The economic impact of homeland consolidation on households in the fromer Ciskei : the case of Victoria East
- Authors: Coka, Zimbini
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Consolidation of land holdings Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10156 , vital:35363
- Description: This study attempts to ascertain the economic impact of the process of homeland consolidation in four communities that became part of the Ciskei. It describes the process of homeland consolidation at Lloyd, Bergplaas, Balfour and Qanda, and seeks to understand the effects of homeland consolidation on the level of economic activity in these areas. ‘Homeland consolidation’ was the official term used to describe the policy developed by the central government of South Africa in the 1970s to reduce the number of separate, isolated pieces of land making up each of the Bantustans. It was part of the ultimately unsuccessful and suspect process of turning these areas into independent ‘national states’. The Apartheid government bought out selected white farms/properties/land like in Lloyd, Bergplaas, Balfour and Qanda, and consolidated them with the adjacent homeland territory. The result of this process made commercial farmland available to black people. In a very narrow sense, this particular aspect of homeland consolidation was an antecedent of land reform. Because homeland consolidation took place some time ago, discerning the economic effects relied above all on people’s recollections of their past experiences, which could only be quantified in a very limited manner. In other words, the data and analysis were largely although not exclusively qualitative. Household and life history interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires, and then the data was analyzed using content analysis, descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test and the two-proportion z test. Through the process of homeland consolidation and forced removals, people ended up losing productive land and livestock because they were forced to sell their livestock at a loss and they had no land where they were moved to. People were stripped of their livelihoods, in addition to losing a place that they called home and the loss of employment. This study also looked at the changes in farming before and during the apartheid era, during the time when the Ciskeian government was in power and after 1994 till now. And also looked at the broader perspective of what actually happened in the four sites from the life history interviews.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Coka, Zimbini
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Consolidation of land holdings Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10156 , vital:35363
- Description: This study attempts to ascertain the economic impact of the process of homeland consolidation in four communities that became part of the Ciskei. It describes the process of homeland consolidation at Lloyd, Bergplaas, Balfour and Qanda, and seeks to understand the effects of homeland consolidation on the level of economic activity in these areas. ‘Homeland consolidation’ was the official term used to describe the policy developed by the central government of South Africa in the 1970s to reduce the number of separate, isolated pieces of land making up each of the Bantustans. It was part of the ultimately unsuccessful and suspect process of turning these areas into independent ‘national states’. The Apartheid government bought out selected white farms/properties/land like in Lloyd, Bergplaas, Balfour and Qanda, and consolidated them with the adjacent homeland territory. The result of this process made commercial farmland available to black people. In a very narrow sense, this particular aspect of homeland consolidation was an antecedent of land reform. Because homeland consolidation took place some time ago, discerning the economic effects relied above all on people’s recollections of their past experiences, which could only be quantified in a very limited manner. In other words, the data and analysis were largely although not exclusively qualitative. Household and life history interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires, and then the data was analyzed using content analysis, descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test and the two-proportion z test. Through the process of homeland consolidation and forced removals, people ended up losing productive land and livestock because they were forced to sell their livestock at a loss and they had no land where they were moved to. People were stripped of their livelihoods, in addition to losing a place that they called home and the loss of employment. This study also looked at the changes in farming before and during the apartheid era, during the time when the Ciskeian government was in power and after 1994 till now. And also looked at the broader perspective of what actually happened in the four sites from the life history interviews.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Comparative analysis of zero-tillage and conventional tillage practices in the Amahlathi local municipality of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa
- Authors: Gomo, Zintle
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Tillage--South Africa--Eastern Cape Farms, Small--South Africa--Eastern Cape No-tillage--South Africa--Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11586 , vital:39087
- Description: The current interest in zero tillage/no-till technologies is a result of the need to reduce excessive land degradation in most crop producing areas as well as to enhance sustainable food production. Farmers are always looking for ways to increase yields and profits and zero-tillage may be a way to achieve this goal. However, a systematic comparative study of the performance of zero-tillage and conventional tillage within the former homeland areas of the Eastern Cape Province is lacking. The broad objective of the study is to comparatively analyze zero tillage and conventional tillage and to determine which practice is more beneficial for the land and farmers in the area. Specifically, the study investigated the relative performance of Zero-tillage and conventional–tillage in terms of quantity produced per farm and per hectare, factors influencing the adoption rate of zero tillage and conventional tillage and to determine the relative impact of zero-tillage and conventional tillage on household income. The study was carried out in Amahlathi Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province and employed survey data obtained from 100 respondents using conventional tillage and zero tillage farmers growing spinach, cabbage, beetroot, maize, and potatoes. