The challenges facing non-governmental organisations in transforming conflict through capacity-building in Nothern Uganda
- Authors: Akurut, Catherine
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Conflict management -- Uganda , Peace-building -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: vital:8189 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1412 , Conflict management -- Uganda , Peace-building -- Uganda
- Description: Capacity-building is an essential component of post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) and peace-building in the aftermath of violent conflict. Civilians, mainly women and children are driven or abducted from their homes during violent conflict and suffer various abuses and atrocities. Many spend the duration of the conflict as refugees in Internally Displaced People (IDP) camps in neighbouring countries. Violent conflict impinges on their psychological well-being and socio-economic development making their re-integration into their former communities extremely complex and challenging. In the case of Northern Uganda, the conflict lasted for over two decades. However, since the ―Cessation of Hostilities Agreement‖ of 2006, the peace-building process has been particularly evident here. Numerous stakeholders have been involved in the capacity-building processes in Northern Uganda, and one such organisation is the Friends of Orphans (FRO) in Pader district, Northern Uganda. The purpose of this research study is to explore the challenges facing the FRO in transforming conflict and building sustainable peace through capacity-building in Pader district. The study explores the programmes the organisation implements and investigates how these programmes are relevant for the transformation of conflict. Apart from reviewing the literature, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews and used participant observation. The employees of the FRO – all of whom are involved with capacity-building in these communities – participated in these interviews in their capacities as social workers, teachers, administrators and field workers. The beneficiaries of these programmes include former child soldiers, abductees, child mothers, land mine survivors and orphans. Lessons learned by the FRO, as well as the researcher‘s recommendations, are discussed in the study in order to assist the future work of the organisation and other stakeholders who have devoted their efforts to the recovery of areas emerging from conflict.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Akurut, Catherine
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Conflict management -- Uganda , Peace-building -- Uganda
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: vital:8189 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1412 , Conflict management -- Uganda , Peace-building -- Uganda
- Description: Capacity-building is an essential component of post-conflict reconstruction (PCR) and peace-building in the aftermath of violent conflict. Civilians, mainly women and children are driven or abducted from their homes during violent conflict and suffer various abuses and atrocities. Many spend the duration of the conflict as refugees in Internally Displaced People (IDP) camps in neighbouring countries. Violent conflict impinges on their psychological well-being and socio-economic development making their re-integration into their former communities extremely complex and challenging. In the case of Northern Uganda, the conflict lasted for over two decades. However, since the ―Cessation of Hostilities Agreement‖ of 2006, the peace-building process has been particularly evident here. Numerous stakeholders have been involved in the capacity-building processes in Northern Uganda, and one such organisation is the Friends of Orphans (FRO) in Pader district, Northern Uganda. The purpose of this research study is to explore the challenges facing the FRO in transforming conflict and building sustainable peace through capacity-building in Pader district. The study explores the programmes the organisation implements and investigates how these programmes are relevant for the transformation of conflict. Apart from reviewing the literature, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews and used participant observation. The employees of the FRO – all of whom are involved with capacity-building in these communities – participated in these interviews in their capacities as social workers, teachers, administrators and field workers. The beneficiaries of these programmes include former child soldiers, abductees, child mothers, land mine survivors and orphans. Lessons learned by the FRO, as well as the researcher‘s recommendations, are discussed in the study in order to assist the future work of the organisation and other stakeholders who have devoted their efforts to the recovery of areas emerging from conflict.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The Christian-Muslim conflict of Jos, Nigeria: causes and impact on development
- Authors: Idoko, Victoria
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Plateau State , Conflict management -- Nigeria -- Jos Plateau , Social conflict -- Nigeria -- Plateau State -- Religious aspects , Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Jos , Economic development -- Nigeria -- Jos , Jos (Nigeria)-- Religious life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010745 , Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Plateau State , Conflict management -- Nigeria -- Jos Plateau , Social conflict -- Nigeria -- Plateau State -- Religious aspects , Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Jos , Economic development -- Nigeria -- Jos , Jos (Nigeria)-- Religious life and customs
- Description: The aim of this study is to examine conflict and how it impinges on development. Conflict is an inevitable element of human existence since creation and has always affected human activities and endeavors in several ways. Understanding the dimensions of human conflict therefore provides blueprints on how to manage and resolve conflicts. This makes this study timely. In this research, some relevant related to conflict management approaches were examined. The research adopted a case study approach using the Jos Plateau conflict in the Plateau State of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Data was collected and analyzed using a mixed research methods approach. The findings show several causes of this conflict among which are differences in religious beliefs among the people of the area, socio-economic causes, political tensions and land disputes. The consequences of the conflict identified are: it retards development in the area, creates fear and feelings of insecurity, destruction of property and loss of human lives. This study also examined how the conflict impinges on people-cantered development. In terms of how the conflict can be mitigated, respondents think education, creation of employment opportunities, the administration of justice and the practice of tolerance values is going to promote a spirit of coexistence and eventually result in a more peaceful and stable environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Idoko, Victoria
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Plateau State , Conflict management -- Nigeria -- Jos Plateau , Social conflict -- Nigeria -- Plateau State -- Religious aspects , Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Jos , Economic development -- Nigeria -- Jos , Jos (Nigeria)-- Religious life and customs
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9088 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010745 , Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Plateau State , Conflict management -- Nigeria -- Jos Plateau , Social conflict -- Nigeria -- Plateau State -- Religious aspects , Peace-building -- Nigeria -- Jos , Economic development -- Nigeria -- Jos , Jos (Nigeria)-- Religious life and customs
- Description: The aim of this study is to examine conflict and how it impinges on development. Conflict is an inevitable element of human existence since creation and has always affected human activities and endeavors in several ways. Understanding the dimensions of human conflict therefore provides blueprints on how to manage and resolve conflicts. This makes this study timely. In this research, some relevant related to conflict management approaches were examined. The research adopted a case study approach using the Jos Plateau conflict in the Plateau State of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Data was collected and analyzed using a mixed research methods approach. The findings show several causes of this conflict among which are differences in religious beliefs among the people of the area, socio-economic causes, political tensions and land disputes. The consequences of the conflict identified are: it retards development in the area, creates fear and feelings of insecurity, destruction of property and loss of human lives. This study also examined how the conflict impinges on people-cantered development. In terms of how the conflict can be mitigated, respondents think education, creation of employment opportunities, the administration of justice and the practice of tolerance values is going to promote a spirit of coexistence and eventually result in a more peaceful and stable environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The compilation of multilingual concept literacy glossaries at the University of Cape Town: a lexicographical function theoretical approach
- Nkomo, Dion, Madiba, Mbulungeni
- Authors: Nkomo, Dion , Madiba, Mbulungeni
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67548 , vital:29110 , http://dx.doi.org/10.5788/27-1-1411
- Description: Publisher version , This article proposes a lexicographical approach to the compilation of multilingual concept literacy glossaries which may play a very important role in supporting students at institutions of higher education. In order to support concept literacy, especially for students for whom English is not the native language, a number of universities in South Africa are compiling multilingual glossaries through which the use of languages other than English may be employed as auxiliary media. Terminologies in languages other than English are developed by translating English terms or coining new terms in these languages to exploit the native language competence of most students. The glossary project at the University of Cape Town (UCT) which was conceived under the auspices of the Multilingualism Education Project (MEP) is discussed. It is shown that the UCT glossaries are compiled using methods consistent with those employed in modern lexicography or proffered in lexicographical theory. The lexicographical function theory is specifically used to account for the glossaries and their production. It is suggested that modern lexicography can provide useful guidance for the production of glossaries, given that the earliest glossaries constitute the humble beginnings of lexicography.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Nkomo, Dion , Madiba, Mbulungeni
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67548 , vital:29110 , http://dx.doi.org/10.5788/27-1-1411
- Description: Publisher version , This article proposes a lexicographical approach to the compilation of multilingual concept literacy glossaries which may play a very important role in supporting students at institutions of higher education. In order to support concept literacy, especially for students for whom English is not the native language, a number of universities in South Africa are compiling multilingual glossaries through which the use of languages other than English may be employed as auxiliary media. Terminologies in languages other than English are developed by translating English terms or coining new terms in these languages to exploit the native language competence of most students. The glossary project at the University of Cape Town (UCT) which was conceived under the auspices of the Multilingualism Education Project (MEP) is discussed. It is shown that the UCT glossaries are compiled using methods consistent with those employed in modern lexicography or proffered in lexicographical theory. The lexicographical function theory is specifically used to account for the glossaries and their production. It is suggested that modern lexicography can provide useful guidance for the production of glossaries, given that the earliest glossaries constitute the humble beginnings of lexicography.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The concept of decent work in a South African context
- Authors: Ndung'u, Agnes
