A context for the 2011 compilation of reviews on the biological control of invasive alien plants in South Africa
- Moran, V Clifford, Hoffmann, John C, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Moran, V Clifford , Hoffmann, John C , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/451270 , vital:75035 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC32923
- Description: Besides this introduction, which gives a historical and contextual perspective, this compilation of reviews in African Entomology volume 19(2), comprises 28 papers, 24 of which provide accounts of recent (i.e. emphasising the period from 1999-2010) South African biological control projects against individual invasive alien plant species, or against taxonomically- or functionally-related groups of species. Three of the papers deal with issues related to research and implementation of biological control, namely: regulations and risk assessment; mapping; and cost-benefit analyses. The concluding paper is a complete catalogue, with summary statistics and key references, of all the target weeds and of the insect, mite and pathogen species (and subsidiary taxa) that have been implicated in biological control efforts against invasive alien plants in South Africa since 1913. This compilation is the third in a series of accounts of all the biological control programmes against invasive alien plants that have been undertaken in South Africa: the first, produced in 1991, reviewed progress to that date and the next, published in 1999, was a review of progress from 1990-1998. A comparison of the contents of these three review volumes is given in tabular form. The 2011 compilation contains reports on 13 novel programmes, in the sense that they have not been previously reviewed. Eight of these projects have focused on incipient weeds, or on rapidly-emerging weed species or groups of species, that have only recently been targeted for biological control. The increased scope and commitment to weed biological control research in South Africa has been largely the consequence of the sustained support provided by the Working for Water Programme of the South African Department of Water Affairs, over the last 15 years.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Moran, V Clifford , Hoffmann, John C , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/451270 , vital:75035 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC32923
- Description: Besides this introduction, which gives a historical and contextual perspective, this compilation of reviews in African Entomology volume 19(2), comprises 28 papers, 24 of which provide accounts of recent (i.e. emphasising the period from 1999-2010) South African biological control projects against individual invasive alien plant species, or against taxonomically- or functionally-related groups of species. Three of the papers deal with issues related to research and implementation of biological control, namely: regulations and risk assessment; mapping; and cost-benefit analyses. The concluding paper is a complete catalogue, with summary statistics and key references, of all the target weeds and of the insect, mite and pathogen species (and subsidiary taxa) that have been implicated in biological control efforts against invasive alien plants in South Africa since 1913. This compilation is the third in a series of accounts of all the biological control programmes against invasive alien plants that have been undertaken in South Africa: the first, produced in 1991, reviewed progress to that date and the next, published in 1999, was a review of progress from 1990-1998. A comparison of the contents of these three review volumes is given in tabular form. The 2011 compilation contains reports on 13 novel programmes, in the sense that they have not been previously reviewed. Eight of these projects have focused on incipient weeds, or on rapidly-emerging weed species or groups of species, that have only recently been targeted for biological control. The increased scope and commitment to weed biological control research in South Africa has been largely the consequence of the sustained support provided by the Working for Water Programme of the South African Department of Water Affairs, over the last 15 years.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
A new approach to the biological monitoring of freshwater systems: Mapping nutrient loading in two South African rivers, a case study
- Motitsoe, Samuel N, Hill, Martin P, Avery, Trevor S, Hill, Jaclyn M
- Authors: Motitsoe, Samuel N , Hill, Martin P , Avery, Trevor S , Hill, Jaclyn M
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444480 , vital:74244 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115391
- Description: Excessive addition of nitrogen (N) has threatened aquatic ecosystems for decades. Traditional water quality and biological monitoring assessment tools are widely used for monitoring nutrient loads and ecosystem health, but most of these methods cannot distinguish between different types and sources of pollution. This is a challenge, particularly when dealing with non-point sources of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs into freshwater systems. Recent laboratory studies using stable isotopic ratios (δ15N and C/N) of aquatic macrophytes (duckweed: Spirodela spp.) have shown successful differentiation and mapping between different N-sources and further, showed abilities to act as early warning indicators for environmental N-loading. Therefore, the aim of this study was to field test the potential of stable isotopic values of transplanted Spirodela spp. to map temporal and spatial N-loading variation and determine the main sources of N-loading in two river systems in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, using previously grown, isotopically calibrated and transplanted Spirodela plants, collected over a 13-month sampling period.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Motitsoe, Samuel N , Hill, Martin P , Avery, Trevor S , Hill, Jaclyn M
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444480 , vital:74244 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115391
- Description: Excessive addition of nitrogen (N) has threatened aquatic ecosystems for decades. Traditional water quality and biological monitoring assessment tools are widely used for monitoring nutrient loads and ecosystem health, but most of these methods cannot distinguish between different types and sources of pollution. This is a challenge, particularly when dealing with non-point sources of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs into freshwater systems. Recent laboratory studies using stable isotopic ratios (δ15N and C/N) of aquatic macrophytes (duckweed: Spirodela spp.) have shown successful differentiation and mapping between different N-sources and further, showed abilities to act as early warning indicators for environmental N-loading. Therefore, the aim of this study was to field test the potential of stable isotopic values of transplanted Spirodela spp. to map temporal and spatial N-loading variation and determine the main sources of N-loading in two river systems in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, using previously grown, isotopically calibrated and transplanted Spirodela plants, collected over a 13-month sampling period.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
A promising biological control agent for the invasive alien plant, Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae), in South Africa
- Paterson, Iain D, Mdodana, Lumka A, Mpekula, Ongezwa, Mabunda, Bheki D, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Mdodana, Lumka A , Mpekula, Ongezwa , Mabunda, Bheki D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416806 , vital:71387 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.919439"
