A case study investigation of the neuropsychological profile of a rugby player with a history of multiple concussions
- Authors: Case, Stephanie
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Rugby football injuries , Brain -- Concussion -- Complications , Neuropsychological tests , Head -- Wounds and injuries -- Complications , Sports injuries -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3165 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007727 , Rugby football injuries , Brain -- Concussion -- Complications , Neuropsychological tests , Head -- Wounds and injuries -- Complications , Sports injuries -- Psychological aspects
- Description: sustained multiple concussions may be at risk of cumulative impairment. The role of neuropsychological testing in the management of sports-related concussion is a contentious and challenging issue which has gained credibility given the lack of clear and well-established guidelines pertaining to the diagnosis, assessment and return-to-play decisions following concussion. Despite various traditional paper and pencil tests being shown to be effective indicators of postconcussive neuropsychological dysfunction, testing has not been widely implemented, due to time- and labour-demands. ImPACT, a computer-based neuropsychological assessment instrument, has been recognised as a valid and reliable tool in the monitoring of athletes' symptoms and neurocognitive functioning preseason and postconcussion. As a part of larger-scale concussion research conducted on top-team university rugby players, this is an in-depth case study conducted on a 20-year old participant with a history of multiple concussions, who was referred following a concussion sustained during the season. The objectives of the study were: (i) to determine the sensitivity of ImPACT versus WAIS-III Digit Span and Trail Making Test during the acute postconcussive phase; and (ii) to examine the sensitivity of ImPACT versus a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests to possible residual deficits as a result of the multiple concussions. ImPACT was determined to be more sensitive to acute postconcussive impairment following concussion than Digit Span and Trail Making Test. Furthermore, the ImPACT preseason baseline scores appear to be sensitive to neurocognitive dysfunction, possibly due to cumulative concussive injuries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Case, Stephanie
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Rugby football injuries , Brain -- Concussion -- Complications , Neuropsychological tests , Head -- Wounds and injuries -- Complications , Sports injuries -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3165 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007727 , Rugby football injuries , Brain -- Concussion -- Complications , Neuropsychological tests , Head -- Wounds and injuries -- Complications , Sports injuries -- Psychological aspects
- Description: sustained multiple concussions may be at risk of cumulative impairment. The role of neuropsychological testing in the management of sports-related concussion is a contentious and challenging issue which has gained credibility given the lack of clear and well-established guidelines pertaining to the diagnosis, assessment and return-to-play decisions following concussion. Despite various traditional paper and pencil tests being shown to be effective indicators of postconcussive neuropsychological dysfunction, testing has not been widely implemented, due to time- and labour-demands. ImPACT, a computer-based neuropsychological assessment instrument, has been recognised as a valid and reliable tool in the monitoring of athletes' symptoms and neurocognitive functioning preseason and postconcussion. As a part of larger-scale concussion research conducted on top-team university rugby players, this is an in-depth case study conducted on a 20-year old participant with a history of multiple concussions, who was referred following a concussion sustained during the season. The objectives of the study were: (i) to determine the sensitivity of ImPACT versus WAIS-III Digit Span and Trail Making Test during the acute postconcussive phase; and (ii) to examine the sensitivity of ImPACT versus a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests to possible residual deficits as a result of the multiple concussions. ImPACT was determined to be more sensitive to acute postconcussive impairment following concussion than Digit Span and Trail Making Test. Furthermore, the ImPACT preseason baseline scores appear to be sensitive to neurocognitive dysfunction, possibly due to cumulative concussive injuries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Metabolic effects brought about by tricyclic antidepressants and the contribution of a medicinal plant in alleviating high fat diet induced insulin resistance in male wistar rats
- Authors: Chadwick, Wayne
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Rats -- Metabolism , Diabetes -- Research , Medicinal plants -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:10329 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/461 , Rats -- Metabolism , Diabetes -- Research , Medicinal plants -- South Africa
- Description: Type II diabetes is becoming a growing problem in developed countries worldwide. The median age for diagnosis was around sixty, but recent surveys have shown that the entire age distribution curve shifting left. The incidence of type II diabetes is thought to be parallel with the growing rate of obesity associated with an unhealthy western diet. Type II diabetes is an expensive disease to manage, it is for this reason that cheaper medication needs to be investigated in the form of traditional plants, such as Sutherlandia frutescens. Prescription medication, such as tricyclic antidepressants, may also increase body weight thereby playing a role in obesity. The cause of weight gain in such cases may go unrecognized or lead to cessation of the medication with or without the practitioner’s knowledge or approval. It is therefore necessary to investigate the causative agents responsible for the excessive weight gain. Drinking water containing extracts of S. frutescens or metformin was administered to two groups of eleven insulin resistant male Wistar rats. The insulin resistant control group received water without any medication. Rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks allowing for fasting blood glucose, insulin and tissue glycogen content determination. Glucose uptake was also determined using [3H] deoxyglucose. The effect of the medication and the diet on muscle post receptor insulin signaling proteins was determined through Western blots. Liver proteomics was also performed using 2-D electrophoresis. In a separate experiment 26 male Wistar rats were exposed to strepotozotocin toxin, 7 of these rats received intravenous insulin treatment, 7 rats received S. frutescens extract and 7 rats received a combination of both medications, the remaining 5 received no treatment and served as the control. Rats were sacrificed after 6 days allowing for fasting blood glucose, insulin and tissue glycogen content determination. Two groups of 14 male Wistar rats received amitriptyline or trimipramine (common tricyclic antidepressants) in their drinking water, the control group (30 rats) received water without any medication. The rats’ weight and food consumption was monitored throughout the trial and their oxygen consumption was also determined. Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks or 14 weeks of medicinal compliance allowing for fasting blood glucose, insulin and tissue glycogen content determination. Glucose uptake was also determined using [3H] deoxyglucose. S. frutescens treatment normalized circulating serum insulin levels and significantly increased the rate of glucose clearance. Certain post receptor insulin signaling proteins were also significantly increased relative to the insulin resistant control group. 2-D electrophoresis identified the normalization of protein levels associated with the urea cycle. S. frutescens was also able to, independently; maintain normoglycaemic levels in the strepotozotocin treated group. The tricyclic antidepressants significantly increased blood glucose levels while significantly reducing tissue glycogen levels for both sacrifice periods. Serum insulin remained unchanged while a significant increase in insulin degradation and insulin degrading enzyme levels were found for both antidepressants. S. frutescens shows promise as a low cost antidiabetic medication for future use. Although the antidepressants did not promote weight gain, the increase in blood glucose levels may be cause for concern in patients with a pre-disposition toward developing diabetes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chadwick, Wayne
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Rats -- Metabolism , Diabetes -- Research , Medicinal plants -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:10329 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/461 , Rats -- Metabolism , Diabetes -- Research , Medicinal plants -- South Africa
- Description: Type II diabetes is becoming a growing problem in developed countries worldwide. The median age for diagnosis was around sixty, but recent surveys have shown that the entire age distribution curve shifting left. The incidence of type II diabetes is thought to be parallel with the growing rate of obesity associated with an unhealthy western diet. Type II diabetes is an expensive disease to manage, it is for this reason that cheaper medication needs to be investigated in the form of traditional plants, such as Sutherlandia frutescens. Prescription medication, such as tricyclic antidepressants, may also increase body weight thereby playing a role in obesity. The cause of weight gain in such cases may go unrecognized or lead to cessation of the medication with or without the practitioner’s knowledge or approval. It is therefore necessary to investigate the causative agents responsible for the excessive weight gain. Drinking water containing extracts of S. frutescens or metformin was administered to two groups of eleven insulin resistant male Wistar rats. The insulin resistant control group received water without any medication. Rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks allowing for fasting blood glucose, insulin and tissue glycogen content determination. Glucose uptake was also determined using [3H] deoxyglucose. The effect of the medication and the diet on muscle post receptor insulin signaling proteins was determined through Western blots. Liver proteomics was also performed using 2-D electrophoresis. In a separate experiment 26 male Wistar rats were exposed to strepotozotocin toxin, 7 of these rats received intravenous insulin treatment, 7 rats received S. frutescens extract and 7 rats received a combination of both medications, the remaining 5 received no treatment and served as the control. Rats were sacrificed after 6 days allowing for fasting blood glucose, insulin and tissue glycogen content determination. Two groups of 14 male Wistar rats received amitriptyline or trimipramine (common tricyclic antidepressants) in their drinking water, the control group (30 rats) received water without any medication. The rats’ weight and food consumption was monitored throughout the trial and their oxygen consumption was also determined. Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks or 14 weeks of medicinal compliance allowing for fasting blood glucose, insulin and tissue glycogen content determination. Glucose uptake was also determined using [3H] deoxyglucose. S. frutescens treatment normalized circulating serum insulin levels and significantly increased the rate of glucose clearance. Certain post receptor insulin signaling proteins were also significantly increased relative to the insulin resistant control group. 2-D electrophoresis identified the normalization of protein levels associated with the urea cycle. S. frutescens was also able to, independently; maintain normoglycaemic levels in the strepotozotocin treated group. The tricyclic antidepressants significantly increased blood glucose levels while significantly reducing tissue glycogen levels for both sacrifice periods. Serum insulin remained unchanged while a significant increase in insulin degradation and insulin degrading enzyme levels were found for both antidepressants. S. frutescens shows promise as a low cost antidiabetic medication for future use. Although the antidepressants did not promote weight gain, the increase in blood glucose levels may be cause for concern in patients with a pre-disposition toward developing diabetes.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Development and validation of a stability-indicating analytical method for the quantitation of oxytocin in pharmaceutical dosage forms