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor supply -- South Africa , Labor policy -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation, International , Labor economics -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10199 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1618 , Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor supply -- South Africa , Labor policy -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation, International , Labor economics -- South Africa
- Description: Work is a key component of people's lives and most people aspire to have work that is sufficient to provide a living wage so as to lift them out of poverty and social exclusion and also that is secure enough to guarantee a decent livelihood. The Decent Work Agenda has gained much popularity in recent years and proposes an approach to development that emphasizes fair and sustainable working opportunities that include principles of rights at work, social protection and social dialogue. Various issues have been raised in this study. Firstly, the decent work concept needs to be understood comprehensively as there is misconception about what the concept implies and what it can achieve. Secondly, it is acknowledged that there are huge decent work deficits in South Africa especially in the informal sector which impede on the advancement of people‟s conditions of living, cause people to live lives of poverty as well as deprive people of a life of dignity. This is despite decent work having a solid basis in labour legislation and also South Africa being bound by international law and principles concerning decent work. The study observes that reform in labour legislation is recommended to help overcome the decent work deficits. The ILO has proposed the Decent Work Country Programmes to help countries align their economic development goals with the international goal of the achievement of Decent Work for all. South Africa also has its own solutions such as the New Growth Path as well as other policies. The main issue however is how these policies can be implemented effectively and how decent work can be achieved against a backdrop of the socio – economic challenges that South Africa faces.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Ndung'u, Agnes
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor supply -- South Africa , Labor policy -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation, International , Labor economics -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10199 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1618 , Labor laws and legislation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor supply -- South Africa , Labor policy -- South Africa , Labor laws and legislation, International , Labor economics -- South Africa
- Description: Work is a key component of people's lives and most people aspire to have work that is sufficient to provide a living wage so as to lift them out of poverty and social exclusion and also that is secure enough to guarantee a decent livelihood. The Decent Work Agenda has gained much popularity in recent years and proposes an approach to development that emphasizes fair and sustainable working opportunities that include principles of rights at work, social protection and social dialogue. Various issues have been raised in this study. Firstly, the decent work concept needs to be understood comprehensively as there is misconception about what the concept implies and what it can achieve. Secondly, it is acknowledged that there are huge decent work deficits in South Africa especially in the informal sector which impede on the advancement of people‟s conditions of living, cause people to live lives of poverty as well as deprive people of a life of dignity. This is despite decent work having a solid basis in labour legislation and also South Africa being bound by international law and principles concerning decent work. The study observes that reform in labour legislation is recommended to help overcome the decent work deficits. The ILO has proposed the Decent Work Country Programmes to help countries align their economic development goals with the international goal of the achievement of Decent Work for all. South Africa also has its own solutions such as the New Growth Path as well as other policies. The main issue however is how these policies can be implemented effectively and how decent work can be achieved against a backdrop of the socio – economic challenges that South Africa faces.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The constitutional rights of 'benefactor children' and 'saviour siblings' to bodily intergrity and autonomy
- Authors: Du Plessis, Emma Kate
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Children's rights , Civil rights , Genetic engineering
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10283 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010420 , Children's rights , Civil rights , Genetic engineering
- Description: In modern society, children are acknowledged as bearers of both children‟s rights and all other rights in the Bill of Rights which generally apply to children. One important right, outside of section 28, is that of bodily integrity or the right to control and decide what happens to their body. Therefore, children theoretically have the right to consent to medical treatment and surgery. However, children are generally deemed to lack the necessary maturity to make decisions of this nature and require parental consent before any medical procedure may be performed. Following the enactment of the Children‟s Act 38 of 2005, the age of consent for medical intervention was lowered to the uniform age of twelve. Children above the age of twelve are recognised as having the capacity to make their own decisions in respect of bodily integrity, whereas those under twelve still require parental consent. While this may be a positive evelopment, it is potentially problematic for two groups of children, known as „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟. In the last 50 years, there has been a noticeable advancement in the field of genetic research. One such development is the possibility of creating one child to save the life of another through tissue or organ donation. This has provided options to parents of children with life threatening conditions where before, there was little hope of a cure. Now, at the request of these parents, children can be specifically “genetically engineered” as an embryo, to become a tissue or organ match to a sick sibling. These children are known as „saviour siblings‟. Another group of children has emerged. While not the result of “genetic engineering”, they serve a similar purpose in being potential life-saving donors to an ill sibling and are known as „benefactor children‟. Both categories of children enjoy the protection of fundamental rights. For those who are under twelve years of age however, the right to bodily integrity can be infringed upon by the proposed surgical removal of organs or tissue for the benefit of a sick sibling, based purely on a parent‟s consent. At stake too, is the right to reproductive autonomy. Parents bear children for a number of different reasons, which can include raising a child to save the life of another. As they have the right to reproductive autonomy, adults are able to decide when they want children and for what reason they want children, which can include the various techniques used to bring about „saviour siblings‟. However, as rights are mutually interrelated and nterdependent, they cannot be viewed in isolation. Therefore, it must be asked: does a person‟s right to reproductive autonomy, as guaranteed by the Constitution, justify interference with an embryo? As an embryo is not recognised in South African law as a legal subject, it will be difficult to justify interference with this right on this basis. The right to consent to medical intervention only from age twelve was described as potentially problematic for „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟, as parents with seriously ill children may become so emotionally burdened, that they place the welfare of the sick child over that of the healthy child. Thus, it is possible that parents will consent to any and all procedures on the „benefactor child‟ or „saviour sibling‟, regardless of the implications to the health and suffering of the healthy child. Section 28(2) of the Constitution states that the child‟s best interests are of paramount importance but, it must be asked, whose best interests are more important when more than one child is involved? As this is a decision parents are incapable of making at that time, the decision should be made by a neutral, impartial and unemotional third party such as the Court, which can be assisted by the Family Advocate and an ombudsman, who are experts in assisting children and promoting their best interests. Presently, South African law does not expressly address „saviour siblings‟. However, with few changes to the National Health Act and other Regulations, this is an area which could be regulated in time. These changes could include finalising the draft regulations as well as providing a list of the medical and dental purposes for which blood and tissue can be removed and should make specific reference to the removal of tissue, blood or blood products to treat a sick sibling. It is also imperative that South Africa regulates these matters now, as „saviour siblings‟ are no longer simply a matter for the future. Furthermore, legislation needs to be amended and enacted to prevent the law from becoming out-dated and redundant, leaving „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟ vulnerable while law is being drafted. In that international law is silent on the matter, South Africa would be well advised to consider foreign law such as the United Kingdom, in developing its law. As the United Kingdom has developed a National Board, so too should South Africa, as this would assist in regulating „saviour siblings‟ by allowing members to review each proposed case of „saviour siblings‟. This is merely one recommendation of several which could facilitate a smooth, controlled regulation of a highly emotional topic. Children remain one of the most vulnerable groups in society and their rights are often susceptible to infringement or abuse. It is incumbent on the law to ensure that, wherever possible, these rights are protected, especially as science continues to advance and it becomes more difficult to determine what is morally correct.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Du Plessis, Emma Kate
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Children's rights , Civil rights , Genetic engineering
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10283 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010420 , Children's rights , Civil rights , Genetic engineering
- Description: In modern society, children are acknowledged as bearers of both children‟s rights and all other rights in the Bill of Rights which generally apply to children. One important right, outside of section 28, is that of bodily integrity or the right to control and decide what happens to their body. Therefore, children theoretically have the right to consent to medical treatment and surgery. However, children are generally deemed to lack the necessary maturity to make decisions of this nature and require parental consent before any medical procedure may be performed. Following the enactment of the Children‟s Act 38 of 2005, the age of consent for medical intervention was lowered to the uniform age of twelve. Children above the age of twelve are recognised as having the capacity to make their own decisions in respect of bodily integrity, whereas those under twelve still require parental consent. While this may be a positive evelopment, it is potentially problematic for two groups of children, known as „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟. In the last 50 years, there has been a noticeable advancement in the field of genetic research. One such development is the possibility of creating one child to save the life of another through tissue or organ donation. This has provided options to parents of children with life threatening conditions where before, there was little hope of a cure. Now, at the request of these parents, children can be specifically “genetically engineered” as an embryo, to become a tissue or organ match to a sick sibling. These children are known as „saviour siblings‟. Another group of children has emerged. While not the result of “genetic engineering”, they serve a similar purpose in being potential life-saving donors to an ill sibling and are known as „benefactor children‟. Both categories of children enjoy the protection of fundamental rights. For those who are under twelve years of age however, the right to bodily integrity can be infringed upon by the proposed surgical removal of organs or tissue for the benefit of a sick sibling, based purely on a parent‟s consent. At stake