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien plant from Central and South America that has become a problematic environmental weed in South Africa. A potential biological control agent, the stem-wilter, Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae), was collected in southern Brazil and imported into quarantine in South Africa. Field host range data suggested that C. schaffneri has a host range restricted to P. aculeata. No-choice nymph survival tests were then conducted on 27 test plant species in 9 families. Survival to the adult stage was only recorded on P. aculeata and the closely related Pereskia grandifolia Haw. (Cactaceae). Mortality was significantly higher on P. grandifolia with only 3% of the nymphs reaching the adult stage compared with 74% on P. aculeata indicating that P. aculeata is the primary host plant. P. grandifolia is native in South America and is of no agricultural importance in South Africa so any feeding on P. grandifolia in South Africa would have no negative environmental or economic consequences. In other tests, adult survival on P. aculeata [25.8 days (SE ± 3.74)] was significantly longer than on other test plant species [4.3 days (SE ± 0.36)] further confirming the host specificity of the species. Impact studies conducted in quarantine indicated that C. schaffneri is damaging to P. aculeata, significantly reducing the number of leaves and the shoot lengths of plants, even at relatively low insect densities. C. schaffneri is safe for release in South Africa and is likely to be a damaging and effective agent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Paterson, Iain D , Mdodana, Lumka A , Mpekula, Ongezwa , Mabunda, Bheki D , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416806 , vital:71387 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.919439"
- Description: Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) is an invasive alien plant from Central and South America that has become a problematic environmental weed in South Africa. A potential biological control agent, the stem-wilter, Catorhintha schaffneri Brailovsky and Garcia (Coreidae), was collected in southern Brazil and imported into quarantine in South Africa. Field host range data suggested that C. schaffneri has a host range restricted to P. aculeata. No-choice nymph survival tests were then conducted on 27 test plant species in 9 families. Survival to the adult stage was only recorded on P. aculeata and the closely related Pereskia grandifolia Haw. (Cactaceae). Mortality was significantly higher on P. grandifolia with only 3% of the nymphs reaching the adult stage compared with 74% on P. aculeata indicating that P. aculeata is the primary host plant. P. grandifolia is native in South America and is of no agricultural importance in South Africa so any feeding on P. grandifolia in South Africa would have no negative environmental or economic consequences. In other tests, adult survival on P. aculeata [25.8 days (SE ± 3.74)] was significantly longer than on other test plant species [4.3 days (SE ± 0.36)] further confirming the host specificity of the species. Impact studies conducted in quarantine indicated that C. schaffneri is damaging to P. aculeata, significantly reducing the number of leaves and the shoot lengths of plants, even at relatively low insect densities. C. schaffneri is safe for release in South Africa and is likely to be a damaging and effective agent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
A quantitative post-release evaluation of biological control of water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) by the weevil Neohydronomus affinis Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at Cape Recife Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Moore, Gareth R, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Moore, Gareth R , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6839 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010987 , http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.020.0217 , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-5298
- Description: [from the introduction] Water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is recognized as being among the world’s worst aquatic weeds. In its adventive range, the plant forms extensive mats capable of blocking navigation channels, impeding water flow in irrigation and flood control canals, and disrupting hydropower generation (Holm et al. 1977). Dense mats of the weed prevent light penetration into the water column which negatively affects submerged aquatic plant communities, causing a lowering of the oxygen concentration and thereby reducing benthic invertebrate and fish populations (Neuenschwander et al. 2009).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Moore, Gareth R , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: vital:6839 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010987 , http://dx.doi.org/10.4001/003.020.0217 , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-5298
- Description: [from the introduction] Water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is recognized as being among the world’s worst aquatic weeds. In its adventive range, the plant forms extensive mats capable of blocking navigation channels, impeding water flow in irrigation and flood control canals, and disrupting hydropower generation (Holm et al. 1977). Dense mats of the weed prevent light penetration into the water column which negatively affects submerged aquatic plant communities, causing a lowering of the oxygen concentration and thereby reducing benthic invertebrate and fish populations (Neuenschwander et al. 2009).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
A review of the biocontrol programmes against aquatic weeds in South Africa
- Coetzee, Julie A, Bownes, Angela, Martin, Grant D, Miller, Benjamin E, Smith, Rosalie, Weyl, Philip S R, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Coetzee, Julie A , Bownes, Angela , Martin, Grant D , Miller, Benjamin E , Smith, Rosalie , Weyl, Philip S R , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406965 , vital:70326 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-ento_v29_n3_a18"
- Description: Biological control (biocontrol) against invasive macrophytes is one of the longest standing programmes in South Africa, initiated in the 1970s against water hyacinth, Pontederia crassipes Mart. (Pontederiaceae). Since then, 15 agent species (13 insects, one mite and one pathogen) have been released against six weeds, most of which are floating macrophytes, with excellent levels of success. The release of the water hyacinth planthopper Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in particular, has improved biocontrol prospects for water hyacinth since 2018. In the last decade, however, a new suite of submerged and rooted emergent invasive macrophytes has been targeted. The first release against a submerged macrophyte in South Africa, and the first release against Brazilian waterweed, Egeria densa Planch. (Hydrocharitaceae), anywhere in the world, was achieved with the release of a leafmining fly, Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior, Mathis and Hauser (Diptera: Ephydridae). Yellow flag, Iris pseudacorus L. (Iridaceae) and Mexican waterlily, Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. (Nymphaeaceae), have also been targeted for biocontrol for the first time worldwide, and are in the early stages of agent development. Post-release evaluations, long term monitoring and controlled experiments have highlighted the need for a more holistic approach to managing aquatic invasive plants in South Africa, whose presence is largely driven by eutrophication, resulting in regime shifts between floating and submerged invaded states.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Coetzee, Julie A , Bownes, Angela , Martin, Grant D , Miller, Benjamin E , Smith, Rosalie , Weyl, Philip S R , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406965 , vital:70326 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-ento_v29_n3_a18"
- Description: Biological control (biocontrol) against invasive macrophytes is one of the longest standing programmes in South Africa, initiated in the 1970s against water hyacinth, Pontederia crassipes Mart. (Pontederiaceae). Since then, 15 agent species (13 insects, one mite and one pathogen) have been released against six weeds, most of which are floating macrophytes, with excellent levels of success. The release of the water hyacinth planthopper Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in particular, has improved biocontrol prospects for water hyacinth since 2018. In the last decade, however, a new suite of submerged and rooted emergent invasive macrophytes has been targeted. The first release against a submerged macrophyte in South Africa, and the first release against Brazilian waterweed, Egeria densa Planch. (Hydrocharitaceae), anywhere in the world, was achieved with the release of a leafmining fly, Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior, Mathis and Hauser (Diptera: Ephydridae). Yellow flag, Iris pseudacorus L. (Iridaceae) and Mexican waterlily, Nymphaea mexicana Zucc. (Nymphaeaceae), have also been targeted for biocontrol for the first time worldwide, and are in the early stages of agent development. Post-release evaluations, long term monitoring and controlled experiments have highlighted the need for a more holistic approach to managing aquatic invasive plants in South Africa, whose presence is largely driven by eutrophication, resulting in regime shifts between floating and submerged invaded states.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