- Chaibva, Faith A, Walker, Roderick B
- Authors: Chaibva, Faith A , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6349 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006030
- Description: A single stability-indicating assay for oxytocin (OT) in pharmaceutical dosage forms using gradient elution over 21 min has been reported in the literature. Furthermore, published and compendial methods for the analysis of OT containing dosage forms also involve using HPLC with gradient elution and complicated mobile phases that include hydrophobic ion pairing agents. A simple isocratic and stability-indicating assay was developed and validated. The conditions are as follows, column: Phenomenex® C18 Hypersil, 5 μm packing, 4.6 mm × 150 mm with acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (pH 5; 0.08 M) (20:80) as the mobile phase with UV detection at 220 nm The method was found to be specific for OT in the presence of degradation products and chlorbutol (preservative) with an overall analytical run time of 16 min. Accuracy was determined to be 0.77–1.18% bias for all samples tested. Intra-assay precision (repeatability) was found to be 0.22–1.04%R.S.D. while the inter-day precision (intermediate precision) was found to be 1.27–1.68%R.S.D. for the samples studied. The calibration curve was found to be linear with the equation y = 1.81x + 0.02 and a linear regression coefficient of 0.9991 over the range 0.4–12.0 IU/ml. The LOD and the LOQ were determined to be 0.1 and 0.4 IU/ml, respectively. Syntocinon®, a commercially available dosage form of OT was assayed resulting in 100.5–106.6% recovery of the label claim and an average of 10.04 IU/ml.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chaibva, Faith A , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6349 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006030
- Description: A single stability-indicating assay for oxytocin (OT) in pharmaceutical dosage forms using gradient elution over 21 min has been reported in the literature. Furthermore, published and compendial methods for the analysis of OT containing dosage forms also involve using HPLC with gradient elution and complicated mobile phases that include hydrophobic ion pairing agents. A simple isocratic and stability-indicating assay was developed and validated. The conditions are as follows, column: Phenomenex® C18 Hypersil, 5 μm packing, 4.6 mm × 150 mm with acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (pH 5; 0.08 M) (20:80) as the mobile phase with UV detection at 220 nm The method was found to be specific for OT in the presence of degradation products and chlorbutol (preservative) with an overall analytical run time of 16 min. Accuracy was determined to be 0.77–1.18% bias for all samples tested. Intra-assay precision (repeatability) was found to be 0.22–1.04%R.S.D. while the inter-day precision (intermediate precision) was found to be 1.27–1.68%R.S.D. for the samples studied. The calibration curve was found to be linear with the equation y = 1.81x + 0.02 and a linear regression coefficient of 0.9991 over the range 0.4–12.0 IU/ml. The LOD and the LOQ were determined to be 0.1 and 0.4 IU/ml, respectively. Syntocinon®, a commercially available dosage form of OT was assayed resulting in 100.5–106.6% recovery of the label claim and an average of 10.04 IU/ml.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Sperm morphology in five species of cicadettine cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cicadidae)
- Chawanji, A S, Hodgson, Alan N, Villet, Martin H
- Authors: Chawanji, A S , Hodgson, Alan N , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6930 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011948
- Description: Mature spermatozoa from five species of cicadas of the subfamily Cicadettinae (Quintilia wealei, Melampsalta leucoptera, Stagira simplex, Xosopsaltria thunbergi and Monomatapa matoposa) were examined by light and electron microscopy. In each species sperm are elongate, aggregated into organized bundles with their heads embedded in a homogenous matrix to form spermatodesmata, and exhibit polymegaly. The head of the sperm consist of an anteriorly positioned conical acrosome that has a tubular substructure and a deep, posterior invagination that forms the subacrosomal space (eccentrically positioned anteriorly). The acrosome is flattened anteriorly; posteriorly it extends along either side of the nucleus as two tubular processes that gradually decrease in diameter. The filiform nucleus tapers anteriorly and intrudes into the subscrosomal space. Posteriorly the nucleus has a lateral invagination that houses material of the so-called centriolar adjunct. Posterior to the centriolar adjuct and the nucleus are two crystalline mitochondrial derivatives and a centriole, respectively, the latter giving rise to the axoneme, which has a 9 + 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules. In these respects the sperm are similar to those of platypleurine cicadas. However, some features seem unique to cicadettines, including the structural organization of an enlarged centriolar adjunct and the dimensions of the tails. The enlarged centriolar adjunct has a lamella-like substructure and can be considered a synapomorphic character in the Cicadettinae. It is, therefore, potentially useful in the separation of this subfamily from the Cicadinae. In addition, the great length of the sperm nucleus of long-headed sperm in M. matoposa could be a synapomorphy of this genus and related taphurine and cicadettine species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chawanji, A S , Hodgson, Alan N , Villet, Martin H
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6930 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011948
- Description: Mature spermatozoa from five species of cicadas of the subfamily Cicadettinae (Quintilia wealei, Melampsalta leucoptera, Stagira simplex, Xosopsaltria thunbergi and Monomatapa matoposa) were examined by light and electron microscopy. In each species sperm are elongate, aggregated into organized bundles with their heads embedded in a homogenous matrix to form spermatodesmata, and exhibit polymegaly. The head of the sperm consist of an anteriorly positioned conical acrosome that has a tubular substructure and a deep, posterior invagination that forms the subacrosomal space (eccentrically positioned anteriorly). The acrosome is flattened anteriorly; posteriorly it extends along either side of the nucleus as two tubular processes that gradually decrease in diameter. The filiform nucleus tapers anteriorly and intrudes into the subscrosomal space. Posteriorly the nucleus has a lateral invagination that houses material of the so-called centriolar adjunct. Posterior to the centriolar adjuct and the nucleus are two crystalline mitochondrial derivatives and a centriole, respectively, the latter giving rise to the axoneme, which has a 9 + 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules. In these respects the sperm are similar to those of platypleurine cicadas. However, some features seem unique to cicadettines, including the structural organization of an enlarged centriolar adjunct and the dimensions of the tails. The enlarged centriolar adjunct has a lamella-like substructure and can be considered a synapomorphic character in the Cicadettinae. It is, therefore, potentially useful in the separation of this subfamily from the Cicadinae. In addition, the great length of the sperm nucleus of long-headed sperm in M. matoposa could be a synapomorphy of this genus and related taphurine and cicadettine species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
A framework for secure mobility in wireless overlay networks
- Authors: Chen, Hejun
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Wireless communication systems , Computer networks
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:9778 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/819 , Wireless communication systems , Computer networks
- Description: Various wireless networks are widely deployed world wide. Current technologies employed in these networks vary widely in terms of bandwidths, latencies, frequencies, and media access methods. Most existing wireless network technologies can be divided into two categories: those that provide a low-bandwidth service over a wide geographic area, for example UMTS, and those that provide a high bandwidth service over a narrow geographic area, for example 802.11. Although it would be desirable to provide a high- bandwidth service over a wide coverage region to mobile users all the time, no single wireless network technology simultaneously satisfies these require- ments. Wireless Overlay Networks, a hierarchical structure of wireless personal area, local area, and wide area data networks, is considered as an efficient and scalable way to solve this problem. Due to the wide deployment of UMTS and 802.11 WLAN, this study attempts to combine them to implement the concept of Wireless Overlay Net- works. Furthermore, the information transmitted over this Wireless Overlay Networks is protected in terms of authentication, integrity and confidentiality. To achieve this goal, this study aims to combine GPRS, Mobile IP and IPSec to propose a framework for secure mobility in Wireless Overlay Networks. The framework is developed in three steps: Firstly, this study addresses the problem of combining GPRS and Mo- bile IP, so that GPRS users are provided with Mobile IP service. This results in presenting a uniform Mobile IP interface to peers regardless of whether mobile users use UMTS or 802.11 WLAN. Secondly, this study discovers the existing problem when combining Mobile IP and IPSec, and proposes a Dual Home Agent Architecture to achieve secure mobility. Finally, based on the output of the previous two steps, a complete framework is proposed, which achieves secure mobility in Wireless Overlay Networks, specifically, in UMTS and 802.11 WLAN. The framework also implements seamless handover when mobile users switch between UMTS and 802.11. This results in UMTS and 802.11 WLAN looking like a single network when participating in this framework, and presents seamless and secure mobility.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chen, Hejun
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Wireless communication systems , Computer networks
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MTech
- Identifier: vital:9778 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/819 , Wireless communication systems , Computer networks
