The effect of feeding varying inclusion levels of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seed meal on growth performance and physicochemical attributes of broiler chicken
- Authors: Mthana, Makiwa Simeon
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Legumes Broilers (Chickens) Chickens -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MSc (Animal Science )
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12032 , vital:39129
- Description: This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding varying inclusion levels of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seed meal (VBSM) on growth performance and physicochemical attributes of broiler chicken. Mucuna pruriens seed is an indigenous legume seed commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical areas; however, it can also be planted and cultivated. It is a viable source of dietary protein with an average concentration of 33.4%. Soybean is expensive. In addition, the South African production levels do not meet the current demand; hence the majority of soybean oilcake is imported. Recently, consumers have been conscious of the quality of chicken meat from both local and international producers. Therefore, there is a need to explore velvet bean that can grow in poorly fertilised and low rainfall areas. The study was conducted at Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute. One hundred and twelve (112) Cobb broilers were used, with an average weight of 45.2g. Four diets were formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous comprising velvet beans at 0, 10, 15 and 20 % (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The broilers were reared for 42 days with 35 days on experimental diets. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, final body weight, carcass weight, and dressing percentage were determined. At day 42, twenty birds per treatment were randomly selected and fasted for five hours with water offered ad libitum. After slaughter the meat pH24, colour (L*, a*, b*), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), thawing loss (TL), and cooking loss (CL) measurements were performed on 80 breast and 80 thigh muscles. The data for growth performance and physicochemical parameters was analysed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS, 2006), mean separation was done using LSD test option of SAS. Daily feed intake, body weight gain, final weight and carcass weight of broilers from T1 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) from other iii treatments. Daily feed intake (DFI), and body weight gain (BWG) in T1 were also higher (P < 0.05) in both phase 1 and phase 2 compared to other treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not influenced by diets (P > 0.05). High (P < 0.05) mortality was observed on broilers fed diet with 0% VBSM compared to those fed diets comprising of VBSM. The diets did not have an effect (P > 0.05) on thigh meat pH24, lightness, redness, and WBSF. Cooking loss (25.69%) was higher (P < 0.05) in thigh meat of broilers fed the control diet. Breasts shear force (14.20) was higher in T4. Cooking loss of breast meat from broilers on T1 and T2 was higher (P < 0.05) than those from other treatments. Breast meat colour (P > 0.05) was not influenced by diets. It can be concluded that the VBSM has an effect on feed intake, growth performance and mortality of broilers, except on FCR and dressing percentage. It was also concluded that the VBSM can be included in broiler diets up to the level of 15% without negatively affecting the quality of meat.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Mthana, Makiwa Simeon
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Legumes Broilers (Chickens) Chickens -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MSc (Animal Science )
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12032 , vital:39129
- Description: This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding varying inclusion levels of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seed meal (VBSM) on growth performance and physicochemical attributes of broiler chicken. Mucuna pruriens seed is an indigenous legume seed commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical areas; however, it can also be planted and cultivated. It is a viable source of dietary protein with an average concentration of 33.4%. Soybean is expensive. In addition, the South African production levels do not meet the current demand; hence the majority of soybean oilcake is imported. Recently, consumers have been conscious of the quality of chicken meat from both local and international producers. Therefore, there is a need to explore velvet bean that can grow in poorly fertilised and low rainfall areas. The study was conducted at Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute. One hundred and twelve (112) Cobb broilers were used, with an average weight of 45.2g. Four diets were formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous comprising velvet beans at 0, 10, 15 and 20 % (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The broilers were reared for 42 days with 35 days on experimental diets. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality, final body weight, carcass weight, and dressing percentage were determined. At day 42, twenty birds per treatment were randomly selected and fasted for five hours with water offered ad libitum. After slaughter the meat pH24, colour (L*, a*, b*), Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), thawing loss (TL), and cooking loss (CL) measurements were performed on 80 breast and 80 thigh muscles. The data for growth performance and physicochemical parameters was analysed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS, 2006), mean separation was done using LSD test option of SAS. Daily feed intake, body weight gain, final weight and carcass weight of broilers from T1 were significantly higher (P < 0.05) from other iii treatments. Daily feed intake (DFI), and body weight gain (BWG) in T1 were also higher (P < 0.05) in both phase 1 and phase 2 compared to other treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was not influenced by diets (P > 0.05). High (P < 0.05) mortality was observed on broilers fed diet with 0% VBSM compared to those fed diets comprising of VBSM. The diets did not have an effect (P > 0.05) on thigh meat pH24, lightness, redness, and WBSF. Cooking loss (25.69%) was higher (P < 0.05) in thigh meat of broilers fed the control diet. Breasts shear force (14.20) was higher in T4. Cooking loss of breast meat from broilers on T1 and T2 was higher (P < 0.05) than those from other treatments. Breast meat colour (P > 0.05) was not influenced by diets. It can be concluded that the VBSM has an effect on feed intake, growth performance and mortality of broilers, except on FCR and dressing percentage. It was also concluded that the VBSM can be included in broiler diets up to the level of 15% without negatively affecting the quality of meat.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Uthelekiso Lwelizwi leMbongi KwisiHobe sikaZolani Mkiva noMzwakhe Mbuli
