- Title
- The effects of selected samples on the bio-stimulatory capacity and anti-aging effects of red light on human skin cells
- Creator
- Rudolph, Carlen
- Subject
- Cell culture -- Technique
- Subject
- Dermatologic agents
- Subject
- Collagen
- Subject
- Biochemistry -- Technique
- Date Issued
- 2024-04
- Date
- 2024-04
- Type
- Master's theses
- Type
- text
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10948/64347
- Identifier
- vital:73677
- Description
- Photobiomodulation (PBM) has gained a remarkable interest in the cosmeceutical industry, with research demonstrating supporting evidence for its use as anti-aging and skin-rejuvenating strategies. It is defined as photons at a non-thermal irradiance or non-ionizing photonic energy that trigger photochemical changes within the cellular structure to alter certain biological activities. Lasers were the main focus during the developmental years of light-based treatments, but since the introduction of non-ablative, light-emitting diode (LED) devices, the focus has changed because of the reduced concerns associated with lasers, such as costs, ablation cutting, thermally coagulating tissue, no downtime needed after treatment, and no trained staff needed for operation. The precise biochemical mechanism for PBM is still to be elucidated; however, accepted theories suggest that it has an influence on the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, a complex located in the electron transport chain, or on the viscosity of the interfacial water layer (IWL) of the mitochondrial membrane. The interaction of those cellular components with the light then leads to the primary responses of increased ROS, ATP production, and intracellular calcium, which ultimately leads to the stimulation of secondary responses that are desired for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging, such as cell proliferation and collagen production. There is controversy surrounding photobiomodulation (PBM), mostly because of the incomplete understanding behind its biochemical mechanism and the number of parameters that require optimization; however, it still poses as a promising field for research into anti-aging properties, as seen in the literature. Besides the use of devices for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging strategies, it is not uncommon to see plant extracts and other natural products being used in current skin care products for the same reason? This is mostly because of their promising bioactivities, some of which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, collagen-stimulating, and cell-proliferating activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the bio-stimulatory capacity of red light on skin cells and to evaluate possible effects it could have in combination with samples that already show promising anti-aging properties in research. The samples that were selected for this study are: Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) unfermented extract, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, mangrove bee honey, stingless bee honey, Sargassum oligocystum (brown seaweed) and Ulva fasciata (green seaweed).It was found that red light irradiation did indeed stimulate the primary responses of ROS, ATP production, and intracellular calcium levels in HaCaT keratinocytes, as proposed in the hypothesised theory. However, none of the proposed secondary responses to cell proliferation or collagen production were demonstrated. In fact, the opposite was observed for cell proliferation and collagen production, where red light irradiation seemed to be cytostatic towards Hs27 fibroblast cells and caused significant decreases in collagen production. Red light energy dosages of 10, 20 and 30 J/cm2, yielded different primary responses with 20 and 30 J/cm2 generally causing more significant stimulation than that of 10 J/cm2. It should also be noted that even if the desired secondary responses were not observed in this study, it does not mean that red light does not have the capacity to still stimulate them. It is clear that the responses are energy dosage-dependent, and it is suggested that lower energy dosages could possibly lead to cell proliferation and that longer incubation periods post-irradiation are required before measuring the endpoint of collagen production. For the combination of red light irradiation and selected test samples, it was demonstrated that the order of samples that yielded the best outcomes is: stingless bee honey > mangrove bee honey > U. fasciata > S. oligocystum > 2-PAA > green rooibos. Unexpected results were demonstrated for green rooibos in the presence and absence of red light, which included decreased ATP production and collagen biosynthesis. Further investigation is therefore needed to have a better understanding of these unanticipated results.
- Description
- Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular & Chemical Sciences, 2024
- Format
- computer
- Format
- online resource
- Format
- application/pdf
- Format
- 1 online resource (152 pages)
- Format
- Publisher
- Nelson Mandela University
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science
- Language
- English
- Rights
- Nelson Mandela University
- Rights
- All Rights Reserved
- Rights
- Open Access
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NMU School of BioMolecular and Chemical Sciences
| Thumbnail | File | Description | Size | Format | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| View Details Download | SOURCE1 | Rudolph, C.pdf | 4 MB | Adobe Acrobat PDF | View Details Download |