A review of the biological control programmes on Eichhornia crassipes (C. mart.) solms (Pontederiaceae), Salvinia molesta DS Mitch.(Salviniaceae), Pistia stratiotes L.(Araceae), Myriophyllum aquaticum (vell.) verdc.(Haloragaceae) and Azolla filiculoides Lam.(Azollaceae) in South Africa
- Coetzee, Julie A, Hill, Martin P, Byrne, Marcus J
- Authors: Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P , Byrne, Marcus J
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/451285 , vital:75036 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC32900
- Description: Biological control against water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (C. Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae), salvinia, Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch. (Salviniaceae), water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae), parrot's feather, Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. (Haloragaceae), and red water fern, Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Azollaceae) has been ongoing in South Africa since the release of the first biological control agent on water hyacinth in 1974. This review provides an account of progress for the period from 1999. Post-release evaluations over the last three years have shown that, with the exception of water hyacinth, all of these problematic aquatic plants have been suppressed effectively using classical biological control. In eutrophic water bodies at high elevations that experience cold winters, an integrated approach, that includes herbicide application and augmentive biological control, is required against water hyacinth. The grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Brüner) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Leptysminae) has recently been released as a new agent for water hyacinth, and Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and Taosa longula Remes Lenicov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae) are being considered for release on water hyacinth. The longterm management of alien aquatic plants in South Africa relies on the prevention of new introductions of aquatic plant species that could replace those that have been controlled, and, more importantly, on a reduction in nutrient levels in South Africa's aquatic ecosystems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P , Byrne, Marcus J
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/451285 , vital:75036 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC32900
- Description: Biological control against water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (C. Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae), salvinia, Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch. (Salviniaceae), water lettuce, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae), parrot's feather, Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. (Haloragaceae), and red water fern, Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Azollaceae) has been ongoing in South Africa since the release of the first biological control agent on water hyacinth in 1974. This review provides an account of progress for the period from 1999. Post-release evaluations over the last three years have shown that, with the exception of water hyacinth, all of these problematic aquatic plants have been suppressed effectively using classical biological control. In eutrophic water bodies at high elevations that experience cold winters, an integrated approach, that includes herbicide application and augmentive biological control, is required against water hyacinth. The grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Brüner) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Leptysminae) has recently been released as a new agent for water hyacinth, and Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and Taosa longula Remes Lenicov (Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae) are being considered for release on water hyacinth. The longterm management of alien aquatic plants in South Africa relies on the prevention of new introductions of aquatic plant species that could replace those that have been controlled, and, more importantly, on a reduction in nutrient levels in South Africa's aquatic ecosystems.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
A stable isotope approach for the early detection and identification of N loading in aquatic ecosystems
- Hill, Jaclyn M, Kaehler, Sven, Hill, Martin P, Coetzee, Julie A
- Authors: Hill, Jaclyn M , Kaehler, Sven , Hill, Martin P , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444491 , vital:74245 , https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/KV 280.pdf
- Description: Global increases in urbanization and anthropogenic activity within wa-tersheds and catchment areas have resulted in excessive nitrogen loads in aquatic ecosystems. South Africa is deeply dependent on nat-ural resources for its economic health and as a consequence is particu-larly vulnerable to the degradation of its natural capital. Increased nitro-gen loading can result in widespread aquatic ecosystem degradation including: harmful algal blooms, increased turbidity, hypoxia, loss of aquatic vegetation and habitat and fish kills, it is also one of the mecha-nisms driving aquatic weed invasions. Understanding the fate and pro-cessing of anthropogenic nutrients in natural systems is therefore criti-cal for both preserving the well-being and biotic heritage for future gen-erations as well as providing a tremendous opportunity to improve the management driven by science. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of mapping anthropogenic pollution through sta-ble isotopes signatures of aquatic plants, to investigate the potential for identifying different pollution sources, concentrations and distributions in a freshwater environment and to determine the utility of these tech-niques in indentifying early eutrophication.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Hill, Jaclyn M , Kaehler, Sven , Hill, Martin P , Coetzee, Julie A
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444491 , vital:74245 , https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/KV 280.pdf
- Description: Global increases in urbanization and anthropogenic activity within wa-tersheds and catchment areas have resulted in excessive nitrogen loads in aquatic ecosystems. South Africa is deeply dependent on nat-ural resources for its economic health and as a consequence is particu-larly vulnerable to the degradation of its natural capital. Increased nitro-gen loading can result in widespread aquatic ecosystem degradation including: harmful algal blooms, increased turbidity, hypoxia, loss of aquatic vegetation and habitat and fish kills, it is also one of the mecha-nisms driving aquatic weed invasions. Understanding the fate and pro-cessing of anthropogenic nutrients in natural systems is therefore criti-cal for both preserving the well-being and biotic heritage for future gen-erations as well as providing a tremendous opportunity to improve the management driven by science. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of mapping anthropogenic pollution through sta-ble isotopes signatures of aquatic plants, to investigate the potential for identifying different pollution sources, concentrations and distributions in a freshwater environment and to determine the utility of these tech-niques in indentifying early eutrophication.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Advances in the regulation of weed biological control in South Africa
- Ivey, Philip J, Hill, Martin P, Zachariades, Costas
- Authors: Ivey, Philip J , Hill, Martin P , Zachariades, Costas
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416819 , vital:71388 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-ento_v29_n3_a24"