- Authors: Makhenyane, Lukhanyo
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: African languages , Language and languages , South African poetry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18020 , vital:42004
- Description: Despite the vast research on African poetry by scholars like Qangule (1979), Ntuli (1984), Sirayi (1985), Bokoda (1994), Mtumane (2000), Bobelo (2008) and Jadezweni (2013), there is a paucity of extended research on the aesthetic works of African poets in South Africa in the post-apartheid era. In a quest to redress this imbalance, I undertook a comparative study of two prominent African poets in the post-apartheid era in South Africa. This study adds nuance to our understanding of African poetry as it would define African poetry further from an African perspective. Swanepoel (1990) challenges scholars of African literature to have a critical look on the developments of neighbouring literatures as comparing these literatures produces new and useful ideas about African literature. In addition, scholars such as Gerard (1981) and Perera (1991) advocate for the creation and adoption of a comparative methodology for the study of African literature. This led scholars such as Mdaka (2002) to test comparative methodology in assessing ideology and aesthetics in South African isiXhosa novels and Kenyan novels written in English. Likewise, Cutalele (2007) uses comparative methodology in investigating similar themes in the aesthetics works of S.E.K. Mqhayi and Zolani Mkiva. In responding to Swanepoel’s challenge, this study aims to investigate and evaluate the importance of the voice of imbongi in articulating current and burning issues in the post-apartheid South Africa as well as the solutions they propose to some of the problems facing the country. In this study, the methodology swings on the hinges of Ngara’s Marxist theory. The choice of Ngara’s Marxist theory is based largely on its theoretical insights on ideology, form and communication in analysing poetry. Ngara divides ideology into three sub-themes: dominant ideology, which refers to the beliefs, set of values, thoughts and actions of a people in a particular era, authorial ideology that refers to the set of values espoused by the poet and aesthetics ideology, which is the literary convention and stylistic of the poet. Using the comparative method, the voice of imbongi in Mbuli and Mkiva’s poetry is compared over three ideologies – protest, patriotism and revolution. Under the theme of protest, I compare Mkiva and Mbuli’s poetry under two sub-themes, socio-political protest and socio-cultural protest. Mbuli and Mkiva’s protest agitates for change in the political and cultural spheres of the post-apartheid South Africa. Page viii of 290 They comment on issues like leadership and social welfare of South Africans, burning issues of this era. In the theme of patriotism, I examined poetry that displays love and loyalty for one’s country. In displaying their love and loyalty for their country, it is clear that to Mbuli and Mkiva, country refers to Africa, not just South Africa. Furthermore, under the theme of revolution I examined poetry that praises struggle heroes as well as the one that introduces the new struggles of the people of South Africa. In praising revolutionary leaders, Mbuli and Mkiva parade good leadership skills for the new breed of leaders to learn. In discussing the revolutionary theme, they speak of economic freedom as one of the struggles of the new South Africa. In investigating and evaluating their poetry in post-aparthied South Africa, I discovered that in their protest and their revolutionary ideology they express the theme of disillusionment. They speak against corruption in leadership while they question those who violate children and women’s right to life. Such issues were thought to be buried with the death of apartheid. Furthermore, they introduce us to neo-revolution by showing how the struggle for freedom still continues as freedom without economic freedom falls short of freedom.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Makhenyane, Lukhanyo
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: African languages , Language and languages , South African poetry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/18020 , vital:42004
- Description: Despite the vast research on African poetry by scholars like Qangule (1979), Ntuli (1984), Sirayi (1985), Bokoda (1994), Mtumane (2000), Bobelo (2008) and Jadezweni (2013), there is a paucity of extended research on the aesthetic works of African poets in South Africa in the post-apartheid era. In a quest to redress this imbalance, I undertook a comparative study of two prominent African poets in the post-apartheid era in South Africa. This study adds nuance to our understanding of African poetry as it would define African poetry further from an African perspective. Swanepoel (1990) challenges scholars of African literature to have a critical look on the developments of neighbouring literatures as comparing these literatures produces new and useful ideas about African literature. In addition, scholars such as Gerard (1981) and Perera (1991) advocate for the creation and adoption of a comparative methodology for the study of African literature. This led scholars such as Mdaka (2002) to test comparative methodology in assessing ideology and aesthetics in South African isiXhosa novels and Kenyan novels written in English. Likewise, Cutalele (2007) uses comparative methodology in investigating similar themes in the aesthetics works of S.E.K. Mqhayi and Zolani Mkiva. In responding to Swanepoel’s challenge, this study aims to investigate and evaluate the importance of the voice of imbongi in articulating current and burning issues in the post-apartheid South Africa as well as the solutions they propose to some of the problems facing the country. In this study, the methodology swings on the hinges of Ngara’s Marxist theory. The choice of Ngara’s Marxist theory is based largely on its theoretical