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. A multistage stratified sampling procedure was used in which the first stage involved selecting respondents from Amahlathi Local Municipally. This was followed by the selection of villages and then the respondents. This was done through stratification of smallholder farmers from the different Villages. This was followed by random sampling which was used to get the sample size for the study. Stata and SPSS were used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics was used to examine current farming practices in the Eastern Cape Province while Propensity Score Matching was employed to estimate the factors that had an impact on zero tillage adoption as well as the relative impact of zero tillage and conventional tillage on household income. Gross margin analysis was used to estimate profitability of zero tillage and conventional. female farmers are participating more in zero tillage with 63.8percent while males are dominating the conventional tillage with 51.6percent. These results show that females play a crucial role in decision making when it comes to agriculture and adoption of new agricultural technologies. The majority of the farmers involved in the study were young farmers with 58percent from zero tillage and 42percent practically involved in conventional tillage. Moreover, the study showed that 41percent of the respondents practising ZT were married, and about 39percent of the respondents practising conventional tillage were married. The marital status of the respondents suggested that zero-tillage farmers were relatively stable in their farming activities as compared to conventional tillage. The results presented that 52.2percent of the respondents who practised zero tillage were better educated than the 48.4percent of the respondents practising conventional tillage. The respondents that were specialising in zero-tillage, about 41% relied on farming, 6% relied on salaried income and 54percent relied on social grants. On the other hand, respondents that were specialising in conventional tillage about, 26percent relied on farming, 16percent relied on salaried income, while 58percent relied on social grants. The respondents that were specialising in zero-tillage, about 28percent used communal land, 1percent used own land and 71percent used family land. On the other hand, respondents that were specialising in conventional tillage about, 42percent used communal land, 7percent use own land and 52percent used family land. The average household size for both groups of farmers is 5 people per household. Household income distribution for conventional tillage is giving the farmers an average of R3187.10 income while the zero tillage is giving them an income of R2305.80 on average. The study revealed that the landholdings for conventional tillage agriculture tend to be more (1.77 ha) compared to zero tillage (0.79 ha) agriculture. The Propensity Score Matching results indicated that participation in smallholder zero tillage farming contributes to household income. This implies that participating in zero tillage farming can contribute to rural livelihoods, increased income and production yields. The study results showed that households chose different farming systems based on their knowledge, level of education and farming experiences. The gross margin results show that conventional tillage farming households generated more income than zero tillage farming households. Farmers who were involved in conventional tillage farming were complaining that yields and income have decreased with time and they are continuing to decrease while farmers who carried out zero tillage farming indicated that their yields and income have improved considerably and continue to increase with time. Thus, support for adopting and implementing zero tillage practices can be an important factor for improving incomes for rural households. Based on the findings highlighted above, the study recommends provision of farm inputs and continuation of government support with more emphasis on strengthening access to inputs and technical assistance. There is a need for support programmes that would help to motivate farmers for better performance. The programmes include infrastructure developments, research and extension activities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Gomo, Zintle
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Tillage--South Africa--Eastern Cape Farms, Small--South Africa--Eastern Cape No-tillage--South Africa--Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11586 , vital:39087
- Description: The current interest in zero tillage/no-till technologies is a result of the need to reduce excessive land degradation in most crop producing areas as well as to enhance sustainable food production. Farmers are always looking for ways to increase yields and profits and zero-tillage may be a way to achieve this goal. However, a systematic comparative study of the performance of zero-tillage and conventional tillage within the former homeland areas of the Eastern Cape Province is lacking. The broad objective of the study is to comparatively analyze zero tillage and conventional tillage and to determine which practice is more beneficial for the land and farmers in the area. Specifically, the study investigated the relative performance of Zero-tillage and conventional–tillage in terms of quantity produced per farm and per hectare, factors influencing the adoption rate of zero tillage and conventional tillage and to determine the relative impact of zero-tillage and conventional tillage on household income. The study was carried out in Amahlathi Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province and employed survey data obtained from 100 respondents using conventional tillage and zero tillage farmers growing spinach, cabbage, beetroot, maize, and potatoes. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. A multistage stratified sampling procedure was used in which the first stage involved selecting respondents from Amahlathi Local Municipally. This was followed by the selection of villages and then the respondents. This was done through stratification of smallholder farmers from the different Villages. This was followed by random sampling which was used to get the sample size for the study. Stata and SPSS were used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics was used to examine current farming practices in the Eastern Cape Province while Propensity Score Matching was employed to estimate the factors that had an impact on zero tillage adoption as well as the relative impact of zero tillage and conventional tillage on household income. Gross margin analysis was used to estimate profitability of zero tillage and conventional. female farmers are participating more in zero tillage with 63.8percent while males are dominating the conventional tillage with 51.6percent. These results show that females play a crucial role in decision making when it comes to agriculture and adoption of new agricultural technologies. The majority of the farmers involved in the