- Description: Regulation of biological control (biocontrol) is essential to ensure its continued safety and to enhance its acceptability as a key contributor to the management of damaging invasive alien plants in South Africa. Local researchers were concerned that regulators may become risk averse and over-cautious, thus preventing introductions of safe biocontrol agents, as bureaucratic impediments have contributed to the decline in the number of biocontrol releases in several other countries. In South Africa, the introduction of a transparent and inclusive review process has averted these concerns. Legislation in South Africa enables departments concerned with protecting environmental and agricultural resources, to work together to regulate potential risks. An interdepartmental committee, advised by independent specialists, facilitate the review of research into the safety of potential biocontrol agents. Regulators have reviewed and timeously assessed 26 potential biocontrol agents between 2013 and 2020. This has ensured that the considerable benefits from safe biocontrol agents are available for management of some of South Africa’s worst invasive alien plants. We review the system in South Africa and suggest possible improvements to the regulatory framework.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Ivey, Philip J , Hill, Martin P , Zachariades, Costas
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416819 , vital:71388 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/ejc-ento_v29_n3_a24"
- Description: Regulation of biological control (biocontrol) is essential to ensure its continued safety and to enhance its acceptability as a key contributor to the management of damaging invasive alien plants in South Africa. Local researchers were concerned that regulators may become risk averse and over-cautious, thus preventing introductions of safe biocontrol agents, as bureaucratic impediments have contributed to the decline in the number of biocontrol releases in several other countries. In South Africa, the introduction of a transparent and inclusive review process has averted these concerns. Legislation in South Africa enables departments concerned with protecting environmental and agricultural resources, to work together to regulate potential risks. An interdepartmental committee, advised by independent specialists, facilitate the review of research into the safety of potential biocontrol agents. Regulators have reviewed and timeously assessed 26 potential biocontrol agents between 2013 and 2020. This has ensured that the considerable benefits from safe biocontrol agents are available for management of some of South Africa’s worst invasive alien plants. We review the system in South Africa and suggest possible improvements to the regulatory framework.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
Agathis bishopi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a potential tool for detecting oranges infested with Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
- Zimba, Kennedy J, Hill, Martin P, Moore, Sean D, Heshula, Unathi
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy J , Hill, Martin P , Moore, Sean D , Heshula, Unathi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/423955 , vital:72108 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9526-0"
- Description: In South Africa, Thaumatotibia leucotreta is a key pest of citrus impacting its production and trade. Detection of newly infested fruit by visual inspection is challenging and poses a risk of packing infested with healthy fruit for export. Agathis bishopi is a larval endoparasitoid of T. leucotreta, attacking early larval instars. Understanding how A. bishopi parasitoids locate fruit infested with their host is of interest for developing an efficient detector for T. leucotreta infested fruit. The response of female adult A. bishopi parasitoids to olfactory and visual cues associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit were evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer and flight tunnel. Agathis bishopi parasitoids were strongly attracted to infested fruit over healthy fruit, either when only olfactory or combinations of visual and olfactory cues were offered. Among the four synthetic compounds tested, D-limonene and ocimene elicited a strong attraction to parasitoids with response rates of 92 % and 72 % respectively. A blend of four synthetic compounds simulating T. leucotreta infested fruit odour equally elicited strong attraction to parasitoids (84 % response rate). Attraction of parasitoids to infested fruit cues was heightened by prior experience, suggesting the occurrence of associative learning. Results from this study indicate that A. bishopi parasitoids mainly rely on olfactory cues in host habitat location and that D-limonene and ocimene are the major attractants in infested fruit volatiles. These findings and the potential for manipulating A. bishopi for detection of infested fruit in the packhouse are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy J , Hill, Martin P , Moore, Sean D , Heshula, Unathi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/423955 , vital:72108 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9526-0"
- Description: In South Africa, Thaumatotibia leucotreta is a key pest of citrus impacting its production and trade. Detection of newly infested fruit by visual inspection is challenging and poses a risk of packing infested with healthy fruit for export. Agathis bishopi is a larval endoparasitoid of T. leucotreta, attacking early larval instars. Understanding how A. bishopi parasitoids locate fruit infested with their host is of interest for developing an efficient detector for T. leucotreta infested fruit. The response of female adult A. bishopi parasitoids to olfactory and visual cues associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit were evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer and flight tunnel. Agathis bishopi parasitoids were strongly attracted to infested fruit over healthy fruit, either when only olfactory or combinations of visual and olfactory cues were offered. Among the four synthetic compounds tested, D-limonene and ocimene elicited a strong attraction to parasitoids with response rates of 92 % and 72 % respectively. A blend of four synthetic compounds simulating T. leucotreta infested fruit odour equally elicited strong attraction to parasitoids (84 % response rate). Attraction of parasitoids to infested fruit cues was heightened by prior experience, suggesting the occurrence of associative learning. Results from this study indicate that A. bishopi parasitoids mainly rely on olfactory cues in host habitat location and that D-limonene and ocimene are the major attractants in infested fruit volatiles. These findings and the potential for manipulating A. bishopi for detection of infested fruit in the packhouse are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Agathis bishopi, a larval parasitoid of false codling moth Thaumatotibia leucotreta: laboratory rearing and effect of adult food on parasitism and longevity
- Zimba, Kennedy J, Moore, Sean D, Heshula, Lelethu U P, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy J , Moore, Sean D , Heshula, Lelethu U P , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406985 , vital:70328 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC185849"
- Description: Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont larval endoparasitoid of false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of economic importance on citrus in South Africa. In the field Agathis bishopi was found to parasitise up to 34 % of FCM larvae in fruit, reflecting reasonable biocontrol potential. Improving the rearing of A. bishopi would therefore complement the existing biocontrol strategies for FCM. In several parasitic wasps, sugar concentration and feeding duration has been shown to influence parasitism and longevity. However, their effect on parasitism and longevity of A. bishopi is unknown. In the present study a rearing protocol for A. bishopi is described, including evaluation of the effects of honey concentration on parasitoid longevity. On average, 18.2%of FCM larvae in rearing containers were parasitised under the rearing protocol described. Cotton wool, instead of paper towelling, as honey carrier for feeding parasitoids in rearing containers significantly increased parasitism and yield of offspring. Furthermore, longevity significantly increased with higher concentrations of honey. Maximum lifespan duration for male and female parasitoids was achieved when parasitoids were fed on 36 % (w/v) honey. Results from this study indicate that A. bishopi requires a sufficient concentration of sugar, coupled with frequent and prolonged feeding on a cotton wool substrate, in order to achieve maximum parasitism and longevity. Such information provides a basis for optimising mass-rearing and longevity of A. bishopi and parasitism of FCM in orchards.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Zimba, Kennedy J , Moore, Sean D , Heshula, Lelethu U P , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/406985 , vital:70328 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC185849"