too, is the right to reproductive autonomy. Parents bear children for a number of different reasons, which can include raising a child to save the life of another. As they have the right to reproductive autonomy, adults are able to decide when they want children and for what reason they want children, which can include the various techniques used to bring about „saviour siblings‟. However, as rights are mutually interrelated and nterdependent, they cannot be viewed in isolation. Therefore, it must be asked: does a person‟s right to reproductive autonomy, as guaranteed by the Constitution, justify interference with an embryo? As an embryo is not recognised in South African law as a legal subject, it will be difficult to justify interference with this right on this basis. The right to consent to medical intervention only from age twelve was described as potentially problematic for „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟, as parents with seriously ill children may become so emotionally burdened, that they place the welfare of the sick child over that of the healthy child. Thus, it is possible that parents will consent to any and all procedures on the „benefactor child‟ or „saviour sibling‟, regardless of the implications to the health and suffering of the healthy child. Section 28(2) of the Constitution states that the child‟s best interests are of paramount importance but, it must be asked, whose best interests are more important when more than one child is involved? As this is a decision parents are incapable of making at that time, the decision should be made by a neutral, impartial and unemotional third party such as the Court, which can be assisted by the Family Advocate and an ombudsman, who are experts in assisting children and promoting their best interests. Presently, South African law does not expressly address „saviour siblings‟. However, with few changes to the National Health Act and other Regulations, this is an area which could be regulated in time. These changes could include finalising the draft regulations as well as providing a list of the medical and dental purposes for which blood and tissue can be removed and should make specific reference to the removal of tissue, blood or blood products to treat a sick sibling. It is also imperative that South Africa regulates these matters now, as „saviour siblings‟ are no longer simply a matter for the future. Furthermore, legislation needs to be amended and enacted to prevent the law from becoming out-dated and redundant, leaving „benefactor children‟ and „saviour siblings‟ vulnerable while law is being drafted. In that international law is silent on the matter, South Africa would be well advised to consider foreign law such as the United Kingdom, in developing its law. As the United Kingdom has developed a National Board, so too should South Africa, as this would assist in regulating „saviour siblings‟ by allowing members to review each proposed case of „saviour siblings‟. This is merely one recommendation of several which could facilitate a smooth, controlled regulation of a highly emotional topic. Children remain one of the most vulnerable groups in society and their rights are often susceptible to infringement or abuse. It is incumbent on the law to ensure that, wherever possible, these rights are protected, especially as science continues to advance and it becomes more difficult to determine what is morally correct.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The contribution made by Mr Justice EF Watermeyer to South African tax jurisprudence
- Authors: Thackwell, Robert Colin
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:881 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001635
- Description: The objective of this thesis is to highlight the colossal contributions made by the late Justice Watermeyer to South African tax jurisprudence. His contributions are viewed from a practical application point of view as well as from a statutory interpretative perspective. The style and technique with which he delivered his judgments are also considered to be a contribution in their own right. The core of this thesis is the analysis of seven of Justice Watermeyer‟s most influential judgments. The development and application of the principle or principles developed in each of these seven judgments is then traced chronologically through case law up until recent judgments. It is most notable that each and every phrase contained in section 11(a) of the Income Tax Act has been interpreted by Justice Watermeyer. These interpretations are still viewed as correct statements of the applicable law and will continue to be referred to on a regular basis given the fact that section 11(a) is one of the most widely contested provisions in the Income Tax Act. Several references to his approach to statutory interpretation are made through the course of the case analyses. Whilst significant evidence of a purposive oriented approach to interpretation appears in some judgments, such evidence is lacking in others. An absolute or conclusive submission in terms of his approach to statutory interpretation is not sufficiently supported. His style of judgment is also referred to and commented on, with particular focus placed on his use of illustrative examples. The contribution to South African tax law by Justice Watermeyer is found to be nothing short of enormous. He was and continues to be influential with respect to section 11(a),the definition of gross income in section 1, common law principles of tax avoidance as well as the interpretation of statutory laws of tax avoidance. It is anticipated that some of his interpretations with respect to statutory rules of tax avoidance will be referred to when the relatively new anti-avoidance provisions become the subject of litigation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Thackwell, Robert Colin
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:881 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001635
- Description: The objective of this thesis is to highlight the colossal contributions made by the late Justice Watermeyer to South African tax jurisprudence. His contributions are viewed from a practical application point of view as well as from a statutory interpretative perspective. The style and technique with which he delivered his judgments are also considered to be a contribution in their own right. The core of this thesis is the analysis of seven of Justice Watermeyer‟s most influential judgments. The development and application of the principle or principles developed in each of these seven judgments is then traced chronologically through case law up until recent judgments. It is most notable that each and every phrase contained in section 11(a) of the Income Tax Act has been interpreted by Justice Watermeyer. These interpretations are still viewed as correct statements of the applicable law and will continue to be referred to on a regular basis given the fact that section 11(a) is one of the most widely contested provisions in the Income Tax Act. Several references to his approach to statutory interpretation are made through the course of the case analyses. Whilst significant evidence of a purposive oriented approach to interpretation appears in some judgments, such evidence is lacking in others. An absolute or conclusive submission in terms of his approach to statutory interpretation is not sufficiently supported. His style of judgment is also referred to and commented on, with particular focus placed on his use of illustrative examples. The contribution to South African tax law by Justice Watermeyer is found to be nothing short of enormous. He was and continues to be influential with respect to section 11(a),the definition of gross income in section 1, common law principles of tax avoidance as well as the interpretation of statutory laws of tax avoidance. It is anticipated that some of his interpretations with respect to statutory rules of tax avoidance will be referred to when the relatively new anti-avoidance provisions become the subject of litigation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The critical natural capital of the Buffalo City Municipality, South Africa : harnessing local action for biodiversity conservation
- Authors: Hagen, Brett
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Natural resources -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Ecosystem services -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Nature conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental protection -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental degradation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Restoration ecology -- South Africa -- Buffalo City
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4753 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007075 , Natural resources -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Ecosystem services -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Nature conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental protection -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental degradation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Restoration ecology -- South Africa -- Buffalo City
- Description: Globally, ecosystems provide services of almost twice the value of global gross national product (Costanza et al., 2006). The Buffalo City Municipality (BCM), South Africa contains biodiversity of national and international importance (Pierce, 2003; Pierce et al., 2005). Despite this, the municipality continues to experience loss of both urban and rural biodiversity (Buffalo City Municipality, 2006a). This study sought to determine the status of biodiversity, and the potential for ecosystem services to contribute to conservation, within the BCM. Biodiversity features, including ecosystem type, species of special concern and biodiversity processes, were identified and mapped using a GIS to produce a biodiversity priority index for the BCM. Current transformation status was then mapped to determine the level of ecosystem degradation within the BCM. Priority biodiversity areas as well as individual biodiversity features were spatially overlain against current transformation status and protected areas and analysed using a GIS to determine the level of degradation and protection of BCM biodiversity. In total 3.5 % of total BCM biodiversity was protected. Of the 24 ecosystem types, 11 (45%) had less than 1% under protection, while 16 (67%) had less than five percent protected. Not restorable areas, thus completely lost to biodiversity conservation, comprised just less than a quarter of the total BCM area while un-impacted areas comprised just 12.3%. Twenty five ecosystem services were identified as being provided by intact natural ecosystems within the BCM. The natural capital providing these services was identified and mapped to produce an ecosystem service index (ESI) using a GIS. This ecosystem service index and the biodiversity priority index were overlain to determine their level of correlation. Overall ESI correlation with priority biodiversity was weak although several individual ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, showed correlation. Using the above data layers an implementation plan and conservation framework was proposed to assist the coordination of local conservation action within the BCM. It is concluded that ecosystem services are a potentially useful tool for conservationists at the local level seeking to ensure that biodiversity has relevance to and receives protection from broader society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Hagen, Brett
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Natural resources -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Ecosystem services -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Nature conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental protection -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental degradation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Restoration ecology -- South Africa -- Buffalo City
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4753 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007075 , Natural resources -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Biodiversity conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Ecosystem services -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Nature conservation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental protection -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Environmental degradation -- South Africa -- Buffalo City , Restoration ecology -- South Africa -- Buffalo City