insights on ideology, form and communication in analysing poetry. Ngara divides ideology into three sub-themes: dominant ideology, which refers to the beliefs, set of values, thoughts and actions of a people in a particular era, authorial ideology that refers to the set of values espoused by the poet and aesthetics ideology, which is the literary convention and stylistic of the poet. Using the comparative method, the voice of imbongi in Mbuli and Mkiva’s poetry is compared over three ideologies – protest, patriotism and revolution. Under the theme of protest, I compare Mkiva and Mbuli’s poetry under two sub-themes, socio-political protest and socio-cultural protest. Mbuli and Mkiva’s protest agitates for change in the political and cultural spheres of the post-apartheid South Africa. Page viii of 290 They comment on issues like leadership and social welfare of South Africans, burning issues of this era. In the theme of patriotism, I examined poetry that displays love and loyalty for one’s country. In displaying their love and loyalty for their country, it is clear that to Mbuli and Mkiva, country refers to Africa, not just South Africa. Furthermore, under the theme of revolution I examined poetry that praises struggle heroes as well as the one that introduces the new struggles of the people of South Africa. In praising revolutionary leaders, Mbuli and Mkiva parade good leadership skills for the new breed of leaders to learn. In discussing the revolutionary theme, they speak of economic freedom as one of the struggles of the new South Africa. In investigating and evaluating their poetry in post-aparthied South Africa, I discovered that in their protest and their revolutionary ideology they express the theme of disillusionment. They speak against corruption in leadership while they question those who violate children and women’s right to life. Such issues were thought to be buried with the death of apartheid. Furthermore, they introduce us to neo-revolution by showing how the struggle for freedom still continues as freedom without economic freedom falls short of freedom.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Competencies of Qualified Primary Health Care professional nurses in Assessing, Diagnosing and Managing clients in health facilities in Buffalo City Metro”
- Authors: Falati, Patience Yoliswa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Primary health care
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MPH
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16716 , vital:40766
- Description: The study investigated the competencies of qualified PHC professional nurses in assessing, diagnosing and managing clients in the facilities. Aim: The study aimed to explain the competences of qualified PHC professional nurses in assessing, diagnosing and managing clients in the facilities. The research study followed a descriptive and qualitative design. Data was collected from qualified PHC professional nurses in 79 clinics (both urban and rural), 4CHC’s and 4 hospital casualties. A structured questionnaire with closed ended questions was used. Data analysis was done by means of descriptive statistics. The study showed that the overall percentage of 90% denotes that these PHC professional nurses are competent in all the aspects of competences. Assessing competences of qualified PHC professional nurses in assessing, diagnosing and managing clients in the facilities is of vital importance for quality health care/ improving service delivery and client satisfaction. Recommendation were made to influence the implementation of policies and guidelines for quality service delivery
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Falati, Patience Yoliswa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Primary health care
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MPH
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16716 , vital:40766
- Description: The study investigated the competencies of qualified PHC professional nurses in assessing, diagnosing and managing clients in the facilities. Aim: The study aimed to explain the competences of qualified PHC professional nurses in assessing, diagnosing and managing clients in the facilities. The research study followed a descriptive and qualitative design. Data was collected from qualified PHC professional nurses in 79 clinics (both urban and rural), 4CHC’s and 4 hospital casualties. A structured questionnaire with closed ended questions was used. Data analysis was done by means of descriptive statistics. The study showed that the overall percentage of 90% denotes that these PHC professional nurses are competent in all the aspects of competences. Assessing competences of qualified PHC professional nurses in assessing, diagnosing and managing clients in the facilities is of vital importance for quality health care/ improving service delivery and client satisfaction. Recommendation were made to influence the implementation of policies and guidelines for quality service delivery
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Factors influencing English reading competencies of Grade 4 learners in the Libode-Mega District of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Nomkopo, Cornas Ngephi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: English reading competency -- School learners Reading(Primary) -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , M Ed
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1400 , vital:34371
- Description: Reading has become the national and international centre of debate as learners persistently read below the required levels and matriculation results are due to learners‟ poor reading competencies. The concerns about poor reading competencies has mounted into inflammatory statements in articles and popular media nationally, continentally and internationally. Without the ability to read learners are deprived access to pertinent information and knowledge that can assist individuals in lifelong learning. Being a language teacher, the researcher in this study strongly believe that every learner can read appropriately and teachers can assist learners to improve their reading competencies. The purpose of the study was to identify the factors contributing to poor reading competencies of grade 4 learners and to provide recommendations to assist in dealing with poor reading competencies. Qualitative research approach was undertaken to deal with all aspects related to research methodology. The data were collected using research instruments such as observation of six learners from three selected primary schools. The observation was conducted during reading of text by learners in the presence of English teachers. The questionnaires were distributed to eleven teachers offering English in grade 4 as another means of data collection instrument. Major findings of the study revealed that factors affecting reading competencies are hugely emanated from schools, teachers, family background, departmental policy and learners themselves. Despite reading problems exist in schools, there are always positive solutions to bring hope and success to the learners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Nomkopo, Cornas Ngephi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: English reading competency -- School learners Reading(Primary) -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , M Ed