- Description: Various wireless networks are widely deployed world wide. Current technologies employed in these networks vary widely in terms of bandwidths, latencies, frequencies, and media access methods. Most existing wireless network technologies can be divided into two categories: those that provide a low-bandwidth service over a wide geographic area, for example UMTS, and those that provide a high bandwidth service over a narrow geographic area, for example 802.11. Although it would be desirable to provide a high- bandwidth service over a wide coverage region to mobile users all the time, no single wireless network technology simultaneously satisfies these require- ments. Wireless Overlay Networks, a hierarchical structure of wireless personal area, local area, and wide area data networks, is considered as an efficient and scalable way to solve this problem. Due to the wide deployment of UMTS and 802.11 WLAN, this study attempts to combine them to implement the concept of Wireless Overlay Net- works. Furthermore, the information transmitted over this Wireless Overlay Networks is protected in terms of authentication, integrity and confidentiality. To achieve this goal, this study aims to combine GPRS, Mobile IP and IPSec to propose a framework for secure mobility in Wireless Overlay Networks. The framework is developed in three steps: Firstly, this study addresses the problem of combining GPRS and Mo- bile IP, so that GPRS users are provided with Mobile IP service. This results in presenting a uniform Mobile IP interface to peers regardless of whether mobile users use UMTS or 802.11 WLAN. Secondly, this study discovers the existing problem when combining Mobile IP and IPSec, and proposes a Dual Home Agent Architecture to achieve secure mobility. Finally, based on the output of the previous two steps, a complete framework is proposed, which achieves secure mobility in Wireless Overlay Networks, specifically, in UMTS and 802.11 WLAN. The framework also implements seamless handover when mobile users switch between UMTS and 802.11. This results in UMTS and 802.11 WLAN looking like a single network when participating in this framework, and presents seamless and secure mobility.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Development and assessment of propranolol sustained release dosage forms separately and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide
- Authors: Chetty, Prakash
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3749 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003227
- Description: Hypertension is a chronic illness that is often undiagnosed and untreated leading to high mortality rates in South Africa. The use of diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide and beta blockers such as propranolol has been advocated as first line therapy for the treatment of hypertension. The study and use of controlled release dosage forms for the treatment of various disease states has gained wide interest over the past two decades. The use of controlled release systems offers improved therapeutic efficiency over conventional immediate release dosage forms, the use of which at times have often led to poor patient adherence and decreased therapeutic efficiencies. The current research objective was to develop a sustained release multi-source product for propranolol such that once daily dosing would be achieved. In addition, the sustained release product was developed using Inderal® LA 80mg capsules as a reference product. In addition the development of a suitable immediate release hydrochlorothiazide tablet was undertaken to produce a combination dosage form. The use of two different technologies, namely direct compression and wet granulation were employed to develop the sustained release dosage form. The release of propranolol from these dosage forms was assessed using USP apparatus 1 with quantitation of the relevant dissolution samples using a validated high performance liquid chromatographic method. The release profiles from the prototype and subsequent products were subjected to model independent and model dependent analyses in order to compare them to the innovator product and to elucidate the mechanisms of drug release respectively. Dissolution test results reveal that dosage forms prepared from wet granulation showed better rate retardation and more appropriate release profiles than those prepared by direct compression techniques. The subsequent model independent and model dependent analysis show that a dosage form that is comparable to the innovator product has been developed, with drug release occurring by a diffusion type mechanism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chetty, Prakash
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3749 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003227
- Description: Hypertension is a chronic illness that is often undiagnosed and untreated leading to high mortality rates in South Africa. The use of diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide and beta blockers such as propranolol has been advocated as first line therapy for the treatment of hypertension. The study and use of controlled release dosage forms for the treatment of various disease states has gained wide interest over the past two decades. The use of controlled release systems offers improved therapeutic efficiency over conventional immediate release dosage forms, the use of which at times have often led to poor patient adherence and decreased therapeutic efficiencies. The current research objective was to develop a sustained release multi-source product for propranolol such that once daily dosing would be achieved. In addition, the sustained release product was developed using Inderal® LA 80mg capsules as a reference product. In addition the development of a suitable immediate release hydrochlorothiazide tablet was undertaken to produce a combination dosage form. The use of two different technologies, namely direct compression and wet granulation were employed to develop the sustained release dosage form. The release of propranolol from these dosage forms was assessed using USP apparatus 1 with quantitation of the relevant dissolution samples using a validated high performance liquid chromatographic method. The release profiles from the prototype and subsequent products were subjected to model independent and model dependent analyses in order to compare them to the innovator product and to elucidate the mechanisms of drug release respectively. Dissolution test results reveal that dosage forms prepared from wet granulation showed better rate retardation and more appropriate release profiles than those prepared by direct compression techniques. The subsequent model independent and model dependent analysis show that a dosage form that is comparable to the innovator product has been developed, with drug release occurring by a diffusion type mechanism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
An analysis of the information and communication technology initiatives needed to enhance business value at Transwerk
- Authors: Chiambiro, Robson
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Information technology -- Management , Management information systems , Technological innovations -- Management , Organizational effectiveness , Value
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8767 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/486 , Information technology -- Management , Management information systems , Technological innovations -- Management , Organizational effectiveness , Value
- Description: The study was triggered by a discussion with one of Transwerk’s executive management during an MBA tea break. The discussion was centred on the lack of IT Governance Structure in some organisations that are centrally managed due to geographical location and spreading of branches countrywide. The purpose of this study was to analyse the information and communication technology initiatives that can be implemented at Transwerk by the ICT department to ensure significant value from their information and communication technology investments. This was undertaken by means of a literature and an empirical study. The elements of the information and communication technology initiatives were discussed and the study then analysed the responses in an attempt to determine the initiatives that are currently implemented at Transwerk’s ICT department. The literature study indicated that is it critical for any organisation that needs to be successful should have an integrated ICT Governance Structure. The empirical study found out that the current situation at Transwerk’s ICT department requires attention because their IT Governance Structure does not involve major stakeholders from other business units. Recommendations were made as a result of analysing the literature study and empirical study to ensure the implementation of key initiatives that can add value to the organization.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chiambiro, Robson
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Information technology -- Management , Management information systems , Technological innovations -- Management , Organizational effectiveness , Value
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8767 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/486 , Information technology -- Management , Management information systems , Technological innovations -- Management , Organizational effectiveness , Value
- Description: The study was triggered by a discussion with one of Transwerk’s executive management during an MBA tea break. The discussion was centred on the lack of IT Governance Structure in some organisations that are centrally managed due to geographical location and spreading of branches countrywide. The purpose of this study was to analyse the information and communication technology initiatives that can be implemented at Transwerk by the ICT department to ensure significant value from their information and communication technology investments. This was undertaken by means of a literature and an empirical study. The elements of the information and communication technology initiatives were discussed and the study then analysed the responses in an attempt to determine the initiatives that are currently implemented at Transwerk’s ICT department. The literature study indicated that is it critical for any organisation that needs to be successful should have an integrated ICT Governance Structure. The empirical study found out that the current situation at Transwerk’s ICT department requires attention because their IT Governance Structure does not involve major stakeholders from other business units. Recommendations were made as a result of analysing the literature study and empirical study to ensure the implementation of key initiatives that can add value to the organization.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
An appraisal of the impact of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme on land use practices, livelihoods and the natural environment at three study areas in Kadoma District, Zimbabwe
- Authors: Chigumira, Easther C
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land settlement -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Land use -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sustainable development -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions , Natural resources -- Zimbabwe , Environmental policy -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Large -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Small -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4815 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005489 , Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land settlement -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Land use -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sustainable development -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions , Natural resources -- Zimbabwe , Environmental policy -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Large -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Small -- Zimbabwe