- Description: Globally, ecosystems provide services of almost twice the value of global gross national product (Costanza et al., 2006). The Buffalo City Municipality (BCM), South Africa contains biodiversity of national and international importance (Pierce, 2003; Pierce et al., 2005). Despite this, the municipality continues to experience loss of both urban and rural biodiversity (Buffalo City Municipality, 2006a). This study sought to determine the status of biodiversity, and the potential for ecosystem services to contribute to conservation, within the BCM. Biodiversity features, including ecosystem type, species of special concern and biodiversity processes, were identified and mapped using a GIS to produce a biodiversity priority index for the BCM. Current transformation status was then mapped to determine the level of ecosystem degradation within the BCM. Priority biodiversity areas as well as individual biodiversity features were spatially overlain against current transformation status and protected areas and analysed using a GIS to determine the level of degradation and protection of BCM biodiversity. In total 3.5 % of total BCM biodiversity was protected. Of the 24 ecosystem types, 11 (45%) had less than 1% under protection, while 16 (67%) had less than five percent protected. Not restorable areas, thus completely lost to biodiversity conservation, comprised just less than a quarter of the total BCM area while un-impacted areas comprised just 12.3%. Twenty five ecosystem services were identified as being provided by intact natural ecosystems within the BCM. The natural capital providing these services was identified and mapped to produce an ecosystem service index (ESI) using a GIS. This ecosystem service index and the biodiversity priority index were overlain to determine their level of correlation. Overall ESI correlation with priority biodiversity was weak although several individual ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, showed correlation. Using the above data layers an implementation plan and conservation framework was proposed to assist the coordination of local conservation action within the BCM. It is concluded that ecosystem services are a potentially useful tool for conservationists at the local level seeking to ensure that biodiversity has relevance to and receives protection from broader society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The democratisation of art CAP as an alternative art space in South Africa
- Authors: Lochner, Eben
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Arts and society -- South Africa Democracy and the arts -- South Africa Art -- Political aspects -- South Africa Apartheid and art -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2409 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002205
- Description: While formal arts education was inaccessible to many during Apartheid, community-based centres played a significant role in the training of previously disadvantaged artists. By engaging in a socio-political critique of the history of South African art, this thesis argues that even though alternative art spaces are often marginalised, they remain essential to the diversification and democratisation of contemporary South African art today with its re-entry into the international art scene. According to Lize van Robbroeck (2004:52), “some of the fundamental ideals of community arts need to be revised to enrich, democratize and diversify [South Africa's] cultural practice.” The aim of my Thesis is to investigate this statement in relation to the contribution the Community Arts Project (CAP) in Cape Town (1977-2003). CAP and other art centres have played an indispensable role in the establishment of black artists and in producing a locally reflective artistic practice in South Africa, even into the 21st century. Through researching the changes the organisation underwent between the 1980s and 1990s, the ways in which such art centres constantly need to respond to the changing sociopolitical landscape around them become clear. Within South Africa these centres were seen to play a significant part in the liberation struggle and then later in nation building. While these centres were well supported by foreign donors in the late 1980s, such funding was withdrawn in 1991 and the majority of art centres collapsed, illustrating to some degree that the training of artist was not valued outside the context of the struggle against apartheid. By interviewing key people and by reading documentation stored at the Manuscripts and Archives department of UCT I have discovered some of the different benefits and hindrances of working in community art centres both during and after Apartheid. This thesis argues that these centres still play a vital role in contributing to the development of South Africa's local art practice and should not be relegated to the sideline.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Lochner, Eben
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Arts and society -- South Africa Democracy and the arts -- South Africa Art -- Political aspects -- South Africa Apartheid and art -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2409 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002205
- Description: While formal arts education was inaccessible to many during Apartheid, community-based centres played a significant role in the training of previously disadvantaged artists. By engaging in a socio-political critique of the history of South African art, this thesis argues that even though alternative art spaces are often marginalised, they remain essential to the diversification and democratisation of contemporary South African art today with its re-entry into the international art scene. According to Lize van Robbroeck (2004:52), “some of the fundamental ideals of community arts need to be revised to enrich, democratize and diversify [South Africa's] cultural practice.” The aim of my Thesis is to investigate this statement in relation to the contribution the Community Arts Project (CAP) in Cape Town (1977-2003). CAP and other art centres have played an indispensable role in the establishment of black artists and in producing a locally reflective artistic practice in South Africa, even into the 21st century. Through researching the changes the organisation underwent between the 1980s and 1990s, the ways in which such art centres constantly need to respond to the changing sociopolitical landscape around them become clear. Within South Africa these centres were seen to play a significant part in the liberation struggle and then later in nation building. While these centres were well supported by foreign donors in the late 1980s, such funding was withdrawn in 1991 and the majority of art centres collapsed, illustrating to some degree that the training of artist was not valued outside the context of the struggle against apartheid. By interviewing key people and by reading documentation stored at the Manuscripts and Archives department of UCT I have discovered some of the different benefits and hindrances of working in community art centres both during and after Apartheid. This thesis argues that these centres still play a vital role in contributing to the development of South Africa's local art practice and should not be relegated to the sideline.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The demography and population dynamics of a re-introduced black rhinoceros population on the Great Fish River Reserve, Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Fike, Bradley Robin
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Black rhinoceros -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Population biology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Black rhinoceros -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Black rhinoceros -- Adaptation -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Black rhinoceros -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5948 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020869
- Description: The re-introduction of black rhinoceros onto the Great Fish River Reserve in the Eastern Cape, following the species absence for over a century, created an opportunity to study this species in the thicket biome, and in particular the succulent thicket of the Great Fish River valley. The thicket biome is quite different from the habitats in which other extant populations of these animals are found and where studies of their demography have been undertaken. Data collection occurred from May 1986, with the arrival of the first four animals to December 2008, when the population was estimated to be 144 individuals. A variety of monitoring techniques were used including direct ground observations, aerial helicopter census, aerial monitoring by microlight aircraft, camera traps and opportunistic observations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The combination of methods and effort has resulted in the population being recognized as completely known with up to 97% of the animals being located at least once per year with a mean frequency of sightings of 11.5 per animal per year. In 2008, the population was about 20% juvenile, 36% sub-adult and 44% adult with a female biased sex ratio of 1.3 females per male. Mean age at first birth was about 80 months and this increased significantly with increasing density of black rhinoceroses. Mean intercalf interval was about 28 months and 41% of adult females gave birth each year. Mortality rates were low for juveniles, higher for sub-adults and higher for males than females. There was a weak but significant positive effect of density on male mortality. Population growth rate was about 10% and was not significantly affected by density. These results suggest that this population is beginning to show the first indications of density dependant constraints and that harvesting should be implemented in order to maintain the productive tempo. A secondary goal of the Management Plan will then be realized as the population functions as a donor to establish founder populations elsewhere within the Diceros bicornis minor range.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Fike, Bradley Robin
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Black rhinoceros -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Population biology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Black rhinoceros -- Habitat -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Black rhinoceros -- Adaptation -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley , Black rhinoceros -- Ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Valley
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5948 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020869
- Description: The re-introduction of black rhinoceros onto the Great Fish River Reserve in the Eastern Cape, following the species absence for over a century, created an opportunity to study this species in the thicket biome, and in particular the succulent thicket of the Great Fish River valley. The thicket biome is quite different from the habitats in which other extant populations of these animals are found and where studies of their demography have been undertaken. Data collection occurred from May 1986, with the arrival of the first four animals to December 2008, when the population was estimated to be 144 individuals. A variety of monitoring techniques were used including direct ground observations, aerial helicopter census, aerial monitoring by microlight aircraft, camera traps and opportunistic observations, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The combination of methods and effort has resulted in the population being recognized as completely known with up to 97% of the animals being located at least once per year with a mean frequency of sightings of 11.5 per animal per year. In 2008, the population was about 20% juvenile, 36% sub-adult and 44% adult with a female biased sex ratio of 1.3 females per male. Mean age at first birth was about 80 months and this increased significantly with increasing density of black rhinoceroses. Mean intercalf interval was about 28 months and 41% of adult females gave birth each year. Mortality rates were low for juveniles, higher for sub-adults and higher for males than females. There was a weak but significant positive effect of density on male mortality. Population growth rate was about 10% and was not significantly affected by density. These results suggest that this population is beginning to show the first indications of density dependant constraints and that harvesting should be implemented in order to maintain the productive tempo. A secondary goal of the Management Plan will then be realized as the population functions as a donor to establish founder populations elsewhere within the Diceros bicornis minor range.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The design and synthesis of multidentate N-heterocyclic carbenes as metathesis catalyst ligands
- Authors: Truscott, Byron John