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1400 , vital:34371
- Description: Reading has become the national and international centre of debate as learners persistently read below the required levels and matriculation results are due to learners‟ poor reading competencies. The concerns about poor reading competencies has mounted into inflammatory statements in articles and popular media nationally, continentally and internationally. Without the ability to read learners are deprived access to pertinent information and knowledge that can assist individuals in lifelong learning. Being a language teacher, the researcher in this study strongly believe that every learner can read appropriately and teachers can assist learners to improve their reading competencies. The purpose of the study was to identify the factors contributing to poor reading competencies of grade 4 learners and to provide recommendations to assist in dealing with poor reading competencies. Qualitative research approach was undertaken to deal with all aspects related to research methodology. The data were collected using research instruments such as observation of six learners from three selected primary schools. The observation was conducted during reading of text by learners in the presence of English teachers. The questionnaires were distributed to eleven teachers offering English in grade 4 as another means of data collection instrument. Major findings of the study revealed that factors affecting reading competencies are hugely emanated from schools, teachers, family background, departmental policy and learners themselves. Despite reading problems exist in schools, there are always positive solutions to bring hope and success to the learners.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Assessing the risk factors of Coronary heart disease among rural adults in the Joe Gqabi District: Eastern Cape
- Authors: Tetana, Thando
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Cardiovascular disease Coronary heart disease -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Coronary heart disease--Risk factors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , M Sc Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1440 , vital:35587
- Description: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as coronary heart disease (CHD) is a contributing factor to a large percentage of mortalities and morbidities worldwide including in affluent South African setting. In the Eastern Cape of Province, South Africa, there is no extensive data reported on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) determinants and risk factors. The present study sought to assess the risk factors and determinants of CHD. This case (n=50) control (n=50) study matched for sex and age, was conducted among Xhosa adults from rural and semi urban/ township areas of Joe Gqabi District, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Non modifiable, environmental, lifestyle, and psychological factors were investigated using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Depression, alcohol excessive intake, family history of CHD were the CHD univariate risk factors. The independent risk factors of CHD were uncontrolled systolic hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR)=95; 95% Confidence Interval 16.9-128; In front of a multifactorial disease driven by interactions of socio determinants and traditional risk factors, urgent programmes of education, clinical management and health promotion for adequate diet, physical activity, adherence and compliance to medication and are needed to curb epidemic proportions of CVD risk factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Tetana, Thando
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Cardiovascular disease Coronary heart disease -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Coronary heart disease--Risk factors
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , M Sc Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1440 , vital:35587
- Description: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as coronary heart disease (CHD) is a contributing factor to a large percentage of mortalities and morbidities worldwide including in affluent South African setting. In the Eastern Cape of Province, South Africa, there is no extensive data reported on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) determinants and risk factors. The present study sought to assess the risk factors and determinants of CHD. This case (n=50) control (n=50) study matched for sex and age, was conducted among Xhosa adults from rural and semi urban/ township areas of Joe Gqabi District, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Non modifiable, environmental, lifestyle, and psychological factors were investigated using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Depression, alcohol excessive intake, family history of CHD were the CHD univariate risk factors. The independent risk factors of CHD were uncontrolled systolic hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR)=95; 95% Confidence Interval 16.9-128; In front of a multifactorial disease driven by interactions of socio determinants and traditional risk factors, urgent programmes of education, clinical management and health promotion for adequate diet, physical activity, adherence and compliance to medication and are needed to curb epidemic proportions of CVD risk factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Genetics, physiology, proteomics of quality protein maize inbred lines under drought and heat stress
- Authors: Pfunde, Cleopatra Nyaradzo
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Corn Drought-tolerant plants Proteomics
