- Title
- Investigating the expression of three small open reading frames encoded on Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus RNA 1
- Creator
- De Bruyn, Mart-Mari
- Subject
- Helicoverpa armigera
- Subject
- RNA viruses
- Subject
- Insects Viruses
- Subject
- Proteins
- Date Issued
- 2017
- Date
- 2017
- Type
- Master's theses
- Type
- text
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59168
- Identifier
- vital:27448
- Description
- The Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV), belonging to the Family Alphatetraviridae (Genus: Omegatetravirus), is a non-enveloped insect virus encapsidating a bi-partite, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. RNA1 encodes the replicase, as well as three small open reading frames (ORFs) arranged in tandem, and overlapping with the 3’ end of the replicase ORF. These ORFs, designated p11, p15 and p8, encode putative proteins of unknown function. The p11 and p15 ORFs are conserved in the genome of the related Omegatetravirus, Dendrolimus punctatus tetravirus. In HaSV, the stop codon of p11 is followed immediately by the start of p15, whereas the stop of p15 and start of p8 are separated by a glycine intercodon. Furthermore, only p11 is known to have a recognizable Kozak sequence. The aim of this study was to determine the expression and function of these three small proteins in the HaSV infectious lifecycle. The authenticity of the viral cDNA sequence, encoding the three small ORFs, was validated by sequencing multiple cDNA clones of the relevant region in viral RNA (vRNA), purified from infectious HaSV particles. The sequence of all three ORFs was conserved in seven cDNA clones, while point mutations were observed in each of two remaining cDNA clones, suggesting that the ORFs were conserved in infectious virus. Polyclonal antisera were raised against a p11 peptide, and a recombinant p15-p8 fusion protein (p23) expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. The affinity of the anti-p23 antiserum was confirmed by western blot analysis, while that of the anti-p11 antiserum was confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy, as attempted expression of recombinant p11 in E. coli appeared to be toxic. The antisera were used to detect expression of the small proteins in HaSV-infected H. armigera larvae by western blot analysis. A band migrating at approximately 34 kDa was detected by both antisera in infected larvae, absent in uninfected larvae, suggesting the expression of a p11-p15-p8 polyprotein. Protein bands of 11 kDa and 8 kDa were also detected by the anti-p11 and anti-p23 antisera, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the polyprotein would be produced by a novel type of stop codon read-through, however the mechanism required for individual expression could not be definitively determined. The mechanism by which these ORFs are translated was further investigated by expressing p11-p15, tagged with FLAG and enhanced green flourescent protein (EGFP) at its amino- and carboxyl-termini respectively (FLAG-p11-p15-EGFP), in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells detected by flourescence microscopy. Punctate structures were observed throughout the cytoplasm that were also detected with antiFLAG, anti-p11 and anti-p23 antisera, complementing results obtained in previous studies. Since p15 does not exhibit a strong recognizable Kozak like p11, the dependency of p15 expression on that of p11 was investigated by mutating this construct such that p15 occurred in a +1 frame to p11. Both EGFP and anti-p23 fluorescence was detected with the same cytoplasmic distribution as the unmutated construct, whereas nothing was detected by anti-FLAG and anti-p11. Preliminary results therefore suggested p15 may also be expressed as a discrete protein, independent of p11.
- Description
- Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2018
- Format
- computer
- Format
- online resource
- Format
- application/pdf
- Format
- 1 online resource (117 pages)
- Format
- Publisher
- Rhodes University
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry and Microbiology
- Language
- English
- Rights
- De Bruyn, Mart-Mari
- Rights
- Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
- Rights
- Open Access
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RU Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology (2015-)
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