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Carbenes (Methylene compounds) , Heterocyclic compounds , Ligands , Ligands -- Design , Metathesis (Chemistry) , Catalysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004962 , Carbenes (Methylene compounds) , Heterocyclic compounds , Ligands , Ligands -- Design , Metathesis (Chemistry) , Catalysis
- Description: This study has focused on the design and preparation of bi– and tridentate N–Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligands in order to investigate the effect of a multidentate approach to the formation, stability and catalytic activity of coordination complexes. Chapters 1 – 3 provide background information of relevant catalysis, carbene and coordination chemistry, followed by previous work performed within our research group. In Chapter 4 attention is given to the synthetic aspects of the research conducted, comprising two distinct approaches to the preparation of unsymmetrical saturated and unsaturated NHCs. Firstly, an investigation of the saturated NHC ligands yielded three novel, unsymmetrical pro–ligands, viz., two halopropyl imidazolinium salts and a bidentate hydroxypropyl imidazolinium salt. Secondly, eight imidazolium salts have been generated, including a hydroxypropyl analogue and novel decyl and tridentate malonyl derivatives. These compounds were prepared using microwave–assisted methodology for the alkylation of N– mesitylimidazole – an approach that drastically reduced reaction times (from 8 hours – 7 days to ca. 0.5 – 2 hours) and facilitated isolation of the imidazolium salts. Many of the compounds prepared in this study are novel and were fully characterized using HRMS and 1– and 2–D NMR analysis. Coordination studies using a selection of the prepared pro–ligands afforded an alkoxy–NHC silver derivative and four novel Ru–complexes, viz., Grubbs II–type Ru–complexes containing:– chloropropyl imidazolinylidene; propenyl imidazolylidene; and bidentate alkoxypropyl imidazolylidene ligands. Furthermore, a well–defined benzyl mesitylimidazolylidene Ru–complex has been isolated, which exhibited good stability in air. DFT–level geometry–optimization studies, using the Accelrys DMol3 package have given valuable insights into the likely geometries of the prepared and putative catalysts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Truscott, Byron John
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Carbenes (Methylene compounds) , Heterocyclic compounds , Ligands , Ligands -- Design , Metathesis (Chemistry) , Catalysis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004962 , Carbenes (Methylene compounds) , Heterocyclic compounds , Ligands , Ligands -- Design , Metathesis (Chemistry) , Catalysis
- Description: This study has focused on the design and preparation of bi– and tridentate N–Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligands in order to investigate the effect of a multidentate approach to the formation, stability and catalytic activity of coordination complexes. Chapters 1 – 3 provide background information of relevant catalysis, carbene and coordination chemistry, followed by previous work performed within our research group. In Chapter 4 attention is given to the synthetic aspects of the research conducted, comprising two distinct approaches to the preparation of unsymmetrical saturated and unsaturated NHCs. Firstly, an investigation of the saturated NHC ligands yielded three novel, unsymmetrical pro–ligands, viz., two halopropyl imidazolinium salts and a bidentate hydroxypropyl imidazolinium salt. Secondly, eight imidazolium salts have been generated, including a hydroxypropyl analogue and novel decyl and tridentate malonyl derivatives. These compounds were prepared using microwave–assisted methodology for the alkylation of N– mesitylimidazole – an approach that drastically reduced reaction times (from 8 hours – 7 days to ca. 0.5 – 2 hours) and facilitated isolation of the imidazolium salts. Many of the compounds prepared in this study are novel and were fully characterized using HRMS and 1– and 2–D NMR analysis. Coordination studies using a selection of the prepared pro–ligands afforded an alkoxy–NHC silver derivative and four novel Ru–complexes, viz., Grubbs II–type Ru–complexes containing:– chloropropyl imidazolinylidene; propenyl imidazolylidene; and bidentate alkoxypropyl imidazolylidene ligands. Furthermore, a well–defined benzyl mesitylimidazolylidene Ru–complex has been isolated, which exhibited good stability in air. DFT–level geometry–optimization studies, using the Accelrys DMol3 package have given valuable insights into the likely geometries of the prepared and putative catalysts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The determinants of happiness among race groups in South Africa
- Ebrahim, Amina, Botha, Ferdi, Snowball, Jeanette D
- Authors: Ebrahim, Amina , Botha, Ferdi , Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68589 , vital:29291 , http://www.essa2011.org.za/fullpaper/essa2011_2182.pdf
- Description: Publisher version , Economic indicators, like GDP per capita, are commonly used as indicators of welfare. However, they have a very limited and narrow scope, excluding many potentially important welfare determinants, such as health, relative income and religion - not surprising since they were not originally designed to fill this role. There is thus growing acceptance, and use of, subjective measure of wellbeing, (called ‘happiness’ measures) both worldwide and in South Africa. Happiness economics does not propose to replace income based measure of wellbeing, but rather attempts to compliment them with broader measures, which can be important in making policy decisions that optimise societal welfare. This paper tests for differences in subjective wellbeing between race groups in South Africa, and investigates the determinants of self-rated life satisfaction (happiness) for each group. Using the 2008 National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data, descriptive methods (ANOVA) and an ordered probit model are applied. Results indicate that reported happiness differs substantially among race groups, with black South Africans being the least happy group despite changes since the advent of democracy in 1994. Higher levels of educational attainment increase satisfaction for the whole sample, and women are generally less happy than men (particularly black women). As found in many other studies, unemployed people have lower levels of life satisfaction than the employed, even when controlling for income and relative income. The determinants of happiness are also different for each race group: While white South Africans attached greater importance to physical health; employment status and absolute income matter greatly for black people. For coloured people and black people, positional status (as measured by relative income) is an important determinant of happiness, with religious involvement significantly contributing to the happiness of Indian people.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Ebrahim, Amina , Botha, Ferdi , Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68589 , vital:29291 , http://www.essa2011.org.za/fullpaper/essa2011_2182.pdf
- Description: Publisher version , Economic indicators, like GDP per capita, are commonly used as indicators of welfare. However, they have a very limited and narrow scope, excluding many potentially important welfare determinants, such as health, relative income and religion - not surprising since they were not originally designed to fill this role. There is thus growing acceptance, and use of, subjective measure of wellbeing, (called ‘happiness’ measures) both worldwide and in South Africa. Happiness economics does not propose to replace income based measure of wellbeing, but rather attempts to compliment them with broader measures, which can be important in making policy decisions that optimise societal welfare. This paper tests for differences in subjective wellbeing between race groups in South Africa, and investigates the determinants of self-rated life satisfaction (happiness) for each group. Using the 2008 National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data, descriptive methods (ANOVA) and an ordered probit model are applied. Results indicate that reported happiness differs substantially among race groups, with black South Africans being the least happy group despite changes since the advent of democracy in 1994. Higher levels of educational attainment increase satisfaction for the whole sample, and women are generally less happy than men (particularly black women). As found in many other studies, unemployed people have lower levels of life satisfaction than the employed, even when controlling for income and relative income. The determinants of happiness are also different for each race group: While white South Africans attached greater importance to physical health; employment status and absolute income matter greatly for black people. For coloured people and black people, positional status (as measured by relative income) is an important determinant of happiness, with religious involvement significantly contributing to the happiness of Indian people.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The determinants of household savings in South Africa
- Simleit, C, Keeotn, Gavin, Botha, Ferdi
- Authors: Simleit, C , Keeotn, Gavin , Botha, Ferdi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/396153 , vital:69154 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC21526"
- Description: In South Africa, substantial government dissaving as well as poor household savings performance has caused a decline in aggregate savings. Whilst government dissaving has been successfully reversed, household savings continue to fall. Low domestic savings have required South Africa to attract large, volatile portfolio capital inflows to fund a structural current account deficit. Repeated reversals of such inflows have constrained domestic growth and hence an understanding of the factors that have caused this decline in savings is essential in order to formulate policies supportive of sustained higher rates of economic growth. Within the context of the existing literature, this article examines the various determinants of household savings using a vector error-correction model (VECM). The results suggest that interest rates, a wealth effect and upturns in the business cycle all contribute to explaining the decline in household savings. The presence of a partial offset between household savings and government savings also has important implications for the effectiveness of using the fiscal position of the South African government to boost savings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Simleit, C , Keeotn, Gavin , Botha, Ferdi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/396153 , vital:69154 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC21526"
- Description: In South Africa, substantial government dissaving as well as poor household savings performance has caused a decline in aggregate savings. Whilst government dissaving has been successfully reversed, household savings continue to fall. Low domestic savings have required South Africa to attract large, volatile portfolio capital inflows to fund a structural current account deficit. Repeated reversals of such inflows have constrained domestic growth and hence an understanding of the factors that have caused this decline in savings is essential in order to formulate policies supportive of sustained higher rates of economic growth. Within the context of the existing literature, this article examines the various determinants of household savings using a vector error-correction model (VECM). The results suggest that interest rates, a wealth effect and upturns in the business cycle all contribute to explaining the decline in household savings. The presence of a partial offset between household savings and government savings also has important implications for the effectiveness of using the fiscal position of the South African government to boost savings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The determination of the photosensitizing properties of mercapto substituted phthalocyanine derivatives in the presence of quantum dots capped with mercaptopropionic acid