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , Crop Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11696 , vital:39098
- Description: When plants perceive heat stress alone or in combination with drought, they activate several responses to synchronize development and molecular activities to ensure survival. In this study, a multidiscipline approach was adopted to investigate the plant genetics, proteomics and physiology for understanding the mechanisms underlying the adaptive response to combined drought and heat stress. The quality protein maize (QPM) inbred lines used had varied degrees of tolerance to both heat stress alone and in combination with drought. The overall objective of this study was to identify drought and heat tolerant germplasm that combine well under drought and heat stress for use in breeding programs to develop new QPM varieties. Initially, the genetic diversity among available inbred lines was estimated using two molecular markers, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The results indicated that moderate diversity exists among the QPM inbred lines which can be exploited to generate high performing hybrids. Cross combinations between QS26 and CIM2 and those between QS6 and CIM14 were selected as crosses likely to give substantial heterosis in the field because of the high genetic distances that were found between them using SNPs. Screening of inbred lines for drought and heat tolerance was done at the early germination and seedling stages. Differences in heat tolerance at both stages of growth were observed. Heat tolerant inbred lines at early germination stage had longer coleoptiles and radicles after recovery. The following inbred lines exhibited acquired thermo-tolerance, QS6, CIM7, QS17 and QS19, while CIM12, QS1, CIM21 and QS32 showed basal thermo-tolerance. At the early seedling stage inbred lines with significant differences (P< 0.001) in morpho-physiological traits were noted under heat stress alone and under combined drought and heat stress. However, no significant differences were noted for morpho-physiological measurements in the control treatment. Electron transport rate, sub-stomatal CO2, and stomatal conductance were significantly (P<0.001) reduced in response to combined drought and heat stress. Thus, drought coupled with heat stress resulted in stomatal closure, decreased photosynthetic rate, enhanced respiration and increased leaf temperature for susceptible inbred lines. The combined effects of drought and heat stress were more deleterious than the individual effect of heat stress alone as indicated by the reduction in dry weight. Based on the physiological parameters, biomass and tolerance indices, inbred lines QS22, CIM18 and QS6 showed tolerance to combined drought and heat stress, while CIM18, QS14 and QS30 exhibited thermo-tolerance. Inbred line CIM18 showed cross tolerance to combined drought and heat stress, and to heat stress alone. Further investigations into the comparative proteomic analysis of CIM18 (tolerant) with QS21 (susceptible) under combined drought and heat stress at seedling stage revealed that photosynthetic and stress related proteins were upregulated in CIM18. In addition, the abundance of heat shock proteins such as HSP70 and sHSP 17.8 kDa meant that CIM18 was better able to maintain cellular homeostasis and metabolism. The presence of metabolism related proteins meant that the energy needs of photosynthesis and other activities were met under drought and heat stress. Anti-oxidant enzymes such as glutathione s transferase were responsible for detoxification of reactive oxygen species induced by oxidative stress. These proteins mediated tolerance to combined stress in CIM18. The proteins that were micro-sequenced have previously been identified in individual drought and heat stress studies. The expression of these proteins under combined stress indicated that mechanisms from both stresses were pooled to confer tolerance in CIM18. Accordingly, the study proposes that CIM18 is a drought and heat tolerant QPM inbred line and is recommended for inclusion in breeding programs aimed at the development of drought and heat tolerant varieties. QPM has the potential to improve human nutrition in several rural households. The combining ability analysis of inbred lines revealed that GCA effects under combined drought and heat stress were significant for ears per plant, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, anthesis silking interval, days to 50percent silking and ear length. Specific combining ability effects were significant for grain yield, days to 50percent anthesis, chlorophyll content and senescence. The study revealed that non-additive gene action was more important in determining grain yield under combined drought and heat stress. Inbred lines L2, L3, L7 and L3, L7 and L11 were good sources of genes for high grain yield under well-watered and combined drought and heat stress respectively. Cross combinations L3 x L13 (3.05 t/ha) and L5 x L9 (2.95 t/ha) were the best performing single cross hybrids for grain yield while cross combination L2 x L10 (1.33t/ha) was the least performing hybrid under combined stress conditions. Under well-watered conditions, the highest yielding crosses were between L2 x L13 (6.51t/ha) and L2 x L8 (6.46 t/ha). The inbred lines identified as sources of drought and heat tolerance and the high yielding cross combinations maybe useful for improving tolerance by generating hybrids or synthetic QPM maize varieties. The inbred lines which exhibited tolerance to both drought and heat stress were genetically diverse and were able to maintain photosynthesis and hence growth during stressful conditions. The ability of these genotypes to accumulate biomass or produce yield under stressful conditions highlights underlying mechanisms which need to be further exploited. While partial proteomic work was done in this study, a more comprehensive study looking into greater depth at the genes responsible for these mechanisms is paramount to fully utilize and/or transfer these genes to other desirable genotypes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Genetics, physiology, proteomics of quality protein maize inbred lines under drought and heat stress
- Authors: Pfunde, Cleopatra Nyaradzo
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Corn Drought-tolerant plants Proteomics
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , Crop Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11696 , vital:39098