- Description: Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont larval endoparasitoid of false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of economic importance on citrus in South Africa. In the field Agathis bishopi was found to parasitise up to 34 % of FCM larvae in fruit, reflecting reasonable biocontrol potential. Improving the rearing of A. bishopi would therefore complement the existing biocontrol strategies for FCM. In several parasitic wasps, sugar concentration and feeding duration has been shown to influence parasitism and longevity. However, their effect on parasitism and longevity of A. bishopi is unknown. In the present study a rearing protocol for A. bishopi is described, including evaluation of the effects of honey concentration on parasitoid longevity. On average, 18.2%of FCM larvae in rearing containers were parasitised under the rearing protocol described. Cotton wool, instead of paper towelling, as honey carrier for feeding parasitoids in rearing containers significantly increased parasitism and yield of offspring. Furthermore, longevity significantly increased with higher concentrations of honey. Maximum lifespan duration for male and female parasitoids was achieved when parasitoids were fed on 36 % (w/v) honey. Results from this study indicate that A. bishopi requires a sufficient concentration of sugar, coupled with frequent and prolonged feeding on a cotton wool substrate, in order to achieve maximum parasitism and longevity. Such information provides a basis for optimising mass-rearing and longevity of A. bishopi and parasitism of FCM in orchards.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Agents sans frontiers: cross-border aquatic weed biological control in the rivers of southern Mozambique
- Langa, Sílvia da Fátima, Hill, Martin P, Compton, Stephen G
- Authors: Langa, Sílvia da Fátima , Hill, Martin P , Compton, Stephen G
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148998 , vital:38794 , DOI: 10.2989/16085914.2020.1749551
- Description: Biological control is an effective ways of controlling aquatic plants, especially in South Africa. Release of biological control agents has been limited to Mozambique, where water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae)), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae)), red water ferns (Azolla spp. (Azollaceae)) and salvinia (Salvinia molesta DS Mitch. (Salviniaceae)) are significant weeds in the south of the country. In 2009, we assessed the status of these weeds in seven rivers across southern Mozambique and recorded whether any biocontrol agents were present.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Langa, Sílvia da Fátima , Hill, Martin P , Compton, Stephen G
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/148998 , vital:38794 , DOI: 10.2989/16085914.2020.1749551
- Description: Biological control is an effective ways of controlling aquatic plants, especially in South Africa. Release of biological control agents has been limited to Mozambique, where water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae)), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae)), red water ferns (Azolla spp. (Azollaceae)) and salvinia (Salvinia molesta DS Mitch. (Salviniaceae)) are significant weeds in the south of the country. In 2009, we assessed the status of these weeds in seven rivers across southern Mozambique and recorded whether any biocontrol agents were present.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
An analysis of the fruit-sucking and fruit-piercing moth complex in citrus orchards in South Africa
- Goddard, Mathew K, Hill, Martin P, Moore, Sean D
- Authors: Goddard, Mathew K , Hill, Martin P , Moore, Sean D
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/407000 , vital:70329 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-15072d6de5"
- Description: Fruit-piercing moths are a sporadic pest of citrus, especially in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, where the adults can cause significant damage in outbreak years. However, growers confuse fruit-piercing moths with fruit-sucking moths that do not cause primary damage. In this study we trapped these moths during the 2013–2015 growing seasons. A large number of diverse fruit-feeding moths were collected through weekly sampling in citrus orchards in the Eastern Cape and northern Limpopo provinces. Twenty-three species of fruit-feeding moth were trapped. However, only two were fruit-piercing species, capable of causing primary damage, namely Serrodes partita (Fabricius) (Erebidae) and Eudocima divitiosa (Walker) (Erebidae). Surprisingly S. partita, which has been reported as the main fruit-piercing moth pest of citrus in South Africa, comprised only 6.9 % of trap catches. The categorisation of moths as fruit-piercing or fruit-sucking (causing secondary damage) was confirmed by examining the morphological structures (tearing hooks and erectile barbs) of these moths’ proboscides. This study has shown that in non-outbreak seasons, S. partita comprised only a small percentage of fruit-feeding moths in citrus orchards. However, growers may misidentify the harmless fruit-sucking species as fruit-piercing species, and thus overestimate the density of fruit-piercing moths.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Goddard, Mathew K , Hill, Martin P , Moore, Sean D
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/407000 , vital:70329 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-15072d6de5"
- Description: Fruit-piercing moths are a sporadic pest of citrus, especially in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, where the adults can cause significant damage in outbreak years. However, growers confuse fruit-piercing moths with fruit-sucking moths that do not cause primary damage. In this study we trapped these moths during the 2013–2015 growing seasons. A large number of diverse fruit-feeding moths were collected through weekly sampling in citrus orchards in the Eastern Cape and northern Limpopo provinces. Twenty-three species of fruit-feeding moth were trapped. However, only two were fruit-piercing species, capable of causing primary damage, namely Serrodes partita (Fabricius) (Erebidae) and Eudocima divitiosa (Walker) (Erebidae). Surprisingly S. partita, which has been reported as the main fruit-piercing moth pest of citrus in South Africa, comprised only 6.9 % of trap catches. The categorisation of moths as fruit-piercing or fruit-sucking (causing secondary damage) was confirmed by examining the morphological structures (tearing hooks and erectile barbs) of these moths’ proboscides. This study has shown that in non-outbreak seasons, S. partita comprised only a small percentage of fruit-feeding moths in citrus orchards. However, growers may misidentify the harmless fruit-sucking species as fruit-piercing species, and thus overestimate the density of fruit-piercing moths.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Assessing the status of biological control as a management tool for suppression of invasive alien plants in South Africa
- Zachariades, Costas, Paterson, Iain D, Strathie, Lorraine W, Hill, Martin P, van Wilgen, Brian W
- Authors: Zachariades, Costas , Paterson, Iain D , Strathie, Lorraine W , Hill, Martin P , van Wilgen, Brian W
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59762 , vital:27646 , https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2142
- Description: Biological control of invasive alien plant (IAP) species is the use of introduced, highly selective natural enemies (usually herbivorous arthropods or pathogens) to control plants. It has been used in 130 countries as a valuable tool for the control of IAP species, with a total of over 550 biological control agents having been released (Winston et al. 2014). The benefits of biological control to natural ecosystems are significant (Van Driesch et al. 2010), with some specific examples of threatened indigenous species being protected by the action of biological control agents (Barton et al. 2007; Meyer, Fourdrigniez & Taputuarai 2011). Detailed analyses of programmes on biological control of IAPs have also clearly indicated that the risks of non-target effects from biological control agents are minimal (Fowler, Syrett & Hill 2000; Funasaki et al. 1988; Moran & Hoffmann 2015; Paynter et al. 2004; Pemberton 2000; Suckling & Sforza 2014). Less than 1% of all the agents released have a negative impact on non-target plant populations, and those that do could have been predicted to do so, and would not be released today (Suckling & Sforza 2014).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Zachariades, Costas , Paterson, Iain D , Strathie, Lorraine W , Hill, Martin P , van Wilgen, Brian W