- Description: This research appraises the impact of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme at three resettled communities in Kadoma District, Zimbabwe. In particular it assesses the livelihood practices of land recipients and their effects on the natural environment. Two of the communities, Lanteglos and CC Molina were resettled under the A1 villagised and self-contained settlement scheme and are found in the Natural Farming Region III. Pamene, the third community, was resettled under the A2 small-scale commercial settlement scheme and is found in the Natural Farming Region IIb. Multiple research methods including household surveys, interviews, observations, reviews of literature and map construction through the use of Geographic Information Systems, allowed for the collection of empirical, descriptive, and spatial data to provide for the appraisal. The land use practices included dry land crop production, livestock rearing, vegetable gardening and exploitation of the natural environment for a variety of purposes. Farming was mostly subsistence with the use of traditional equipment by all three communities. Tenure was perceived to be insecure by beneficiaries and although a variety of papers to show ownership were held, none provided for leasing or freehold tenure. Despite acquiring natural capital from the resettlement process, the findings of this research show low levels of financial, physical and social capital amongst beneficiaries. Moreover climatic variability, the declining macro-economic and unstable political environment and little support from government have adversely affected the livelihoods of beneficiaries. The implication of all this has been a reduction in livelihoods that are based solely on agricultural production, leading to off-farm practices primarily exploiting the natural environment. The long term effect would be increased degradation of the environment, leading to reduced arable and grazing land, and thereby hindering sustainable livelihoods from farming. Recommendations are proposed based on this research’s findings being typical in Zimbabwe. Central to this is the need for government to revise its present land policy and, provide for a comprehensive and holistic land policy that should be based on the vision of how agriculture should evolve in Zimbabwe
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chigumira, Easther C
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land settlement -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Land use -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sustainable development -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions , Natural resources -- Zimbabwe , Environmental policy -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Large -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Small -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4815 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005489 , Land reform -- Zimbabwe , Land tenure -- Zimbabwe , Land settlement -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Land use -- Government policy -- Zimbabwe , Agriculture -- Zimbabwe , Sustainable development -- Zimbabwe , Rural development -- Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions , Natural resources -- Zimbabwe , Environmental policy -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Large -- Zimbabwe , Farms, Small -- Zimbabwe
- Description: This research appraises the impact of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme at three resettled communities in Kadoma District, Zimbabwe. In particular it assesses the livelihood practices of land recipients and their effects on the natural environment. Two of the communities, Lanteglos and CC Molina were resettled under the A1 villagised and self-contained settlement scheme and are found in the Natural Farming Region III. Pamene, the third community, was resettled under the A2 small-scale commercial settlement scheme and is found in the Natural Farming Region IIb. Multiple research methods including household surveys, interviews, observations, reviews of literature and map construction through the use of Geographic Information Systems, allowed for the collection of empirical, descriptive, and spatial data to provide for the appraisal. The land use practices included dry land crop production, livestock rearing, vegetable gardening and exploitation of the natural environment for a variety of purposes. Farming was mostly subsistence with the use of traditional equipment by all three communities. Tenure was perceived to be insecure by beneficiaries and although a variety of papers to show ownership were held, none provided for leasing or freehold tenure. Despite acquiring natural capital from the resettlement process, the findings of this research show low levels of financial, physical and social capital amongst beneficiaries. Moreover climatic variability, the declining macro-economic and unstable political environment and little support from government have adversely affected the livelihoods of beneficiaries. The implication of all this has been a reduction in livelihoods that are based solely on agricultural production, leading to off-farm practices primarily exploiting the natural environment. The long term effect would be increased degradation of the environment, leading to reduced arable and grazing land, and thereby hindering sustainable livelihoods from farming. Recommendations are proposed based on this research’s findings being typical in Zimbabwe. Central to this is the need for government to revise its present land policy and, provide for a comprehensive and holistic land policy that should be based on the vision of how agriculture should evolve in Zimbabwe
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Movement patterns of spotted grunter, Pomadasys commersonnii (Haemulidae), in a highly turbid South African estuary
- Authors: Childs, Amber-Robyn
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Fishes -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estaurine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Marine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005149 , Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Fishes -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estaurine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Marine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River
- Description: The principal objective of this thesis was to gain an understanding of the movement patterns of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii, an estuarine-dependent fishery species, in the turbid, freshwater dominated Great Fish Estuary. Both manual and automated telemetry methods were used to monitor the movements of spotted grunter during two separate studies conducted in summer and spring 2003 and 2004. Acoustic transmitters were surgically implanted into twenty spotted grunter with lengths between 263 and 387 mm TL in the first study and twenty spotted grunter ranging between 362 and 698 mm TL in the second study. The specific objectives were to gain an understanding of (i) the time spent in the estuarine environment (ii) the space use and home range size, and (iii) the abiotic factors governing the movement patterns of spotted grunter in the estuary. The nursery function of estuarine environments was highlighted in this study as adolescent spotted grunter spent a significantly larger proportion of their time in the estuary than adult fish (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.62). The increased frequency of sea trips, with the onset of sexual maturity, provided testimony of the end of the estuarinedependent phase of their life-cycle. Although considered to be predominantly marine, the adult spotted grunter in the Great Fish Estuary utilised the estuary for considerable periods. Adults are thought to frequent estuaries to forage, seek shelter and to possibly rid themselves of parasites. During this study, the number of sea trips made by tagged fish ranged from 0 to 53, and the duration ranged from 6 hours to 28 days. The tidal phase and time of day had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the sea trips undertaken by fish. Most tagged spotted grunter left the estuary during the night (84%) on the outgoing tide, and most returned in the evening (77%) during the incoming tide. Sea temperature (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.34), barometric pressure (p = 0.004; R² = 0.19) and wind (p = 0.01) had a significant effect on the number of spotted grunter recorded in the estuary. Spotted grunter were more prone to return to the estuary after high barometric pressure, when low sea temperatures (upwelling events) prevailed. There was a significant positive relationship between home range size and fish length (p = 0.004; R² = 0.20). Small spotted grunter (< 450 mm TL) appeared to be highly resident, with a small home range (mean size = 129 167 m²), that was generally confined to a single core area. Larger individuals (> 450 mm TL) occupied larger home ranges (mean size = 218 435 m²) with numerous core areas. The home ranges of small and large spotted grunter overlapped considerably yielding evidence of two high use areas, situated 1.2 km and 7 km from the mouth of the Great Fish Estuary. Tagged spotted grunter were located in a wide range of salinity, turbidity and temperature, but were found to avoid temperatures below 16 ºC. The daily change in environmental variables (salinity, temperature and turbidity) had a significant effect on the change in fish position in the estuary (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.38). The distribution of tagged spotted grunter, particularly the larger individuals, in the Great Fish Estuary was influenced by the tidal phase (p < 0.05); they moved upriver on the incoming tide and downriver on the outgoing tide. This study provides an understanding of the movement patterns of spotted grunter in the estuary and between the estuarine and marine environments. Consequently, it provides information that will assist in the design of a management plan to promote sustainability of this important fishery species. The techniques used and developed in this study also have direct application for further studies on other important estuarinedependent fishery species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Childs, Amber-Robyn
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Fishes -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estaurine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Marine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005149 , Grunts (Fishes) -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Pomadasys -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Freshwater fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Fishes -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estuarine fishes -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Estaurine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River , Marine ecology -- South Africa -- Great Fish River
