Employment and diversity in the cultural and creative industries in South Africa: research note
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71493 , vital:29858 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC188591
- Description: The publication of Richard Florida's (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class marked a growing international interest in the creative economy. There are several ways of understanding the creative economy, often divided into the cultural and creative industries. Cultural industries are those whose major outputs have some symbolic value, such as fine arts, film and craft, jewelry design, publishing and fashion. Creative industries are defined more broadly as those that have knowledge as their major input. In addition to cultural goods and services, these include things like software design and internet services. UNESCO (2009) provides guidelines for defining the cultural and creative industries and the ways in which they can be measured, but there is currently no international consensus. Nor is there likely to be, since different countries will have very different levels of involvement and focus that may shape what information is useful, for example, for shaping policy.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71493 , vital:29858 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC188591
- Description: The publication of Richard Florida's (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class marked a growing international interest in the creative economy. There are several ways of understanding the creative economy, often divided into the cultural and creative industries. Cultural industries are those whose major outputs have some symbolic value, such as fine arts, film and craft, jewelry design, publishing and fashion. Creative industries are defined more broadly as those that have knowledge as their major input. In addition to cultural goods and services, these include things like software design and internet services. UNESCO (2009) provides guidelines for defining the cultural and creative industries and the ways in which they can be measured, but there is currently no international consensus. Nor is there likely to be, since different countries will have very different levels of involvement and focus that may shape what information is useful, for example, for shaping policy.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
Interpreting press coverage of South Africa’s post-apartheid “obesity epidemic”:
- Vincent, Louise, Malan, Chantelle
- Authors: Vincent, Louise , Malan, Chantelle
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141866 , vital:38011 , DOI: 10.1080/21604851.2015.1015397
- Description: This study examines news reporting on South Africa’s alleged “obesity” epidemic between 1997 and 2012. Results indicate that fatness is equated with disease, crisis, and dysfunction and the fat black body is singled out for particular attention as a social problem. News reporting on fat in South Africa uncritically takes up the views of sources with commercial interests who are presented as “experts” on fat. Their interpretations of the fat black body as a social problem are influenced by the imperative of new markets for products that are to be found principally in the ranks of the post-apartheid black middle class.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Vincent, Louise , Malan, Chantelle
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141866 , vital:38011 , DOI: 10.1080/21604851.2015.1015397
- Description: This study examines news reporting on South Africa’s alleged “obesity” epidemic between 1997 and 2012. Results indicate that fatness is equated with disease, crisis, and dysfunction and the fat black body is singled out for particular attention as a social problem. News reporting on fat in South Africa uncritically takes up the views of sources with commercial interests who are presented as “experts” on fat. Their interpretations of the fat black body as a social problem are influenced by the imperative of new markets for products that are to be found principally in the ranks of the post-apartheid black middle class.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
The inhibitory effects of various substrate pre-treatment by-products and wash liquors on mannanolytic enzymes
- Malgas, Samkelo, Van Dyk, J Susan, Abboo, Sagaran, Pletschke, Brett I
- Authors: Malgas, Samkelo , Van Dyk, J Susan , Abboo, Sagaran , Pletschke, Brett I
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66156 , vital:28911 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.11.014
- Description: publisher version , Biomass pre-treatment is essential for achieving high levels of bioconversion through increased accessibility of hydrolytic enzymes to hydrolysable carbohydrates. However, pre-treatment by-products, such as sugar and lignin degradation products, can negatively affect the performance of hydrolytic (mannanolytic) enzymes. In this study, two monomeric sugars, five sugar degradation products, five lignin derivatives and four liquors from biomass feedstocks pre-treated by different technologies, were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on mannanolytic enzymes (α-galactosidases, β-mannanases and β-mannosidases). Lignin derivatives elicited the greatest inhibitory effect on the mannanolytic enzymes, followed by organic acids and furan derivatives derived from sugar degradation. Lignin derivative inhibition appeared to be as a result of protein–phenolic complexation, leading to protein precipitating out of solution. The functional groups on the phenolic lignin derivatives appeared to be directly related to the ability of the phenolic to interfere with enzyme activity, with the phenolic containing the highest hydroxyl group content exhibiting the greatest inhibition. It was also demonstrated that various pre-treatment technologies render different pre-treatment soluble by-products which interact in various ways with the mannanolytic enzymes. The different types of biomass (i.e. different plant species) were also shown to release different by-products that interacted with the mannanolytic enzymes in a diverse manner even when the biomass was pre-treated using the same technology. Enzyme inhibition by pre-treatment by-products can be alleviated through the removal of these compounds prior to enzymatic hydrolysis to maximize enzyme activity.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Malgas, Samkelo , Van Dyk, J Susan , Abboo, Sagaran , Pletschke, Brett I
