A longitudinal investigation into employability : student transition and experiences from tertiary education into the labour market
- Authors: Harry, Tinashe Timothy
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Employability Graduate students Labor market
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11053 , vital:37015
- Description: Orientation: Several policies have been formulated by the government to redress the inequalities of apartheid. However, the policies have not yielded any positive results as many graduates from Historically Disadvantaged Institutes (HDIs) continue to struggle in the open labour market as compared to graduates from Historically Advantaged Institutes (HAIs). This has been mainly attributed to the legacy of apartheid in several previous studies. As a result, most of these previously disadvantaged individuals (mostly Black Africans) struggle to make the transition from higher education into the world of work. Research Purpose: This study thus explores the journeys of these Black African students from HDIs to understand the transition and experiences from tertiary education into the labour market. Further, the research sought to understand how these transitions and experiences manifest in a context of high unemployment. Finally, the resolution tactics used by students in such a context are given attention. Research approach, design and method: A longitudinal qualitative approach was deemed appropriate for the study as the aim was to understand the changes that occurred over time. The data was collected over a two-year period. A narrative inquiry was utilized as it allowed the participants to share their perceptions without limitations. A total of 30 participants partook in the study. The participants were selected using a purposive sampling to ensure the right participants were involved in the study. The main criteria for selection to participate was that the participants had to be enrolled with a HDI. Main findings: The narratives of the participants led to the formulation of six main themes that were regarded as affecting the transitions and experiences of the Black graduates from HDIs; namely, (1) socio-economic background, (2) education system, (3) labour market experiences, (4) geographical location, (5) social capital and (6) student resolutions to the challenges of employability. A previously disadvantaged background resulted in the participants being recipients of poor education quality, no social networks or information to navigate the labour market and limited access to the labour market due to secluded residential areas. Subsequently, most participants were unable to take responsibility of enhancing their own employability. Contribution: It is not the sole responsibility of the higher education institutes to produce employable graduates, but it's a process that should also involve government, students and employers. As long as the social inequality remains an issue in the country all the efforts to improve employability and transition into the open labour market will be in vain. Furthermore, employers must work together with higher education institutes by offering programs such as internships and career expos to enhance the employability of the graduates. A Graduate Transition Model (GTM) is suggested based on the findings of this research.
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- Date Issued: 2018
The impact of intra- and inter- regional integration on trade flows in Africa
- Authors: Taylor, Nina-Mari
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: International trade Trade blocs Regionalism
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12408 , vital:39260
- Description: Regional integration is regarded as a formation which would allow African countries to improve their trade performance and economic growth. By subscribing to such a regional integration grouping, successful regional trade integration could assist African countries in achieving economies of scale, expand respective domestic markets, reduce marginalisation as well as the collective utilisation and exploitation of resources. Such achievements could, gradually, raise the competitiveness of African countries in respect of the global market. By collaborating in regional integration agreements, groups of countries are sought to increase their collective bargaining power and co-operation amongst the member countries. Regional integration can, therefore, be regarded as a necessary means by which economic development, growth and trade can be enhanced amongst African countries. The associated advantages and benefits of regional integration could improve the productive capacity of African counties and strengthen both their individual and continental position in the process of globalisation and integration into the world economy. This study endeavours to examine the impact of intra-regional integration and inter-regional integration on trade flows among and between: SADC, COMESA, ECOWAS and the EAC. The relevant theoretical and empirical literature regarding regional integration is considered as well as the challenges faced by regional economic communities in Africa. The study is based on an Augmented Gravity Model and it employs Panel Data Estimation Techniques and Panel Unit Root Tests. The Hausman test results proved the Fixed Effects Model to be the most applicable to the study. The empirical findings revealed that both intra-regional integration and inter-regional integration had a positive bearing on trade flows and between: SADC, COMESA, ECOWAS and the EAC. Hence, regional integration is concluded as having a prominent role in promoting trade flows in Africa and the study recommends that African countries and regional economic communities should pursue deeper economic integration and continental integration.