- Date: 2017
- Language: English
- Type: article , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59762 , vital:27646 , https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v47i2.2142
- Description: Biological control of invasive alien plant (IAP) species is the use of introduced, highly selective natural enemies (usually herbivorous arthropods or pathogens) to control plants. It has been used in 130 countries as a valuable tool for the control of IAP species, with a total of over 550 biological control agents having been released (Winston et al. 2014). The benefits of biological control to natural ecosystems are significant (Van Driesch et al. 2010), with some specific examples of threatened indigenous species being protected by the action of biological control agents (Barton et al. 2007; Meyer, Fourdrigniez & Taputuarai 2011). Detailed analyses of programmes on biological control of IAPs have also clearly indicated that the risks of non-target effects from biological control agents are minimal (Fowler, Syrett & Hill 2000; Funasaki et al. 1988; Moran & Hoffmann 2015; Paynter et al. 2004; Pemberton 2000; Suckling & Sforza 2014). Less than 1% of all the agents released have a negative impact on non-target plant populations, and those that do could have been predicted to do so, and would not be released today (Suckling & Sforza 2014).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Baculovirus-based strategies for the management of insect pests: a focus on development and application in South Africa
- Knox, Caroline M, Moore, Sean D, Luke, Garry, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Knox, Caroline M , Moore, Sean D , Luke, Garry , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416829 , vital:71389 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.949222"
- Description: There is growing concern among governments, scientists, agricultural practitioners and the general public regarding the negative implications of widespread synthetic chemical pesticide application for the control of crop pests. As a result, baculovirus biopesticides are gaining popularity as components of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in many countries despite several disadvantages related to slow speed of kill, limited host range and complex large scale production. In South Africa, baculoviruses are incorporated into IPM programmes for the control of crop pests in the field, and recent bioprospecting has led to the characterisation of several novel isolates with the potential to be formulated as commercial products. This contribution will provide an overview of the use of baculoviruses against insect pests in South Africa, as well as research and development efforts aimed at broadening their application as biocontrol agents. Challenges faced by researchers in developmental projects as well as potential users of baculoviruses as biopesticides in the field are also discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Knox, Caroline M , Moore, Sean D , Luke, Garry , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/416829 , vital:71389 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.949222"
- Description: There is growing concern among governments, scientists, agricultural practitioners and the general public regarding the negative implications of widespread synthetic chemical pesticide application for the control of crop pests. As a result, baculovirus biopesticides are gaining popularity as components of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in many countries despite several disadvantages related to slow speed of kill, limited host range and complex large scale production. In South Africa, baculoviruses are incorporated into IPM programmes for the control of crop pests in the field, and recent bioprospecting has led to the characterisation of several novel isolates with the potential to be formulated as commercial products. This contribution will provide an overview of the use of baculoviruses against insect pests in South Africa, as well as research and development efforts aimed at broadening their application as biocontrol agents. Challenges faced by researchers in developmental projects as well as potential users of baculoviruses as biopesticides in the field are also discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Baited traps may be an alternative to conventional pesticides in the integrated crop management of chicory (Compositae) in South Africa
- Midgley, John M, Hill, Martin P, Villet, Martin H
- Authors: Midgley, John M , Hill, Martin P , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6858 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011141 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[99:BTMBAA]2.0.CO;2 , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-5298
- Description: Chicory, Chicorium intybus L. (Compositae), is a major field crop in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Several pests feed on the leaves of the plant, resulting in reduced yield. The most important of these are the noctuid moths Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Chrysodeixis acuta (Walker), and Trichoplusia orichalcea (F.). The use of attract-and-kill traps offers an alternative to broad-based insecticides in the control of these species. Three fields were treated with normal insecticides and three fields with yellow-baited traps. Eight additional traps were placed in each field, with half of the traps containing the insecticide 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (dichlorvos) and half without dichlorvos; and half yellow and half green. Total moth numbers and nonphytophage diversity were measured from these eight traps. Although no differences in H. armigera or T. orichalcea catches were observed between insecticide- and trap-treated fields, numbers of C. acuta and the total number of moths were significantly higher in insecticide-treated fields. Yellow traps containing dichlorvos contained more moths than yellow traps without dichlorvos, or green traps with dichlorvos, or green traps without dichlorvos; but they also contained more nonphytophagous insects. Yellow traps also enhanced the catches of thrips on card traps associated with them. These results offer an opportunity for the South African chicory industry to reduce pesticide applications and thus mitigate environmental impacts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Midgley, John M , Hill, Martin P , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2008
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6858 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011141 , http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[99:BTMBAA]2.0.CO;2 , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-5298
- Description: Chicory, Chicorium intybus L. (Compositae), is a major field crop in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Several pests feed on the leaves of the plant, resulting in reduced yield. The most important of these are the noctuid moths Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Chrysodeixis acuta (Walker), and Trichoplusia orichalcea (F.). The use of attract-and-kill traps offers an alternative to broad-based insecticides in the control of these species. Three fields were treated with normal insecticides and three fields with yellow-baited traps. Eight additional traps were placed in each field, with half of the traps containing the insecticide 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (dichlorvos) and half without dichlorvos; and half yellow and half green. Total moth numbers and nonphytophage diversity were measured from these eight traps. Although no differences in H. armigera or T. orichalcea catches were observed between insecticide- and trap-treated fields, numbers of C. acuta and the total number of moths were significantly higher in insecticide-treated fields. Yellow traps containing dichlorvos contained more moths than yellow traps without dichlorvos, or green traps with dichlorvos, or green traps without dichlorvos; but they also contained more nonphytophagous insects. Yellow traps also enhanced the catches of thrips on card traps associated with them. These results offer an opportunity for the South African chicory industry to reduce pesticide applications and thus mitigate environmental impacts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Baseline isotope data for Spirodela sp.: nutrient differentiation in aquatic systems