- Description: When plants perceive heat stress alone or in combination with drought, they activate several responses to synchronize development and molecular activities to ensure survival. In this study, a multidiscipline approach was adopted to investigate the plant genetics, proteomics and physiology for understanding the mechanisms underlying the adaptive response to combined drought and heat stress. The quality protein maize (QPM) inbred lines used had varied degrees of tolerance to both heat stress alone and in combination with drought. The overall objective of this study was to identify drought and heat tolerant germplasm that combine well under drought and heat stress for use in breeding programs to develop new QPM varieties. Initially, the genetic diversity among available inbred lines was estimated using two molecular markers, simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The results indicated that moderate diversity exists among the QPM inbred lines which can be exploited to generate high performing hybrids. Cross combinations between QS26 and CIM2 and those between QS6 and CIM14 were selected as crosses likely to give substantial heterosis in the field because of the high genetic distances that were found between them using SNPs. Screening of inbred lines for drought and heat tolerance was done at the early germination and seedling stages. Differences in heat tolerance at both stages of growth were observed. Heat tolerant inbred lines at early germination stage had longer coleoptiles and radicles after recovery. The following inbred lines exhibited acquired thermo-tolerance, QS6, CIM7, QS17 and QS19, while CIM12, QS1, CIM21 and QS32 showed basal thermo-tolerance. At the early seedling stage inbred lines with significant differences (P< 0.001) in morpho-physiological traits were noted under heat stress alone and under combined drought and heat stress. However, no significant differences were noted for morpho-physiological measurements in the control treatment. Electron transport rate, sub-stomatal CO2, and stomatal conductance were significantly (P<0.001) reduced in response to combined drought and heat stress. Thus, drought coupled with heat stress resulted in stomatal closure, decreased photosynthetic rate, enhanced respiration and increased leaf temperature for susceptible inbred lines. The combined effects of drought and heat stress were more deleterious than the individual effect of heat stress alone as indicated by the reduction in dry weight. Based on the physiological parameters, biomass and tolerance indices, inbred lines QS22, CIM18 and QS6 showed tolerance to combined drought and heat stress, while CIM18, QS14 and QS30 exhibited thermo-tolerance. Inbred line CIM18 showed cross tolerance to combined drought and heat stress, and to heat stress alone. Further investigations into the comparative proteomic analysis of CIM18 (tolerant) with QS21 (susceptible) under combined drought and heat stress at seedling stage revealed that photosynthetic and stress related proteins were upregulated in CIM18. In addition, the abundance of heat shock proteins such as HSP70 and sHSP 17.8 kDa meant that CIM18 was better able to maintain cellular homeostasis and metabolism. The presence of metabolism related proteins meant that the energy needs of photosynthesis and other activities were met under drought and heat stress. Anti-oxidant enzymes such as glutathione s transferase were responsible for detoxification of reactive oxygen species induced by oxidative stress. These proteins mediated tolerance to combined stress in CIM18. The proteins that were micro-sequenced have previously been identified in individual drought and heat stress studies. The expression of these proteins under combined stress indicated that mechanisms from both stresses were pooled to confer tolerance in CIM18. Accordingly, the study proposes that CIM18 is a drought and heat tolerant QPM inbred line and is recommended for inclusion in breeding programs aimed at the development of drought and heat tolerant varieties. QPM has the potential to improve human nutrition in several rural households. The combining ability analysis of inbred lines revealed that GCA effects under combined drought and heat stress were significant for ears per plant, chlorophyll content, canopy temperature, anthesis silking interval, days to 50percent silking and ear length. Specific combining ability effects were significant for grain yield, days to 50percent anthesis, chlorophyll content and senescence. The study revealed that non-additive gene action was more important in determining grain yield under combined drought and heat stress. Inbred lines L2, L3, L7 and L3, L7 and L11 were good sources of genes for high grain yield under well-watered and combined drought and heat stress respectively. Cross combinations L3 x L13 (3.05 t/ha) and L5 x L9 (2.95 t/ha) were the best performing single cross hybrids for grain yield while cross combination L2 x L10 (1.33t/ha) was the least performing hybrid under combined stress conditions. Under well-watered conditions, the highest yielding crosses were between L2 x L13 (6.51t/ha) and L2 x L8 (6.46 t/ha). The inbred lines identified as sources of drought and heat tolerance and the high yielding cross combinations maybe useful for improving tolerance by generating hybrids or synthetic QPM maize varieties. The inbred lines which exhibited tolerance to both drought and heat stress were genetically diverse and were able to maintain photosynthesis and hence growth during stressful conditions. The ability of these genotypes to accumulate biomass or produce yield under stressful conditions highlights underlying mechanisms which need to be further exploited. While partial proteomic work was done in this study, a more comprehensive study looking into greater depth at the genes responsible for these mechanisms is paramount to fully utilize and/or transfer these genes to other desirable genotypes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
The evaluation of continuous quality improvement amongst the Community Health Centers of Lukhanji sub-district, of Chris Hani District Municipality, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Qotoyi, Ntombesitatu
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Health Standard Compliance Health Care -- Quality improvement Community health centrers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MSc Nursing
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1465 , vital:35973