- Moeno, Sharon, Antunes, Edith M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Moeno, Sharon , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247870 , vital:51625 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.12.009"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis of several novel water soluble metallophthalocyanines containing Zn2+, In3+, Ga3+ or Si4+ as central metal ions and tetra substituted with mercaptoacetic acid and mercaptopropionic acid. The complexes were characterized using infra red, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis. All the complexes are water soluble but the majority are highly aggregated in water and organic solvents. The complex containing Zn as a central metal and mercaptopropionic acid as a substituent was not aggregated allowing for the determination of photophysical parameters. This complex had triplet state quantum yield of 0.61 in DMF and 0.88 in DMSO while the fluorescence quantum yield was 0.13 in DMSO. The determination of photophysical properties of the complex containing Zn as a central metal and mercaptopropionic acid were carried out in the presence of mercaptopropionic acid capped CdTe quantum dots. There is an increase in triplet state quantum yield from 0.88 (for the phthalocyanine alone) to 0.94 (in the presence of CdTe quantum dots) in DMSO.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Moeno, Sharon , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247870 , vital:51625 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.12.009"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis of several novel water soluble metallophthalocyanines containing Zn2+, In3+, Ga3+ or Si4+ as central metal ions and tetra substituted with mercaptoacetic acid and mercaptopropionic acid. The complexes were characterized using infra red, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis. All the complexes are water soluble but the majority are highly aggregated in water and organic solvents. The complex containing Zn as a central metal and mercaptopropionic acid as a substituent was not aggregated allowing for the determination of photophysical parameters. This complex had triplet state quantum yield of 0.61 in DMF and 0.88 in DMSO while the fluorescence quantum yield was 0.13 in DMSO. The determination of photophysical properties of the complex containing Zn as a central metal and mercaptopropionic acid were carried out in the presence of mercaptopropionic acid capped CdTe quantum dots. There is an increase in triplet state quantum yield from 0.88 (for the phthalocyanine alone) to 0.94 (in the presence of CdTe quantum dots) in DMSO.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The development and assessment of a fixed dose combination tablet of Ranitidine and Metronidazole
- Authors: King'ori, Loti David
- Date: 2011 , 2011-04-07
- Subjects: Ulcers -- Treatment , Ranitidine -- Evaluation , Metronidazole -- Evaluation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3858 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013359
- Description: The oral route of drug administration is convenient since it is acceptable to most patients and the manufacturing processes used to produce tablets and capsules are relatively simple when compared to those used to manufacture other types of dosage forms. Metronidazole (MTZ) and Ranitidine (RTD) have been used in combination, as part of triple therapy for the treatment of ulcers. However the use of large numbers of tablets and long duration of therapy makes adherence to drug treatment challenging for patients. Therefore the formulation of a fixed dose combination (FDC) of MTZ and RTD may improve patient adherence to therapy and consequently may reduce morbidity and mortality due to ulcers. A stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of MTZ and RTD was developed and validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method was sensitive, selective, precise, accurate and linear.Preformulation studies were performed on the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) alone and in combination with potential excipients. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed a potential interaction between MTZ and RTD, however the interaction was not apparent following IR analysis of the same samples. DSC analyses of the API in combination with potential excipients revealed that the compounds were compatible with most materials with the exception of a binary mixture of RTD and Dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP) that exhibited a potential interaction. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of MTZ and RTD revealed that both compounds exhibited thermal stability. The Carrs Index (CI) and Hausner Ratio (HR) values of MTZ and RTD indicated that both compounds exhibited poor flow and compressibility properties, whereas the CI and HR values for (Microcrystalline cellulose) MCC and DCP indicated better flowability and compressibility characteristics.Direct compression and wet granulation processes were assessed to identify a suitable method of manufacture of FDC tablets of MTZ and RTD. The blends were evaluated using bulk and tapped density and the resultant tablets were evaluated for weight uniformity, crushing strength, tensile strength and disintegration time. The wet granulation method of manufacture produced tablets that showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties: this approach was therefore used as the method of manufacture of FDC tablets of MTZ and RTD. Tablet formulations comprised of API, viz. MTZ and RTD and different compositions of MCC, DCP, Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and Croscarmellose sodium (CCS), were manufactured in order to screen for an appropriate diluent and disintegrant composition for use in response surface studies. Assays of tablet content and in vitro drug release were undertaken using the validated HPLC method. Tablets in which MCC and CCS were used appeared to produce better assay and dissolution results as compared to those manufactured using DCP and SSG. Consequently a formulation comprised of MCC and CCS was selected and used in studies in which the effect(s) of level two formulation and composition changes as described in the Scale and Post Approval Changes for Immediate Release (SUPAC-IR) Guidelines on tablet disintegration and in vitro release were assessed. A Box-Behnken statistical design was used for the investigation of the effect of input factors, viz. CCS, (Polyvinyl pyrollidone K30) PVP-K30 and magnesium stearate on measured responses, viz. disintegration time and percent drug release in 10 minutes (Q10). CCS appeared to have an inverse linear relationship on disintegration time and a linear relationship with the Q10 for MTZ and RTD, whereas PVP-K30 and magnesium stearate appeared to have an antagonistic effect on the measured responses. Furthermore CCS and magnesium stearate exhibited an interaction that had an agonistic effect on the Q10 value for RTD. A numerical optimization approach was used to predict a formulation composition that would produce tablets that exhibited a disintegration time and Q10 values for MTZ and RTD that fell within the constraints set in our laboratory. The resultant model was found to be accurate and had a percent prediction error of < 5% for all measured response variables.FDC tablets of MTZ and RTD have been successfully produced. The disintegration of the tablet and dissolution of the API were within compendial specifications and the tablets are of suitable quality and have the potential to be further investigated to reduce the pill burden in the treatment of ulcers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: King'ori, Loti David
- Date: 2011 , 2011-04-07
- Subjects: Ulcers -- Treatment , Ranitidine -- Evaluation , Metronidazole -- Evaluation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3858 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013359
- Description: The oral route of drug administration is convenient since it is acceptable to most patients and the manufacturing processes used to produce tablets and capsules are relatively simple when compared to those used to manufacture other types of dosage forms. Metronidazole (MTZ) and Ranitidine (RTD) have been used in combination, as part of triple therapy for the treatment of ulcers. However the use of large numbers of tablets and long duration of therapy makes adherence to drug treatment challenging for patients. Therefore the formulation of a fixed dose combination (FDC) of MTZ and RTD may improve patient adherence to therapy and consequently may reduce morbidity and mortality due to ulcers. A stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of MTZ and RTD was developed and validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method was sensitive, selective, precise, accurate and linear.Preformulation studies were performed on the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) alone and in combination with potential excipients. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed a potential interaction between MTZ and RTD, however the interaction was not apparent following IR analysis of the same samples. DSC analyses of the API in combination with potential excipients revealed that the compounds were compatible with most materials with the exception of a binary mixture of RTD and Dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP) that exhibited a potential interaction. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of MTZ and RTD revealed that both compounds exhibited thermal stability. The Carrs Index (CI) and Hausner Ratio (HR) values of MTZ and RTD indicated that both compounds exhibited poor flow and compressibility properties, whereas the CI and HR values for (Microcrystalline cellulose) MCC and DCP indicated better flowability and compressibility characteristics.Direct compression and wet granulation processes were assessed to identify a suitable method of manufacture of FDC tablets of MTZ and RTD. The blends were evaluated using bulk and tapped density and the resultant tablets were evaluated for weight uniformity, crushing strength, tensile strength and disintegration time. The wet granulation method of manufacture produced tablets that showed acceptable pharmacotechnical properties: this approach was therefore used as the method of manufacture of FDC tablets of MTZ and RTD. Tablet formulations comprised of API, viz. MTZ and RTD and different compositions of MCC, DCP, Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and Croscarmellose sodium (CCS), were manufactured in order to screen for an appropriate diluent and disintegrant composition for use in response surface studies. Assays of tablet content and in vitro drug release were undertaken using the validated HPLC method. Tablets in which MCC and CCS were used appeared to produce better assay and dissolution results as compared to those manufactured using DCP and SSG. Consequently a formulation comprised of MCC and CCS was selected and used in studies in which the effect(s) of level two formulation and composition changes as described in the Scale and Post Approval Changes for Immediate Release (SUPAC-IR) Guidelines on tablet disintegration and in vitro release were assessed. A Box-Behnken statistical design was used for the investigation of the effect of input factors, viz. CCS, (Polyvinyl pyrollidone K30) PVP-K30 and magnesium stearate on measured responses, viz. disintegration time and percent drug release in 10 minutes (Q10). CCS appeared to have an inverse linear relationship on disintegration time and a linear relationship with the Q10 for MTZ and RTD, whereas PVP-K30 and magnesium stearate appeared to have an antagonistic effect on the measured responses. Furthermore CCS and magnesium stearate exhibited an interaction that had an agonistic effect on the Q10 value for RTD. A numerical optimization approach was used to predict a formulation composition that would produce tablets that exhibited a disintegration time and Q10 values for MTZ and RTD that fell within the constraints set in our laboratory. The resultant model was found to be accurate and had a percent prediction error of < 5% for all measured response variables.FDC tablets of MTZ and RTD have been successfully produced. The disintegration of the tablet and dissolution of the API were within compendial specifications and the tablets are of suitable quality and have the potential to be further investigated to reduce the pill burden in the treatment of ulcers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The development and implementation of a mental toughness training programme for young cricketers
- Authors: Pattison, Stuart
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Cricket -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket -- Training -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket players -- Mental health -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Mental discipline , Toughness (Personality trait) , Success -- Psychological aspects , Personal coaching -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , School sports -- South Africa -- Grahamstown