- Description: The principal objective of this thesis was to gain an understanding of the movement patterns of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii, an estuarine-dependent fishery species, in the turbid, freshwater dominated Great Fish Estuary. Both manual and automated telemetry methods were used to monitor the movements of spotted grunter during two separate studies conducted in summer and spring 2003 and 2004. Acoustic transmitters were surgically implanted into twenty spotted grunter with lengths between 263 and 387 mm TL in the first study and twenty spotted grunter ranging between 362 and 698 mm TL in the second study. The specific objectives were to gain an understanding of (i) the time spent in the estuarine environment (ii) the space use and home range size, and (iii) the abiotic factors governing the movement patterns of spotted grunter in the estuary. The nursery function of estuarine environments was highlighted in this study as adolescent spotted grunter spent a significantly larger proportion of their time in the estuary than adult fish (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.62). The increased frequency of sea trips, with the onset of sexual maturity, provided testimony of the end of the estuarinedependent phase of their life-cycle. Although considered to be predominantly marine, the adult spotted grunter in the Great Fish Estuary utilised the estuary for considerable periods. Adults are thought to frequent estuaries to forage, seek shelter and to possibly rid themselves of parasites. During this study, the number of sea trips made by tagged fish ranged from 0 to 53, and the duration ranged from 6 hours to 28 days. The tidal phase and time of day had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the sea trips undertaken by fish. Most tagged spotted grunter left the estuary during the night (84%) on the outgoing tide, and most returned in the evening (77%) during the incoming tide. Sea temperature (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.34), barometric pressure (p = 0.004; R² = 0.19) and wind (p = 0.01) had a significant effect on the number of spotted grunter recorded in the estuary. Spotted grunter were more prone to return to the estuary after high barometric pressure, when low sea temperatures (upwelling events) prevailed. There was a significant positive relationship between home range size and fish length (p = 0.004; R² = 0.20). Small spotted grunter (< 450 mm TL) appeared to be highly resident, with a small home range (mean size = 129 167 m²), that was generally confined to a single core area. Larger individuals (> 450 mm TL) occupied larger home ranges (mean size = 218 435 m²) with numerous core areas. The home ranges of small and large spotted grunter overlapped considerably yielding evidence of two high use areas, situated 1.2 km and 7 km from the mouth of the Great Fish Estuary. Tagged spotted grunter were located in a wide range of salinity, turbidity and temperature, but were found to avoid temperatures below 16 ºC. The daily change in environmental variables (salinity, temperature and turbidity) had a significant effect on the change in fish position in the estuary (p < 0.0001; R² = 0.38). The distribution of tagged spotted grunter, particularly the larger individuals, in the Great Fish Estuary was influenced by the tidal phase (p < 0.05); they moved upriver on the incoming tide and downriver on the outgoing tide. This study provides an understanding of the movement patterns of spotted grunter in the estuary and between the estuarine and marine environments. Consequently, it provides information that will assist in the design of a management plan to promote sustainability of this important fishery species. The techniques used and developed in this study also have direct application for further studies on other important estuarinedependent fishery species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Orthopaedic grade ultra–high molecular weight polyethylene: some features of the main thermoluminescence glow curve
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125499 , vital:35789 , https://doi.10.1093/rpd/nci661
- Description: Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of orthopaedic–grade ultra–high molecular weight polyethylene have been investigated between 20 and 200_C. The TL at 1_C s_1 consists of two glow curves, a weaker intensity peak at 115_C and the main peak at 70_C, studied in this work. TL intensity increases with beta irradiation but with a dose–response influenced by heating rate. On the other hand, the peak maximum is affected by both irradiation and repeated use of a sample. The glow curve shifts to higher temperatures with increase in heating rate but only slightly so with change in beta irradiation dose, properties suggestive of first-order kinetics. Kinetic analysis for activation energy and order of kinetics, based on the discrete trap model, produce somewhat conflicting results. Whereas qualitative analysis of peak symmetry show that first-order kinetics apply, geometrical analysis of the peak shape suggests that the order of kinetics might be other than first-order. Values of activation energy evaluated using the initial rise method were found to be dose dependent and for a given beta dose are in agreement with calculations from peak shape and initial rise methods but less so with results from variable heating rate method.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/125499 , vital:35789 , https://doi.10.1093/rpd/nci661
- Description: Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of orthopaedic–grade ultra–high molecular weight polyethylene have been investigated between 20 and 200_C. The TL at 1_C s_1 consists of two glow curves, a weaker intensity peak at 115_C and the main peak at 70_C, studied in this work. TL intensity increases with beta irradiation but with a dose–response influenced by heating rate. On the other hand, the peak maximum is affected by both irradiation and repeated use of a sample. The glow curve shifts to higher temperatures with increase in heating rate but only slightly so with change in beta irradiation dose, properties suggestive of first-order kinetics. Kinetic analysis for activation energy and order of kinetics, based on the discrete trap model, produce somewhat conflicting results. Whereas qualitative analysis of peak symmetry show that first-order kinetics apply, geometrical analysis of the peak shape suggests that the order of kinetics might be other than first-order. Values of activation energy evaluated using the initial rise method were found to be dose dependent and for a given beta dose are in agreement with calculations from peak shape and initial rise methods but less so with results from variable heating rate method.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
On the correlation between annealing and variabilities in pulsed-luminescence from quartz
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6797 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003923
- Description: Properties of luminescence lifetimes in quartz related to annealing between 500 and 900ºC have been investigated. The luminescence was pulse-stimulated at 470 nm from sets of granular quartz annealed at 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900ºC. The lifetimes decrease with annealing temperature from about 42 to 33 µѕ when the annealing temperature is increased from 500 to 900ºC. Luminescence lifetimes are most sensitive to duration of annealing at 600ºC, decreasing from 40.2 ± 0.7 µѕ by as much as 7 µѕ when the duration of annealing is changed from 10 to 60 min. However, at 800–900ºC lifetimes are essentially independent of annealing temperature at about 33 µѕ. Increasing the exciting beta dose causes an increase in the lifetimes of the stimulated luminescence in the sample annealed at 800ºC but not in those annealed at either 500 or 600ºC. The temperature-resolved distribution of luminescence lifetimes is affected by thermal quenching of luminescence. These features may be accounted for with reference to two principal luminescence centres involved in the luminescence emission process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Chithambo, Makaiko L
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6797 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003923
- Description: Properties of luminescence lifetimes in quartz related to annealing between 500 and 900ºC have been investigated. The luminescence was pulse-stimulated at 470 nm from sets of granular quartz annealed at 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900ºC. The lifetimes decrease with annealing temperature from about 42 to 33 µѕ when the annealing temperature is increased from 500 to 900ºC. Luminescence lifetimes are most sensitive to duration of annealing at 600ºC, decreasing from 40.2 ± 0.7 µѕ by as much as 7 µѕ when the duration of annealing is changed from 10 to 60 min. However, at 800–900ºC lifetimes are essentially independent of annealing temperature at about 33 µѕ. Increasing the exciting beta dose causes an increase in the lifetimes of the stimulated luminescence in the sample annealed at 800ºC but not in those annealed at either 500 or 600ºC. The temperature-resolved distribution of luminescence lifetimes is affected by thermal quenching of luminescence. These features may be accounted for with reference to two principal luminescence centres involved in the luminescence emission process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
A field investigation of physical workloads imposed on harvesters in South African forestry
- Authors: Christie, Candice Jo-Anne
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Forests and forestry -- South Africa Employees -- Workload Forest products industry -- South Africa Work -- Physiological aspects Heart rate monitoring Foresters -- South Africa -- Workload Oxygen -- Physiological transport
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5122 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005200
- Description: The focus of this field investigation was an analysis of the work demands being placed on South African forestry workers, in particular Chainsaw Operators and Stackers. Working postures, physiological and perceptual responses were assessed on a sample of 58 workers (29 Chainsaw Operators and 29 Stackers) during a ‘normal’ working shift. Body mass was measured before and after work in order to determine dehydration levels. Polar heart rate monitors were fitted to six workers each day over a period of two weeks in order to record ‘working’ heart rates. Fluid and food intake was monitored and recorded during this initial data collection phase. The Rating of Perceived Exertion and Body Discomfort Scales were explained in Zulu, their native language, and workers were asked to rate their perceptions of effort at regular intervals during work, while areas and intensity of body discomfort was obtained on completion of work. After completing a work shift, a 30 minute ‘recovery’ period was given, thereafter a portable ergospirometer, the k4b², was attached to the worker who then participated in a progressive, submaximal step test for the purpose of establishing individual, and group, heart rate-oxygen uptake (HR/VO[subscript 2]) regressions for predicting oxygen uptake from ‘working’ heart rate responses. These procedures were repeated four weeks later following the introduction of a fluid and nutritional supplement during work which was delivered to the workers while they were executing their tasks. The results revealed awkward working postures with a predominance of trunk flexion during all the harvesting tasks; these postures, adopted for long periods during work, are very likely to lead to the development of musculoskeletal injuries. The mean working heart rates were 123.3 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 117.6 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during chainsaw operations and stacking respectively. During the step test, the mean heart rate and oxygen uptake responses were 127.9 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 22.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] (Chainsaw Operators) and 116.9 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 24.0 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] (Stackers), revealing no significant difference between the ‘working’ heart rates and the heart rates recorded during the step test. Physiological responses were analyzed over the full work shift which was divided into four quarters. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were significantly higher during the last half of the Chainsaw Operators’ work shift compared to the first half. Heart rate increased from 120.7 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during the first quarter to 127.4 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during the last quarter of chainsaw operations. Likewise, oxygen uptake increased from 19.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] to 22.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] from the first to the last quarter of work. During stacking the heart rate (mean of 117.6 bt.min[superscript (-1)]) and oxygen uptake (mean of 24.6 ml.kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)]) responses remained stable over the duration of the working shift. Workers lost, on average, 2.8% body mass during work while felling and cross-cutting and 3.6% during stacking. This reduced significantly to a loss of 0.4% body mass when re-tested following the introduction of water and food during the work period. Likewise, the energy deficit was significantly improved due to the introduction of a nutritional supplement. Pre-intervention the deficit was 8861.8 kJ (Chainsaw Operators) and 8804.2 kJ (Stackers) while in the post-intervention phase this deficit was reduced by approximately 50% for both groups of workers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Christie, Candice Jo-Anne