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- Date Issued: 2017
Financial literacy training in the small, medium and microenterprises sector : effect on business growth in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Akpan, Iniobong Wilson
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Economics Small business Business enterprises -- Finance
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13608 , vital:39684
- Description: The centrality of financial literacy to business performance is increasingly becoming established in the literature, with several studies attributing business failures, especially in the small, medium and microenterprises (SMME) sector, to the failure of entrepreneurs to acquire needed levels of formal financial training. This emphasis represents a paradigm shift: small business failures were conventionally blamed on lack of access to capital, infrastructural deficits, lack of markets for SMME goods and services, regulatory constraints, and crime. In South Africa, and elsewhere in the developing world, this new orthodoxy has spurned new policy interventions aimed at improving the financial literacy levels in the SMME sector. Such is the drive to entrench formal literacy provisioning in the SMME sector that some microcredit providers now bundle financial management training into their SMME loan packages. However, there is a dearth of empirical studies that demonstrate, in any conclusive way, the effect of financial literacy training on small business growth and sustainability. The question, therefore, about whether formal financial literacy training actually leads to significant improvements in turnover levels and growth appears to be answered more as advocacy rather than on the basis of empirical evidence. It is against the backdrop of these arguments that the thesis adopted a quasi experimental design to study the business performance of a sample of SMME entrepreneurs who had received financial literacy training (the “treatment group”) at least two years before the study’s commencement and those who had had no financial literacy training at all (the “control group”). The objective was to determine whether any differences in business growth could be attributed to exposure to formal financial management training or the lack thereof. A survey was conducted with 40 respondents from each of the two groups (n = 80). The survey was triangulated with in-depth interviews of a randomly selected sample 10 of SMME operators from each of the two groups. The interviews sought to uncover the entrepreneurs’ narratives regarding the sources and salience of financial literacy in the sector. The study was conducted among SMME operators in Port Elizabeth, East London and Mthatha – the Eastern Cape’s major centres of commerce and industry. Data estimation was conducted using the Difference In Difference (DID) estimation model to determine whether financial literacy training has had any effect on the turnover of training recipients’ businesses (the treatment group) over that of non-training recipients (the control group). Also, the DID coefficient was used as a growth rate indicator to determine whether growth has occurred in training recipients’ businesses over non-training recipients businesses as a result of having received financial literacy training. The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) and the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET). Quantile DID correlations with covariates were also run to reveal the relationship between turnover (a growth variable) and the covariates as possible influencers of firm performance. The key findings of the study were that based on the specific financial variables tested, some basic financial management knowledge existed among members of the two groups of SMME operators, but there was very minimal application of the knowledge in the day-to-day running of the business. Operators utilise both formal financial literacy training and informal knowledge sources in the operation of their businesses. The study also found that in comparison, the difference in turnover between the treatment and control group at follow-up period was significant at a P value of 0.000. This gave rise to an overall DID P value of 0.000 in the estimation. However, the significance was in favour of control group businesses as the business of respondents in the “control group” (with no financial literacy training) performed better than that of respondents in the “treatment group” (who had received financial literacy training). Finally, the study found that financial literacy training had no effect on the growth of businesses in the short term as the growth rate of turnover of the treatment group was lower than that of the control group and the difference between the two rates was significant at a P value of 0.025. Also, compared to itself, the change in turnover levels of the treatment group was not significant in the pre- and post-training periods as revealed by the PSM ATET estimation result. Minimal changes in turnover of the treatment group was not significant at a P value of 0.124. The study concludes from these findings that while financial literacy remains a salient factor in business, scholarship about the real significance of financial literacy training on small business performance in the short term stands on a relatively shaky empirical foundation, especially when viewed against the background that many SMME entrepreneurs also rely on informal knowledge sources to make everyday business decisions. The study thus highlights the imperative of ensuring that knowledge-related interventions in the SMME sector draws on both formal and informal sources of knowledge.
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- Date Issued: 2016