- Hill, Jaclyn M, Kaehler, Sven, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Hill, Jaclyn M , Kaehler, Sven , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444502 , vital:74246 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.063
- Description: The excessive addition of nitrogen to watersheds is recognized as one of the main causes of the global deterioration of aquatic ecosystems and an increasing number of studies have shown that δ15N signatures of macrophytes may reflect the N-loading of the system under investigation. This study investigated isotopic equilibration rates and concentration level effects of KNO3 and cow manure nutrient solutions on the δ15N and δ13C signatures, C/N ratios, % N and % C of Spirodela sp. over time, to determine the feasibility of their use in monitoring anthropogenic N-loading in freshwater systems. Spirodela δ15N signatures clearly distinguished between nutrient types within 2 days of introduction, with plants grown in KNO3 showing extremely depleted δ15N values (−15.00 to −12.00‰) compared to those growing in cow manure (14.00–18.00‰). Isotopic equilibration rates could not be determined with certainty, but plant isotopic differentiation between nutrient regimes became apparent after 2 days and started to equilibrate by day 4. Concentration level effects were also apparent, with Spirodela tissue displaying more depleted and enriched δ15N values in higher concentrations of KNO3 and cow manure respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Hill, Jaclyn M , Kaehler, Sven , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444502 , vital:74246 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.063
- Description: The excessive addition of nitrogen to watersheds is recognized as one of the main causes of the global deterioration of aquatic ecosystems and an increasing number of studies have shown that δ15N signatures of macrophytes may reflect the N-loading of the system under investigation. This study investigated isotopic equilibration rates and concentration level effects of KNO3 and cow manure nutrient solutions on the δ15N and δ13C signatures, C/N ratios, % N and % C of Spirodela sp. over time, to determine the feasibility of their use in monitoring anthropogenic N-loading in freshwater systems. Spirodela δ15N signatures clearly distinguished between nutrient types within 2 days of introduction, with plants grown in KNO3 showing extremely depleted δ15N values (−15.00 to −12.00‰) compared to those growing in cow manure (14.00–18.00‰). Isotopic equilibration rates could not be determined with certainty, but plant isotopic differentiation between nutrient regimes became apparent after 2 days and started to equilibrate by day 4. Concentration level effects were also apparent, with Spirodela tissue displaying more depleted and enriched δ15N values in higher concentrations of KNO3 and cow manure respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Beauveria and Metarhizium against false codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): a step towards selecting isolates for potential development of a mycoinsecticide
- Coombes, Candice A, Hill, Martin P, Moore, Sean D, Dames, Joanna F, Fullard, T
- Authors: Coombes, Candice A , Hill, Martin P , Moore, Sean D , Dames, Joanna F , Fullard, T
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/405757 , vital:70203 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC167505"
- Description: False codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (1912) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), can cause both pre- and post-harvest damage to citrus fruit. Not only can this result in reduced crop yield, but more importantly because of the moth's endemism to sub-Saharan Africa, it is classified as a phytosanitary pest by many export markets. An entire consignment of citrus may be rejected in the presence of a single moth (Moore 2012). Since the bulk of citrus fruit production in South Africa is exported, the control of T. leucotreta is critical (Citrus Growers Association, South Africa 2012). Traditionally, control has been achieved through the use of chemical insecticides; however, residue restrictions, resistance development and concerns about environmental pollution have substantially reduced the dependence on chemical pesticides in citrus. Research on T. leucotreta control has therefore focused on the use of biological organisms (e.g. parasitoids and viruses), which are used as control agents within an integrated pest management (IPM) programme in citrus. These biological control agents, however, only targeted the aboveground life stages of the pest, not the soil-dwelling life stages (late fifth instars, prepupae, pupae), which is the subject of this contribution (Moore 2012).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Coombes, Candice A , Hill, Martin P , Moore, Sean D , Dames, Joanna F , Fullard, T
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/405757 , vital:70203 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC167505"
- Description: False codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (1912) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), can cause both pre- and post-harvest damage to citrus fruit. Not only can this result in reduced crop yield, but more importantly because of the moth's endemism to sub-Saharan Africa, it is classified as a phytosanitary pest by many export markets. An entire consignment of citrus may be rejected in the presence of a single moth (Moore 2012). Since the bulk of citrus fruit production in South Africa is exported, the control of T. leucotreta is critical (Citrus Growers Association, South Africa 2012). Traditionally, control has been achieved through the use of chemical insecticides; however, residue restrictions, resistance development and concerns about environmental pollution have substantially reduced the dependence on chemical pesticides in citrus. Research on T. leucotreta control has therefore focused on the use of biological organisms (e.g. parasitoids and viruses), which are used as control agents within an integrated pest management (IPM) programme in citrus. These biological control agents, however, only targeted the aboveground life stages of the pest, not the soil-dwelling life stages (late fifth instars, prepupae, pupae), which is the subject of this contribution (Moore 2012).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Best of both worlds: The thermal physiology of Hydrellia egeriae, a biological control agent for the submerged aquatic weed, Egeria densa in South Africa
- Smith, Rosali, Coetzee, Julie A, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Smith, Rosali , Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2022
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417913 , vital:71494 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-022-10142-w"
- Description: The submerged aquatic weed, Egeria densa Planch. (Hydrocharitaceae) or Brazilian waterweed, is a secondary invader of eutrophic freshwater systems in South Africa, following the successful management of floating aquatic weeds. In 2018, the leaf and stem-mining fly, Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior, Mathis and Hauser (Diptera: Ephydridae), was released against E. densa, the first agent released against a submerged aquatic weed in South Africa. During its life stages, the biological control agent is exposed to two environments, air and water. The thermal physiology of both life stages was investigated to optimize agent establishment through fine-tuned release strategies. The thermal physiological limits of H. egeriae encompassed its host plant’s optimal temperature range of 10 to 35 °C, with lower and upper critical temperatures of 2.6 to 47.0 °C, lower and upper lethal temperatures of − 5.6 and 40.6 °C for adults, and − 6.3 to 41.3 °C for larvae. Results from development time experiments and degree-day accumulation showed that the agent is capable of establishing at all E. densa sites in South Africa, with between 6.9 and 8.3 generations per year. However, cold temperatures (14 °C) prolonged the agent’s development time to three months, allowing it to only develop through one generation in winter. Predictions obtained from laboratory thermal physiology experiments corroborates field data, where the agent has established at all the sites it was released.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022