study were young farmers with 58percent from zero tillage and 42percent practically involved in conventional tillage. Moreover, the study showed that 41percent of the respondents practising ZT were married, and about 39percent of the respondents practising conventional tillage were married. The marital status of the respondents suggested that zero-tillage farmers were relatively stable in their farming activities as compared to conventional tillage. The results presented that 52.2percent of the respondents who practised zero tillage were better educated than the 48.4percent of the respondents practising conventional tillage. The respondents that were specialising in zero-tillage, about 41% relied on farming, 6% relied on salaried income and 54percent relied on social grants. On the other hand, respondents that were specialising in conventional tillage about, 26percent relied on farming, 16percent relied on salaried income, while 58percent relied on social grants. The respondents that were specialising in zero-tillage, about 28percent used communal land, 1percent used own land and 71percent used family land. On the other hand, respondents that were specialising in conventional tillage about, 42percent used communal land, 7percent use own land and 52percent used family land. The average household size for both groups of farmers is 5 people per household. Household income distribution for conventional tillage is giving the farmers an average of R3187.10 income while the zero tillage is giving them an income of R2305.80 on average. The study revealed that the landholdings for conventional tillage agriculture tend to be more (1.77 ha) compared to zero tillage (0.79 ha) agriculture. The Propensity Score Matching results indicated that participation in smallholder zero tillage farming contributes to household income. This implies that participating in zero tillage farming can contribute to rural livelihoods, increased income and production yields. The study results showed that households chose different farming systems based on their knowledge, level of education and farming experiences. The gross margin results show that conventional tillage farming households generated more income than zero tillage farming households. Farmers who were involved in conventional tillage farming were complaining that yields and income have decreased with time and they are continuing to decrease while farmers who carried out zero tillage farming indicated that their yields and income have improved considerably and continue to increase with time. Thus, support for adopting and implementing zero tillage practices can be an important factor for improving incomes for rural households. Based on the findings highlighted above, the study recommends provision of farm inputs and continuation of government support with more emphasis on strengthening access to inputs and technical assistance. There is a need for support programmes that would help to motivate farmers for better performance. The programmes include infrastructure developments, research and extension activities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Influence of family structure on food security status of farming households in Alice, South Africa
- Authors: Ijila, Olusegun Jeremiah
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Food security Families--South Africa--Eastern Cape Farms, Small
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11537 , vital:39081
- Description: Achieving food security in sub-Saharan Africa remains a major challenge despite efforts made by a majority of the countries to reduce abject poverty and food insecurity. Just as these countries prioritized food security under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), they are equally putting it on top of the agenda under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the face of the political and economic developments seen in the country since 1994, South Africa is overwhelmed by poverty and unemployment. But efforts to address these problems have not given due recognition to the question of family structure which is complex and varied, with immense potential implications for ownership and distribution of resources and the bargaining strength that are likely to determine the food security status of various farming households. Furthermore, the contribution of households towards agricultural production differs according to the way family organizes itself. This study was carried out to determine the influence of family structures on food security status of farming households in Alice, South Africa. Data were collected from 120 farming households’ selected using purposive sampling method. To collect data, a well-structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. Consequent to that, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and binary logistic regression model. The dominant family structures are nuclear, single-parent, working parent and cohabiting. The analysis revealed that nuclear family where father, mother and their children have access to labour and financial resources could be more comfortable than single parent family. Working parents would probably be more food secure because both parents are able to combine incomes while food insecurity might exist within cohabiting families since the union is less stable because of scarce resources occasioned by their inability to combine their resources to pursue a common goal. The results further revealed that single parent family structures and socio-economic characteristics like age, marital status and year of education of the household head were significant in terms of their influence on food security. The study therefore, recommends that old people should be encouraged to participate in agricultural production due to the wealth of experience gathered over the years. It is probably safe to conclude that encouraging marriage would provide better opportunities to raise the necessary capital to support positive productivity changes that would have implications for enhanced food availability and affordability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Ijila, Olusegun Jeremiah
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Food security Families--South Africa--Eastern Cape Farms, Small
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11537 , vital:39081