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66156 , vital:28911 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.11.014
- Description: publisher version , Biomass pre-treatment is essential for achieving high levels of bioconversion through increased accessibility of hydrolytic enzymes to hydrolysable carbohydrates. However, pre-treatment by-products, such as sugar and lignin degradation products, can negatively affect the performance of hydrolytic (mannanolytic) enzymes. In this study, two monomeric sugars, five sugar degradation products, five lignin derivatives and four liquors from biomass feedstocks pre-treated by different technologies, were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on mannanolytic enzymes (α-galactosidases, β-mannanases and β-mannosidases). Lignin derivatives elicited the greatest inhibitory effect on the mannanolytic enzymes, followed by organic acids and furan derivatives derived from sugar degradation. Lignin derivative inhibition appeared to be as a result of protein–phenolic complexation, leading to protein precipitating out of solution. The functional groups on the phenolic lignin derivatives appeared to be directly related to the ability of the phenolic to interfere with enzyme activity, with the phenolic containing the highest hydroxyl group content exhibiting the greatest inhibition. It was also demonstrated that various pre-treatment technologies render different pre-treatment soluble by-products which interact in various ways with the mannanolytic enzymes. The different types of biomass (i.e. different plant species) were also shown to release different by-products that interacted with the mannanolytic enzymes in a diverse manner even when the biomass was pre-treated using the same technology. Enzyme inhibition by pre-treatment by-products can be alleviated through the removal of these compounds prior to enzymatic hydrolysis to maximize enzyme activity.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
Time-resolved luminescence from quartz: an overview of contemporary developments and applications
- Chithambo, Makaiko L, Pagonis, Vasilis, Ankjærgaard, Christina
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Pagonis, Vasilis , Ankjærgaard, Christina
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124743 , vital:35658 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2015.10.014
- Description: Time-resolved optical stimulation of luminescence has become established as a key method for measurement of optically stimulated luminescence from quartz, feldspar and α-Al2O3:C, all materials of interest in dosimetry. The aim of time-resolved optical stimulation is to separate in time the stimulation and emission of luminescence. The luminescence is stimulated from a sample using a brief light pulse and the emission monitored during stimulation in the presence of scattered stimulating light or after pulsing, over photomultiplier noise only. Although the use of the method in retrospective dosimetry has been somewhat limited, the technique has been successfully applied to study mechanisms in the processes leading up to luminescence emission. The main means for this has been the temperature dependence of the luminescence intensity as well as the luminescence lifetimes determined from time-resolved luminescence spectra. In this paper we review some key developments in theory and applications to quartz including methods of evaluating lifetimes, techniques of evaluating kinetic parameters using both the dependence of luminescence intensity and lifetime on measurement temperature, and of lifetimes on annealing temperature. We then provide an overview of some notable applications such as separation of quartz signals from a quartz–feldspar admixture and the utility of the dynamic throughput, a measure of luminescence measured as a function of the pulse width. The paper concludes with some suggestions of areas where further exploration would advance understanding of dynamics of luminescence in quartz and help address some outstanding problems in its application.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L , Pagonis, Vasilis , Ankjærgaard, Christina
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/124743 , vital:35658 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2015.10.014
- Description: Time-resolved optical stimulation of luminescence has become established as a key method for measurement of optically stimulated luminescence from quartz, feldspar and α-Al2O3:C, all materials of interest in dosimetry. The aim of time-resolved optical stimulation is to separate in time the stimulation and emission of luminescence. The luminescence is stimulated from a sample using a brief light pulse and the emission monitored during stimulation in the presence of scattered stimulating light or after pulsing, over photomultiplier noise only. Although the use of the method in retrospective dosimetry has been somewhat limited, the technique has been successfully applied to study mechanisms in the processes leading up to luminescence emission. The main means for this has been the temperature dependence of the luminescence intensity as well as the luminescence lifetimes determined from time-resolved luminescence spectra. In this paper we review some key developments in theory and applications to quartz including methods of evaluating lifetimes, techniques of evaluating kinetic parameters using both the dependence of luminescence intensity and lifetime on measurement temperature, and of lifetimes on annealing temperature. We then provide an overview of some notable applications such as separation of quartz signals from a quartz–feldspar admixture and the utility of the dynamic throughput, a measure of luminescence measured as a function of the pulse width. The paper concludes with some suggestions of areas where further exploration would advance understanding of dynamics of luminescence in quartz and help address some outstanding problems in its application.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2016
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