Book , Text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/2216 , vital:20266 , ISBN 0868100420
  • Description: State control over the labour market usually results in the creation of different categories of labour, each having partial and unequal access to that market. In the Third World, typically, justification for control arises from an over-supply of unskilled rural labour and a small demand for such labour in the wage economy. To reduce massive urban unemployment, the state attempts to control the process of rural-urban migration by, inter alia, manipulating the labour market. ^ In South Africa, the civilised labour policy of the Pact government and the highly sophisticated system of black influx control introduced after the Second World War are two examples of such state control. In these cases, racial categories of labour, having differential access to the labour market, were created. The policy of Coloured Labour Preference is another South African example which is of particular interest since it is applied solely to one region of the Republic. Since 1962, when it was administratively coordinated for the first time, this policy has been applied in the Western Cape, a region comprising the 68 magisterial districts situated south-west of Port Elizabeth, Kimberley and the Orange River. In this region, black work-seekers' access to the labour market is severely curtailed. A series of regulations, particular to the Western Cape, are applied with the object of restricting the number of blacks resident in the region; denying blacks permanent rights of sojourn in the region; restricting the scope of employment for blacks in the region; and favouring coloured above black work-seekers throughout the region. In short, the policy aims to replace black by coloured labour and thereby aims to reduce to a minimum the number of blacks in the region. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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  • Date Issued: 1980
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