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3037 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002546 , Cricket -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket -- Training -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket players -- Mental health -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Mental discipline , Toughness (Personality trait) , Success -- Psychological aspects , Personal coaching -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , School sports -- South Africa -- Grahamstown
- Description: Modern research being conducted on Mental Toughness is now shifting away from efforts aimed at developing definitions for the construct and instead moving toward efforts at understanding its development. This particular research study focuses on the development and implementation of a Mental Toughness programme designed specifically for, and tailored exclusively to, the needs of schoolboy cricket at Kingswood College in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. The programme development was an intricate process and the research procedure was guided by the Organisational Development Process model. Data from a focus group as well as various individual interviews were integrated with currently existing Mental Toughness literature and theory to devise this particular Mental Toughness programme. The programme entails educating the athletes on six specific mental skills and incorporates elements of practical application as well as awareness of the importance and influence of Mental Toughness and mental training in a sporting sphere. The programme took the form of mental skills workshops held over a three week period. An analysis was conducted post-programme to document the experience of the athletes as a result of exposure to the programme. Results drawn from the array of analysis procedures were used to help identify the level of success of the Mental Toughness intervention as well as help validify current Mental Toughness models. In addition to highlighting the benefits as a result of the programme experience, various recommendations were drawn in order to shed light on the programme limitations and assist future researchers with understanding the intricacies behind better and more efficient programme implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Pattison, Stuart
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Cricket -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket -- Training -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket players -- Mental health -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Mental discipline , Toughness (Personality trait) , Success -- Psychological aspects , Personal coaching -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , School sports -- South Africa -- Grahamstown
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3037 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002546 , Cricket -- Psychological aspects -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket -- Training -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Cricket players -- Mental health -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , Mental discipline , Toughness (Personality trait) , Success -- Psychological aspects , Personal coaching -- South Africa -- Grahamstown , School sports -- South Africa -- Grahamstown
- Description: Modern research being conducted on Mental Toughness is now shifting away from efforts aimed at developing definitions for the construct and instead moving toward efforts at understanding its development. This particular research study focuses on the development and implementation of a Mental Toughness programme designed specifically for, and tailored exclusively to, the needs of schoolboy cricket at Kingswood College in Grahamstown, Eastern Cape. The programme development was an intricate process and the research procedure was guided by the Organisational Development Process model. Data from a focus group as well as various individual interviews were integrated with currently existing Mental Toughness literature and theory to devise this particular Mental Toughness programme. The programme entails educating the athletes on six specific mental skills and incorporates elements of practical application as well as awareness of the importance and influence of Mental Toughness and mental training in a sporting sphere. The programme took the form of mental skills workshops held over a three week period. An analysis was conducted post-programme to document the experience of the athletes as a result of exposure to the programme. Results drawn from the array of analysis procedures were used to help identify the level of success of the Mental Toughness intervention as well as help validify current Mental Toughness models. In addition to highlighting the benefits as a result of the programme experience, various recommendations were drawn in order to shed light on the programme limitations and assist future researchers with understanding the intricacies behind better and more efficient programme implementation.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The development and technologizing of selected Sepedi ICT terminology
- Authors: Magagane, Raesetja Linah
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Northern Sotho language -- Terms and phrases Northern Sotho language -- Terminology Northern Sotho language -- Computer-assisted instruction Communication -- Technological innovations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3581 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002156
- Description: It is my wish that the Sepedi language speakers, through the development and technologization of certain Sepedi ICT terminology, are able to operate a computer in their own language, and implement the new developed and technologized ICT terminology (technologization). The pupils and students at their various institutions should be made comfortable in using the developed and technologized Sepedi language terminology. In the long run the Sepedi language speakers should be ensured access to the web in order to find information about Sepedi language, culture and terms in disciplines such as ICT. It is recommended in this thesis that higher learning institutions offer bursaries to students to develop all South African languages in such a manner that they can be used in all high status functions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Magagane, Raesetja Linah
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Northern Sotho language -- Terms and phrases Northern Sotho language -- Terminology Northern Sotho language -- Computer-assisted instruction Communication -- Technological innovations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3581 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002156
- Description: It is my wish that the Sepedi language speakers, through the development and technologization of certain Sepedi ICT terminology, are able to operate a computer in their own language, and implement the new developed and technologized ICT terminology (technologization). The pupils and students at their various institutions should be made comfortable in using the developed and technologized Sepedi language terminology. In the long run the Sepedi language speakers should be ensured access to the web in order to find information about Sepedi language, culture and terms in disciplines such as ICT. It is recommended in this thesis that higher learning institutions offer bursaries to students to develop all South African languages in such a manner that they can be used in all high status functions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The development of an in vitro system for the production of drug metabolites using microsomal enzymes from bovine liver
- Authors: Morrison, Roxanne
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007698 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Description: Drug metabolism is a specialised subset of xenobiotic metabolism, pertaining to the breakdown and elimination of pharmaceutical drugs. The enzymes involved in these pathways are the cytochrome P450 family of isozymes. Metabolism is an important factor in determining the pharmacological effects of drugs. The main aim of this study was to develop a system whereby the major metabolites of drugs can be produced in vitro. An in vitro system was developed and optimised using commercially prepared microsomes from rat liver and coumarin (by monitoring its conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin) as a model. The optimum running conditions for the incubations were 50 μM coumarin, 50 μg protein/ml microsomes, 1 mM NADP⁺, 5 mM G6P and 1U/ml G6PDH incubated for 30 minutes at 38℃. The HPLC method for the detection of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin was also validated with respect to linearity, reproducibility, precision, accuracy and lower limits of detection and quantification. The system developed was then tested using microsomes prepared from fresh bovine liver on these ten drugs of interest in doping control in horse racing: diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, promazine, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, morphine, codeine, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. The bovine liver microsomes were prepared using differential centrifugation and had activity on a par with the commercial preparations. This in vitro system metabolised the drugs and produced both phase I and II metabolites, similar to those observed in humans and horses in vivo. For example, the major metabolites of the benzodiazepine drug, diazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam as well as the glucuronidated phase II products were all found after incubations with the bovine liver microsomes. The metabolism of the drugs was also investigated in silico using the computational procedure, MetaSite. MetaSite was able to successfully predict known metabolites for most of the drugs studied. Differences were observed from the in vitro incubations and this is most likely due to MetaSite using only human cytochrome P450s for analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Morrison, Roxanne
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007698 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Description: Drug metabolism is a specialised subset of xenobiotic metabolism, pertaining to the breakdown and elimination of pharmaceutical drugs. The enzymes involved in these pathways are the cytochrome P450 family of isozymes. Metabolism is an important factor in determining the pharmacological effects of drugs. The main aim of this study was to develop a system whereby the major metabolites of drugs can be produced in vitro. An in vitro system was developed and optimised using commercially prepared microsomes from rat liver and coumarin (by monitoring its conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin) as a model. The optimum running conditions for the incubations were 50 μM coumarin, 50 μg protein/ml microsomes, 1 mM NADP⁺, 5 mM G6P and 1U/ml G6PDH incubated for 30 minutes at 38℃. The HPLC method for the detection of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin was also validated with respect to linearity, reproducibility, precision, accuracy and lower limits of detection and quantification. The system developed was then tested using microsomes prepared from fresh bovine liver on these ten drugs of interest in doping control in horse racing: diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, promazine, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, morphine, codeine, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. The bovine liver microsomes were prepared using differential centrifugation and had activity on a par with the commercial preparations. This in vitro system metabolised the drugs and produced both phase I and II metabolites, similar to those observed in humans and horses in vivo. For example, the major metabolites of the benzodiazepine drug, diazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam as well as the glucuronidated phase II products were all found after incubations with the bovine liver microsomes. The metabolism of the drugs was also investigated in silico using the computational procedure, MetaSite. MetaSite was able to successfully predict known metabolites for most of the drugs studied. Differences were observed from the in vitro incubations and this is most likely due to MetaSite using only human cytochrome P450s for analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The development of isiZulu as an academic language for the teaching of fundamental concepts in economics
- Authors: Makhatini, Freedom Nkanyiso
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Zulu language -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa African languages -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa Economics -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3589 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002164