- Description: Achieving food security in sub-Saharan Africa remains a major challenge despite efforts made by a majority of the countries to reduce abject poverty and food insecurity. Just as these countries prioritized food security under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), they are equally putting it on top of the agenda under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the face of the political and economic developments seen in the country since 1994, South Africa is overwhelmed by poverty and unemployment. But efforts to address these problems have not given due recognition to the question of family structure which is complex and varied, with immense potential implications for ownership and distribution of resources and the bargaining strength that are likely to determine the food security status of various farming households. Furthermore, the contribution of households towards agricultural production differs according to the way family organizes itself. This study was carried out to determine the influence of family structures on food security status of farming households in Alice, South Africa. Data were collected from 120 farming households’ selected using purposive sampling method. To collect data, a well-structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interviews. Consequent to that, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and binary logistic regression model. The dominant family structures are nuclear, single-parent, working parent and cohabiting. The analysis revealed that nuclear family where father, mother and their children have access to labour and financial resources could be more comfortable than single parent family. Working parents would probably be more food secure because both parents are able to combine incomes while food insecurity might exist within cohabiting families since the union is less stable because of scarce resources occasioned by their inability to combine their resources to pursue a common goal. The results further revealed that single parent family structures and socio-economic characteristics like age, marital status and year of education of the household head were significant in terms of their influence on food security. The study therefore, recommends that old people should be encouraged to participate in agricultural production due to the wealth of experience gathered over the years. It is probably safe to conclude that encouraging marriage would provide better opportunities to raise the necessary capital to support positive productivity changes that would have implications for enhanced food availability and affordability.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Economic change in town and countryside in the former Transkei : land use, livelihoods and market linkages in Ngcobo, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Nikelo, Nqaba Benedictor
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Homelands (South Africa) Homelands (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10768 , vital:35757
- Description: In 1913 in South Africa the natives of land act during apartheid resulted to the separation of South Africa. South Africa was divided into two areas where they were black and white areas. This act had a rule that said the black people can only move out of their lands only if employed as labourers by the whites. The white population was one-fifth of the population and was given 92.5 percent of the land while the rest of the population were blacks and they were restricted to stay on the 7.5 percent of land. In the Eastern Cape, two homelands were created: the Transkei (in 1951) and the Ciskei (in 1961). In 1963 the Transkei became the first homeland to be granted the status of 'self-governing territory within the Republic of South Africa’, with the Ciskei following suit in 1972. The apartheid policies caused economic failure and corruption because very little economic and infrastructural development took place in the homelands. According to the ‘legacy perspective’: the former homelands are historically-determined structural poverty traps. The objective of the study is to describe the extent and change of economic function/role of Ngcobo town and linkages with its surrounding villages. Availability or convenient sampling and random sampling techniques were used to collect primary data from farmers and surrounding villages. Descriptive statistics was used to profile farmers as well as the participants in the surrounding villages. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the change in the economy of Ngcobo town and the change in the economy of the surrounding rural areas. Households in the former homelands devote a large share of their total expenditure to food and beverages, and yet it would appear that a relatively small share of this food originates from these same rural areas. The point of departure of this report is the observation that rural areas are diverse, whereby some areas within the former homeland areas in particular exhibit signs of dynamism which are not understandable in terms of the ‘legacy perspective’.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Nikelo, Nqaba Benedictor
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Homelands (South Africa) Homelands (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10768 , vital:35757
- Description: In 1913 in South Africa the natives of land act during apartheid resulted to the separation of South Africa. South Africa was divided into two areas where they were black and white areas. This act had a rule that said the black people can only move out of their lands only if employed as labourers by the whites. The white population was one-fifth of the population and was given 92.5 percent of the land while the rest of the population were blacks and they were restricted to stay on the 7.5 percent of land. In the Eastern Cape, two homelands were created: the Transkei (in 1951) and the Ciskei (in 1961). In 1963 the Transkei became the first homeland to be granted the status of 'self-governing territory within the Republic of South Africa’, with the Ciskei following suit in 1972. The apartheid policies caused economic failure and corruption because very little economic and infrastructural development took place in the homelands. According to the ‘legacy perspective’: the former homelands are historically-determined structural poverty traps. The objective of the study is to describe the extent and change of economic function/role of Ngcobo town and linkages with its surrounding villages. Availability or convenient sampling and random sampling techniques were used to collect primary data from farmers and surrounding villages. Descriptive statistics was used to profile farmers as well as the participants in the surrounding villages. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the change in the economy of Ngcobo town and the change in the economy of the surrounding rural areas. Households in the former homelands devote a large share of their total expenditure to food and beverages, and yet it would appear that a relatively small share of this food originates from these same rural areas. The point of departure of this report is the observation that rural areas are diverse, whereby some areas within the former homeland areas in particular exhibit signs of dynamism which are not understandable in terms of the ‘legacy perspective’.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
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