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Forests and forestry -- South Africa Employees -- Workload Forest products industry -- South Africa Work -- Physiological aspects Heart rate monitoring Foresters -- South Africa -- Workload Oxygen -- Physiological transport
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5122 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005200
- Description: The focus of this field investigation was an analysis of the work demands being placed on South African forestry workers, in particular Chainsaw Operators and Stackers. Working postures, physiological and perceptual responses were assessed on a sample of 58 workers (29 Chainsaw Operators and 29 Stackers) during a ‘normal’ working shift. Body mass was measured before and after work in order to determine dehydration levels. Polar heart rate monitors were fitted to six workers each day over a period of two weeks in order to record ‘working’ heart rates. Fluid and food intake was monitored and recorded during this initial data collection phase. The Rating of Perceived Exertion and Body Discomfort Scales were explained in Zulu, their native language, and workers were asked to rate their perceptions of effort at regular intervals during work, while areas and intensity of body discomfort was obtained on completion of work. After completing a work shift, a 30 minute ‘recovery’ period was given, thereafter a portable ergospirometer, the k4b², was attached to the worker who then participated in a progressive, submaximal step test for the purpose of establishing individual, and group, heart rate-oxygen uptake (HR/VO[subscript 2]) regressions for predicting oxygen uptake from ‘working’ heart rate responses. These procedures were repeated four weeks later following the introduction of a fluid and nutritional supplement during work which was delivered to the workers while they were executing their tasks. The results revealed awkward working postures with a predominance of trunk flexion during all the harvesting tasks; these postures, adopted for long periods during work, are very likely to lead to the development of musculoskeletal injuries. The mean working heart rates were 123.3 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 117.6 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during chainsaw operations and stacking respectively. During the step test, the mean heart rate and oxygen uptake responses were 127.9 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 22.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] (Chainsaw Operators) and 116.9 bt.min[superscript (-1)] and 24.0 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] (Stackers), revealing no significant difference between the ‘working’ heart rates and the heart rates recorded during the step test. Physiological responses were analyzed over the full work shift which was divided into four quarters. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were significantly higher during the last half of the Chainsaw Operators’ work shift compared to the first half. Heart rate increased from 120.7 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during the first quarter to 127.4 bt.min[superscript (-1)] during the last quarter of chainsaw operations. Likewise, oxygen uptake increased from 19.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] to 22.9 mlO[subscript 2].kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)] from the first to the last quarter of work. During stacking the heart rate (mean of 117.6 bt.min[superscript (-1)]) and oxygen uptake (mean of 24.6 ml.kg[superscript (-1)].min[superscript (-1)]) responses remained stable over the duration of the working shift. Workers lost, on average, 2.8% body mass during work while felling and cross-cutting and 3.6% during stacking. This reduced significantly to a loss of 0.4% body mass when re-tested following the introduction of water and food during the work period. Likewise, the energy deficit was significantly improved due to the introduction of a nutritional supplement. Pre-intervention the deficit was 8861.8 kJ (Chainsaw Operators) and 8804.2 kJ (Stackers) while in the post-intervention phase this deficit was reduced by approximately 50% for both groups of workers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
The development and application of ecological risk assessment in South African water resource management
- Authors: Claassen, Marius
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Ecological risk assessment -- South Africa Water resources development -- South Africa Water quality management -- South Africa Water-supply -- Management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:6036 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006177
- Description: The provision of goods and services by aquatic ecosystems plays an important role in socio-economic development and livelihoods in the southern African region. Water resource management in South Africa developed from an agrarian and pastoral focus up to 1956 to also supporting mining and industrial activities. This led to the introduction of the resource water quality objectives and pollution prevention approaches, which balanced the needs for development and protection. Prior to 1994, access to water resources was limited to riparian property owners and a minority of the population who controlled industrial and mining activities. The establishment of a democratic government amplified the need for accelerated socio-economic development, with equity, efficiency and sustainability being the principles of such development. New approaches were needed, which could achieve these development objectives and secure the resource base for future generations. An overview of the scientific process highlighted a risk based approach as potentially supporting the much needed balance between development and protection. The aims of this thesis is to develop a framework and process for the application of ecological risk assessment to water resource management in South Africa, to use case studies to draft guidelines for ecological risk assessment and to assess the degree to which ecological risk assessment can contribute to effective water resource management in South Africa. The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s guidelines for ecological risk assessment were identified amongst international best practice as meeting the requirements for local application. A framework was drafted for ecological risk assessment in South Africa, with the main phases being to agree on objectives, formulate the analysis plan, analyse information, characterise risk and manage risk. Modifications from the Environmental Protection Agency’s process include the order of activities in the first phase, the explicit testing of hypotheses and clarification of the evaluation of existing data or collection of new data. An industrial effluent case study was used to assess the applicability of the proposed framework. The case study dealt specifically with the assessment of risks posed by current conditions and long term licence conditions. The framework was found to be useful to identify weaknesses in the established monitoring programme and to evaluate lines of evidence to assess the degree to which the stated conditions would have unacceptable consequences. The study highlighted several weaknesses in the suggested framework, of which the most critical is the interpretation of the risk hypothesis as a testable null hypothesis. It became clear that cause-effect relationships should be stated as the risk hypothesis, whereas the assessment should evaluate expressed or expected conditions against a risk profile for a given stressor to benefit fully from the risk assessment approach. Changes to the framework terminology were suggested as well as nested feedback loops to allow for iterative processes where new information becomes available. The proposed guidelines incorporate the learning from the case study application as well as feedback from a peer review process. The guidelines incorporate the suggested actions under each phase as well as notes providing the rationale for each step. Three case study outlines were provided to assist users with the interpretation of the guidelines in different applications. The proposed guidelines are applied in an ecological Reserve determination case study, which specified the ecological water quality requirements. The study found that a risk-based approach was followed in the development of the water resource management policy, but the Reserve determination method is generally hazard based, with site specific modifications of the target values being allowed on a conservative basis. The case study highlighted a lack of readiness of water resource managers to accommodate scientific results expressed as probability distributions in support of management decisions. The thesis is concluded with a discussion of the key learning points of the ecological risk assessment development process. The evaluation highlights the move from stating and testing a null hypothesis to stating the risk hypothesis and evaluating the stated conditions against a risk profile. Several implementation challenges are highlighted, with specific recommendations made for adopting the proposed guidelines.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Claassen, Marius
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Ecological risk assessment -- South Africa Water resources development -- South Africa Water quality management -- South Africa Water-supply -- Management -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:6036 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006177