- Description: Continuous Quality Improvement is a system that seeks to improve the provision of services with an emphasis on future results (Tomey, 2009). It is a process that involves evaluation, actions and mindset to strive constantly for excellence (Sullivan, 2012). Evaluation of quality in health care has evolved into a dynamic and modern science which plays a significant role in patient safety, quality assurance (QA), benchmarking and continuous quality improvement (CQI). Improved quality has a positive impact on patient and staff satisfaction, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare provision in both the public and private sector, eventually leading to increased trust in the health system (Whittaker, Burns, Doyle and Fenney, 1998). The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the factors that influence continuous quality improvement amongst the Community Health Centers of Lukhanji sub district, of Chris Hani District Municipality, Eastern Cape. The standards of the community health centers were assessed against the National Core Standards of the South African National Department of Health. Donabedian‟s tripartite model (1988) which addresses three elements of quality assessment, namely structure, process and outcome, led this study. A quantitative, descriptive design was adapted, using National Core Standard checklists and assessment questionnaires to collect data from two community health centers. Respondents were sampled through simple random sample. Data were collected through staff and patient interviews, document reviews, patient record assessment and observations. The raw data were transferred to the District Health Information System (DHIS) Assessment Questionnaire CHC/CDC programme which generated the results into colour coded tables (dashboard view). According to DHIS software version: 1.4.1.12 data base version: 19 June 2013 each community health center is listed in the DHIS programme for each district to capture data. The researcher consolidated and interpreted the results according to the expected level of performance and compliance as per the South African Office of the Health Standard Compliance. The results highlighted a need for improvement in the six priority areas for the Community Health Centers (CHCs) to reach the acceptable performance of 80% and above. CHC A scored 85% in availability of medicines and supplies however CHC B obtained 68 %. For cleanliness both CHCs obtained 54% which need more than 20% effort to reach the acceptable performance of 80%. In patient safety CHC A obtained 48% whilst CHC B had a score of 36%. For infection prevention and control CHC A scored 61% and CHC B obtained 53%. In the assessment of positive and caring attitudes CHC A had a score of 77% whereas CHC B obtained 40% indicative of noncompliance. In waiting time measures CHC A was compliant with a score of 82% however CHC B had a score of 71%. The results of this study indicated that there is a need for the CHCs to put systems in place to strengthen PHC effectiveness and ensure patient safety. The results and recommendations would assist in service delivery and continuous quality improvement in the community health centers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Qotoyi, Ntombesitatu
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Health Standard Compliance Health Care -- Quality improvement Community health centrers -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MSc Nursing
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1465 , vital:35973
- Description: Continuous Quality Improvement is a system that seeks to improve the provision of services with an emphasis on future results (Tomey, 2009). It is a process that involves evaluation, actions and mindset to strive constantly for excellence (Sullivan, 2012). Evaluation of quality in health care has evolved into a dynamic and modern science which plays a significant role in patient safety, quality assurance (QA), benchmarking and continuous quality improvement (CQI). Improved quality has a positive impact on patient and staff satisfaction, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare provision in both the public and private sector, eventually leading to increased trust in the health system (Whittaker, Burns, Doyle and Fenney, 1998). The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the factors that influence continuous quality improvement amongst the Community Health Centers of Lukhanji sub district, of Chris Hani District Municipality, Eastern Cape. The standards of the community health centers were assessed against the National Core Standards of the South African National Department of Health. Donabedian‟s tripartite model (1988) which addresses three elements of quality assessment, namely structure, process and outcome, led this study. A quantitative, descriptive design was adapted, using National Core Standard checklists and assessment questionnaires to collect data from two community health centers. Respondents were sampled through simple random sample. Data were collected through staff and patient interviews, document reviews, patient record assessment and observations. The raw data were transferred to the District Health Information System (DHIS) Assessment Questionnaire CHC/CDC programme which generated the results into colour coded tables (dashboard view). According to DHIS software version: 1.4.1.12 data base version: 19 June 2013 each community health center is listed in the DHIS programme for each district to capture data. The researcher consolidated and interpreted the results according to the expected level of performance and compliance as per the South African Office of the Health Standard Compliance. The results highlighted a need for improvement in the six priority areas for the Community Health Centers (CHCs) to reach the acceptable performance of 80% and above. CHC A scored 85% in availability of medicines and supplies however CHC B obtained 68 %. For cleanliness both CHCs obtained 54% which need more than 20% effort to reach the acceptable performance of 80%. In patient safety CHC A obtained 48% whilst CHC B had a score of 36%. For infection prevention and control CHC A scored 61% and CHC B obtained 53%. In the assessment of positive and caring attitudes CHC A had a score of 77% whereas CHC B obtained 40% indicative of noncompliance. In waiting time measures CHC A was compliant with a score of 82% however CHC B had a score of 71%. The results of this study indicated that there is a need for the CHCs to put systems in place to strengthen PHC effectiveness and ensure patient safety. The results and recommendations would assist in service delivery and continuous quality improvement in the community health centers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