- Authors: Smith, Rosali , Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2022
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417913 , vital:71494 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-022-10142-w"
- Description: The submerged aquatic weed, Egeria densa Planch. (Hydrocharitaceae) or Brazilian waterweed, is a secondary invader of eutrophic freshwater systems in South Africa, following the successful management of floating aquatic weeds. In 2018, the leaf and stem-mining fly, Hydrellia egeriae Rodrigues-Júnior, Mathis and Hauser (Diptera: Ephydridae), was released against E. densa, the first agent released against a submerged aquatic weed in South Africa. During its life stages, the biological control agent is exposed to two environments, air and water. The thermal physiology of both life stages was investigated to optimize agent establishment through fine-tuned release strategies. The thermal physiological limits of H. egeriae encompassed its host plant’s optimal temperature range of 10 to 35 °C, with lower and upper critical temperatures of 2.6 to 47.0 °C, lower and upper lethal temperatures of − 5.6 and 40.6 °C for adults, and − 6.3 to 41.3 °C for larvae. Results from development time experiments and degree-day accumulation showed that the agent is capable of establishing at all E. densa sites in South Africa, with between 6.9 and 8.3 generations per year. However, cold temperatures (14 °C) prolonged the agent’s development time to three months, allowing it to only develop through one generation in winter. Predictions obtained from laboratory thermal physiology experiments corroborates field data, where the agent has established at all the sites it was released.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022
Best practices in the use and exchange of microorganism biological control genetic resources
- Mason, Peter G, Hill, Martin P, Smith, David, Silvestri, Luciano C, Weyl, Philip S R, Brodeur, Jacques, Vitorino, Marcello Diniz
- Authors: Mason, Peter G , Hill, Martin P , Smith, David , Silvestri, Luciano C , Weyl, Philip S R , Brodeur, Jacques , Vitorino, Marcello Diniz
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417927 , vital:71495 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-023-10197-3"
- Description: The Nagoya Protocol actions the third objective of the Convention on Biological Diversity and provides a framework to effectively implement the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources. This includes microorganisms used as biological control agents. Thus biological control practitioners must comply with access and benefit-sharing regulations that are implemented by countries providing microbial biological control agents. A review of best practices and guidance for the use and exchange of microorganisms used for biological control has been prepared by the IOBC Global Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit-Sharing to demonstrate commitment to comply with access and benefit-sharing requirements, and to reassure the international community that biological control is a very successful and environmentally safe pest management strategy that uses biological resources responsibly and sustainably. We propose that best practices include the following elements: collaboration to facilitate information exchange about the availability of microbial biological control agents and where they may be sourced; freely sharing available knowledge in databases about successes and failures; collaborative research with provider countries to develop capacity; and production technology transfer to provide economic opportunities. We recommend the use of model concept agreements for accessing microorganisms for scientific research and non-commercial release into nature where access and benefit-sharing regulations exist and where regulations are not restrictive or do not exist. We also recommend a model agreement for deposition of microbial biological control agents into culture collections.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023
- Authors: Mason, Peter G , Hill, Martin P , Smith, David , Silvestri, Luciano C , Weyl, Philip S R , Brodeur, Jacques , Vitorino, Marcello Diniz
- Date: 2023
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/417927 , vital:71495 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-023-10197-3"
- Description: The Nagoya Protocol actions the third objective of the Convention on Biological Diversity and provides a framework to effectively implement the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources. This includes microorganisms used as biological control agents. Thus biological control practitioners must comply with access and benefit-sharing regulations that are implemented by countries providing microbial biological control agents. A review of best practices and guidance for the use and exchange of microorganisms used for biological control has been prepared by the IOBC Global Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit-Sharing to demonstrate commitment to comply with access and benefit-sharing requirements, and to reassure the international community that biological control is a very successful and environmentally safe pest management strategy that uses biological resources responsibly and sustainably. We propose that best practices include the following elements: collaboration to facilitate information exchange about the availability of microbial biological control agents and where they may be sourced; freely sharing available knowledge in databases about successes and failures; collaborative research with provider countries to develop capacity; and production technology transfer to provide economic opportunities. We recommend the use of model concept agreements for accessing microorganisms for scientific research and non-commercial release into nature where access and benefit-sharing regulations exist and where regulations are not restrictive or do not exist. We also recommend a model agreement for deposition of microbial biological control agents into culture collections.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2023
Biological control of Salvinia molesta (DS Mitchell) drives aquatic ecosystem recovery
- Motitsoe, Samuel N, Coetzee, Julie A, Hill, Jaclyn M, Hill, Martin P
- Authors: Motitsoe, Samuel N , Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Jaclyn M , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444515 , vital:74247 , https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050204
- Description: Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) is a damaging free-floating invasive alien macrophyte native to South America. The biological control programme against S. molesta by the weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands (Erirhinidae) has been successful in controlling S. molesta infestations in the introduced range, however, there is some debate as to how biological control success is measured. This study measured the response of epilithic algae and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in a S. molesta-dominated state and subsequently where the weed had been cleared by biological control, as a proxy for ecosystem recovery in a before–after control–impact mesocosm experiment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Motitsoe, Samuel N , Coetzee, Julie A , Hill, Jaclyn M , Hill, Martin P
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/444515 , vital:74247 , https://doi.org/10.3390/d12050204
- Description: Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) is a damaging free-floating invasive alien macrophyte native to South America. The biological control programme against S. molesta by the weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands (Erirhinidae) has been successful in controlling S. molesta infestations in the introduced range, however, there is some debate as to how biological control success is measured. This study measured the response of epilithic algae and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in a S. molesta-dominated state and subsequently where the weed had been cleared by biological control, as a proxy for ecosystem recovery in a before–after control–impact mesocosm experiment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020