- Description: The provision of goods and services by aquatic ecosystems plays an important role in socio-economic development and livelihoods in the southern African region. Water resource management in South Africa developed from an agrarian and pastoral focus up to 1956 to also supporting mining and industrial activities. This led to the introduction of the resource water quality objectives and pollution prevention approaches, which balanced the needs for development and protection. Prior to 1994, access to water resources was limited to riparian property owners and a minority of the population who controlled industrial and mining activities. The establishment of a democratic government amplified the need for accelerated socio-economic development, with equity, efficiency and sustainability being the principles of such development. New approaches were needed, which could achieve these development objectives and secure the resource base for future generations. An overview of the scientific process highlighted a risk based approach as potentially supporting the much needed balance between development and protection. The aims of this thesis is to develop a framework and process for the application of ecological risk assessment to water resource management in South Africa, to use case studies to draft guidelines for ecological risk assessment and to assess the degree to which ecological risk assessment can contribute to effective water resource management in South Africa. The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s guidelines for ecological risk assessment were identified amongst international best practice as meeting the requirements for local application. A framework was drafted for ecological risk assessment in South Africa, with the main phases being to agree on objectives, formulate the analysis plan, analyse information, characterise risk and manage risk. Modifications from the Environmental Protection Agency’s process include the order of activities in the first phase, the explicit testing of hypotheses and clarification of the evaluation of existing data or collection of new data. An industrial effluent case study was used to assess the applicability of the proposed framework. The case study dealt specifically with the assessment of risks posed by current conditions and long term licence conditions. The framework was found to be useful to identify weaknesses in the established monitoring programme and to evaluate lines of evidence to assess the degree to which the stated conditions would have unacceptable consequences. The study highlighted several weaknesses in the suggested framework, of which the most critical is the interpretation of the risk hypothesis as a testable null hypothesis. It became clear that cause-effect relationships should be stated as the risk hypothesis, whereas the assessment should evaluate expressed or expected conditions against a risk profile for a given stressor to benefit fully from the risk assessment approach. Changes to the framework terminology were suggested as well as nested feedback loops to allow for iterative processes where new information becomes available. The proposed guidelines incorporate the learning from the case study application as well as feedback from a peer review process. The guidelines incorporate the suggested actions under each phase as well as notes providing the rationale for each step. Three case study outlines were provided to assist users with the interpretation of the guidelines in different applications. The proposed guidelines are applied in an ecological Reserve determination case study, which specified the ecological water quality requirements. The study found that a risk-based approach was followed in the development of the water resource management policy, but the Reserve determination method is generally hazard based, with site specific modifications of the target values being allowed on a conservative basis. The case study highlighted a lack of readiness of water resource managers to accommodate scientific results expressed as probability distributions in support of management decisions. The thesis is concluded with a discussion of the key learning points of the ecological risk assessment development process. The evaluation highlights the move from stating and testing a null hypothesis to stating the risk hypothesis and evaluating the stated conditions against a risk profile. Several implementation challenges are highlighted, with specific recommendations made for adopting the proposed guidelines.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Integrating Secure RTP into the Open Source VoIP PBX Asterisk
- Clayton, Bradley, Irwin, Barry V W, Terzoli, Alfredo
- Authors: Clayton, Bradley , Irwin, Barry V W , Terzoli, Alfredo
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428735 , vital:72532 , https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/84872934/66_Paper-libre.pdf?1650920302=response-content-disposi-tion=inline%3B+filename%3DIntegrating_Secure_RTP_into_the_Open_Sou.pdfExpires=1714744382Signature=PijjCGW0qcvkqRe-2R55HocKLvz9Ljw8jmhQvRQEi9YqJl7eWSiYnvs9CogY4u4bmDTYTLpvkA-nlfbiszg-s7Cq2nbLn3PUdfJ5cA11ujboi~i7oSoem7smuN1YCVZlg7FnZRd6mOXdTry9UAh8TlWyndF6pY1RXtc7bgb5cWeK4ggJ7~bM0HUXEbUKKa-abCZnGNrAZ59JIdL6CNx1Sht3o5mZTcyRL3PNVSOz17lldXi4FsAOEUwsVV-uv04hzp6pe6Qv5WbAP6tqk7deyoLUwk58A9F-PaJlOLy2gDAVLnbKT8RrxYg8tqv8SuBhPWb32CefBxv486N3F6izZw__Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
- Description: Implementations of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) have focused, up to now, mainly on the need to transport data in real-time, often at the expense of security. The neglect of secure VoIP is often intentional, as developers are striving to minimise overheads and delays. The Secure Real-Time Protocol (SRTP) has the potential to secure real-time streams without exacting too high a performance price. SRTP is the addition of security to the audio/video profile used in the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP). SRTP adds confidentiality, integrity and op-tionaly authenticity to RTP media streams. This paper focuses on the integration of SRTP into Asterisk, an open-source VoIP PBX. SRTP support has recently been added to Asterisk by Mikael Magnusson. This paper analyses Magnusson’s implementation, contrasting it to a proof-of-concept implementation developed independently at Rhodes University. The interoperability of SRTP implementations cannot be taken for granted, given the relatively recent standardization of the pro-tocol, and so Magnusson’s implementation is tested against another SRTP implementation. Finally, the paper highlights a major shortcoming in Magnusson’s implementation, namely that the exchange of encryp-tion keys is done in the clear. It concludes by proposing possible solu-tions, such as TLS, IPSec and MIkey.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Clayton, Bradley , Irwin, Barry V W , Terzoli, Alfredo
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428735 , vital:72532 , https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/84872934/66_Paper-libre.pdf?1650920302=response-content-disposi-tion=inline%3B+filename%3DIntegrating_Secure_RTP_into_the_Open_Sou.pdfExpires=1714744382Signature=PijjCGW0qcvkqRe-2R55HocKLvz9Ljw8jmhQvRQEi9YqJl7eWSiYnvs9CogY4u4bmDTYTLpvkA-nlfbiszg-s7Cq2nbLn3PUdfJ5cA11ujboi~i7oSoem7smuN1YCVZlg7FnZRd6mOXdTry9UAh8TlWyndF6pY1RXtc7bgb5cWeK4ggJ7~bM0HUXEbUKKa-abCZnGNrAZ59JIdL6CNx1Sht3o5mZTcyRL3PNVSOz17lldXi4FsAOEUwsVV-uv04hzp6pe6Qv5WbAP6tqk7deyoLUwk58A9F-PaJlOLy2gDAVLnbKT8RrxYg8tqv8SuBhPWb32CefBxv486N3F6izZw__Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
- Description: Implementations of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) have focused, up to now, mainly on the need to transport data in real-time, often at the expense of security. The neglect of secure VoIP is often intentional, as developers are striving to minimise overheads and delays. The Secure Real-Time Protocol (SRTP) has the potential to secure real-time streams without exacting too high a performance price. SRTP is the addition of security to the audio/video profile used in the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP). SRTP adds confidentiality, integrity and op-tionaly authenticity to RTP media streams. This paper focuses on the integration of SRTP into Asterisk, an open-source VoIP PBX. SRTP support has recently been added to Asterisk by Mikael Magnusson. This paper analyses Magnusson’s implementation, contrasting it to a proof-of-concept implementation developed independently at Rhodes University. The interoperability of SRTP implementations cannot be taken for granted, given the relatively recent standardization of the pro-tocol, and so Magnusson’s implementation is tested against another SRTP implementation. Finally, the paper highlights a major shortcoming in Magnusson’s implementation, namely that the exchange of encryp-tion keys is done in the clear. It concludes by proposing possible solu-tions, such as TLS, IPSec and MIkey.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
DRAPA-a flexible framework for evaluating the quality of VoIP components
- Clayton, Bradley, Terzoli, Alfredo, Irwin, Barry V W
- Authors: Clayton, Bradley , Terzoli, Alfredo , Irwin, Barry V W
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428213 , vital:72494 , https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/3456214/No_268_-_Clayton-libre.pdf?1390832682=andresponse-content-disposi-tion=inline%3B+filename%3DDRAPA_a_flexible_framework_for_evaluatin.pdfandExpires=1714742712andSignature=FTQ3UMH7w9KMXeuld-NbnboBP9kqza7jDnVI2AJMFrhV6fkW56bPgPZKVAY-bKJFqJP-jq4h4JwRhWVuCA-oIIA4ckbhKHA4OoL4X5DYtlujkhkombcp-B5fVR02AioXBazDtfnTGvZLE21wluH0BnkBL9OAQSen7YJDzDsYtNH2pFIn06Nmg9-kDaJoRmW9KWlQs8BwyaXml4-pG~FrpiGCRclANXBSpmsxYSdJyZAnHq2ZZNqx9pEHigaYHUUgllDq64dp8C8R84xAbbbRcvt-XNhuQ~fU2AkJILms4FUkJSjGI0E-TOKhh7vQiVIh5KzZX8MOiS~rEuBH6ekx8g__andKey-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
- Description: When adding to or altering a VoIP system, the overall performance and quality of the system is at risk. For example, adding confidentiality, in-tegrity and authentication (CIA) would incur an overhead for each addi-tional security method. A method of measuring the performance of a VoIP system after a change or addition is needed. This paper describes a framework and testbed (DRAPA) which provides a flexible base from which VoIP performance analysis systems can be built. DRAPA gener-ates and collects data from any part of a VoIP system within a real do-main. This paper also discusses the flexibility of DRAPA. While security is our primary focus, DRAPA allows the user to configure the testbed and change the type and nature of data to be collected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Clayton, Bradley , Terzoli, Alfredo , Irwin, Barry V W
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/428213 , vital:72494 , https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/3456214/No_268_-_Clayton-libre.pdf?1390832682=andresponse-content-disposi-tion=inline%3B+filename%3DDRAPA_a_flexible_framework_for_evaluatin.pdfandExpires=1714742712andSignature=FTQ3UMH7w9KMXeuld-NbnboBP9kqza7jDnVI2AJMFrhV6fkW56bPgPZKVAY-bKJFqJP-jq4h4JwRhWVuCA-oIIA4ckbhKHA4OoL4X5DYtlujkhkombcp-B5fVR02AioXBazDtfnTGvZLE21wluH0BnkBL9OAQSen7YJDzDsYtNH2pFIn06Nmg9-kDaJoRmW9KWlQs8BwyaXml4-pG~FrpiGCRclANXBSpmsxYSdJyZAnHq2ZZNqx9pEHigaYHUUgllDq64dp8C8R84xAbbbRcvt-XNhuQ~fU2AkJILms4FUkJSjGI0E-TOKhh7vQiVIh5KzZX8MOiS~rEuBH6ekx8g__andKey-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
- Description: When adding to or altering a VoIP system, the overall performance and quality of the system is at risk. For example, adding confidentiality, in-tegrity and authentication (CIA) would incur an overhead for each addi-tional security method. A method of measuring the performance of a VoIP system after a change or addition is needed. This paper describes a framework and testbed (DRAPA) which provides a flexible base from which VoIP performance analysis systems can be built. DRAPA gener-ates and collects data from any part of a VoIP system within a real do-main. This paper also discusses the flexibility of DRAPA. While security is our primary focus, DRAPA allows the user to configure the testbed and change the type and nature of data to be collected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Cultural significance of biodiversity: the role of medicinal plants in urban African cultural practices in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Cocks, Michelle L, Dold, Anthony P
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141338 , vital:37963 , DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771(2006)26[60:CSOBTR]2.0.CO;2