The integration of previously hospital based Antiretroviral sites into Primary Health Care clinics in Lukhanji sub district of Chris Hani District Municipality
- Authors: Pakade, Nonkoliso
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: HIV/AIDS -- Antiretroviral(ARV) -- Eastern Cape -- South Africa Human Immune Virus(HIV) -- Antiretroviral therapy(ART) treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MSc Nursing
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1431 , vital:35585
- Description: The first country to take note of HIV/AIDS was United States of America in the report published by Atlanta based Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention (Barnett and Whiteside, 2006). In the past years ARV program was largely hospital-based where clients were assessed by doctors, discussed with multidisciplinary team which involved social workers, dieticians and pharmacists before initiated on treatment. The integration of ARV services into PHC was one of the strategies proposed to increase access to treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2010). The study sought to describe the integration of previously hospital based ARV sites into PHC clinics in Lukhanji sub-district of Chris Hani Health District in Eastern Cape. A qualitative research design was followed and a phenomenological approach was used to examine the experiences of clients who previously took ARV treatment at Frontier hospital and were transferred to take treatment at Ezibeleni, Ilinge, Philani and Sada clinics. An interview guide was used for data collection. Participants were sampled through purposive sampling. The study was composed of four focus groups for clients with a total of forty (18 males and 22 females) and 10 professional nurses for semi structured individual interviews. In the analysis of data, the collected data from voice recordings were transcribed verbatim and translated from isiXhosa to English. The researcher immersed herself into the data, re read, and themes and sub-themes emerged. Related topics to each other were grouped together in order to reduce the number of categories and to create themes. The similar categories were grouped and analyzed. Findings indicated that integration of ART sites into PHC clinics was a strategy put in place to increase accessibility and availability of ARV treatment to all communities. Both participants stated that integration brought services nearer to people and caused much relief from spending more money for travelling long distances. Ambulance delays were reported by both participants as the major challenge in the referral system between clinics and the hospital. Other challenges facing integration of ART services into PHC clinics included long waiting times caused by shortage of staff in the clinics, lack of consulting rooms for nurses and waiting areas for clients. Also lack of other health care professionals including social workers, dieticians, and psychologists was mentioned. The recommendations made by the researcher on the conclusion of this study addressed all the challenges mentioned by participants. The aim was to increase accessibility and availability of ART services to all the communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Pakade, Nonkoliso
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: HIV/AIDS -- Antiretroviral(ARV) -- Eastern Cape -- South Africa Human Immune Virus(HIV) -- Antiretroviral therapy(ART) treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , MSc Nursing
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1431 , vital:35585
- Description: The first country to take note of HIV/AIDS was United States of America in the report published by Atlanta based Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention (Barnett and Whiteside, 2006). In the past years ARV program was largely hospital-based where clients were assessed by doctors, discussed with multidisciplinary team which involved social workers, dieticians and pharmacists before initiated on treatment. The integration of ARV services into PHC was one of the strategies proposed to increase access to treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS (WHO, 2010). The study sought to describe the integration of previously hospital based ARV sites into PHC clinics in Lukhanji sub-district of Chris Hani Health District in Eastern Cape. A qualitative research design was followed and a phenomenological approach was used to examine the experiences of clients who previously took ARV treatment at Frontier hospital and were transferred to take treatment at Ezibeleni, Ilinge, Philani and Sada clinics. An interview guide was used for data collection. Participants were sampled through purposive sampling. The study was composed of four focus groups for clients with a total of forty (18 males and 22 females) and 10 professional nurses for semi structured individual interviews. In the analysis of data, the collected data from voice recordings were transcribed verbatim and translated from isiXhosa to English. The researcher immersed herself into the data, re read, and themes and sub-themes emerged. Related topics to each other were grouped together in order to reduce the number of categories and to create themes. The similar categories were grouped and analyzed. Findings indicated that integration of ART sites into PHC clinics was a strategy put in place to increase accessibility and availability of ARV treatment to all communities. Both participants stated that integration brought services nearer to people and caused much relief from spending more money for travelling long distances. Ambulance delays were reported by both participants as the major challenge in the referral system between clinics and the hospital. Other challenges facing integration of ART services into PHC clinics included long waiting times caused by shortage of staff in the clinics, lack of consulting rooms for nurses and waiting areas for clients. Also lack of other health care professionals including social workers, dieticians, and psychologists was mentioned. The recommendations made by the researcher on the conclusion of this study addressed all the challenges mentioned by participants. The aim was to increase accessibility and availability of ART services to all the communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
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- Subjects: Folk music -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters/Doctoral , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6048 , vital:29486
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