- Description: This thesis looks at language as the medium of all our ideas and sentiments. The thesis represents a position statement regarding the development of isiZulu as an academic language. The field of Economics is used to merely illustrate and support the points that are being made in this work. It is argued that each language is viewed as the means of expression of the cultural heritage of its people, and it remains a reflection of cultural groups who speak that particular language. It is a fact that indigenous African Languages have been, for obvious reasons, blatantly understudied during the apartheid years in South Africa (Rudwick 2004). Languages have market value and the desirability of English as the most important global language today has an effect in most Black learners in South Africa. The study examined the development of indigenous African languages, isiZulu in particular, in Zululand University where ninety percent of students and lecturers are isiZulu first language speakers, and came to a conclusion that there is an urgent need for Black South African students to learn academic subjects through their mother tongues. This would help them in thorough understanding and interpretation of analytic text presented in a foreign language such as English. The study advocates that isiZulu, which is the mother-tongue of many students at the University of Zululand, should be a language for upward mobility to these students, but as the situation stands, isiZulu becomes a neglected or marginalised language since it is not the normal medium of instruction and it is not used for effective communication in their education system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Makhatini, Freedom Nkanyiso
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Zulu language -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa African languages -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa Economics -- Study and teaching (Higher) -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3589 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002164
- Description: This thesis looks at language as the medium of all our ideas and sentiments. The thesis represents a position statement regarding the development of isiZulu as an academic language. The field of Economics is used to merely illustrate and support the points that are being made in this work. It is argued that each language is viewed as the means of expression of the cultural heritage of its people, and it remains a reflection of cultural groups who speak that particular language. It is a fact that indigenous African Languages have been, for obvious reasons, blatantly understudied during the apartheid years in South Africa (Rudwick 2004). Languages have market value and the desirability of English as the most important global language today has an effect in most Black learners in South Africa. The study examined the development of indigenous African languages, isiZulu in particular, in Zululand University where ninety percent of students and lecturers are isiZulu first language speakers, and came to a conclusion that there is an urgent need for Black South African students to learn academic subjects through their mother tongues. This would help them in thorough understanding and interpretation of analytic text presented in a foreign language such as English. The study advocates that isiZulu, which is the mother-tongue of many students at the University of Zululand, should be a language for upward mobility to these students, but as the situation stands, isiZulu becomes a neglected or marginalised language since it is not the normal medium of instruction and it is not used for effective communication in their education system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The development of novel cancer targeting agents
- Authors: Knoetze, Steyn
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Cancer -- Research , Cancer -- Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:10397 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010636 , Cancer -- Research , Cancer -- Treatment
- Description: The search for the cure for cancer is currently a multi-billion dollar industry and the search for the elusive “magic bullet”, i.e. the perfect cancer drug that would interact therapeutically with cancerous tissues while having a minimal effect on healthy cells, is the topic of many research studies in the world today. A large number of novel drugs or drug complexes and conjugates are being synthesized and subjected to rigorous evaluation in the race to find the perfect cure. ECDG (Ethylene diCysteine DeoxyGlucose) seems to have promising cancer targeting ability. Even though this compound has been described in a few publications, we could not find any reference to the current use of ECDG in oncology clinics, either as a therapeutic agent, or as a diagnostic tool for imaging purposes. It was also not possible to purchase pure ECDG anywhere in the world. This prompted us to further investigate ECDG as a possible candidate for cancer targeting research, either as an imaging agent for cancer diagnosis or complexed with an anti-cancer agent for therapeutic purposes. Detailed investigations done in our laboratory can be divided into the following categories: - Development of a synthetic method for ECDG on a multigram scale ; - Purification of prepared ECDG not using the described dialysis method that only allows the purification of small quantities of ECDG (mg scale) ; Detailed investigation of the chemistry involved in the preparation of pure ECDG and its metal complexes ; - Investigation of the stability of ECDG and its metal complexes that is essential data required for any pharmaceutical agent ; - Preparation of ECDG complexes for use as a diagnostic tool, i.e. complexation with 99mTc ; Investigation of the bio distribution of ECDG-ReO complexes ; - Preparation of an ECDG kit as a diagnostic tool for use in oncology clinics. The development of novel aromatic ligands having similar characteristics compared to ECDG, containing an N2S2 chromophore as donor atoms, to further investigate their targeting capabilities, have also been investigated. All intermediates and final compounds were characterized mainly by ESI MS, in some cases IR and NMR whenever available. Successful preparation and purification of ECDG ands its metal complexes was achieved and extensively characterized and evaluated. Efforts directed towards the development of ECDG at NECSA, South Africa, were also rewarded with significant success. Furthermore, significant development regarding the synthesis of two novel compounds with ECDG-like characteristics was also completed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Knoetze, Steyn
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Cancer -- Research , Cancer -- Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:10397 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1010636 , Cancer -- Research , Cancer -- Treatment
- Description: The search for the cure for cancer is currently a multi-billion dollar industry and the search for the elusive “magic bullet”, i.e. the perfect cancer drug that would interact therapeutically with cancerous tissues while having a minimal effect on healthy cells, is the topic of many research studies in the world today. A large number of novel drugs or drug complexes and conjugates are being synthesized and subjected to rigorous evaluation in the race to find the perfect cure. ECDG (Ethylene diCysteine DeoxyGlucose) seems to have promising cancer targeting ability. Even though this compound has been described in a few publications, we could not find any reference to the current use of ECDG in oncology clinics, either as a therapeutic agent, or as a diagnostic tool for imaging purposes. It was also not possible to purchase pure ECDG anywhere in the world. This prompted us to further investigate ECDG as a possible candidate for cancer targeting research, either as an imaging agent for cancer diagnosis or complexed with an anti-cancer agent for therapeutic purposes. Detailed investigations done in our laboratory can be divided into the following categories: - Development of a synthetic method for ECDG on a multigram scale ; - Purification of prepared ECDG not using the described dialysis method that only allows the purification of small quantities of ECDG (mg scale) ; Detailed investigation of the chemistry involved in the preparation of pure ECDG and its metal complexes ; - Investigation of the stability of ECDG and its metal complexes that is essential data required for any pharmaceutical agent ; - Preparation of ECDG complexes for use as a diagnostic tool, i.e. complexation with 99mTc ; Investigation of the bio distribution of ECDG-ReO complexes ; - Preparation of an ECDG kit as a diagnostic tool for use in oncology clinics. The development of novel aromatic ligands having similar characteristics compared to ECDG, containing an N2S2 chromophore as donor atoms, to further investigate their targeting capabilities, have also been investigated. All intermediates and final compounds were characterized mainly by ESI MS, in some cases IR and NMR whenever available. Successful preparation and purification of ECDG ands its metal complexes was achieved and extensively characterized and evaluated. Efforts directed towards the development of ECDG at NECSA, South Africa, were also rewarded with significant success. Furthermore, significant development regarding the synthesis of two novel compounds with ECDG-like characteristics was also completed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The dialogue between the bench and the bar: implications for adjudicative impartiality
- Okpaluba, Chuks, Juma, Laurence
- Authors: Okpaluba, Chuks , Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129078 , vital:36215 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC53998
- Description: What is the role of the judge in the conduct of a trial? Can he or she engage counsel in legal argument and ask questions on legal issues without breaking the brittle bond of justice or be said to have 'descended into the arena'? Assuming that these actions are permissible, at what point will the judge's dialogue with counsel or line of questioning go beyond permissible limits? These are the questions with which this article grapples. Based on an analysis of the Constitutional Court decisions in State v Basson (2) 2007 (1) SACR 566 (CC) and Bernert v ABSA Bank Ltd 2011 (3) SA 92 (CC), and several Supreme Court of Appeal and other Commonwealth decisions, the article explores the circumstances in which the recusal of judges has been sought, or judicial decisions have been challenged on appeal on the basis of an allegation that there have been violations of the principle of fair hearing as enshrined in the Constitution. The article draws on the 'apprehension of bias' jurisprudence to establish the utility of the presumption of impartiality and the hybrid test of double-reasonableness in contexts where a judge's conduct is in question. The article concludes that the dialogue between the bench and bar is a useful component of adjudication in our adversarial system and should be limited by the rules of impartiality only in very exceptional circumstances.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Okpaluba, Chuks , Juma, Laurence
- Date: 2011
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/129078 , vital:36215 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC53998
- Description: What is the role of the judge in the conduct of a trial? Can he or she engage counsel in legal argument and ask questions on legal issues without breaking the brittle bond of justice or be said to have 'descended into the arena'? Assuming that these actions are permissible, at what point will the judge's dialogue with counsel or line of questioning go beyond permissible limits? These are the questions with which this article grapples. Based on an analysis of the Constitutional Court decisions in State v Basson (2) 2007 (1) SACR 566 (CC) and Bernert v ABSA Bank Ltd 2011 (3) SA 92 (CC), and several Supreme Court of Appeal and other Commonwealth decisions, the article explores the circumstances in which the recusal of judges has been sought, or judicial decisions have been challenged on appeal on the basis of an allegation that there have been violations of the principle of fair hearing as enshrined in the Constitution. The article draws on the 'apprehension of bias' jurisprudence to establish the utility of the presumption of impartiality and the hybrid test of double-reasonableness in contexts where a judge's conduct is in question. The article concludes that the dialogue between the bench and bar is a useful component of adjudication in our adversarial system and should be limited by the rules of impartiality only in very exceptional circumstances.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2011