- Description: Since the International Convention on Biodiversity in 1992 conservation biologists, ecologists and conservationists have devoted considerable attention to the conservation of biodiversity. With this has come the realization that solutions to biological problems often lie in the mechanisms of social, cultural, and economic systems. This shift has emphasized the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity, or what the Declaration of Belem (1988) calls an “inextricable link” between biological and cultural diversity. The term biocultural diversity was introduced by Posey to describe the concept denoting this link. To date this concept has been used only in reference to “indigenous people” who, as part of their traditional lifestyles, use biodiversity to sustain their cultural identity. Our research, however, demonstrates that Xhosa people (amaXhosa) living in an urban context in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa continue to use wild plants for cultural purposes and often access these through commercial trade. We suggest that recognition of the cultural and spiritual values associated with wild plants would greatly enhance biodiversity conservation efforts. Recognition of the significant role that wild plants play in fulfilling cultural needs for urban Xhosa people would go a long way towards achieving this.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141338 , vital:37963 , DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771(2006)26[60:CSOBTR]2.0.CO;2
- Description: Since the International Convention on Biodiversity in 1992 conservation biologists, ecologists and conservationists have devoted considerable attention to the conservation of biodiversity. With this has come the realization that solutions to biological problems often lie in the mechanisms of social, cultural, and economic systems. This shift has emphasized the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity, or what the Declaration of Belem (1988) calls an “inextricable link” between biological and cultural diversity. The term biocultural diversity was introduced by Posey to describe the concept denoting this link. To date this concept has been used only in reference to “indigenous people” who, as part of their traditional lifestyles, use biodiversity to sustain their cultural identity. Our research, however, demonstrates that Xhosa people (amaXhosa) living in an urban context in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa continue to use wild plants for cultural purposes and often access these through commercial trade. We suggest that recognition of the cultural and spiritual values associated with wild plants would greatly enhance biodiversity conservation efforts. Recognition of the significant role that wild plants play in fulfilling cultural needs for urban Xhosa people would go a long way towards achieving this.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Biocultural diversity: moving beyond the realm of ‘indigenous’ and ‘local’ people
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7107 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010681
- Description: During the past decade the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity has received increased attention, resulting in the identification of what the Declaration of Belém calls an ‘inextricable link’ between biological and cultural diversity. Although the term biocultural diversity, introduced to denote this link, is being used increasingly, there has been little critical reflection on what it precisely refers to. I argue that it is used with particular reference to ‘indigenous traditional’ people, but that there is scope for extending its application within biocultural discourse. I therefore review the concept of culture and discuss what constitutes cultural values of the natural environment. I conclude that the concept of culture must be understood as involving a dynamic process of transcultural exchange and constant re-articulations of tradition resulting in the persistence of certain cultural practices. This approach ultimately reveals that the concept of biocultural diversity is also applicable to non-indigenous traditional communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7107 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010681
- Description: During the past decade the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity has received increased attention, resulting in the identification of what the Declaration of Belém calls an ‘inextricable link’ between biological and cultural diversity. Although the term biocultural diversity, introduced to denote this link, is being used increasingly, there has been little critical reflection on what it precisely refers to. I argue that it is used with particular reference to ‘indigenous traditional’ people, but that there is scope for extending its application within biocultural discourse. I therefore review the concept of culture and discuss what constitutes cultural values of the natural environment. I conclude that the concept of culture must be understood as involving a dynamic process of transcultural exchange and constant re-articulations of tradition resulting in the persistence of certain cultural practices. This approach ultimately reveals that the concept of biocultural diversity is also applicable to non-indigenous traditional communities.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Izaci namaqhalo esiXhosa: Xhosa idioms and proverbs referring to plants
- Cocks, Michelle L, Dold, Anthony P
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141326 , vital:37962 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC112940
- Description: Converging with the ecological extinction crisis, the planet has been experiencing a severe erosion of the diversity of human cultures and languages, reducing the pool of knowledge, behaviors and values from which individual communities and humanity at large can draw to respond to social and environmental stresses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141326 , vital:37962 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC112940
- Description: Converging with the ecological extinction crisis, the planet has been experiencing a severe erosion of the diversity of human cultures and languages, reducing the pool of knowledge, behaviors and values from which individual communities and humanity at large can draw to respond to social and environmental stresses.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Seeing the wood for the trees: the role of woody resources for the construction of gender specific household cultural artefacts in non-traditional communities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Cocks, Michelle L, Bangay, Lindsey, Wiersum, K Freerk, Dold, Anthony P
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Bangay, Lindsey , Wiersum, K Freerk , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6823 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003830
- Description: There is a growing wealth of data capturing the direct-use values of the environment and recognition of forests and wild resources as representing ‘‘the poor man’s overcoat’’. This focus has however resulted in an emphasis on the utilitarian values of wild resources for rural livelihoods and has for the most part overlooked their cultural values. In tangent to these developments within the field of anthropology there has been increased attention directed towards the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity over the past decade. This has resulted in the recognition of what the Declaration of Belem calls an ‘inextricable link’ between biological and cultural diversity. The term bio-cultural diversity has been introduced as a concept denoting this link. Consequently there is a need for more elaborate assessments of the various ways in which different groups of people find value in biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the cultural significance of wild harvested plant resources for the maintenance of two gender specific cultural artefacts for amaXhosa people in South Africa, to assess the persistence of these practices in rapidly modernizing communities. We demonstrate the endurance of these ancient cultural artefacts in present-day peri-urban communities and suggest that they point to the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity. The findings of the study should not be interpreted as illustrating stagnation in the traditional past, but rather as pointing at the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity in a dynamic sense.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Bangay, Lindsey , Wiersum, K Freerk , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6823 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003830
- Description: There is a growing wealth of data capturing the direct-use values of the environment and recognition of forests and wild resources as representing ‘‘the poor man’s overcoat’’. This focus has however resulted in an emphasis on the utilitarian values of wild resources for rural livelihoods and has for the most part overlooked their cultural values. In tangent to these developments within the field of anthropology there has been increased attention directed towards the relationship between biodiversity and human diversity over the past decade. This has resulted in the recognition of what the Declaration of Belem calls an ‘inextricable link’ between biological and cultural diversity. The term bio-cultural diversity has been introduced as a concept denoting this link. Consequently there is a need for more elaborate assessments of the various ways in which different groups of people find value in biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the cultural significance of wild harvested plant resources for the maintenance of two gender specific cultural artefacts for amaXhosa people in South Africa, to assess the persistence of these practices in rapidly modernizing communities. We demonstrate the endurance of these ancient cultural artefacts in present-day peri-urban communities and suggest that they point to the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity. The findings of the study should not be interpreted as illustrating stagnation in the traditional past, but rather as pointing at the need for improved understanding of the significance of bio-cultural diversity in a dynamic sense.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
Mlanjeni's war charms: Ikhubalo likaMlanjeni
- Cocks, Michelle L, Dold, Anthony P
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141349 , vital:37964 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC112911
- Description: Most South Africans are familiar with lucky charms such as the four leaved clover of European origin, the Hamsa Hand (Arabic) or Hamesh Hand (Hebrew), the Hindu lucky elephant representing Ganesha, son of Siva, or the African ikhubalo. Amakhubalo refer to charms, often of plant origin, that have magical powers to ward off danger or to bring good luck. Charm plants are used almost everywhere in the Eastern Cape to ensure health, luck and success in sporting events, business, courtship, legal proceedings, safety against accidents and crime and protection against jealousy and sorcery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Cocks, Michelle L , Dold, Anthony P
- Date: 2006
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/141349 , vital:37964 , https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC112911
- Description: Most South Africans are familiar with lucky charms such as the four leaved clover of European origin, the Hamsa Hand (Arabic) or Hamesh Hand (Hebrew), the Hindu lucky elephant representing Ganesha, son of Siva, or the African ikhubalo. Amakhubalo refer to charms, often of plant origin, that have magical powers to ward off danger or to bring good luck. Charm plants are used almost everywhere in the Eastern Cape to ensure health, luck and success in sporting events, business, courtship, legal proceedings, safety against accidents and crime and protection against jealousy and sorcery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006